Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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2 2

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɧɚɣ ɿ ɦ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɚɸ Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɚɸ ɭɧɿɹɣ  ɝ

 Ɏɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɣ

ɧɚɹ ɿ ɞɷɹ ɧɚ ɹ ɤɭɸ ɚɯɜɨɬɧɚ ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɦɿɠɜɚɟɧɧɵ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɿ

ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ  ɤɚɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɵ ʆɧɵɹ  ɤɨɥɵ  © % XQW  0áRG\FKª 

« Poli tykaª   ɧɟ ɦɟɥɚ ʆ ɦɿɠɜɚɟɧɧɚɟ ɞɜɚɰɰɚɰɿɝɨɞɞɡɟ ɬɚɟ ɝɪɚ

ɦɚɞɫɤɚɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɚɮɚɪɛɨʆɤɿ ɭ ɹ ɤɨɣ ɹɟ ɫɬɚɪɚʆɫɹ  ɩɪɚɞ

ɫɬɚɜɿɰɶ  Ɇ  Ƚɚɧɞɷɥɶ ɫɦɚɧ

1 8

  ɉɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɪɷɱɚɿɫɧɚɫɰɶ ɛɵɥɚ

ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɟɣɲ ɚɸ

ɉɷʆɧɵɹ ɡɛɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɚɰɷɧɰɵ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ ɪɨɥɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ ² ɩɪɵ  ɝɪɭɧɬɨʆɧɵ ɯ ɪɚɡɵ ɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹɯ ɭ ɜ ɵɫɧɨ

ɜɚɯ ² ɦɟɥɿ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɩɚɦɿ ɠ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ ɦɿ ɤɪɚɤɚʆɫɤɿɯ ɫɬɚɧɱɵ ɤɚʆ

ɫɮɚɪɦɭɥɹɜɚɧɵɦɿ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ  ɝ  ɿ ɚɰɷɧɤɚɦɿ ɪɷɜɚ

ɥɸɰɵɣɧɚɟ ɥɹ ɜɿɰɵ Ƚɷɬɵ ʆɹʆɧɵ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫ  ɩɚ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ ɜɵɧɿ

ɤɚʆ ɡ ɤɪɵɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɚɰɷɧɤɿ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɦɚ ɬɚɤɿɦɿ ɪɨɡɧɵɦɿ ɤɿɪɭɧɤɚɦɿ

ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵ ɯ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɛɵ ɥɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɵɦ ²

ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɵɦ ɰɿ ɚɩɚɫɪɨɞɤɚɜ ɚɧɵɦ ² ɜɵ ɧɿɤɚɦ ɭɧɿɿ  ɍ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɣ

ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɿɧɬɷɡ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɤɿɪɭɧɤɚʆ ɦɨɠɧɚ ʆɝɥɟɞɡɟɰɶ  ɭ

ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ Ʉ Ƚɠɵɛɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  ɧɚ ɱɵ ɸ ɞɭɦɤɭ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɿɊ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫ

ɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ©ɩɚɱɚɬɤɚɦ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɵ  ɛɵ ɥɚ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɹ  ɭɧɿ ɹª   ɛɨ

ɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɫɭɧɭɥɚ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɭ ɧɚ ʆɫɯɨɞ ɡɚɛɹ ɫɩɟɱɵ ʆɲɵ ɺɣ ɜɚɥɨ

ɞɚɧɧɟ ȸɤɪɚɿɧɚɣ  ɚ ɩɪɚɡ ɝɷɬɚ ɡɚɰɹɝɧɭɥɚ ɹɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɲ ɪɚɡɜɿɬɵɹ

ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɿ ©ɚɫɥɚɛɿɥɚ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵ  ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɞɡɹɪɠɚ

ɜɵª

ɉɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɞɨʆɝɚ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɚ ɫɜɚɸ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɶ   ɡɚ

ɫɬɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɫɩɪɷɱɧɵɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ʆ ɜ ɚɱɚɯ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ ɧɚɜɭɤɿ

ɚɥɟ ɿ ʆ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɧɹɪɚɡ ɲɱɵɥɶɧɚ ɡɜɹ ɡɚɧɚɟ ɡ ɺɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɿɞɷ

ɚɥɨɝɿɿ  ɉɪɵɤɥɚɞɚɦɬɭɬ ɦɨɠɚ ɛɵɰɶ Ɇ Ƚɚɧɞɷɥɶɫɦɚɧ ɹɤɿ  ʆ ɝɚɞɵ

ɚɤɭɩɚɰɵɿ  ɩɪɨɰɿɫɬɚʆɥɹɸɱɵ ɫɹɛɟ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵ ɦ ɤɚɧɰɷɩ

ɰɵ ɹɦ © ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɝɟɪɭª ɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɲ ɬɨ © ɮɟɞɷɪɚɥɿɡɦ«

ɫɬɚʆ ɤɭɬɧɿɦ ɤɚɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɡɚɦɟɠɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿ ɬɵɤɿ ɩɪɵ  ə ɝɟ

ɥɨɧɚɯ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɣ ɹɟ ɩɨɫɩɟɯɭ  ɡɵɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɜɨɞɡɿɧ

ɿɯ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿɤɚʆ ɿ  ɦɨɠɚ  ɧɚɣɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɚɪɚɦ ɭɫɹ ɟ ɩɚɥɿ

ɬɵ ɤɿ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟª ɍ ɿɦ Ƚ ɚɧɞɷɥɶɫɦɚɧ ɛɚɱɵʆ ɚɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɚɥɿ

ɬɵɤɿ ©ɥɚɝɟɪɭ ɉɿɥɫɭɞɫɤɚɝɚ >ɹɤɿ@ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɿɰɰɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ ɮɟɞɷ

ɪɚɥɿɡɦɭ ɿ ɩɪɚɝɧɟ ɹɲ ɱɷ ɪɚɡ ɚɞɧɚɜ ɿɰɶ  ɭ ɡɦɟɧɟɧɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɚɜɿ ɧɚɯ

ɬɨɟ  ɲɬɨ ɛɵ ɥɨ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɚɸ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɵ  əɝɟɥɨɧɚɯª

ɏɨɞ ,, ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɟ ɜɚɣɧɵ ɿ ɹɝɨ ɚɞɛɿɰɰɺ ʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɣ ɫɜ ɹ

ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ  ɜ ɹɥɿ ɞɚ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚɟ ɪɷɜ ɿ ɡɿɿ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ ɩɚɧɹɰɰɹ ʆ  ɫɮɚ

ɪɦɚɜ ɚɧɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵ ɹɣ  ɹ ɤɚɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɧɚ ɚɤɰɟ Ʉ ɪɷʆɫɤɚɟ

ɭɧɿ ɿ  ɚɛɪɚɧɧɿ əɝɚɣɥɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ   ɹɤɨɟ ɚɞɛɵ ɥɨɫɹ

 ,, ɝ ɭ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɟ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɜɚʆɲɵ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵ ʆ Ʉɪɷʆɫɤɚɣ

ɭɧɿɿ ɥɚɞ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵɦ ɱɚɬɵɪɵ ɫɬɚ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɧɚ

2 3

ɡɚɞ ɭ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɟ ɪɷɜɿɡɿɿ  ɞɚ ɹ ɤɨɟ ɡɦɭɲ ɚʆ ɡɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɛɟɝ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ

ɿ ɫɿɦɜɚɥɚɦ ɹɤɨɟ ɫɬɚʆ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɝɨɞɚ

ɉɟɪɚɦɟɧɵ ʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɧɚ ɩɪɚ

ɰɹ ɝɭ ɚɩɨɲɧɿɯ ɫɬɚ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɿ ɫɭɜɹɡɶ  ɝɷɬɚɟ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɡ ɩɟɪɚʆɬɜɚ

ɪɷɧɧɹɦɿ ʆ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɤɿ ² ɜɚɠɧɵ ɿ ɜɚɠɤɿ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬ ɞɨɫɥɟ

ɞɚʆ ɞɥɹ  ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɟ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɟ ɞɭɦɤɿ  Ⱥɛɰɹ ɠɜɚɧɧɿ

ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɧɚɪɚɫɥɿ ɰɹ ɝɚɦ ɜɹɤɨʆ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚ ɰɿ ɚɩɚɫɪɨɞɤɚ

ɜɚɧɚ ɡɜɹ ɡɚɧɚɣ ɡ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ ɣ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ   ɪɨɛɹɰɶ

ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɭɸ ɩɪɚɰɭ ʆ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɚɫɚɛɥɿ ɜɚ ɞɚɥɿ ɤɚɬɧɚɣ ɿ  ɚɞɤɚɡ

ɧɚɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɣ Ɂɪɷɲɬɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ ɧɚɫ Ⱥɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵɹ ɯɨɰɶ ɿɧɲɵɹ

ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɤɚɧɤɪɷɬɧɚɝɚ ɡɦɟɫɬɭ ɚɛɰɹɠɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɚɪɚɫɥɿ ɹ ɤ ɭ ɝɿɫɬɚ

ɪɵɹɝɪɚɮɿɿ ɬɚɤ ɿ ʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɿɧɲɵ ɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɥɺɫɵ

ɹɤɿɯ ɫɩɥɹɥɿ ɫɹ ɡ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹɣ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ Ⱦɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɟ

ɝɷɬɵ ɯ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɭɠɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ ɦ ɦɚɲɬɚɛɟ  ɚɥɟ ʆ

ɦɚɲɬɚɛɟ ɰɷɥɚɝɚ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɭ ɹɤɿ ɭɧɿɹ  ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚɥɚ ɫɜɚɿɦ ɭɩɥɵɜɚɦ ɭ

ɦɿɧɭɥɚɫɰɿ ɦɚɝɥɨ ɛ ɤɿɧɭɰɶ ɧɹ ɦɚɥɚ ɫɜɹɬɥɚ ɧɚ ɲɥɹɯɿ ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧ

ɧɹ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɹ ʆ  ɿɯ ɚɛɫɹ ɝɿ ɿ ɡɦɟɫɬ ɭ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɟ

ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹ ɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ

ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ ɩɪɵ ɫɬɭɩɚɸɱɵ ɞɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɫɭɜɹ ɡɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɡ

Ʌɿɬɜɨɸ ɜɚɪɬɚ ɩɪɵ ɝɚɞɚɰɶ  ɡɚɫɰɹɪɨɝɭ ɹɤɭɸ ɚɦɚɥɶ   ɝɚɞɨʆ

ɧɚɡɚɞ ɡɪɚɛɿʆ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤ Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ ɧɚɲɦɚɬ ɥɟɩɲ ɜɹɞɨɦɵ  ɹɤ ɫɥɚɜ ɭ

ɬɵ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ ɩɪɚɡɚɿɤ ȱɞɡɟɰɰɚ ɩɪɚ ɘɡɷɮɚ ȱɝɧɚɰɵ ɹ  Ʉ ɪɚɲɷʆɫɤɚ

ɝɚ ɹ ɤɿ ɜɚ ʆɫɬɭɩɟ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɬɜ ɨɪɚ ©Ʌɿɬɜɚª ɧɚɩɿɫɚʆ © Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ

ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚʆɞɡɿɜɚɹ  ɪɨɛɹɱɵ ɫɹ ɩɚɫɥɭɯ

ɦɹɧɚɣ ɫɥɭɠɚɧɤɚɣ ɿ ɩɚɤɨɪɧɚɣ ɧɹɜ ɨɥɶɧɿɰɚɣ ɹ ɤɨɟɤɨɥɟɱɵ ɞɭɦɤɿ

ɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɱɜɚɟ ɫɜɚɺ ɧɚɜɭɱɚɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɿ ɮɿɥɚɫɨɮɫɤɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟª

2 2

Ƚɷɬɚ ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ɦɟɰɶ  ɧɚ ʆɜɚɡɟ ɤɨɠɧɵ  ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤ  ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ

ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ ɚɰɷɧɚɤ ɹɤɭɸ ɺɧ ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɟ ɡɚ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ  ɩɥɺɧɧɭɸ ɦɟ

ɬɚɞɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚ

ɉɟɪɚɯɨɞɡɹ ɱɵ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɭɡɥɚɜɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚʆ ɝɿɫɬɨ

ɪɵɿ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɹɤɚɹ  ɡɚɜɹɪɲɵɥɚɫɹ  ɭɧɿɹɣ ɭɅɸɛ

ɥɿɧɟ ʆ  ɝ  ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿʆɲɵ ɫɬɚɧɩɨɜɹ ɡɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɦɚ ɤɪɚɿ

ɧɚɦɿ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɹɤ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹʆ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ

ɲɬɨ ɹɲɱɷ ɥɶɝɚ ɡɪɚɛɿɰɶ  ɤɚɛ ɩɪɚɥɿɰɶ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɫɜɹɬɥɚ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɭɸ

ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚɬɵɤɭ

ɉɟɪɲ ɚɹ  ɰɹɠɤɚɫɰɶ ɜɵɧɿ ɤɚɟ ɡ ɮɚɤɬɚ  ɲɬɨ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɣɧɚɹ

ɧɚɡɜ ɚ ɭɧɿɿ ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚɟ ɲɷɪɚɝ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ

ɚɤɬɚʆ ɿ ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɚʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɿ  ɭɧɿɹ ɣ ɭ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɵɦ

ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɿ ɚ ɜɚɝɚɥɿɫɹ ɚɞ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ ɞɚ ɫɚɸɡɭ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɞɡɜɸɦɚ

ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɵ ɦɿ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜ ɚɦɿ  Ɍ ɚɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɛɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɫɩɚɞɚɪɨɠɧɿɱɚ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

2 4

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɥɚ ɡɦɟɧɥɿ ɜɚɫɰɶ ɩɚɥɿ ɬɵɱɧɵ ɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɚɣ ɿ

Ʌɿɬɜɨɣ ɭ ɰɿɤɚɜ ɵ ɞɥɹ  ɧɚɫ ɬɭɬ ɩɟɪɵɹ ɞ Ƚɷɬɵɹ  ɩɟɪɵɩɟɬɵɿ ɩɚ

ɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɿ ɧɚɣɦɚɰɧɟɣ ɩɪɵ ɰɹɝɜɚɥɿ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɞɚ

ɫɥɟɞɱɵɤɚʆ ȱɦ ɩɪɵɫɜɟɱɚɧɚ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶ ɲ ɩɪɚɰɚʆ ɹ ɤ ɭ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ

ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹ ɝɪɚɮɿɿ ɬɚɤ ɿ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹɝɪɚɮɿ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɡɚɰɿ ɤɚʆɥɟɧɵɯ

ɤɪɚɿɧ ɩɪɵɱɵɦ ɭɜɚɝɚ ɡɜ ɹ ɪɬɚɥɚɫɹ  ɹ ɤ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ʆɡɚɟɦɧɵɯ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ɧɚ ɡɧɟɲɧɿ ɹ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɿ ɤɨɠ

ɧɚɟ ɡ ɞɡɜ ɸɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ ɡ Ʉ ɪɵ ɠɚɰɤɿɦ Ɉɪɞɷɧɚɦ ɦɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪ

ɠɚɜɚɣ ɤɪɵɦɫɤɚɣ ɚɪɞɨɸ ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ʆɩɥɵɜɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɵɹ ɿ ɡɦɟɧ

ɥɿɜɵɹ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ ɩɚɦɿɠ Ʉɪɚɤɚɜɚɦ ɿ  ȼ ɿɥɶ ɧɹ ɣ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ  ɩɚɞɨɛ

ɧɵ ɹ ɛɨɥɶ ɲ ɞɚ ɥɭɤɚɜ ɿɧɚʆ ȼ ɹɥɥɿ ɲɬɨ ɜɿɟɰɰɚ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɩɚɝɨɪɤɚʆ

ɱɵɦ ɞɚ ɛɟɝɭ ȼɿɫɥɵ ɲɬɨ ɡ Ʉɚɪɩɚɬɚʆ ɧɚʆɩɪɨɫɬ ɛɹɠɵɰɶ ɞɚ Ȼɚɥ

ɬɵ ɤɿ

ɉɪɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɹ  ɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɹ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɵ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫ

ɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɧɚɣɬɪɚɩɧɟɣ ² ɧɚ ɧɚɲɭɸ ɞɭɦɤɭ ² ɜɵɤɚɡɚʆɫɹ  Ƚ  Ʌɚʆ

ɦɹɧɫɤɿ  ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɸɱɵ ɫɜɚɺ ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɞɚ ɞɚʆɧɟɣɲɚɟ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭ

ɪɵ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɚ ɿ ɮɚɪɦɭɥɸɸɱɵ ɛɚɝɚɬɚ ɜɚɠɤɿɯ ɚɛɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɟɧɧɹʆ

ɇɚɦ ɧɹ ɪɚɡ ɞɚɜ ɹ ɞɡɟɰɰɚ ɡɜ ɹɪɬɚɰɰɚ ɞɚ ɿɯ  ɒɵ ɪɷɣ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤɿ

ɡɚɣɦɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɣɧɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦ ɭɧɿɿ

ɹ ɤɿ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɚɦ ɧɚɲɚɟ ɰɿɤɚɜɚɫɰɿ Ȼɚɝɚɬɚ ʆɜ ɚɝɿ

ɚɞɞɚɞɡɟɧɚ ɬɭɬ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɚɤɬɚ ʆ Ʉɪɷɜɟ ɹ ɤɿ ɧɹɪɚɡ ɧɟɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚ ɧɚ

ɡɵɜɚʆɫɹ ɤɪɷʆɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɹɣ Ɍɭɬ  ɡɞɚɟɰɰɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɸɰɰɚ ɧɟɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨ

ɜɚ ɜ ɵ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɵɦɿ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ ɮɚɤɬɵ  ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹ ɸɰɶ  ɩɚ

ɧɨɜɚɦɭ ɡɪɚɡɭɦɟɰɶ ɿ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɵɹ ɫɬɚɧɵ ɿ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɭ  ɹɤɚɹ  ɱɚ

ɫɬɚ ɚɞɛɹ ɝɚɥɚ ɞɚɥɺɤɚ ɚɞ ɿɯ  Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɡ¶ɹ ɜɚ  ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚɹ  ɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɡ

ɧɟɣɲɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚʆ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɭɟ ɚɞ

ɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɝɚ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɡ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɿ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ  ɫɭɚɞɧɨɫɿɧ ɩɚɦɿɠ

ɸɪɵ ɞɵɱɧɵɦɿ ɫɬɚɧɚɦɿ ɿ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɵɦɿ ʆ ɚɛɟɞɡɜ ɸɯ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɯ ɫɿɫɬɷ

ɦɚɦɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɫɿɥ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɨɜɚ ʆɡɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɪɷɚɥɿ

ɡɚɰɵ ɸ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɵɯ ɞɚɦɨɜɚʆ Ɇɵ ɩɚɫɩɪɚɛɭɟɦ ɩɚɤɚɡɚɰɶ ɝɷɬɚ

ɧɚ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɩɟɪɲ ɚɝɚ ɚɤɬɚ ɫɭɜ ɹɡɿ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ ɿ Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ  ɝ ɡɧ

ɚɤɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɚɝɚ ʆ Ʉɪɷɜɟ VIII ɝ ɿ Ʌ ɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ ɚɞ

1.VII ɝ

Ɂɚɫɬɚɟɰɰɚ ɹ ɲɱɷ ɜ ɵɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ ɦɟɫɰɚ  ɹɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿ ɬɨʆɫ

ɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɚ ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɭɧɿɹ ʆ ɭ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɚɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ Ⱦɡɟɥɹ  ɝɷ

ɬɚɝɚ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɛ ɜ ɵɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ  ɩɪɵɪɨɞɭ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɭɧɿɹ ʆ  ɿɯ

ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ  ɞɚ ɿɞɷɿ ɫɭɜɟɪɷɧɧɚɟ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɵ  ɲɬɨ

ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆɠɨ ʆ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɿ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ

ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɿɯ  ȼ ɚɪɬɚ ɡɚʆɜ ɚɠɵɰɶ ɲɬɨ ɤɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚɬɵɤɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɡɚɫɬɚɟɰɰɚ ɫɺɧɧɹ  ɿ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɚɦ ɠɵɜɨɟ

2 5

ɰɿ ɤɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɫɭɫɜ ɟɬɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ

2 4

  ɞɵɤ ɝɷɬɚ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿ ɦ ɡ

ɭɜɚɝɿ ɧɚ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɵɹ  ɩɵɬɚɧɧɿ  ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɹ ɡ ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɮɟɞɷɪɚ

ɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜ ɚʆ

 Ƚɷɬɚɟ ɚɩɨɲɧɹɟ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɹ ɤɨɟ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɭɟ

ɞɷɬɚɥɺɜ ɚɝɚ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɩɚɪɚʆɧɚʆɱɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɰɟ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶ ɲ

ɡɚɫɥɭɝɨʆɜɚɟ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞɭ

ȺɤɬɭɄɪɷɜɟ

ɉɪɵɱɵɧɵ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɵ ɡ Ʌɿɬɜɨɸ ɞɚɫɬɚɬ

ɤɨɜ ɚ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɜɹ ɞɨɦɵɹ   ɤɚɛ ɞɨʆɝɚ ɧɚɞ ɿɦɿ ɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɵɦɥɿ ɜɚɰɰɚ

ɘɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɫɚɸɡ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɸ  ɚ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ ɡɜɹɡɚ

ɧɚɟ ɡ ɿ ɦ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɰɺ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɬɜɚ  ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵ ɥɿ ɩɚɡɛɚɜɿɰɶ  ɤɪɵ

ɠɚɤɚʆ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɟɡɞɚʆ ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɭ ɿ ɡ¶ ɹɞɧɚɰɶ ɫɿɥɵ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ

ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ  ɚɝɪɷɫɿʆɧɚɝɚ Ɉɪɞɷɧɚ  Ɂɦɚɝɚɧɧɟ ɡ Ɉɪɞɷɧɚɦ

ɹɤɿ ɚɞɫɟɤ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɭ ɚɞ Ȼɚɥɬɵɤɿ  ɚ ɰɹ ɩɟɪ  ɡɚɛɪɚʆɲɵ ɀɦɭɞɡɶ

ɪɵɯɬɚɜɚʆ ɝɷɬɤɿ  ɠ ɥɺɫ Ʌ ɿɬɜɟ ɦɭɫɿɥɚ ɛɵɰɶ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɦɷɬɚɣ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɚʆ ɲ ɬɨ ɚɛ¶ɹɞɧɨʆɜɚɥɿ ɫɜɚɟɫɿɥɵ ɫɭɩ

ɪɨɰɶ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɜɨɪɚɝɚ  Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɫɭɜɹɡɶ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɸ ɩɚɜ

ɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɥɟɝɱɵɰɶ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɤɧɹɡɹɦ ɿ ɩɚɧɚɦ ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɩɚ

ɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɞ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɶ ɤɚɫɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ ɭ

ɦɟɠɚɯ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɞɡɟ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵ  ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɧɚɣ

ɧɨʆɲɚɟ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ  ʆɫɹɝɨ ± ɚɞ ɭɫɿɯ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ɯɨɰɶ ɿ

ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɚɥɿ ʆ ɫɥɚɿ ɛɚɹ ɪɚʆ  ɧɟ ɤɚɠɭɱɵ ʆɠɨ ɩɪɚ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɬɜɚ

ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵ ɧɚɦ ɭɪɚɞɧɿɰɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ

ɇɚ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɪɭɫɤɿ ɯ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ ɤɥɚɞɡɟ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɵ ɧɚɰɿɫɤ

Ƚ Ʌɚʆɦɹɧɫɤɿ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɸɱɵ ɲɬɨ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɿɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɛɵɥɚ

ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ  ɿ ɚɩɨɲɧɹɹ  ɧɟ ɦɚɝɥɚ

ɚɞ ɹ ɟ ɚɞɦɨɜɿɰɰɚ ɧɟ ɩɚɞɪɵɜɚɸɱɵ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɚɫɧɨɜɚʆ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɿɫɧɚ

ɜɚɧɧɹ  ɿ  ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ  Ʌ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ  ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɹ  ɜɹɪɯɭɲɤɚ  ɚɪɵɟɧɬɚ

ɜɚɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɵɸ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹ ʆ  ɡɞɚɛɵɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ

ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɩɚɥɨɜ ɵ ;,9 ɫɬ  ɡɚ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ ɦ ɩɚɫɚɞɡɟ

Ⱥɥɶ ɝɟɪɞɚ  ɲɦɚɬ ɩɨɫɩɟɯɚʆ  ɩɚɲɵ ɪɵ ʆɲ ɵ ɫɜ ɚɺ ɩɚɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɧɚ

Ȼɪɚɧɫɤ Ɇɫɰɿɫɥɚʆ Ʉɿɟʆ ɿ ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤ  Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ Ⱥɥɶɝɟɪɞ ɜ ɺʆ

ɚɤɬɵʆɧɭɸ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɭ ɡ ɧɚɩɨɪɚɦ Ɉɪɞɷɧɚ  Ƚɷɬɚɟ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɟ ɧɚ

ɞɜɚ ɮɪɚɧɬɵ ɜɵɱɷɪɩɜɚɥɚ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜ ɚɧɵɹ  ɫɿɥɵ  Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ

ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɚɣ ɤɪɵɡɿɫɭ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɿ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ Ⱥɥɶ

ɝɟɪɞɚ Ɍ ɚɞɵ ɭɧɿɹ ɡ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɣ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ Ʌ ɿɬɜɵ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɜɵɯɚɞɭ

ɡ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɬɭɩɿɤɚ

Ⱦɚɥɟɣɲɚɣ ɦɷɬɚɣ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ ɿ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɤɚɪɵ

ɫɬɚɧɧɟ ɫɚɸɡɭ ɡ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɣ ɞɡɟɥɹ  ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɿɿ ɧɚ ʆɫɯɨɞ ɿ ɞɡɟɥɹ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

2 6

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɩɪɨɰɿɫɬɚɹɧɧɹ ɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɿɦ ɧɚɟɡɞɚɦ ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɥɿ ɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɭɥɚ

ɞɚɧɧɹ ɦ ȼ ɹɥɿ ɤɚɝɚɄ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ɬɚɝɨ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵ ɱɵɹ  ɞɡɹɪɠɚ

ɜɚ ɜ ɵɪɚɫɥɚ ɞɡɹ ɤɭɸɱɵ ɚɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɸ Ɋɭɫɿ ɿ ɤɨɲɬɚɦ ɹɟ  ɛɚɹɥɿɫɹ

ɲɬɨ Ɇɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɚɹ Ɋɭɫɶ  ɭɡɦɚɰɧɿʆɲɵɫɹ ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɩɟɪɚɦɨɝɿ ɧɚɞ ɬɚ

ɬɚɪɚɦɿ ɡɞɚɛɵɬɚɣ ɧɚ Ʉɭɥɿɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɥɿ  ɝ  ɫɬɚɧɟ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦ

ɩɪɵ ɰɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɟɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹ ʆ  ɿ ɠɚɞɚɥɿ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɜ ɚɰɶ

ɝɷɬɚ  ɭɦɚɰɨʆɜ ɚɸɱɵ ɫɜ ɚɺ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɩɪɚɡ ɫɚɸɡ ɡ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɸ

ɍ ɫɜ ɚɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ ɦɚɥɚɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɦ ɩɚɧɚɦ ɹɤɿɹ ɚɞɵɝɪɚɥɿ ɜ ɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ

ʆ ɚɠɵɰɰɹʆɥɟɧɧɿ ɭɧɿɿ ɡ Ʌɿɬɜɨɸ ɹɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɧɚ  ɤɚɛ ɚɞɚ

ɛɪɚɰɶ ɡɚɧɹɬɭɸ ȼɭɝɨɪɲɱɵɧɚɣ Ƚɚɥɿɰɤɭɸ Ɋɭɫɶ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɉɚ

ɞɨɥɥɟ ɡ ȼɚɥɵɧɧɸ ² ɡɟɦɥɿ ɧɚ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɦɚɥɚɩɨɥɶ

ɫɤɚɹ  ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɿɹ

ȼɨɫɶ  ɠɚ ɫɚɸɡ ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɵ ɡ Ʌɿ ɬɜɨɸ ɥɹɠɚʆ ɭ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɯ

ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɛɚɤɨʆ ɇɚ ɩɟɪɲɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɺɧ ɦɟʆ ɛɨɥɶ ɲɚɟ ɡɧɚ

ɱɷɧɧɟ ɞɥɹ  Ʌ ɿɬɜɵ ɿ ɚɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɵ ɩɨɝɥɹ ɞ  ɲɬɨ ɞɚ

ɹɝɨ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɚɫɹ Ʌɿɬɜɚ  ɉɨɝɥɹɞ ɝɷɬɵ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɡ ɫɭɚɞ

ɧɨɫɿɧ ɹɤɿɹ ʆɡɧɿɤɥɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɭɧɿɹɣ ɿɯɪɨɫɬɚɦ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɋɩɪɚɜɚ ɯɪɵɫ

ɰɿ ɹɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ Ʌ ɿɬɜɵ ɧɚɫɩɹɜɚɥɚ ɡɞɚʆɧɚ ɇɚ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɤɧɹ ɫɤɿɦ ɞɜɚɪɵ

ɹ ɟ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚɫɰɶ ɭɫɜ ɟɞɚɦɥɹ ɥɚɫɹ ² ɹ ɤ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ ²

ɬɪɵ ɜɚɥɚ  ɯɨɰɶ  ɜɵɛɚɪ ɧɚɣɥɟɩɲɚɝɚ ɲɥɹ ɯɭ ɞɚ ɹɟ ɞɨʆɝɚ ɡɚɫɬɚ

ɜɚʆɫɹ  ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɚɦ ɜ ɚɝɚɧɧɹʆ ɿ  ɩɨɲɭɤɚʆ ɉɚɝɚɧɫɬɜ ɚ ɧɚ ɫɯɿɥɟ

;,9ɫɬ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɧɚɯɪɚɧɿɡɦɚɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɬɚɦɭ ɲ ɬɨ ɞɚɜ ɚɥɚ ɜ ɵɞɚɬ

ɧɭɸ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜ ɭ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɿɿ  Ʉɪɵɠɚɰɤɚɝɚ Ɉɪɞɷɧɚ ɧɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ

ɡɟɦɥɿ ɹɤɨɣ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆɥɹ ɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɭɫɺ ɛɨɥɶ ɲɵɦɿ

ɜɵɫɿɥɤɚɦɿ ɚɥɟ ɿ ɬɚɦɭ ɲ ɬɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚ ɫɭɪ’ɺɡɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɚɲɤɨɞɭ ɞɥɹ

ʆɜɚɯɨɞɭ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ʆ ɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɭɸ ɦɿɠɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɭɸ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ 

ɞɥɹ ɹ ɟ ² ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ² ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɟ ɚɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɰɵɿ ɇɹʆɞɚ

ɱɚ ɫɩɪɨɛɵ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɰɹ ɯɪɨɫɬɭ Ƚɟɞɵɦɿɧɚɦ ɡ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɵ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿ

ɜɭ ɹɤ ɹ ɝɨɧɚɟ ɪɚɞɵ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɀɦɭɞɡɿ  ² ɧɹʆɞɚɱɚ

ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɞɚɜɨɞɡɿ ɥɚ ɠɵ ɰɰɺɜ ɚɫɰɶ  ɩɚɝɚɧɫɬɜɚ

 ² ɹɫɧɚ ɩɚɤɚɡɜɚɥɚ

ɲɬɨ ɤɚɛ ɡɞɡɟɣɫɧɿ ɰɶ ɯɪɵɫɰɿɹɧɿɡɚɰɵɸ  ɜɹɥɿɤɿ ɤɧɹɡɶ  ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ

ɦɟɰɶ  ɩɚɞɬɪɵ ɦɤɭ ɡɜ ɨɧɤɭ ɹ ɤɚɹ ɛ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɜ ɚɥɚ ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɵ

ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿ ʆ ȱ ɤɚɥɿ əɝɚɣɥɚ ʆ  ɝ ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɩɟɪɚɦɨɠɧɚɝɚ ɡɚɜɹɪ

ɲɷɧɧɹ ɜɚɣɧɵ ɡ Ʉɟɣɫɬɭɬɚɦ ɡɧɨʆɤɭ ʆɡɹʆ ɭɥɚɞɭ ʆ ɫɬɨɥɶɧɚɣ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ

ɺɧ ɩɚɱɚʆ ɡɚɞɚɜ ɚɰɰɚ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟɦ ɹ ɤ ɧɚɣɥɟɩɲ ɜɵɪɚɲɵɰɶ  ɡɚɞɚ

ɱɭ ɹ ɤɭɸ ɞɚɥɟɣ ɚɞɤɥɚɞɚɰɶ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɥɶɝɚ ɋɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɺɧ ɡɜɹɪɧɭʆ

ɫɹ  ɞɚ Ɇɚɫɤɜɵ Ɂɚ ɩɚɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɦɚɰɿ ɘɥɶ ɹɧɵ  ɞɚɱɤɿ

ɰɜɹ ɪɫɤɨɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ  Ⱥɥɹ ɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɇɿɯɚɣɥɚɜɿɱɚ ɺɧ ɪɚɫɩɚɱɚʆ ɩɟɪɚ

ɦɨɜɵ ɡ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɦ ɤɧɹ ɡɟɦ ɦɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɿ ɦ ȾɡɦɿɬɪɵɟɦȾɚɧɫɤɿɦ ɹɤɿɹ

ɡɚɜ ɹɪɲɵɥɿ ɫɹ  ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɹɣ ɞɚɦɨɜɚɣ ɩɪɚ ɛɭɞɭɱɵ ɲɥɸɛ əɝɚɣɥɵ

2 7

ɡ ɞɚɱɤɨɸ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɦɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɭ

ɩɪɚɜ ɚɞɠɚɰɰɚ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɰɺɦ ɯɪɵɫɰɿɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɿ ɦ ɚɛɪɚɞɡɟ

ʆɥɚɞɚɪɨɦ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ ɹ ɝɨɧɵɦɿɩɚɝɚɧɫɤɿɦɿ ɩɚɞɞɚɧɵɦɿ

Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɝɷɬɚɹ ɚɥɶ ɬɷɪɧɚɬɵɜɚ ɦɟɥɚ ɞɥɹ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ

ɧɹɦɚɥɚ ɧɟɜɵɝɨɞɚʆ  ɉɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɰɺ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɹ  ʆɦɚɰɚ

ɜɚɥɚ ɛ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ ɿ ɛɚɹ ɪɚʆ ɿ ɹ ɤ ɜ ɵɧɿɤ ɩɪɵɜɹɥɨ ɛ ɞɚ ɿɯ

ɡɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚɦɿ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ɩɚɧɚɜɚɥɿ ʆ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹ

ɫɬɜɟ ɉɪɵ ɛɨɥɶ ɲɚɣ ɤɨɥɶ ɤɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɚɣ ɜɵɲ ɷɣɲɚɫɰɿ ɪɭ

ɫɿɧɚʆ ɝɷɬɚ ɦɭɫɿɥɚ ɚɛɭɞɠɚɰɶ  ɧɟɫɩɚɤɨɣ ɭ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɧɨʆɧɵ ɯ

ɫɥɚɹɯ ɍ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɵɦ ɝɷɬɚ ɦɚɝɥɨ ɛ ɩɪɵɜɟɫɰɿ ɞɚ ɚɫɿɦɿɥɹɰɵɿ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ

ɭ ɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɟ Ȼɨɹɡɶ  ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ² ɭɠɨ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɯɪɵɫ

ɰɿ ɹɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ² ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɚɸ ɲɷɪɚɝɭ ɤɪɨɤɚʆ ɭ ɹɤɿɯ ɡɧɚɯɨɞ

ɡɿɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɹ  ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɷɧɧɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɟ

ɫɬɵɯɿɿ

 Ⱦɚ ɿ ɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɦɿɠ ɿɧɲ ɵɦ ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɚɹ ə ɝɚɣɥɚɦ ɡ

ɧɚɝɨɞɵ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɸ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɦɭ ɤɚɫɰɺɥɭ ʆ ɥɸɬɵ ɦ 

ɝ ɡɚɛɚɪɨɧɚ ɲ ɥɸɛɚʆ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ɡ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵ ɦɿ

 ɿ ɩɚɲɵ ɪɷɧ

ɧɟ ɡɟɦɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɸ  ɝ  ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚ ɧɚ ɥɿ ɬɜɿɧɚʆɤɚɬɚɥɿ

ɤɨʆ Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ɬɚɝɨ ² ɹɤ ɡɚʆɜɚɠɚɟ ȿ Ⱥɯɦɚɧɫɤɿ ² ɩɪɵ ɧɹɰɰɺ

ɯɪɵɫɰɿɹɧɫɬɜɚ ʆ ɝɪɷɰɤɿɦ ɚɛɪɚɞɡɟ ɧɟ ʆɫɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɛ ɤɪɵɠɚɤɚʆ

ɚɞ ɜ ɚɣɧɵ ɡ Ʌɿɬɜɨɸ  ɛɨ ʆ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɿ ɹɧɵ ɛɚɱɵɥɿ ɟɪɚɫɶ  ɡɦɚ

ɝɚɰɰɚ ɡ ɹ ɤɨɣ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɿ  ɦɟɱɚɦ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ

Ʉɚɬɚɥɿɰɬɜɚ ɡɧɨʆ ɞɨʆɝɿ ɱɚɫ ɜ ɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɹɤ ɜɵɪɚɡ

ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ  Ʉ ɪɵɠɚɰɤɚɦɭ Ɉɪɞɷɧɭ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɩɪɚɡ ɭɦɚ

ɰɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɹ ɝɨɧɵɯ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵɯ ɭɩɥɵ ɜɚʆ ɚɥɟ ɿ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɰɺ ɧɹ ɦɟɰ

ɤɚɝɚ ɤɥɿɪɭ ɿ ʆɫɹɝɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɝɚ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ ɹ ɤɿ ɺɧ ɧɺɫ ɡ ɫɚɛɨɸ ɇɚ

ɝɷɬɚ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɿ ɚɧɿ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɚɟ ɚɯɜɨɬɵ  Ɍɨɥɶɤɿ ɦɚɝɱɵ

ɦɚɫɰɶ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɰɹ ɯɪɵ ɫɰɿɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ  ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɧɚɹ  ɡ ɭɡɵ

ɯɨɞɚɦ əɝɚɣɥɵ ɧɚ ɬɪɨɧ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ ² ɲɬɨ ɧɟɫɭɦ

ɧɟɧɧɚ ɦɭɫɿɥɚ ɩɚɥɟɫɰɿɰɶ  ɫɚɦɚɥɸɛɫɬɜɭ ɥɿɬɜ ɿɧɚʆ ² ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɹɥɚ

ɿɯ ɧɚɜɹɪɧɟɧɧɟ ɜɵɝɥɹ ɞɭ  ɛɵ ɰɰɚɦ ɹɧɨ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ ɩɚɞ ɱɭɠɵ ɦ

ɰɿ ɫɤɚɦ Ɍɚɦɭ ɡɚ ɹɟ ɚɞɪɚɡɭ ʆɯɚɩɿɥɿɫɹ

ɉɚɞɫɬɚɜɚɣ ɭɬɜɨɪɚɧɚɝɚ VIII ɝ  ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ

ɫɚɸɡɭ ɛɵʆ ɤɪɷʆɫɤɿ ɚɤɬ ɚɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɹɝɨɧɵ ɩɚɫɚɠ  ɭ ɹɤɿɦ

«demum etiam Jagalo dux saepedictus promitt it terras suas

Lit uaniae et Russiae Coronae Regni Poloniae perpetuo applicare»

>©ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɿ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɡɝɚɞɜɚɧɵ ɤɧɹɡɶ  əɝɚɣɥɚ ɩɚɚɛɹɰɚʆ

ɧɚɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɞɚɥɭɱɵɰɶ ɫɜ ɚɟ ɡɟɦɥɿ  Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ  Ɋ ɭɫɿ ɞɚ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɵ

ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚª@

. ȼ ɚɤɨɥ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɡɝɚɪ

ɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɠɵɜɚɹ ɿ ɞɨʆɝɚɹ ɞɵɫɤɭɫɿɹ  ə ɟ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɚɥɹ ɝɚɥɚ ʆ ɩɵ

ɬɚɧɧɿ  ɰɿ ɫɬɚɥɚɫɹ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɜɚɧɵɦ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

2 8

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɭ Ʉɚɪɨɧɭ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɤɪɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɚɤɬɚ  Ɍ ɷɨɪɵɹ ɿɧɤɚɪ

ɩɚɪɚɰɵ ɿ  ɜɵɥɭɱɚɧɚɹ  ɹ ɲɱɷ ɧɚ ɫɯɿɥɟ ɦɿ ɧɭɥɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ

ȺɅɹɜɿɰɤɿɦ ɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɲɬɨ Ʌɿ ɬɜɚ ʆ ɝ ɩɟɪɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɛɵɰɶ  ɞɡɹ ɪ

ɠɚɜ ɚɣ ɿ ɩɟɪɚɬɜɚɪɵ ɥɚɫɹ  ʆ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɚɜ ɿɧɰɵ ɹʆ  ɞɚɥɭɱɚɧɵɯ

ɞɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ  ɿ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɡ¶ ɟɡɞ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɩɟ ɋ ɚɥɿɧ ɭ  ɝ

ɚɥɶɛɨ ɚɤɬɵ ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɊɚɞɚɦɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ ± ɝɝ ɭɜɚɫɤɪɷɫɿɥɿ

ɹ ɟ ɹɤ ɚɫɨɛɧɭɸ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɭ

 Ƚɷɬɭɸ ɬɷɨɪɵɸ ɩɪɵɧɹ ʆ ɜɵɞɚɬɧɵ

ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤ Ɇ Ʌɸɛɚʆɫɤɿ  ɚ ɫɥɟɞɚɦ ɡɚ ɿɦ ɹ ɧɚ ɚɬɪɵ ɦɚɥɚ

ɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹ ɧɫɬɜɚ ɿ  ʆ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɧɚɜɭɰɵ

 ɍ ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɵ  ɝɷ

ɬɭɸ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɸ ʆɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɿʆ ɋ   Ʉɭɬɲ ɷɛɚ ɰɜɟɪɞɡɹ ɱɵ  ɲɬɨ ʆ

ɫɿɥɭ ɚɤɬɚ ʆ Ʉɪɷɜɟ ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɚɛɪɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɚɪɚɧɚɰɵɿəɝɚɣɥɵ ©Ʌɿɬɜɚ

ɦɭɫɿɥɚ ɛɵɰɶ  ɞɚɥɭɱɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ ɹɤ ɹɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɚɹ  ɱɚɫɬɤɚª

Ɍɚɦɭɝɷɬɚ ɛɵʆ ɚɤɬ ɧɟ ɭɧɿɿ  ɚ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ  ɯɨɰɶ ɭɧɭɬɪɵ Ʌɿɬɜɚ

ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɚ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɿ ɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɹ ɿɧɫɬɵɬɭɬɵ

3 7

  ɉɚɞɨɛɧɭɸ

ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ɡɚɧɹʆ Ɉ Ȼɚɥɶ ɡɷɪ

 Ɍ ɷɡɿɫ ɩɪɚ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɸ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ʆ

 ɝ ɩɪɵɦɚʆ ɿ Ɉ Ƚ ɚɥɟɰɤɿ  ɯɨɰɶ ɭ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɩɪɚɰɵ «Wcielenie i

Z]QRZLHQL H SDĔVW ZD OLWHZVNLHJR SU]H] 3ROVNĊ (1386–1401)»

ɺɧ

ɛɨɥɶ ɲɵ ɧɚɰɿ ɫɤ ɤɥɚʆ ɧɚ ʆɡɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɩɚɞ

ɤɪɷɫɥɿɜ ɚɸɱɵ  ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɨɜɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ʆ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɰɟ ɭɧɿɿ

ɝ  ɋɭɩɪɨɰɶ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɨɝɥɹ ɞɭɜɵɫɬɭɩɿʆ Ʌ Ʉɚɥɹɧɤɨʆɫɤɿ ɥɿɱɚ

ɱɵ  ɲ ɬɨ ɺɧ ɿɞɡɟ ɧɟɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɞɚɥɺɤɚ ɿ  ɮɚɪɦɭɥɸɸɱɵ ɬɷɡɭ

ɲɬɨ ɫɬɚɧ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚʆɫɹ ɞɚ  ɝ   ɤɚɥɿ  ɥɿɬɜ ɿɧɵ

ɚɛɪɚɥɿ ɫɚɛɟ ɧɚ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ Ʉ ɚɡɿɦɿɪɚ əɝɟɥɨɧɱɵɤɚɲɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ

ɿ ɜɹ ɪɧɭɥɚ Ʌ ɿɬɜɟ ɹɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ ɛɵɰɰɺ  ɬɵɦ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɹ ɤ ɚɛɪɚɧɧɟ

ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ ʆ  ɝɛɵɥɨ ɜɹ ɪɬɚɧɧɟɦ

ɫɚɸɡɭ ɡ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɸ  ɚɥɟ ʆɠɨ ɹ ɤ ɚɫɚɛɿɫɬɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ

ɇɚɝɨɞɭ ɞɥɹ  ɚɠɵʆɥɟɧɚɝɚ ɚɛɦɟɧɭ ɞɭɦɤɚɦɿ ɞɚɥɨ ɫɭɬɵɤɧɟɧ

ɧɟ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɚʆ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵɯ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ ɧɚ VI ɍɫɟɚɝɭɥɶɧɵɦ Ɂ¶ɟɡ

ɞɡɟ Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ ɭ ȼ ɿɥɶɧɿ ʆ  ɝ  ɞɡɟ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶ ɧɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ

ɫɚɸɡɭ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɡ Ʌɿɬɜɨɸ ɚɩɵɧɭɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɰɷɧɬɪɵ ʆɜɚɝɿ

 ɍɠɨ

ɩɚɫɥɹ Ɂ¶ɟɡɞɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɨʆɧɵɹ  ɿ ɜɚɠɧɵɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɹ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɵ

ɬɚɧɧɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɨʆɤɿ  ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜɿɥɿ  ə Ⱥɞɚɦɭɫ Ƚ Ʌɚʆɦɹɧɫɤɿ ɿ Ƚ ɉɚɲ

ɤɟɜɿɱ ɇɨɜɵɹ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɵ  ɿ ɧɚɡɿɪɚɧɧɿɞɚɞɚʆ ɈȽɚɥɟɰɤɿ ȱɦ ɬɚɤɫɚ

ɦɚ ɧɿɠɷɣ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɚɞɞɚɞɡɟɧɚ ɛɨɥɶ ɲ ɭɜɚɝɿ

Ⱥɞɚɦɭɫ

4 2

  ɡɚʆɠɞɵ ɲɭɤɚɸɱɵ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹʆ  ɡɜɹɪɧɭʆ

ɫɹ ɞɚ ɫɮɚɪɦɭɥɹɜɚɧɚɝɚ Ⱥȼ ɷɬɭɥɹ ɧɿ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɹ  ɩɚɦɿɠ ɿɧɤɚɪ

ɩɚɪɚɰɵ ɹ ɣ ɭ ɜɭɡɟɣɲ ɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ  ɤɚɥɿ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɪɨɞɡɿɰɰɚ ɧɟ

ɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚ ʆ ɜ ɵɧɿ ɤɭ ʆɥɭɱɷɧɧɹ ɩɷʆɧɚɟ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɹɤɚɹ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ

ɦɟɥɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɚɛɨ ɧɟ ɭ ɿ ɧɲɭɸ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɭ ɿ ɜɹɞɨɦɚɣ ɭ

ɫɹɪɷɞɧɹɜɟɱɱɵ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɹ ɣ ɭ ɲ ɵɪɷɣɲɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɿ  ɹ ɤɚɹ

2 9

ɜɹɞɡɟ ɞɚ ʆɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɞɡɜɸɦɚ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɚɦɿ ɥɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚ

ɫɭɧɤɭ

 ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɚɩɨɲ ɧɿɦ ɜɵ ɩɚɞɤɭ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɜɚɧɚɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚ

ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɜɹ ɥɚ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɟ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɛɵɰɰɺ ɚɥɟ ʆɠɨ ɧɟ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ

ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɟ  ɚ ɩɚɞɥɟɝɥɚɟ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɭɸɱɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɟ  Ɂɵɯɨɞɡɹ 

ɱɵ ɡ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɭ ɿ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɧɚɝɚ ɮɚɤɬɭ  ɲ ɬɨ ɚɤɬ ɭ Ʉ ɪɷɜɟ

ɛɵʆ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɩɪɷɥɿ ɦɿɧɚɪɵɹ ɦɿ ɞɚ ɡɚɞɭɦɚɧɚɝɚ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵ ɣɧɚɝɚ

ɚɤɬɚ

 Ⱥɞɚɦɭɫ ɜɵɤɚɡɚʆ ɩɨɝɥɹɞ ɲɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɭɦɚɧɵ ɚɤɬ ɫɤɥɚɞ

ɡɟɧɵ ɬɚɤ ɿ ɧɟ ɛɵʆ ɿ ɡɚɦɟɫɬ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵ ɣɧɚ

ɝɚ ɚɤɬɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿɫɹ ɚɤɬɵ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɵɹ ɹɤɿɦɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɥɿɱɵɰɶ  akt y

homagialne ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ ɚɞ  ɿ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ

ɲɬɨ ɡɦɹɲ ɱɚɸɰɶ ɡɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɧɧɟ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ ɞɚ ɜɟɪɧɚɫɰɿ əɞɜɿ

ɡɟ əɝɚɣɥɭ ɿ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ Ȭɧ ɫɩɚɫɥɚʆɫɹ ɧɚ

ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɸ Ȼ ɚɥɶɡɷɪɚ ɚɛ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ  ɪɚɧɧɟɫɹɪɷɞɧɹɜɟɱɧɵɯ ɞɡɹ ɪ

ɠɚɜɚʆ ɹɤ sui generis >ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɪɨɞɭ@ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ

 ɹɤɚɹ ɡ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɵ

ɡɚɩɨɡɧɟɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɯɚɜɚ

ɥɚɫɹ ɬɭɬ ɚɠ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ ;,9ɫɬ ɍ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɧɚɣɜ ɵ

ɲɷɣɲɵɦ ɭɥɚɞɚɪɨɦ ² ɬɭɬ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɦ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ  ɹɤɿ  ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚ ɬɪɵ

ɦɚʆ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɵɹ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵ ɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ  ² ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ʆɞɡɟɥɶɧɵɹ

ɤɧɹɫɬɜ ɵ  ɡ ɭɥɚɫɧɵɦɿ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɦɿ  ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɵɹ ɝɷɬɚɦɭ ɧɚɣ

ɜɵɲ ɷɣɲɚɦɭ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɭ Ɂ ɯɜɿ ɥɿɧɚɣ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɧɹ ɍɥɚɞɵɫɥɚɜɚ əɝɚɣɥɵ

ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ ɬɪɨɧ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɹ  ɫɤɚɫɚɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ  ɚ ɤɧɹɡɿ ɩɪɵ

ɫɹ ɝɚɥɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɦ ɤɚɪɚɥɸ ɿ ɤɚɪɚɥɟɜɟ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ ɿɯ ɤɚɪɚ

ɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ

ə  Ⱥɞɚɦɭɫ ɫɬɚɪɚʆɫɹ ɚɫɥɚɛɿɰɶ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɣɧɭɸ ɤɚɧɰɷɩ

ɰɵ ɸ  ɹɤɚɹ ɞɚɦɿɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɸɱɵ ɲɬɨ ɚɞ  ɝ

² ɝɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɵ ɰɶ ɚɞ ɚɫɬɪɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɞɚɦɨɜ ɵ  ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɹ ɤɨɟ ɩɚɞɬɪɵ

ɦɚɧɵ ɧɟɩɪɵ ɯɿɥɶɧɚɣ ɞɚ ɿ ɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵ ɿ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɚɩɚɡɿɰɵɹɣ

ȼɿɬɚʆɬɭɡɹʆ ɭɥɚɞɭ ʆ Ʌɿɬɜɟ² ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɣɧɵɹɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɿ ɩɪɵ

ɯɨɞɡɹɰɶ  ɭ ɡɚɧɹɩɚɞ ȼɿɬɚʆɬ ɯɨɰɶ ɿ ɤɿɪɚɜɚʆ ɚɞ ɿɦɹ əɝɚɣɥɵ ɩɚɞ

ɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚʆ ɫɚɛɟ ʆɞɡɟɥɶ ɧɵɹ  ɤɧɹɫɬɜ ɵ  ɹɤɿɹ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ  ɩɪɵɫɹɝɚɥɿ

ɤɚɪɚɥɸ ɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ  ɚ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜ ɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿʆ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣ

ɧɭɸ ɡɚɦɟɠɧɭɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɭ Ⱥɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɜɵɫɧɨɜɚ ɲɬɨ ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚʆ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ

ɛɵ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɭª ɹɤɿɹ ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɧɟ ɛɵɥɿ ɞɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ

ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ

4 6

  ɉɚɤɥɚɫɰɿ ɤɚɧɟɰ ɝɷɬɵ ɦ ɫɩɪɨɛɚɦ ɦɟʆɫɹ ɡ¶ɟɡɞ ɧɚ

ɧɹ ɦɟɰɤɚɣ ɜɵɫɩɟ ɋɚɥɿɧ  ɞɡɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ ɛɚɹ ɪɵ ² ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɤɪɵ

ɠɚɰɤɿɦ ɯɪɚɧɿɫɬɚɦ ² ɦɟɥɿɫɹ ɚɛɜɹɫɰɿɰɶ  ȼɿɬɚʆɬɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɺɦ ɋɚɦ

ȼɿɬɚʆɬ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɚɣ ɬɚɞɵ ɞɚɦɨɜɟ ɮɿ ɝɭɪɭɟ ɹɤ supremus dux

>ɧɚɣɜɵɲɷɣɲɵ ɤɧɹɡɶ@.  Ⱥɛɨɞɜɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɹ ɬɵɬɭɥɵ  ɡɪɷɲɬɵ ɧɟ ʆɬɪɵ

ɦɚɥɿɫɹ ɿ ȼɿɬɚʆɬ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɬɵɬɭɥɚɜɚʆɫɹ ɹɤ dux, ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɭ ɫɬɚ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

3 0

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɫɭɧɤɚɯ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɸ ɚɞ  ɝ² magnus dux >ɜɹɥɿɤɿ ɤɧɹɡɶ @

ɩɚɤɿɞɚɸɱɵ ɬɵɬɭɥ supremus dux əɝɚɣɥɭ  ɇɚ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɟ ɫɬɚ

ɧɨɜ ɿɲɱɚ ȼɿɬɚʆɬɚ ʆ  ɝ ɩɚɤɚɡɜ ɚɟ ɩɚɫɚɠ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɚɣ ɬɚɞɵ

ɞɚɦɨɜɵ ɡ Ɉɪɞɷɧɚɦ ɭ ɹɤɨɣ ȼɿɬɚʆɬ ɡɚɹʆɥɹ ʆ ɲɬɨ «promissimus

in omnibus terris nostris pro posse fidem cat holicam dilat are,

Sacrosanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Sacroque Romano Imperio ea

exhibere et facere, quae ceteri li beri reges et principes catholici

ɭ ɦɟɪɭ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɲ ɵɪɚɰɶ ɤɚɬɚɥɿ ɰɤɭɸ ɜ ɟɪɭ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ

ɚɞɞɚɜɚɰɶ ɿ ɱɵɧɿɰɶ ɋ ɜɹɬɨɦɭ Ɋɵɦɫɤɚɦɭ Ʉɚɫɰɺɥɭ ɿ ɋɜɹɬɨɣ Ɋɵɦ

ɫɤɚɣ ȱɦɩɟɪɵɿ ɬɨɟ ɲɬɨ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɚɞɞɚɜɚɰɶ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɜɨɥɶɧɵɹ  ɤɚ

ɪɚɥɿ ɿ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɹ ɤɧɹɡɿ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɤɭª@

. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɫɭɜɹɡɶ ɡ əɝɚɣ

ɥɚɦ ɿ Ʉɚɪɨɧɚɸ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ  ɲɬɨ ɩɪɵ ɜɹɥɨ

əȺɞɚɦɭɫɚ  ɞɚ ɜɵɫɧɨɜɵ ɲɬɨ ɡ  ɝ  ɚ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɩɚɫɥɹ ȼ ɿɥɟɧ

ɩɚɪɚɰɵ ɹɣ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɿ ɥɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɞɚɧɧɹ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɵ ª

ɋɭɩɪɨɰɶ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɚʆ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲ ɵ ɷɬɚɩ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ

ɫɚɸɡɭ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ ɡɅɿɬɜɨɸ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɿʆ Ƚ Ʌɚʆɦɹɧɫɤɿ

 Ȼɚɪɨɧɹɱɵ

ɬɷɨɪɵɸ ɞɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɹ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɞɚ ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɵ  ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɝ ɺɧ ɩɪɚ

ɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɜɚʆ ɬɷɪɦɿ ɧ applicare >ɞɚɥɭɱɵɰɶ@,  ɹɤɿ  ɹ ɤ ɜɹ ɞɨɦɚ ɭ

Ʉɪɷʆɫɤɿɦ ɚɤɰɟ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɚɤ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɞɚ Ʉɚ

ɪɨɧɵ Ʉ ɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɸ ɦɷɬɚɣ ɺɧ  ɧɟ ɫɬɪɨɹ ɱɵ ɝɿɩɨɬɷɡɚʆ

ɫɭɩɚɫɬɚɜɿʆ ɭɫɟ ɜɹ ɞɨɦɵɹ ɚɤɬɵ  ɭ ɹɤɿɯ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚʆ ɝɷɬɵ ɜ ɵɪɚɡ  ɿ

ɩɚɤɚɡɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵʆ ɧɟ ɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɚʆɠɵɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɵɪɚɡ ɡ ɧɟɚɤɪɷɫ

ɥɟɧɵɦ ɡɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɚ ɸɪɵ ɞɵɱɧɵ  ɬɷɪɦɿɧ  ɹ ɤɿ ɚɡɧɚɱɚʆ ɩɟɪɚɧɨɫ

ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɞɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɟ ʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɞɚ ɿɧɲ ɚɝɚɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɡɜɵ

ɱɚɣɧɚ ɞɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɲɱɵɧ ɇɹɪɚɡ ɝɷɬɵ ɜ ɵ ɪɚɡ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚʆ ɧɚ ɩɟ

ɪɚɦɟɧɭ ɡ ɬɷɪɦɿɧɚɦ incorporare [ɭɥɭɱɵɰɶ].

ɒɬɨɩɪɚʆɞɵ  ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ  ɿɧɬɷɪɩɪɷɬɚɰɵɹ ʆ Ʌɚʆɦɹ ɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɪɚ

ɛɿɥɿɫɹ  ɡɚɫɰɹɪɨɝɿ ɹɤɿɹ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɥɿ ɡ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ applicare

ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɟɰɰɚ ɿ ʆ ɬɚɤɿɯ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚɥɿ  ɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧ

ɧɟ ɥɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɭ ɍ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɫɰɿ  ɬɭɬ ɿ ɞɡɟɰɰɚ ɩɪɚ ɚɤɬ ɝ

ɹɤɿɦ ɞɜ ɨɟ ɤɧɹ ɡɺʆ Ʉ ɚɪɵɹɬɚɜɿɱɚʆ «appl icaverunt Coronam regni

Hungariae» ɭ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɿ ɡɚɜ ɹɡɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɥɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɭ ɹ ɤ ɜɵ

ɧɿɤɚɟ ɡ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɚɝɚ ɬɷɤɫɬɭ ɞɡɟ ɝɚɜɨɪɵɰɰɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɜ ɚɺ ɩɚɞɨɥɶ

ɫɤɚɟ ɤɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɹɧɵ «receperunt in f eudum a Corona dicti regni»

>ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ʆ ɥɟɧɚ ɚɞ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɵ ɧɚɡɜ ɚɧɚɝɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ@ ɡ ɚɛɚ

ɜɹɡɤɚɦ ɫɥɭɠɵɰɶ ɤɚɪɚɥɸ ɡɛɪɨɣɧɚɸ ɩɨɦɚɱɱɭ

5 0

  Ⱥɤɬ Ʉɚɡɿɦɿɪɚ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɚɞ  ɝ  ɹɤɿ ɬɵɱɵɰɰɚ ɩɥɨɰɤɚɝɚ ʆɞɡɟɥɭ ɿ ɡɦɹɲɱɚɟ

ɜɵɪɚɡ acceptavimus et eciam appli cavimus >ɩɪɵɦɚɟɦ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚ

3 1

ɦɚ ɞɚɥɭɱɚɟɦ@  ɹ ɤɿ  Ʌɚʆɦɹ ɧɫɤɿ ɩɪɵɡɧɚʆ ɡɚ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɸ

 ɭ

ɦɚɧɚɝɪɚɮɿ ɿ ɗ   Ɇɚɥɟɱɵ ɧɫɤɚɣ ɚɞɦɵɫɥɨɜ ɚ ɩɪɵ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɚɣ ɩɪɚ

ɛɥɟɦɚɬɵ ɰɵ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɭ ɤɧɹɠɚɰɤɚɝɚ Ɇɚɡɨʆɲ ɚ ɞɚ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ  ɩɪɵ 

ɦɚɟɰɰɚ ɹɤ ɡɚɜɹɡɜɚɧɧɟ ɥɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɭ

 Ɍɭɬ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɰɶ

ɹ ɲɱɷ ɩɪɵɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ Ʌɚʆɦɹɧɫɤɿ ɦ homagialny ɚɤɬ ɋɤɿɪɝɚɣɥɵ  ɭ

ɹɤɿɦ ɬɨɣɩɪɵɫɹɝɚʆ ɲɬɨ ʆ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɤɚɥɿ ɺɧ ɫɵɞɡɟ ɫɚ ɫɜ ɟɬɭ  ɧɟ

ɩɚɤɿɧɭʆɲɵ ɦɭɠɱɵ ɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɲɱɚɞɤɚ  ɹɝɨɧɚɟ ɥɟɧɚ omnes et

singulos ducatus, terras et dominia >ɭɫɟ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɿ ɩɚɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɹ ɤɧɹ

ɫɬɜɵ@ əɝɚɣɥɭ ɡ əɞɜɿɝɚɣ ɿ ɿɯ ɩɚɬɨɦɤɚɦ «nec non ad coronam

regni Poloniae debent et debebunt… devolvi, adi ungi et perpetue

ɰɚ ɿ ɧɚɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɞɚɥɭɱɵɰɰɚ ɞɚ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆ

ɫɬɜɚª@

5 3

  Ɂ ɫɭɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ʆɫɿɯ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɚɤɬɚʆ ɜɵ ɧɿɤɚɥɚ ɛ ɲɬɨ

applicare ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ  ʆɠɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɫɷɧɫɟ ɡɥɭɱɷɧɧɹ ɬɷɪɵ ɬɨɪɵɹʆ

ɯɨɰɶ  ɩɨɬɵɦ ɿɯ ɿ ɦɚɝɥɚ ɥɭɱɵ ɰɶ ɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɭɜɹɡɶ  ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ

ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɰɶ  ɲ ɬɨ ɬɷɡɭ ɚɛ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɵ ɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɬɷɪ

ɦɿɧɚ Ʌɚʆɦɹɧɫɤɿ ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜ ɚʆ

ȱɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɸ  ɹɤɚɹ ɡɧɚɣɲ ɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɭ ɤɪɷʆɫɤɿɦ ɚɤɰɟ

Ʌɚʆɦɹɧɫɤɿ ɪɚɡɭɦɟʆ ɹ ɤ ɡɚɜ ɹɡɜɚɧɧɟ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɭ feudum obl atum

ɚɯɜɹɪɚɜ ɚɧɚɝɚ ɥɟɧɚ ɹ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɞɜɭɯ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɦɚʆ ɩɪɚɡ

ɪɷɞɧɚɟ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ ɧɟ ɜɵɬɪɵ ɦɚɥɚ ɜ ɵɩɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɱɚɫɚɦ  ɫɬɚ

ɫɭɧɤɭɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɞɚ Ʌ ɿɬɜɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɚ ɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ« ɬɚɦɭ

ɦɵ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɦ ɹ ɤ ɿ ʆ feudum oblatum, ɬɪɵ ɫɬɚɞɵɿ  ɚɞɰɭɪɚɧ

ɧɟ Ʌ ɿɬɜɵ ɹɟ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɨɦ əɝɚɣɥɚɦ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɵ   ɭɜɚ

ɯɨɞ ȼɿɬɚʆɬɚ ʆ ɜɚɫɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ  ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ ȼɿɬɚʆɬɭ Ʌɿɬɜɵ

ʆ ɥɟɧɚª

Ɋ ɷɚɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɶ  ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ  ɭ ɫɜ ɚɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ  ɩɚɞɜɚɠɵ ʆ

ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚɣ ɚɛɵ ɹɤɚɜɚɫɰɸ ɞɚ ɪɷɱɚɿɫɧɚɫɰɿ  Ⱦɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɵ ɹɤɚɹ ʆɦɚ

ɰɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɰɹ ɠɤɿɯ ɛɚɹ ɯ ɹɤɚɹ ɦɚɟ ɡɚ ɫɚɛɨɸ ɞɨʆɝɿ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɿɫɧɚ

ɜɚɧɧɹ  ɩɚɱɭɰɰɺ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɟ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɫɿɥɵ  ɫɹɪɨɞ ɿɧɲɵɯ

ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ɧɿɹɤɿɦ ɱɵ ɧɚɦ ɥɿ ɤɜɿɞɚɜɚɰɶ ɧɟ ɜɵ ɩɚɞɚɟª

 ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ

ʆɥɿɱɜ ɚɸɱɵ ɲ ɬɨ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɹ  ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɞɪɵɯɬɚɜɚɧɚ ɞɚʆ

ɠɷɣɲɵɦ ɩɟɪɵɹ ɞɚɦ ɩɪɵ ɹ ɡɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɠɵ ɰɰɹ  ɚ ɹ ɟ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɦɭɫɿɥɚ

ɚɛɪɚɠɚɰɶ ɧɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɝɨɧɚɪ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɜ ɹɪɯɭɲ ɤɿ   ɗɥɟɦɟɧ

ɬɵ  ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ ʆ ɤɪɷʆɫɤɿɦ ɚɤɰɟ ² ɧɚ ɹɝɨ ɞɭɦɤɭ ² əɝɚɣɥɚ

ɧɟ ʆɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɹʆ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚ

ɪɚɦ ɿ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɬɚɪɚɦ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿª  ɛɵʆ ə ɝɚɣɥɚ ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ

ɛɨɤ ɹɤɿ ʆ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɧɟɞɚɚɰɷɧɶɜɚʆ ɹɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ

 ɍ ɤɪɵɬɵɱɧɵɦ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ