Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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102

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɧɚɪɨɞ ɧɵɣɋɴ ɟɡɞ ɋɥ ɚɜɢɫɬɨ ɜ ɂɫɬ ɨɪɢɹɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɚ ɮɨɥ ɶɤɥ ɨɪ ɢɷɬɧɨ ɝ

ɪɚɮɢ ɹ ɫɥ ɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯɧɚɪ ɨɞ ɨɜ Ɇɨ ɫɤɜɚ    ɫ ±   ɿ  J. Bardach .

O p owst aniu nowoczesn ego n arod u lit ewsk iego // KH , LXXIII (196 6),

ʋV±

103

ɚɞɚɱɵ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ  ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɹ ɚɤ

ɪɷɫɥɿɰɶ  ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɹ ɪɵɫɵ ɿ  ɥɿɧɿ ɿ ɪɚɡɜ ɿɰɰɹ ɝɚɪɚɞ

ɫɤɨɝɚ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵɯ ɡ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɸɪɵ

ɞɵɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚʆ ɿ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚʆ  ɹɤɿ ɹ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɿ ʆ

ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ȼɹ ɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ

ɚɥɶɛɨ ɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɿɦ ɹɤ ɹɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɚɜɿɞɧɚɫɰɿ Ɂ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɡɜɹ ɡɚɧɵ 

ɚɛɫɹ ɝ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɿ ɚɛɚɜɹ ɡɤɚʆ ɦɹ ɲ ɱɚɧ ɭ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ

ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ Ʌɿɬɜɵ  Ɂɚ ɞɚɬɭ a quo ɦɵ ɩɪɵ ɧɹɥɿ

 ɝɨɞ ɤɚɥɿ ȸɥɚɞɵɫɥɚʆ ə ɝɚɣɥɚ ɜ ɵɞɚʆ ɩɟɪɲ ɵ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ

ɫɬɚɥɿɱɧɚɟ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɡɚ ɞɚɬɭ ad quem ² ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿ ɧɭ ;9,, ɫɬɚɝɨɞ

ɞɡɹ ɤɚɥɿ ɜɚɟɧɧɵɹ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɷɧɧɿ ɩɟɪɚɩɵɧɿɥɿ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɯ

ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɜ ɵɤɥɿɤɚʆɲɵ ɤɪɵɡɿɫ  ɡɹ ɤɨɝɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɹ ɿɯ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ʆɠɨ ɧɟ

ɡɞɨɥɟɥɚ ʆɡɧɹɰɰɚ

ɉɚɱɚɬɤɿ ɿɩɪɚɝɪɷɫ ɭɪɛɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ

ɇɚɣɫɬɚɪɷɣɲɵɹ ɦɟɫɬɵ ɧɚ ɚɛɲɚɪɵ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɿ ɹɤɿɯ ɫɹ ɝɚɸɰɶ  ɞɚ ;, ɿ ;,,ɫɬ  ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟ

ɪɚɞɚɜ ɵɯ ɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿ ɦ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ

Ⱦɚ ɿɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɟ  Ƚɨɪɚɞɧɹ  ɉɨɥɚɰɚɤ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤ ɧɚɪɷɲ

ɰɟ Ɇɟɧɫɤ ɇɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ʆ ;,,,±;,9 ɫɬ ɪɚɡ

ɜɿɥɿɫɹ ɬɪɵ ɦɟɫɬɵ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɧɚɹ ȼɿɥɶɧɹ Ɍɪɨɤɿɿ ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɠɠɵ ɀɦɭɞɡɿ

² Ʉɨʆɧɚ  ɉɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ Ʉ ɚɡɿɦɿɪɚ əɝɟɥɨɧɱɵɤɚ ɚɞ  ɝ ɩɟɪɚɥɿɱ

ɜɚʆ  ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɭ ɹɤɿɯ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿɹ  ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧɟ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɜɵɡɜɚ

ɥɹ ɰɰɚ ɹɤ ɿ ɧɚ ɚɫɬɚɬɧɿɦ ɚɛɲɚɪɵ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɵ ɚɞ ɚɩɥɚɬɵ ɩɨɲɥɿɧ

ɿ ɦɵ ɬɚʆ ɉɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɧɚɡɜ ɚɧɵɦɿ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɿ ɹɤɿɹ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ

Ʌɚɞɦɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜɟ

ʆȼɹɥɿɤɿɦɄɧɹɫɬɜɟɅɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ

ɞɚɩɚɥɨɜɵ;9,,ɫɬ

104

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵ ɬɨɪɵɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɭ ɜɭɡɟɣɲɵɦɫɷɧɫɟ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɭ ɿɦ ɜɵ

ɫɬɭɩɚɸɰɶ  ɋ ɥɭɰɚɤ ɿ ɇɚɜ ɚɝɪɚɞɚɤ  Ⱦɚ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɚɥɿɤɭ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ

ɞɚɥɭɱɚɟɰɰɚ ɉɿɧɫɤ  ɚ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɩɚɥɨɜ ɵ ;9, ɫɬ  Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆ  ɹ ɤɿ  ʆ

ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɲ ɩɚɪɤɚ ɪɚɫɰɟ  Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɛɭɣɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɝɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ

ɬɚɤɿ ɯ  ɹɤɿɹ ɧɚɥɿɱɜ ɚɥɿ ² ɹ ɤ ɡɚɡɜɵɱɚɣ ɩɪɵɦɚɟɰɰɚ ² ɡɜɵɲ 

ɬɵɫ ɠɵ ɯɚɪɨʆ ɭ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɹɲɦɚɬ ə ɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ

ɚɫɹɪɨɞɤɚɦɿ ɡɚɦɟɠɧɚɝɚ ɝɚɧɞɥɸ ɿ ɪɚɦɟɫɧɚɟ ɜɵɬɜ ɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ  ɚɞɵ

ɝɪɵɜɚɸɱɵ ɿ ɫɬɨɬɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɦ ɠɵɰɰɿ  ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ

  Ⱥɬɨɱɚɧɵɹ  ɦɭɪɚɦɿ ɹ ɧɵ ʆ ;9, ɫɬ ɛɵɥɿ ɿ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɿ

ɚɛɚɪɨɧɱɵ ɦɿ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɦɿ 

Ȼɨɥɶ ɲɭɸ ɱɵ ɦ ɭ ɿ ɧɲɵɯ ɤɪɚɿ ɧɚɯ ɪɨɥɸ ɝɪɚɥɿ ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɧɲɵɹ ɦɟɫɬɵ ɿ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹ  ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɿ  Ⱦɨɫɥɟɞɵ

Ɂȱ Ʉɚɩɵ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ȺɉȽɪɵ ɰɤɟɜɿɱɚ ɡ Ɇɿ ɧɫɤɚ

 ɿ  ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɶɧɚ ɡ

ɿɦɿ  ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɿɱɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɣɱɚɫ ɭ ɉɨɡɧɚɧɿ  ɰɹɩɟɪ

ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɫɬɨɤɭ ɞɚɡɜɨɥɿɥɿ ɜɵ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ ɹɤ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ɲɥɹ ɯɿ

ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɫɟɬɤɿ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɿ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɚɤ ɧɚ ɚɛɲɚɪɵ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ

ɫɬɜɚ

 ʆ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɝ ɿ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɜɚɧɚɝɚ ɞɚ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ʆ

ɬɵ ɦ ɠɚ ɝɨɞɡɟ ɉɚɞɥɹɲɲɚ  Ƚɷɬɵɹ ɜ ɵɧɿɤɿ  ɩɪɵɧɹɬɵɹ  ɧɚɜɭɤɚɣ

ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɜɟɫɰɿ ɞɚ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚʆ ɚ ɦɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ

  ɉɟɪɲɭɸ ² ɧɟɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɦɟɫɬɵ ɚɥɶ

ɛɨ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɿ  ɲ ɬɨ ʆɡɧɿɤɚɥɿ ʆ ɫɿɥɭ ɚɞɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɯ

ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹʆ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɥɿ ɤɧɹɡɹɦ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɩɚɧɚɦ ɩɚɛɭɞɨɜɭ ɡɚɦ

ɤɚ  ɚ ɩɪɵ  ɿ ɦ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɚɛɨ ɦɹ ɫɬɷɱɤɚ ɹɤɨɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɸɱɵɫɹ  ɩɚɞ ɚɯɨ

ɜɚɣ ɡɚɦɤɭ  ɪɚɛɿɥɚɫɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɦ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɤɿɯ ɜɚɥɨ

ɞɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɿ ɫɪɨɞɤɚɦ ɡɚɛɹ ɫɩɟɱɚɧɧɹ  ɡɚɦɤɚ ɬɚɜ ɚɪɚɦɿ ɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɚ

ɜɵɪɚɛɚɦɿ ɦɹɫɰɨɜ ɵɯ ɪɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɚʆ  Ɍ ɚɤɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɦɟɥɿ  ɦɿ ɠ

ɿɧɲɵɦ  ɬɪɵ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ ȱɜɚɧɭ ɋɚɩɟɝɭ ɧɚ ɩɚɛɭɞɨɜɭ ɡɚɦɤɚ ɿ ɡɚɤɥɚ

ɞɚɧɧɟ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɚ ʆ ȱɤɚɡɧɿ  Ʌɭɧɟɜɟ  ȼɹɬɚɯ 

Ƚɪɵɝɨɪɵ ɸ Ɉɫɰɿɤɚɜɿɱɭ ʆ Ƚɟɝɭɠɵɧɟ  ɤɧɹ ɡɸ Ʉɚɧɫɬɚɧɰɿɧɭ

Ⱥɫɬɪɨɠɫɤɚɦɭ ʆ ɋɦɚɥɶɧɹɧɚɯ ɿ ȼɚɫɶɤɭ Ƚɪɵɝɚɪɨɜɿɱɭ ʆ ɒɭɩɿɧɟ

ɚɛɨɞɜɚ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɿ ʆ ɩɚɦɟɠɧɵɦ Ⱥɪɲɚɧɫɤɿɦ ɩɚɜ ɟɰɟ ʆ ɝ

ɇɚɦ ɜɹɞɨɦɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɦɟɧɲ  ɬɚɤɿɯ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹʆ

 ɇɚɫɬɭɩɧɚɸ ɩɪɵɱɵɦ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɚɸ ɤɚɥɹ ɝɪɭɩɚɸ ɛɵɥɿ

ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɿ  ɹɤɿɹ  ʆɡɧɿɤɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɪɵɧɤɚʆ ɿ ɤɨɪɱɦɚʆ  ɚ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɿ

ɪɚɦɟɫɧɿɰɤɿ ɯ ɩɚɫɟɥɿ ɲɱɚʆ  ɲɬɨ ɥɹɠɚɥɿ ɤɚɥɹ ɞɜɚɪɨʆ ² ɚɫɹ ɪɨɞ

ɤɚʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɯ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚʆ  ɤɚɫɰɺɥɚʆ ɿ ɤɥɹɲɬɚɪɚʆ ɿ ʆ ɩɪɵɜɚɬ

ɧɵ ɯ ɭɥɚɞɚɧɧɹɯ

 ɉɪɵɜ ɿɥɟɿ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɿ ɿ  ɤɨɪɱɦɵ  ɚ ʆ ɩɚɪɚɞɤɭ

ɜɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɹ  ɿ ɧɚ ɤɿɪɦɚɲɵ ɚɬɪɵɦɥɿɜ ɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɞɥɹ ʆɠɨ

ɿɫɧɭɸɱɵɯ ɩɚɫɟɥɿɲɱɚʆ  ɬɚɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɞɚɝɚɞɜɚɰɰɚ ɲɬɨ ɹ ɧɵ  ɧɹ

ɪɚɡ ɫɚɧɤɰɵ ɹɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɹ ɲɧɿ ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɵ  ɫɬɚɬɭɫ

105

 Ɏɚɤɬɚɪɚɦ  ɹɤɿ ɩɪɚɞɜɵ ɡɧɚɱɵʆ ɭɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɲɦɚɬɥɿ ɤɿ ɯ

ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɿ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɚʆ  ɛɵ ɥɿ  ɩɚɬɪɷɛɵ  ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵɹ ɡ ɚɛɫɥɭɝɨʆɜɚɧ

ɧɟɦɲɥɹ ɯɨʆ ɡɧɨɫɿɧ  Ƚɷɬɵɹ  ɩɚɬɪɷɛɵ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵɹ ʆ ɜɹɥɿɡ

ɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɟ  ɚɛɭɦɨʆɥɿɜɚɥɿ ʆɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɲɷɪɚɝɭ ɚɞ

ɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɚɫɥɭɝɚʆ  Ⱥɞɦɵɫɥɨɜɚ ɡɚɧɹʆɫɹ  ɿɦɿ ɋ ɟɜɹɪɵɧ ȼ ɿɫɥɚ

ɭɯ

  ɡɚɫɹɪɨɞɠɜɚɸɱɵ ʆɜɚɝɭ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵ ɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɚɞɨ

ɪɚɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿ ɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɬɵɦ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɹ ɤ ɝɷɬɵ ɰɹɠɚɪ ɤɥɚʆ

ɫɹ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ² ɿ  ɧɚɜɚɬ ɭ ɹ ɲɱɷ ɡɧɚɱɧɟɣɲɚɣ ɦɟɪɵ ² ɧɚ ɦɹɫ

ɬɷɱɤɿ ɹɤɿɹ  ɧɟ ɜ ɚɥɨɞɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɿ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵɦ ɡ

ɿɦɿ ɜ ɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɚɞ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɹʆ

 Ȼɚɝɚɬɚ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɚɤ ɱɵɿɦɿ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɪɵɧɤɿ

ɭɡɧɿɤɥɚ ɩɚɞɱɚɫ ɩɚɥɟɩɲɚɧɧɹ  ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿ ɯ ɭɥɚɞɚɧɧɹʆ   ɍɠɨ ʆ

 ɝ ɜɚ ʆɫɬɚɜ ɟ ɞɥɹ ɠɦɭɞɫɤɿɯ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚʆ ɛɵʆ ɫɮɚɪɦɭɥɹ ɜɚɧɵ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿ ɧɚɤɚɡ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɚɝɚ ɡɦɟɫɬɭ ©Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɱɦɵ ɜ

ɤɨɠɞɨɟ ɜɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɲɨɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫɚɞɢɬɢ ɢ ɬɨɪɝɢ

ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɠɢɬɤɭ ɧɚɲɨɦ ɭª

  Ƚɷɬɵ ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɭɡɦɚɰɧɿʆɫɹ

ɩɚɞɱɚɫ ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɹ  ɜɚɥɨɱɧɚɟ ɩɚɦɟɪɵ ɚɞ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ;9, ɫɬ ɍ

ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɿ ɩɟɪɚɬɜɚɪɚɥɿ ɫɹ ʆɠɨ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɵɹ ɜɺɫɤɿ  ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɛɭɞɚɜ ɚɥɿ

ɫɹ ɧɨɜɵ ɹ «na surowym korzeniu»

 Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡ

ɜɿɰɰɺ ɬɚɜɚɪɧɚɝɪɚɲɨɜɚɟ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɿ ɧɚ ɩɚɜɟɥɿɱɷɧɧɟ ɞɚɯɨɞɚʆ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɵ ɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ  ɲ ɬɨ ɩɥɵ ɥɿ ɡ ɪɵɧɤɚɜɵɯ ɚɩ

ɥɚɬɚʆ ɚɞ ɹ ɬɚɤ  ɤɪɚɦɚʆ ɿ ɞɚ ɬ ɩ ɤɚɩɲɱɵɡɧɵ ɩɚɞɚɬɚɤɡ ɩɪɨɞɚ

ɠɭ ɫɩɿɪɬɧɨɝɚ ʆ ɪɨɡɥɿʆ  ɦɵɬɚʆ ɱɵɧɲɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɩɥɚɰɿɥɿɫɹ ɡ ɦɟɣɫɤɿɯ

ɝɪɭɧɬɚʆ  ɿ ɿɧɲ ɒɩɚɪɤɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɚɥɿɫɹ ʆɠɨ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɵɹ ɦɟɫɬɵ

ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɸɱɵ ɫɹ  ɡ ɫɩɪɵ ɹɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɟ ɚɬɦɚɫɮɟɪɵ ɚ ɬɚɤ

ɫɚɦɚ ɫɩɪɵɹɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɥɿ ɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɭɧɤɚʆ ɝɚɧɞɚɥɶ  ɡ Ɋɚɫɿ ɹɣ

Ⱦɛɚɸɱɵ ɩɪɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɵɹ ɞɚɯɨɞɵ  ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿ ɞɨʆɝɚ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ

ɬɚɪɦɚɡɿɰɶ ɪɚɡɜ ɿɰɰɺ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɿ ɦɹ ɫɬɷɱɚɤ ə ɲɱɷ ɜɚ

©ɍɫɬɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɨɤɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɚ ɤ ɨɪɨɥɹª ɚɞ  ɝ ɦɚɧɚɪɯ ɡɚɛɚ

ɪɚɧɹ ʆ ɪɚɡɦɹɲ ɱɚɰɶ  ɧɨɜɵɹ  ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɹ ɬɚɪɝɿ ɛɥɿɠɷɣ ɹ ɤ ɡɚ 

ɦɿɥɿ ɤɚɥɹ  ɤɦ ɚɞ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɿ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɚɤ ɬɚɪɝɨʆ  ©ɤ

ɩɟɪɟɤɚɡɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɦ ɧɚɲɢɦ  ɚɛɵ ɧɟ ɛɵ ɥɢª

 Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɭ

ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɩɚɠɚɞɚɧɧɹʆ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ʆ ,,,ɋɬɚɬɭɰɟ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɡ ɞɜ ɚɰ

ɰɚɰɶ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɧɚ ɡɚ

ɤɨɠɧɵɦ ɡɟɦɥɟʆɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɚɦ ©ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɲɥɹɯɟɬɫɤɨɝɨª ɹɤɿ ɛ ©ɞɥɹ

ɩɪɢɦɧɨɠɟɧɶ ɹ ɫɨɛɟ ɩɨɠɢɬɤɭ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟɱɤɨ

ɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɚɞɢɬɢ « ɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɟ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜɨɞɥɭɝ ɞɚɜɧɟɝɨ ɡɜɵɤɥɨɝɨ

ɨɛɵɱɚɸ « ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢª ɪɚɡɞɡ , ɚɪɬ   

Ƚɚɪɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɫɟɬɤɚ ʆ ȼ ɹ ɥɿɤɿ ɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚʆɧɚɦɟɪ

ɧɚɸ  Ɂ ɩɚɞɥɿ ɤɚʆ ɋ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɿɱɚ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɲɬɨ ʆ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

106

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

;9,,ɫɬ  ɧɚɛɥɿɡɤɚ  ɬɵɫ ɤɦ

 ɛɵɥɨ ɚɝɭɥɚɦ ɤɚɥɹ   ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɿ

ɦɹɫɬɷɱɚɤ ȼɨɫɶ  ɠɚ  ɭ ɫɹ ɪɷɞɧɿɦ ɚɞɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɚ ɩɪɵɩɚ

ɞɚɥɚ ʆ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɦ ɩɪɵɛɥɿɡɧɚ ɧɚ  ɤɦ

 ɩɪɵ ɬɵɦ  ɲɬɨ ʆ ɡɚɯɨɞ

ɧɹɣ ɱɚɫɬɰɵ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɤɨɥɶ ɤɚɫɰɶ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ  ɹɤ ɭɞ

ɜɚɹ ɜɵɲɷɣɲɚɸ ɱɵɦ ɜɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɱɚɫɬɰɵ

 Ⱥɞɧɨ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɟ

ɩɚɫɟɥɿɲɱɚ ʆ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɱɚɫɬɰɵ ɩɪɵɩɚɞɚɥɚ ɧɚ  ɤɦ

 ɜɚ ʆɫɯɨɞ

ɧɹ ɣ ² ɧɚ  ɤɦ

 Ⱥɝɭɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿ

ɰɬɜɚ ɚɰɷɧɶɜɚɥɿ ɹɤ ɩɪɵɛɥɿɡɧɚ  ɬɵɫ  ɧɚ ɤɚɥɹ   ɦɥɧ  ɠɵɯɚ

ɪɨʆ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ʆ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ;9,, ɫɬ

  Ɍɚɤɿɹ ɛɵɥɿ ʆɪɛɚɧɿ

ɡɚɰɵɣɧɵɹ  ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɵ  ɭ ɹ ɤɿɯ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɦɚɝ

ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ Ʌɿ ɬɜɟ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ

ɉɪɚ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɭɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɚ

ɉɪɵɧɹ ɰɰɺ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɚ ɪɨɞɧɚɫɧɚɝɚ ɹ ɦɭ

ɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɿ ɹɝɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɵɹ  ɦɟɫɬɚɦɿ  ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ

ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜɵ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɭ ɰɿɤɚɜɿɥɿ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤɚʆ ɡɞɚʆ

ɧɚ əɤ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɰɤɭɸ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɭ ɹɟ ɩɚɫɬɚɜɿʆ ɤɚɥɹ  ɝ ɧɚɡɚɞ

Ɇ Ɏ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɫɤɿȻɭɞɚɧɚʆ ɡɵ ɯɨɞɡɹɱɵ ɡ ɩɪɨɰɿɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ

ɥɚɞɭ © ɡɟɦɫɤɚɝɚ ɦɟɫɬɚª  ɤɿ ɪɚɜ ɚɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɿ

ɡɜɹɡɚɧɚɝɚ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɦɿ  ɩɨɜɹɡɹɦɿ ɡ ɡɹɦɥɺɣ  ɩɚɥɿ ɬɵɱɧɵ ɦɿ ɝɚɫɩɚ

ɞɚɪɱɵɦ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦ ɹɤɨɟ ɹɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɿ ɦɭɧɿɰɵ ɩɿɸɦɭ ɧɚ ɧɹɦɟɰɤɿɦ

ɩɪɚɜɟ ɍɜɨɞ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ² ɧɚɞɭɦɤɭ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɫɤɚɝɚ

Ȼɭɞɚɧɚɜ ɚ ² ɪɚɡɚɪɜ ɚʆ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɹ ɲɧɸɸ ɟɞɧɚɫɰɶ   ɚ ɿɡɚɥɸɸɱɵ

ɦɟɫɬɚ ɚɞ ɡɹ ɦɥɿ ©ɭɧɺɫ ɤɥɚɫɚɜɭɸ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɭ ʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ  ɞɚɝɷ

ɬɭɥɶ  ɩɨʆɧɚɫɰɸ ɺɣ ɱɭɠɨɟª  Ƚ ɷɬɚ ɭ ɫɜɚɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ ɦɟɥɚ ɡɝɭɛɧɵɹ

ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜɵ ɞɥɹ ʆɫɹɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ

1 4

 ɍ ɛɥɿɡɤɿɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɭ ɩɚɣɲɥɿ

ɜɵɫɧɨɜɵɿ ɍ Ⱥɧɬɚɧɨɜɿɱɚ ² ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚ ʆɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɿɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ  ɹɤɿɹ

ɞɚ  ɝ  ɭɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ  ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ ȼɹɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ  Ȭɧ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ

ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜ ɚʆ ɫɬɚɧɨʆɱɵɹ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜɵ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɡ ɡɹ ɦɥɺɸ ʆ

ɩɟɪɵ ɹɞ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɧɟɦ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ

Ⱦɚ ɚɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɧɟɝɚɬɵ ʆɧɚɝɚ ʆ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɧɿɤɧɟɧ

ɧɹ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ȸɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɫɤɚɝɚȻɭɞɚɧɚɜɚ

ɤɪɵɬɵɱɧɚ ɩɚɫɬɚɜɿʆɫɹ Ⱥɞɨɥɶɮ ɉɚɜɿɧɫɤɿ Ȭɧ ɡɜɹɪɧɭʆ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɲ ɬɨ

ɩɪɵ ɧɹɰɰɺ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɩɪɵ ɹɥɚ ɪɚɡɜ ɿɰɰɸ ɝɚɧɞɥɸ ɿ  ɪɚɦɹɫɬɜɚ

ɿ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɝɪɚɲɨɜɚɝɚ ɚɛɚɪɚɱɷɧɧɹ  Ȭɧ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɜ ɵ ɤɚɡɚʆ ɫɭɦɧɟɧ

ɧɟ ɰɿ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɚɣ ɭɩɚɞɤɭ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɦɭɧɿɰɵɩɚɥɶ ɧɚɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿ

ɡɚɰɵɹ   ɇɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɉɚɜɿ ɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɝɷɬɵ ʆɩɚɞɚɤ ɭ ;9,,±;9,,, ɫɬ

ɛɵʆ ɜɵɧɿ ɤɚɦ ɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɟɰɤɚɟ Ɋ ɷɱɵ  ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿ

ɬɚɟ

1 6

  Ⱦɚɞɚɬɧɭɸ ʆ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɟ ɚɰɷɧɤɭ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ

107

ɞɚʆ ɭ ɚɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɜɚɧɚɣ ɩɚɫɦɹɪɨɬɧɚ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɩɚ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɧɟ ɩɚɡ

ɛɚʆɥɟɧɚɣ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɚɛ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɿ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɯ ȼ ɚɰɥɚʆ

Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ɇɚɰɟɺʆɫɤɿ

 ɇɚ ɹɝɨ ɞɭɦɤɭ ©ɚɞɡɿɧ ɡ ɧɚɣɜɵɞɚɬɧɟɣ

ɲɵɯ ɿɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɬɚʆ ɭ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɵ ɦ ɡɚɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɫɬɜ ɟ ² ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫ

ɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɚɠɧɚɟ « ɫɜ ɚɺɸ ɰɵɜɿɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɸ ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɦɟɫɬɚɜɚɫ

ɰɸª  ɍ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɦɟɫɬɚɜɚɫɰɿ ɞɚɦɿɧɚɜɚɥɚ © ɞɛɚɧɧɟ ɩɪɚ ɧɚɛɵɰɰɺ

ɦɚɺɦɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɤɥɨɩɚɬ ɚɛ ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɧɧɿ ɧɚɛɵɬɚɝɚª  ɍ ɿɧɲɵɦ ɦɟɫɰɵ ɺɧ

ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ  ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ

ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɫɬɪɚɰɿɥɚ ɧɹɦɟɰɤɿɹ ɪɵɫɵ ɰɿ ɧɚɚɞɜɚɪɨɬ  ɲɬɨ ʆɠɨ ɚɞ

ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɚɫɹɤɧɭɬɚ ɫɥɚɜɹ ɧɫɤɿɦɿ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɿ  Ƚɷɬɵɹ ɜɵ ɫ

ɧɨɜɵ ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ  ʆɡɝɚɞɧɿɰɶ  ɫɬɚɧɨʆɱɭɸ ɚɰɷɧɤɭ ɪɨɥɿ

ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡ ɞɚɤɬɪɵɧɚɸ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɚɮɿɥɚʆ

ɍ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɜɭɰɵ ɡɦɟɧɚ ɚɰɷɧɤɿ  ɪɨɥɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ

ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɥɚɫɹ  ɡ ɤɚɧɰɚ ;,;ɫɬ   ɤɚɥɿ Ɇɚɬɜɟɣ Ʌɸɛɚʆɫɤɿ

ɡɚɣɦɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɹ ɣ ɭɯɿɥɿʆɫɹ ɚɞ ɚɰɷɧɤɿ ɪɨɥɿ

ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɿ  ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚʆɲɵɫɹ  ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɟɪɚɤɚɡɚɦ ɤɪɵɧɿɰ

 Ⱦɚ

ɥɟɣ ɩɚɣɲ ɨʆ Ɇɿɬɪɚɮɚɧ ȾɨʆɧɚɪɁɚɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ  ɹɤɿ  ɞɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɱɵ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɭɸ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɭ ȼ ɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɵɣɲɨʆ ɞɚ ɜɵ

ɫɧɨɜ ɵ  ɲ ɬɨ ɸɪɵ ɞɵɱɧɚɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵ ɣɧɚɟ ɚɞɚɫɚɛɥɟɧɧɟ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ

ɫɬɚɥɚɡɚɤɚɧɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɩɷʆɧɚɝɚ ɷɬɚɩɭ ɿ ɯ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ  ɿ ɫɩɪɵɹɥɚ ɲɩɚɪ

ɱɷɣɲ ɚɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɸ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɿ  ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɟ ɧɚ ɬɚɜɚɪɚɚɛɦɟɧɟ

1 9

ɍɠɨ ɤɪɵɯɭ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɪɨɥɸ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ʆ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ ɦɟ

ɫɬɚʆ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɨʆɱɚ ɚɰɚɧɿʆ Ɏɺɞɚɪ ȼ  Ɍ ɚɪɧɨʆɫɤɿ

² ɩɪɚɮɟɫɚɪ ȱɦɩɟɪɚɬɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ ȼ ɚɪɲ ɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɍɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚ  Ɇɿɠ

ɿɧɲɵɦ ɺɧ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜ ɚʆ ɭɩɥɵʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ ɡɛɨɪɚʆ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚ

ɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɟ ɡɧɚɺɦɫɬɜɚ ɡ ɿ ɦ ɿ ʆɠɵɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɝɨ ʆ

ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ  ɩɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ  ɚɞ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ

;9,ɫɬ

 ɍ  ɝ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪ ɉɿɱɷɬɚ ɪɚɡɜɿʆ ɿ ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜ ɚʆ ɩɨ

ɝɥɹɞ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɹɤɿɦ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɵ ɫɩɟɲ

ɜɚɥɿ ɪɚɫɩɚɱɚɬɭɸ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɸ ɜ ɵɥɭɱɷɧɧɹ ɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɵɯ ɰɷɧ

ɬɪɚʆ ² ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɡ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɯ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɚʆ ² ɡɟɦɥɹ ʆ

 Ⱥ

ɞɚ ɩɨɝɥɹ ɞɚʆ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿ ɪɫɤɚɝɚȻɭɞɚɧɚɜɚ ɿ Ⱥɧɬɚɧɨɜɿɱɚ ɡɜɹɪɧɭʆɫɹ

Ⱥɋ  Ƚɪɭɲɷʆɫɤɿ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɭɸɱɵ ɠɵɰɰɺɜɚɫɰɶ ɥɚɞɭ ©ɡɟɦɫɤɚɝɚ

ɦɟɫɬɚª  ɿ ɩɪɚɹɜ ɵ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿ ɜɭ ʆɜ ɹ ɞɡɟɧɧɸ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚ

 ɇɚ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɩɪɚɹɜɵɦɵ ɡɜɟɪɧɟɦ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɿɠɷɣ ɧɟ ɚɛɫɚɥɸɬɭ

ɸɱɵ ɿɯ ɚ ɛɟɪɭɱɵ ʆ ɤɚɧɬɷɤɫɰɟ ʆɫɹɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɡɦɟɧɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ

² ɹɤ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ ² ɛɭɞɡɿɥɿ ʆ ɧɚɜɭɰɵ ɜɹɥɿɤɭɸ ɰɿɤɚʆɧɚɫɰɶ

2 3

ɍ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹɝɪɚɮɿɿ ʆ ɹ  ɝɚɞɵ ɰɿɤɚɜɚɸ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ

ɬɷɦɚɸ ɡɚɣɦɚʆɫɹ ȼɚɫɿɥɶ Ⱦɪɭɠɱɵɰ  ɹ ɤɿ ɩɪɵɫɜɹɰɿʆ ɲ ɷɪɚɝ ɞɨ

ɫɥɟɞɚʆ ɥɚɞɭ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

108

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɜɟ

2 4

  ɐɿɤɚɜ ɚɫɰɶ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚɬɵ ɤɿ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿ ɦ

ɩɪɚɜɟ ɠɵɜɟ ɿ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɯ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ

ɤɚʆ  Ɍɪɷɛɚ ɧɚɡɜ ɚɰɶ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ Ɂɿɧɨɜɿɹ Ʉ ɚɩɵɫɤɚɝɚ

 ɹ ɤɿ ɡɚɣɦɚ

ɟɰɰɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ;9±;9,, ɫɬ  ɞɚɥɟɣ Ⱥ  Ɇ Ʉɚɪɩɚɱɨ

ɜɚ

  Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɹ Ƚɪɵɰɤɟɜɿɱɚ ² ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɯ

ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɭ

 ɚ ɡ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɯ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ ² ɘɨɡɚɫɚ

ɘɪɝɿɧɿɫɚ

2 8

ɇɟɝɚɬɵ ʆɧɭɸ ɚɰɷɧɤɭ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɵɯɨɞɡɹɱɵ ɡ

ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɟ ɧɚɜ ɭɤɿ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ;,; ɫɬ 

ɞɚʆ ɭ  ɝ ȼ  Ⱦ Ⱥɬɚɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɿ ɪɚɡɜɿɜ ɚɸɱɵɩɚɞɵɯɨɞ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ

ɹɤɨɝɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɹ ɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧɚɦɿ ɧɚ ɡɚ

ɯɨɞɧɟɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɧɚ ɡɹɦɥɸ ɹɤɿɦɿ ɹ ɧɵ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɥɿ ɪɚ

ɧɟɣ ɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ  ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ  Ⱦɚ ɬɚɝɨ ɠ ɝɷɬɵ ɚʆɬɚɪ

ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜ ɚʆ  ɲɬɨ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɤɿɧɭɬɚ

ʆɤɪɚɿ ɧɫɤɿɦ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɡɜɨɧɤɭ ɛɨ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɣ ɫɜɹ

ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ  ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿ ɰɬɜɚ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ©ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɱɭɠɵɦɿ

ɧɨɪɦɵ  ɫɹ ɪɷɞɧɹ ɜɟɱɧɚɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɝɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚª

ɉɚɡɿɰɵɹ  ȼ Ⱦ  Ⱥɬɚɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɥɚɫɹ  ɞɨɫɵɰɶ ɿɡɚɥɹɜɚɧɚɸ

ɍ ɫɹ ɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɸɱɵ ɫɜɚɺ ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ʆ

ɫɩɪɚɜɟɪɨɥɿ  ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚɩɪɚɜɚ Ɂ Ʉɚɩɵɫɤɿ ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚʆ ɲ ɬɨ

ɱɵɰɶ  ɿɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɟ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿ   ɭɡɦɚɰɧɹ ɸɰɰɚ ɿ ɦɤɧɟɧɿ

ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɞɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɟ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿ «  ɞɚ ɚɮɚɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ʆ

ɫɬɚɧ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɡ ɭɥɚɫɧɵɦɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɿ ɿ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟ

ɹɦɿª  Ƚɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɣɲɥɨ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɭ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹɯ  ɹɤɿɹ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ

ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ  ɲɬɨ ɫɬɚɥɚ ² ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ Ʉɚɩɵɫɤɚɝɚ ²

ʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜ ɟ ɹɤ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɭ  ɇɚ ɹɝɨ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜ ɟ ɹ ɧɵ ʆɬɜɚ

ɪɵɥɿ ʆɥɚɫɧɭɸ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ ɡ ɚɛɿɪɚɧɵ ɦɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɿ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɚɞ

ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ ɿ ɫɭɞɚ ɡ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɵɦɿ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɦɿ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɵɹ ɦɿ

ɫɜɚɺɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɟ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿª

Ɍɚɤ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹ ɟɰɰɚ ɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɚɹ  ɫɯɟɦɚ Ⱥɥɟɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚ ɰɿɤɚ

ɜɹɰɶ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ² ɤɚɥɿ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ² ɤɚɧɤɪɷɬɧɵɹ  ɮɚɤɬɵ 

ɩɥɵ ɧɿ ɹɤɿɹ  ʆ ɿɯ ɜɵɹ ʆɥɹɸɰɰɚ  ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ  ɞɵɧɚɦɿɤɚ ɡɦɟɧɚʆ Ɂ

ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɵ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɿɯ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ ɡɦɹɲ

ɱɚɸɰɶ ɛɚɝɚɬɚ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɚʆ ɿ ɜɵɫɧɨɜ ɚʆ ɒɤɚɞɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ  ɲ ɬɨ ɝɷ

ɬɵɹ  ɞɨɫɥɟɞɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɹ ɰɰɚ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɚʆ ² ɚɫɨɛ

ɧɚ ɞɥɹ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɚɫɨɛɧɚ ɞɥɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ² ɲɬɭɱɧɚ ɞɡɟɥɹɱɵ ɝɿɫɬɵɱ

ɧɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɰɷɥɚɟ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  ɹɤɨɟ ɚɯɨɩ

ɥɿɜɚɥɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɚ ɞɚ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɟɭɧɿɿ ɝ

109

ɿ ɉɚɞɥɹɲɲ ɚ ɡ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɚɸ  Ʉɚɥɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɩɚɤɿɧɭɰɶ ɝɷɬɭɸ ɚɩɨɲ 

ɧɸɸ ² ɹɤɚɹ  ɦɚɟ ɛɚɝɚɬɚ ɚɞɦɟɬɧɚɫɰɹʆ ² ɧɚʆɡɛɨɱ  ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɟ

ɪɵɹɞɭ  ɹ ɤɿ ɦɵ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɦ ɚɞɞɡɹɥɹɰɶ Ʌɿɬɜ ɭ ɚɞ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɧɟ

ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟ

3 1

Ⱦɨɫɥɟɞɵ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɯ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ ɞɚɩɚʆɧɹ ɸɰɶ ɹɤ ɪɚɧɟɣɲ ɵɹ

ɩɪɚɰɵ ɪɚɫɿ ɣɫɤɿɯ ɝɿ ɫɬɨɪɵ ɤɚʆ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ɩɚɡɧɟɣɲɵɹ  ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɿ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɯ ɿ ɩɟɪɚɝɭɤɚɸɰɰɚ ɡ ɿɦɿ ɉɟɪɲɭɸ ɫɩɪɨɛɭ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜ ɿɰɶ

ɥɚɞ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ʆ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɥɿ ɬɚɪɚɬɭ

ɪɵ ɡɪɚɛɿʆ ɋ  Ʉɭɬɲɷɛɚ  Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɩɚɫɩɟɲɥɿɜɵɹ ɚɛɚɝɭɥɶɧɟɧɧɿ ɧɟ

ɩɚɞɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɵɹ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɚɦɿ  ɹɤ ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɟ  ɲɬɨ

ɦɟɫɬɵ ȼ ɹɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɥɿ ɫɹ  ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɧɚ ɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɿɦ

ɩɪɚɜɟ  ɲ ɬɨ ɿɯ ɥɚɞ © ɛɵ ʆ ɤɨɩɿɹɣ ɥɚɞɭ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ  ɹɤɿ ɿɫɧɚɜɚʆ ɭ

ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵª ɲɬɨ ɩɚɫɚɞɚ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɹ ɤ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚ ɫɩɚɞ

ɱɵɧɧɚɸ ɞɚɥɺɤɿɹ ɚɞ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚɫɰɿ

  Ⱦ ɨɫɥɟɞɵ ɤɪɵɧɿɰ ɪɚɫɩɚɱɚ

ɞɚʆª ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ȼɹ ɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿ ɹ ɩɭɲ ɱɵ ɚɞɚɥɟ

ɝɚɧɞɥɟɦ ɿ ɥɚɞɚɦ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺɜɚ ʆ ;9, ɫɬ

 ɩɪɚɞɨʆɠɵɥɿ ʆ ɤɚɧɫɬɵ

ɬɭɰɵɣɧɵ ɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɰɟ ȱɜɨɧ əɜɨɪɫɤɿ

 ɋ ȼɵɫɥɨʆɯ

3 5

  ɚ ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ

ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɫɬɨɥɶɧɚɟ ȼɿɥɶ ɧɿ ² ɍɥɚɞɵɫɥɚʆ Ʉɚɜɚɥɟɧɤɚ

3 6

  ɉɚɫɥɹ ,,

ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɟ ɜɚɣɧɵ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɹ  ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɿ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɿɫɹ  ɩɟɪɚɜ ɚɠɧɚ

ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ ɣɦɹɫɬɷɱɚɤ ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɿ  Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɸɱɵ ɿɯ ɯɚɪɚɤ

ɬɚɪ ɚ ɚɫɚɛɥɿ ɜɚ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɭ ɹɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ ɹ ɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɚ

ɪɚɦɟɫɧɵɦɿ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦɿ ɚ ʆ ɹ ɤɨɣ ɦɟɥɿ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ  Ɍɭɬ

ɬɪɷɛɚ ɡɝɚɞɚɰɶ  ɩɪɚɰɵ Ⱥɥɿ ɧɵ ȼɚʆɠɵɧɱɵɤ

 ȿɠɵ Ⱥɯɦɚɧɫɤɚ

ɝɚ

 ɚɫɚɛɥɿ ɜɚ ɠ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɿɱɚ  Ⱥɩɨɲɧɿɦ ɱɚɫɚɦ

ɡ¶ ɹɜɿʆɫɹ ɿ ɞɨɫɥɟɞ ɚɛ ɡɚɫɜɚɟɧɧɿ ɧɹɦɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɉɚɞ

ɥɹɲɲ ɚ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɹɝɨ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɹ ɣ ɭ Ʉɚɪɨɧɭ  ɜɵ ɤɚɧɚɧɵ ɍɥɚ

ɞɡɿɦɿɪɚɦ əɪɦɨɥɿɤɚɦ

3 9

  Ⱥɝɭɥɶɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵ ɫɬɵɤɭ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ

ɥɚɤɚɰɵɿ ʆ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɟʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ ɞɚʆ Ȼ  Ɂɟɧɬɚɪɚ ɹɤɿ ɡɜɹɪ

ɧɭʆ ɭɜɚɝɭ  ɲɬɨ ɭ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɚɞ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɩɪɵ ɩɟ

ɪɚɯɨɞɡɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ  ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɨ

ɜɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɚɪɦɚɰɵ ɹ ʆ ɥɚɞɭ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɠɵ ɰɰɹ   ɛɨ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ

ɞɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɰɶ  ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɸ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɟ ɸɪɵ ɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ

4 0

ɉɚɱɚɬɤɿ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɵɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ

Ƚɪɭɧɬɭɸɱɵɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɟɣɲɵɯ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɚɯ ɚɥɟ ɡɜɹ ɪɬɚɸɱɵɫɹ

ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɞɚ ɤɪɵɧɿ ɰ ɥɶɝɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵ ɰɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɿ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɵɿ ɦɚɝ

ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɚɛɨ ɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹ 

ɫɬɜɚ Ʌ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  Ƚɷɬɵ ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɫɤɥɚɞɚʆ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɩɚʆɫɸɞɧɚɝɚ ʆ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

110

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɚȸɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ ɩɪɵ ɧɹɰɰɹ ɧɹ ɦɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɹ ɤ

ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣɧɚɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɟ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ ɬɚɜɚɪɧɚɝɪɚɲ ɨɜɚɟ ɝɚɫɩɚ

ɞɚɪɤɿ  ɪɚɡɜɿɬɚɝɚ ɋɹɪɷɞɧɹ ɜɟɱɱɚ ɍ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɝɷɬɵ ɩɪɚɰɷɫ

² ɤɪɵɯɭ ɩɚɡɧɟɣɲ ɵ ² ɧɚɛɵʆ ɧɹ ɦɚɥɚ ɚɞɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɪɵ ɫɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿ ɹ

ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɜɚɥɿ ɹɝɨ ɚɞ ɿɧɲ ɵɯ ɤɪɚɿɧɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɭ

ɇɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɡɜ ɹ ɪɧɭɰɶ  ɭɜ ɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɮɚɤɬ  ɲ ɬɨ ɦɚɝɞɷ

ɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɡ¶ɹ ɜɿɥɚɫɹ ² ɹɤ

ɦɨɠɧɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ ² ɧɟ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɹɤɿɹ

ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿ ɫɹ  ɡɞɚɛɵɰɶ ɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɭ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɟ ɜɵɥɭɱɷɧɧɹ ɿɯ ɭ

ɍɥɚɞɵɫɥɚʆ əɝɚɣɥɚ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɪɨɧ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ

ɜɵɞɚʆ ɹɲɱɷ ɞɚ ʆɡɹ ɰɰɹ ʆɥɚɞɵ ʆ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ  ɞɷɤɪɷɬ ɚɛ ɭɫɬɚɥɹ

ɜɚɧɧɿ ʆ ɫɬɨɥɶɧɚɣ ȼɿɥɶ ɧɿ ɥɚɞɭ ɚɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɬɚɦɭ  ɹɤɿ ɿɫɧɚɜɚʆ ɭ

ɫɬɚɥɿɰɵ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜ ɚ ² Ʉɪɚɤɚɜɟ

 ȼɵɝɥɹɞɚɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɟ ² ɯɨɰɶ

ɛɵ ɧɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɥɚɤɚɧɿɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɸ ɚɞ  ɝ  ² ɲɬɨ ɦɚ

ɧɚɪɯ ɧɟ ɡɭɫɿɦ ɹɲ ɱɷ ʆɹʆɥɹʆ ɫɚɛɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ  ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷ

ɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɉɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɹɦɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɜ ɚɠɧɚ ɡɪɚʆɧɚɰɶ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ

ȼɿɥɶ ɧɿ ɡ Ʉɪɚɤɚɜɚɦ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɵɰɶ ɭɦɨɜ ɵ  ɹɤɿɹ ɛ ɡɚɚɯ

ɜɨɱɜɚɥɿ ɡɚɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɤɭɩɰɨʆ ɿ ɪɚɦɟɫɧɿ ɤɚʆ ɫɹɥɿɰɰɚ ʆ ɫɬɚɥɿɰɵ

ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ  ȼɨɫɶ  ɠɚ  ɭɡɨɪɚɦ ɞɥɹ  ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷ

ɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ʆ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɧɟ ɧɹɦɟɰɤɿɹ  ɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɹ ɦɟɫɬɵ

Ƚɷɬɚ ɧɚɤɥɚɥɚ ɫɜ ɨɣ ɚɞɛɿɬɚɤ ɧɚɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣɧɵɹ  ɮɨɪɦɵ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ȼɹ ɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ

Ƚɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɭɸ ɚɤɬɵ ʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ɛɵʆ ɚɛɭɞɡɿɰɶ

ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɧɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ  ɩɪɚɡ  ɝɚɞɵ Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɸ

 ² ɦɟɫɬɭ ɹ ɤɨɟ

ɞɡɹɤɭɸɱɵ ɩɚɦɟɠɧɚɦɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɱɚɧɧɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɰɷɧɬɪ ɝɚɧɞɥɸ

ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɸ  Ⱦɨɫɵ ɰɶ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹ ɤɭɩɰɵ ² ɩɚɥɹɤɿ ɿ ɧɟɦɰɵ  ²

ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɚɫɹɥɿɥɿɫɹ  ɬɭɬ  ɛɵ ɥɿ  ɡɧɚɺɦɵɹ  ɡ ɥɚɞɚɦ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷ

ɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɿ ɡɦɚɝɥɿ ɩɪɚɫɚɱɵɰɶ  ɤɚɛ ɩɪɵɜɿ ɥɟɣ ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ

ɡ ɿɯ ɭɞɡɟɥɚɦ  ɞɚɜɚʆ ɿɦ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɵɿ ɡɜɹ ɡɚɧɵɹ  ɡ ɫɭɞɨɜɵɦ ɿɦɭɧɿɬɷ

ɬɚɦ ɲɬɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚʆ ɡɵɯɨɞɧɵ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɪɚɡɜ ɿɰɰɹ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɚɝɚ ɦɟ

ɫɬɚ Ȭɧ ɜɵɜɨɞɡɿʆ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɠɵ ɯɚɪɨʆ cives et incolas ɦɟɫɬɚ «tam

ɥɹ ɤɚʆ ɿ ɪɭɫɿɧɚʆª@ ɡɩɚɞ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɿ ɯ ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿ

ɤɚʆ ɩɚɞɞɚɸɱɵ ɿɯ ɫɭɞɭ ɜɨɣɬɚ advocatus ɹɤɿ ɦɟʆɫɹ ɛɵɰɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ

ʆɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɵ  ɍ ɫɜ ɚɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ ɜɨɣɬ ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ɛɵʆ ɚɞɤɚɡɜɚɰɶ ɩɟɪɚɞ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɦ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɇɚɫɬɭɩ

ɧɵ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ȼɿɬɚʆɬɚ ɞɥɹ  Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɹ ²ɚ ʆ ɬɨɣ ɠɚ ɱɚɫ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪ

ɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɿ  Ʉ ɨʆɧɚ ² ɩɚʆɬɚɪɚɸɱɵ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɵ ɩɚ

ɩɹ ɪɷɞɧɹɝɚ ɞɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɚ ʆɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɹʆ ɲɬɨ ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɚɯ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɦɹɲ

111

ɱɚɧɚɦɿ ɿ ɥɸɞɡɶ ɦɿ  ɲ ɬɨ ɠɵɥɿ ɩɚɞ ɸɪɵ ɫɞɵɤɰɵɹɣ ɩɪɵɫɭɞɚɦ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɚɛɨ ɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɬɭɬ ɜɚɪɬɚ ɡɜ ɹ ɪɧɭɰɶ  ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ

ɝɷɬɚɟ ɪɚɡɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɡɝɨɞɧɚɟ ɡ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɹ ɜɟɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩɚɦ ɚɫɚ

ɛɨɜ ɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɭɟɰɰɚ ɡɦɹ ɲɚɧɵ  ɫɭɞ iudicium mixtum)

ɜɚɹɜɨɞɵ ɰɿ  ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɵ ɚɛɨ ɹɝɨ ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɚ  ɡ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ ɿ  ɜɨɣ

ɬɚ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ  ɉɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɿ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ ɭɥɚɞɵ ɦɭɫɿɥɿ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɰ

ɰɚ ɚɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚ  ɹɤ ɭ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɿɦ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɟ

 Ƚɷɬɚ ɫɜ ɟɞɱɵɰɶ ɩɪɚ

ɬɨɟ ɚɞɤɭɥɶ ɛɪɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɵ ɿ ɞɚɜɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɭɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ

ɫɭɞɨɜɵɦ  ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɿɦɭɧɿ ɬɷɬɭ ʆ ɚɛɫɹɝɭ ɹɤɿ ɜɵɤɚɪɵ ɫɬɨʆɜɚʆ

ɫɹ  ʆ Ɇɚɥɚɩɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ

ɍ ɮɚɪɦɚɜ ɚɧɧɿ ɥɚɞɭ ȼɿ ɥɶɧɿ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɚɞɵɝɪɚʆ ɩɪɵ

ɜɿɥɟɣ ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ʆ Ɍ ɪɨɤɚɯ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚɦ Ʉɟɣɫɬɭɬɚɜɿɱɚɦ ɭ

 ɝ

 ȱ ɬɭɬ ɦɟɥɚ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɫɩɚɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɥɚɞ Ʉɪɚɤɚɜɚ ɹɤ ɚɪɝɚ

ɧɿ ɡɚɰɵɣɧɵ ʆɡɨɪ  ɉɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɞɚɜɚʆ ɩɨʆɧɵ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɵ ɿɦɭɧɿɬɷɬ  ɜɵ

ɜɨɞɡɹɱɵ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿɯ ɦɹ ɲɱɚɧ ɡɩɚɞ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ ɿ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɜɹɥɿ

ɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɿɯ ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿɤɚʆ ɿ ɫɭɞɞɡɹʆ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɤɥɚɥɚ ɤɚɧɟɰ ɞɷɤɪɷɬɚɜ ɚ

ɧɚɦɭ ʆ  ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɧɸ ɜ ɨɣɬɚ ɜɿ ɥɟɧɫɤɚɦɭ ɫɬɚ

ɪɚɫɰɟ ɩɚɫɥɹ   ɝ ² ɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɡɟ  ɧɹɡɝɨɞɧɚɦɭ ɡ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɸ

ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɇɟʆɡɚɛɚɜɟ ɩɚ ɜ ɵɞɚɧɧɿ  ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɸ  ɝ  ɡ¶ɹ ɜɿɥɿɫɹ  ɫɜɟɞ

ɱɚɧɧɿ ɩɪɚ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ʆ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɞɵ ɡ ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚɦ ɧɚ

ɱɚɥɟ ɭɩɟɪɲɵɧɸ ʆ  ɝ Ɋɚɞɚ ɦɟɥɚ ² ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɚɞ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ

² ɩɚɬɪɵɰɵɹɧɫɤɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ  əɤ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɡ ɞɷɤɪɷɬɭ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ

, ɚɞ  ɝ

 ɹ ɲɱɷ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɩɚɫɚɞɚ ɪɚɞɰɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɠɵɰɰɺɜ ɚɸ  ɚ

ɫɤɥɚɞ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɞɵ ɞɚɩɚʆɧɹʆɫɹ  ɲɥɹ ɯɚɦ ɤɚɚɩɬɚ

ɰɵ ɿ  əɧɚ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚ  ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚʆ ɿ  ɪɚɞɰɵ  ɫɩɚɦɿɠ ɹɤɿɯ 

ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚʆ ɿ   ɪɚɞɰɚʆ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵ ɥɿ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɰɶ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ

ɸɱɵ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬ ² ɹɤ ɝɷɬɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆɠɨ ʆ ;9,ɫɬ ² ɿ ɡɦɹ

ɧɹ ɸɱɵɫɹ  ɲ ɬɨɝɨɞ  Ɋ ɚɡ ɧɚ ɬɵɞɡɟɧɶ  ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɛɿɪɚɰɰɚ ɩɥɟ

ɧɚɪɧɚɟ ɩɚɫɟɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɪɚɞɵ  Ȼɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɵ ɿ ɪɚɞɰɵ ɩɚɜɿ ɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ

ɧɚɥɟɠɚɰɶ ɩɚ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ɞɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɜɵ ɡɧɚɧ

ɧɹ ʆ  Ʉɚɛ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɰɶ  ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲ ɱɚ ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɚɛɨɞ

ɜɭɯ ɜɵɡɧɚɧɧɹʆ ɞɷɤɪɷɬ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚʆ  ɲɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɤɚɪɛɭ  ɞɡɟ ɚɩɪɚɱɚ

ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɝɪɨɲɚɣ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɿ ɫɹ  ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ ɦɟɫɬɚ  ɩɚɜ ɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ

ɛɵɰɶ ɱɚɬɵɪɵ ɤɥɸɱɵ  ɞɜɚ ɡ ɹɤɿɯ ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ɛɵʆ ɦɟɰɶ ɪɵ ɦɫɤɚ

ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿ ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪ ɚ ɞɜɚ ² ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵ

ɉɪɵɧɰɵɩ ɩɚɪɵɬɷɬɭ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɭ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ

ɭɥɚɞɚɯ ɧɚɣɪɚɧɟɣ ɜɹɞɨɦɵ ɡ ɩɪɵɜɿ ɥɟɸ ɞɥɹ  Ⱦɪɚɝɿɱɵ ɧɚ ɚɞ

ɝ

 ɤɚɥɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ

ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚɲɵɪɚɧɚ ɿ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ