Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɦɟɫɬɚ ɡɦɹɲɱɚɟɰɰɚ ɲ ɦɚɬ ɭ ɹɤɿɯ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹɯ ɭ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ

Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɟ Ȭɧ  ɬɪɷɛɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ  ɜɵɪɚɠɚʆ ɯɭɬɱɷɣ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɿ

ɪɷɚɥɶɧɵ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɚɤ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɜɵɡɧɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɹɤɿ ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ʆ

ɜɭɡɟɣɲɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹ ʆɫɹ ɿɧɚɤɲ  ɱɵɦ ɭ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɦɟ

ɫɬɚɯ  ɤɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɫɚɦ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ 

Ⱥɞɧɨɸɡ ɪɵɫɚʆ ɞɷɤɪɷɬɭ  ɝ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɨɟ ɲɬɨ ɺɧ ɞɚɬɵ

ɱɵʆ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɭɪɷɝɭɥɹ ɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɚʆ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɱɵ ɦ

ɩɚɬɪɵɰɵɹ ɬɚɦ ɿ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɥɸɞɚɦ Ɂɦɚɝɚɧɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɝɚ ɥɸɞɭ ɡɚ

ʆɞɡɟɥ ɭ ɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɧɿ  ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɥɚ ɞɚɫɩɹɜɚɧɧɟ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɯ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ȼɿɥɶ ɧɿ  ɿ ɡɧɚɣɲɥɨ ɚɞɛɿɬɚɤ ɭ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɯ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɞɷɤɪɷ

ɬɭ Ɂɚɯɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ ʆɥɚɞɭ ɩɚɬɪɵɰɵɹ ɬɭ ʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɞɡɟ ɞɷɤɪɷɬ

 ɝ ɭɜɨɞɡɿʆ ɡɚɫɰɹɪɨɝɭ ɲɬɨ ɩɚɫɚɞɵ ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚ ɿ ɪɚɞɰɵ ɧɟ

ɦɨɠɚ ɡɚɣɦɚɰɶ ɫɵɧ ɩɚ ɛɚɰɶɤɭ ɿ ɛɪɚɬ ɩɚ ɛɪɚɰɟ Ƚɷɬɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚ

ɩɟɪɚɲɤɨɞɭ ɞɥɹ  ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɧɚɩɨɥɿɿ  ɧɚ ʆɥɚɞɭ ɚɞɧɵ ɦɞɜɭɦɚ

ɞɡɟɫɹ ɬɤɚɦɿ ɧɚɣɦɚɝɭɬɧɟɣɲ ɵ ɯ ɫɟɦ¶ɹ ʆ ɿ ɩɚɲɵɪɚɥɚ ɤɨɥɚ ɩɚɤɥɿ

ɤɚɧɵɯ ɞɚ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ

ɋɚɫɬɭɩɤɚɸ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɦɭ ɥɸɞɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɧɧɟ ɡɚ ɿ ɦ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ

ɜɵɪɚɠɚɰɶ ɡɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ʆɫɬɚɥɹɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɚʆ ɿ ɚɩɥɚɬ ɹɤ ɿ

ɧɚ ɜ ɵɞɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɧɨɜ ɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɜɚʆ  ɍ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɜ ɵɩɚɞɤɚɯ

ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ ɡɝɨɞɚ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɫɯɨɞɭ © ɩɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɝɚ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚª

Ⱦɚɥɟɣɲɚɣ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɤɚɸ ɛɵɥɨ ʆɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɚɦɿ 

ɲɚɮɚɪɚɦɿ ɤɥɸɱɧɿɤɚɦɿ  ɡ ɹɤɿɯ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɚ ɫɜ ɚɣɝɨ ɥɿɤɭ

ɪɚɞɚ  ɚ ɹɲ ɱɷ  ² ɫɚ ɫɩɿɫɭ  ɤɚɧɞɵɞɚɬɚʆ  ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɫɯɨ

ɞɚɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɝɚ ɥɸɞɭ ɇɚɣɦɚɰɧɟɣ ɭɞɡɟɥ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɝɚ ɥɸɞɭ ɜɵɹɜɿʆ

ɫɹ  ʆ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɿ ɧɚɞ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɦɿ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɚɦɿ  ȱɯ ɩɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɤɨɠɧɵɹ

 ɝɚɞɵ ɚɞɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɹ ɤɚɦɿɫɿɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɚɹ ɡ  ɞɷɥɟɝɚɬɚʆ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ

ɝɚ ɥɸɞɭ ɚɛɪɚɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɚɸ ɫɚ ɫɩɿɫɭ  ɤɚɧɞɵɞɚɬɚʆ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟ

ɧɚɝɚ ɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɵɦ ɫɯɨɞɚɦ  ɪɚɞɰɚʆ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɚɸ  ɿ ɩɚ 

ɦɚɣɫɬɪɵ  ɡ ɤɨɠɧɚɝɚ ɰɷɯɭ ɹɤɿɯ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɚɞɚ

əɤ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ  ɫɚɫɬɭɩɤɿɩɪɨɫɬɚɦɭ ɥɸɞɭ ɛɵɥɿ ɫɮɚɪɦɭɥɹ ɜɚɧɵɹ

ɬɚɤ ɤɚɛ ɡ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɚɜɚɰɶ  ɹ ɦɭ ʆɩɥɵʆ ɧɚ ɡɦɟɧɭ ɩɚ

ɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ ɯ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɚ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ² ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɵɰɶ ɪɚɞɡɟ

ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɶ  ɡɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɦ ɹɝɨ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɫɩɚ

ɪɚɞɠɚɰɰɚ ɝɪɚɲɵɦɚ ɿ ɤɚɧɬɪɚɥɹ ɜɚɰɶ  ɜɵɞɚɬɤɿ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɥɚ

ɜɵɤɥɸɱɵɰɶ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲ ɡɪɭɱɧɵ ɯ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɛɨ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɵ ɫɯɨɞ ɩɪɚɞ

ɫɬɚʆɥɹ ʆ ɤɚɧɞɵɞɚɬɚʆ  ɜ ɵɛɚɪ ɫɩɚɦɿɠ ɹɤɿɯ ɚɠɵɰɰɹʆɥɹɥɚ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ

ɪɚɞɚ

ɍ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɚɞ ɩɚɩɹ ɪɷɞɧɿ ɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɯ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹ ʆ  ɚɤɬ

 ɝ  ɛɵʆ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɵɦ ɜɵɧɿ ɤɚɦ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɟ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɚɫɰɿ

ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɹɤ ɰɷɥɚɝɚ  Ȭɧ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɚ ɧɚɫɿʆ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ

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ɫɚɧɤɰɵɹ ɧɚɜɚɧɚɝɚ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚɦ ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫɭ  ɹɤ ɜ ɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɡ ɜɵɪɚɡɭ

«Ⱥ ɬɨ ɫɭɬɶ  ɬɵɟ ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɟ ɫɚɦ ɢ ɪɚɞɚ ɫ

ɩɨɫɩɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɦ ɡɝɨɞɢɥɢª Ƚɷɬɵɹ  ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥɵ ɞɚɬɵɱɵɥɿ ʆɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɹ

ɤɥɸɱɧɿɤɚʆ ɿ ɮɨɪɦɚʆ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɿ ɯɧɚɸ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɸ  Ⱥ

ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ ɚɛ ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɧɧɿ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɥɸɞɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɵɤɚɡɜɚɰɶ

ɡɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɧɨɜ ɵɹ  ɩɚɞɚɬɤɿ ɿ ɦɟɫɬɚɜɵ ɹ ʆɫɬɚɜɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɟɦ

ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ ɹɤɿ  ɫɯɿɥɿ ʆɫɹ  ɞɚ ɹ ɝɨɧɵɯ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɹʆ  ɍ ɫɜ ɚɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ

ɩɚɫɩɨɥɶ ɫɬɜɚ ɡɪɚɛɿɥɚ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɤɭ  ɩɚɝɚɞɠɚɸɱɵɫɹ  ɡ ɩɷʆɧɵɦɿ

ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɿ  ɧɚ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɭ ʆ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɩɚɬɪɵɰɵ ɹɬɭ

Ⱥɤɬ  ɝ  ɛɵʆ ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɹɡɚɧɧɹ ʆ  ɝ

ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚɦ , ɋɬɚɪɵɦ ɚɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɭ ʆ Ʉɪɚɤɚɜɟ  ɉɚ

ɪɚʆɧɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɤɿ ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɵɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ  ɩɚɫɩɨɥɶ ɫɬɜɚ ʆ

ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ə  əɜɨɪɫɤɿ ɩɪɵɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɞɚ ɜɵɫɧɨɜɵ ɲɬɨ ©ʆ

ȼɿɥɶ ɧɿ ɩɚɫɩɨɥɶɫɬɜ ɚ ɜɵɫɬɚʆɥɹɥɚ ɦɟɧɲɵɹ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ

ɛɨɥɶɲ ɱɵɦ ɩɚɫɩɨɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɚɤɚʆɫɤɚɟª

 Ɍɥɭɦɚɱɵʆ ɺɧ ɝɷɬɚ ɬɵɦ

ɲɬɨ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɟ ɩɚɫɩɨɥɶ ɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɯɿɥɶ ɧɟɣɲɵɦ ɞɚ ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿ

ɫɭ Ɍ ɚɦɭ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɤɿ ɧɚ ɹɝɨ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɡɿɥɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɚɫɰɹɪɨɝ

ɇɚɚɞɜɚɪɨɬ  ɩɚɡɛɵɰɰɺ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɧɹɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɦɚɝɥɨ ɞɚɩɚɦɚɝɱɵ ɡɚ

ɯɚɜ ɚɰɶ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɨɜɭɸ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ɩɚɬɪɵ ɰɵɹɬɭ ɜɚ ʆɥɚɞɚɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ

Ƚɷɬɚ ɞɭɦɤɚ ɝɨɞɧɚɹ ʆɜɚɝɿ

Ɋɷɮɨɪɦɵ ɹɤɿɹ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɥɿ ɥɚɞ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɚɠ ɞɚ ʆɩɚɞɤɭ Ɋɷɱɵ

ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɚɞɛɵɥɿ ɫɹ  ɧɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ;9,,ɫɬ  Ɍ ɚɞɵ ʆɡɧɿɤɥɚ  ɦɿɠ

ɿɧɲɵɦ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɰɬɜ ɚ ɩɚɫɩɨɥɶɫɬɜɚ ʆ ɚɛɥɿɱɱɵ  ɫɷɤɫɚɝɿɧɰɿɜɿɪɚ

ɬɭ  ɦɭɠɨʆ ɚɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿ ɰɬɜɭ ɩɚɫɩɨɥɶ ɫɬɜɚ ʆ

ɦɟɫɬɚɯ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ʆ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜɿɝɿɧɰɿ ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɝɿɧɰɿ ɜɿɪɚɬɭ (20

ɚɛɨ  ɦɭɠɨʆ Ȼɨɥɶɲ ɵ ɥɿ ɱɛɚɜɵ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ʆ ȼɿɥɶ ɧɿ

ɜɵɧɿ ɤɚʆ ɡ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɵ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɬɭɬ ɪɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ

ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɪɵɦɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɝɪɷɰɤɚɝɚ ɚɛɪɚɞɚʆ Ɇɹɪɤɭɟɰɰɚ ɲɬɨ ɩɚɤɥ

ɿɤɚɧɧɟ ɫɷɤ ɫɚɝɿɧɰɿɜɿɪɚɬɭ ɥɹ ɠɚɥɚ ʆ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɟ ɩɚɬɪɵ ɰɵɹ ɧɫɤɚɝɚ

ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɭ ɹ ɤɿ ɦɨɝ ɥɹɝɱɷɣ ɭɩɥɵɜɚɰɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɰɬɜ ɚ  ɱɵɦ

ɧɚ ɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɵ ɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɫɩɨɥɶɫɬɜɚ

 Ɋɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚ ɧɧɟɦ ɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ

Ȼɨɥɶ ɲ ɞɷɬɚɥɿɡɚɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɵɤɥɚɞ ɥɚɞɭ ɜ ɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɿ

ɜɵɝɥɹ ɞɚɟ ɦɷɬɚɡɝɨɞɧɵ ɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ʆɜɚɠɚɸɱɵ  ɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɿɱɧɵ ɯɚ

ɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɦɟɫɬɚ  ɚɥɟ ɿ ɬɚɦɭ  ɲɬɨ ʆ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹ ɯ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ

ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɡɦɹɲ ɱɚɥɿ ɫɹ

ɫɩɚɫɵɥɤɿexpressis verbis >ɚɞɤɪɵɬɵ ɦɬɷɤɫɬɚɦ@ ɧɚ ɥɚɞ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɹɤ

ɧɚ ʆɡɨɪ  ɩɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɹ ɧɵ ɦɟɥɿɫɹ  ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɨʆɜɚɰɰɚ  Ⱦɵɤ ɹ ɤ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

114

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɠɚ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɚʆ ɥɚɞ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ  ɧɚ ɹɤɿɯ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜ ɚɯ

ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚʆɫɹ "

ɇɚ ʆɫɬɭɩɟ ɧɚɥɟɠɵ ɰɶ ɡɜɹɪɧɭɰɶ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɭɸ ɪɨɡ

ɧɿɰɭ ɹɤɚɹ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɡ ɬɚɝɨ  ɲɬɨ ʆ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɚɞ ɑɷɯɿɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ

ɿ ȼɭɝɨɪɲɱɵɧɵ ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ iure

theutoni co >ɬɷʆɬɨɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ@ ɧɟ ɚɯɚɩɿɥɚ ɜɺɫɤɿ  ɚ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚ

ɥɚɫɹ ² ɡɚ ɜ ɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɫɩɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɧɚɟ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɉɚɞɥɹ ɲɲɚ ²

ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɿ ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ  ɬɵɦ ɱɚɫɚɦɹ ɤ ɭ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɵɯ ɞɡɹ ɪ

ɠɚɜ ɚɯ ɫɚɦɚɤɿ ɪɚʆɧɿ ɱɚɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɿɤ ɭ ɛɥɿɡɤɚɣ

ɞɚ ɹɝɨ ɚɪɝɚɧɿ ɡɚɰɵɿɜɺɫɤɿ ɭ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɹ ɛɵɥɚ

ɪɵɫɚɸ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɸ ɿ  ɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɬɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɚɬ

ɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɵ ɹ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ

ɍ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɧɿ  ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɥɚ ɜɵ

ɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɪɨɡɧɿɰɚ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɹ ɣ ɿ  ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɿ ȼɹ ɥɿ ɤɚ

ɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɍ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɚɞ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɹ ɟ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ  ɞɡɟ ɫɤɚɧɰɷɧɬ

ɪɚɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɚɹ  ɛɚɥɶɲ ɵ ɧɹ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɧɚ ɧɹ ɦɟɰɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ

ɜɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɱɚɫɬɰɵ  ɮɚɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɹ  ɩɪɵ ɜ ɿɥɟɿ ɹɤɿɹ  ɩɟɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɿ

ɿɯ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ  ɚɬɪɵ ɦɚɥɿ ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɧɟɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹ

ɦɟɫɬɵ  ɿ ɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ  ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɱɵ ɧɚɦ ɫɬɚɹ ɥɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ

ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɇɚɞɞɧɹɩɪɨʆɫɤɚɟ ȸɤɪɚɿɧɵ

 Ƚɷɬɚ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɥɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ

ɡ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɹ ʆ ɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɦ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɪɷ

ɝɿɺɧɚʆ  ɚɥɟ ɿ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ  ɡ ɚɪɝɚɧɿ ɡɚɰɵɣɧɚɟ ɠɵɰɰɺɜɚɫɰɿ

ɪɭɫɤɚɟ ɜɨɥɚɫɰɿ  ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦ ɹɤɨɟ ɫɥɭɠɵɥɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ  ɚ ɡɚɦɨɠɧɵɹ

ɦɹɲɱɚɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɤɭɩɰɵ  ɧɚɪɨʆɧɿ ɡ ɛɚɹ ɪɚɦɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɹ ɟ

ɩɚɧɨʆɧɵ  ɫɥɨɣ Ɍ ɚɦɭ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɥɚɫɹ  ɡ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿɜɚɦ ɡ

ɛɨɤɭ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɩɚɧɨʆɧɵ ɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɭ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɡ ɩɪɨ

ɰɿ ɞɡɟɹ ɧɧɟɦ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɯ ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɚʆ ɚɛɨ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆ

ɰɚʆ  ɞɥɹ ɹɤɿɯ ɭɥɚɞɚ ɧɚɞ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɿ  ɛɵɥɚ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɸ ɹɤ ɞɚɯɨɞɚʆ

ɬɚɤ ɿ ɫɿɥɵ Ƚɷɬɵɹ  ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿɜɵ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜ ɿʆ ɿ ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚʆ Ⱥɋ 

Ƚɪɭɲ ɷʆɫɤɿ

 Ⱥɩɨɲ ɧɿɦ ɱɚɫɚɦ Ⱥɧɞɪɷɣ Ⱦɜɚɪɧɿɱɷɧɤɚ ɞɚɜɨɞɡɿɰɶ

ɲɬɨ ʆ ɩɚɞɜɚɥɿɧɚɯ ɩɟɪɚɦɟɧ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɞɚʆɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɟɞ

ɧɚɫɰɶ  ɦɟɫɬɚ ɿ  ɜ ɨɥɚɫɰɿ  ɥɹɠɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɜ ɿɰɰɺ ɩɪɵɜ ɿɥɟɹ ɜɚɧɚɟ ɛɚɹɪ

ɫɤɚɟ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚɟ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ ɹɤɚɹ ɡ ɩɚɝɚɪɞɚɸ ɩɚɡɿɪɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ

ɞɡɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɝɚɧɞɚɥɶ ɿ ɪɚɦɺɫɬɜ ɵ  ɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ  ɬɚɜ ɚɪɧɚɝɪɚ

ɲɨɜɚɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɚ

5 0

  Ɇɟɫɬɵ  ɚɞɚɫɚɛɥɹɸɱɵɫɹ ɚɞ ɡɹ ɦɥɿ  ɭɦɚ

ɰɨʆɜɚɥɿ  ɫɜɚɸ ɬɨɟɫɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɪɚɡ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɸ ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɹɤ ɡɚʆ

ɜɚɠɵʆ ɭɠɨ Ⱥ Ƚɪɭɲɷʆɫɤɿ  ɿɯ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɥɿ ʆɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɿ  ɹɤɿɹ

ɛɚɱɵɥɿ ʆ ɫɚɦɚɤɿ ɪɚʆɧɿ ɱɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɤɪɵɧɿ ɰɭ ɝɪɚɲ ɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɯɨ

ɞɚʆ  Ⱦɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ɭɩɥɵɜɵ ɡ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɩɥɿɜ ɚ

ɥɿɫɹ  ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɸ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵ ɹɣ

115

Ⱥɤɬɵ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɬɵ ɱɵ ɥɿɫɹ  ʆɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɿ ʆɝɪɭɧɬɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɝɞɷ

ɛɭɪɝɿɿ ʆ Ʉɿɟɜɟ  ɭ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɜ ɟɥɶɦɿ ɩɚɜɭɱɚɥɶɧɵ ɹ

 Ʌɿɫɬ

ɜɹɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɚɞ  ɫɧɟɠɧɹ   ɝ  ɞɚ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɚɝɚ

ɜɚɹɜɨɞɵ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ ɩɪɚ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɝɷɬɵ  ɱɚɫ ɭ Ʉɿɟɜɟ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚ

ɬɭ ɭɠɨ ʆ  ɝ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɭ ɥɿɫɰɟ ɞɚ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɿɯ ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɫɩɚɫɵ

ɥɚʆɫɹ  ɧɚ ©ɧɹ ɦɟɰɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚª  ɹɤɨɦɭ ɹ ɧɵ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɨʆɜ ɚɥɿɫɹ

ɍ  ɝ ɦɚɧɚɪɯ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɹʆ ɦɹɲɱɚɧ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɧɟ ɩɚɞɥɹɝɚɥɿ ɦɚɝɞɷ

ɛɭɪɝɿɿ ɡɩɚɞ ɩɪɵɫɭɞɭ ɰɿɜɭɧɚ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɚɞ ɪɚɡɧɚɫɬɚɣɧɵ ɯ ɩɚ

ɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɹ ʆ ɫɬɚɰɵ ɹʆ >ɭɬɪɵ ɦɚɧɧɹ  ɜɨɣɫɤɚ@  ɩɚɞɜɨɞɚʆ ɚɛɚɜ ɹɡ

ɜɚɸɱɵ ɿɯ ɜɵ ɤɨɧɜɚɰɶ ɦɟɫɬɚɜɵɹ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɿ Ⱥɥɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ  ɫɚ

ɤɚɜɿɤɚ  ɝ ɞɚɬɚɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ, ɞɥɹ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɿɯ

ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɝɚ  ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɚɪɦɹɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɜ ɵɡɧɚɧɧɹʆ

ɹɤɿ ɜɵɜɨɞɡɿʆ ɿɯ ɡɩɚɞ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ©ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɯ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɪɭɫɤɿɯª

ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɵɯ ©ɩɪɚɜɭ ɧɟɦ ɟɰɤɨɦ ɭ ɦɚɣɬɛɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɭª ɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚʆ ɿ ɦ

ɩɨʆɧɚɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ʆɡɨɪ ɫɬɨɥɶɧɚɟ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ Ⱥɥɟ ɬɚɤɚɹ

ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɚɪɦɭɥɺʆɤɚ ɡ ɩɪɵ ɱɵɧɵ  ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿɜ ɭ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ

ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ ɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɚɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɹ  ɧɟɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɚɸ  Ɍ ɚɦɭ  ɫɬɭɞɡɟ

ɧɹ  ɝ  ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ, ɧɚɧɚɜ ɚ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ Ʉɿɟɜɭ ɩɨʆɧɚɟ ɦɚɝɞɷ

ɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɡɚɝɚɞɜɚɸɱɵ  ɦɿɠɿɧɲ ɵɦ ɜɵɜ ɟɫɰɿ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɵɹ

ʆɠɨ ɰɷɯɿ ɡɩɚɞ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ ɡɚɦɤɭ ɿ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɰɶ ɿɯ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɭ  ɚ

ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɜɵ ɜɟɫɰɿ ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɡɩɚɞ ɭɥɚɞɵ ɿ ɩɪɵ ɫɭɞɭ ɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɿ ɹ ɝɨ

ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɚ ɡ ɩɚɞɞɚɧɧɟɦ ɿ ɯ ɜ ɵɤɥɸɱɧɚ ɫɭɞɭ ɜɨɣɬɚ

ɍ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɱɚɫɬɰɵ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ² ɧɚ ɉɚɞɥɹɲ ɲɵ

² ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɚʆɩɥɵ ɜɚɥɚ ɱɚɫɨɜɚɟ

ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɦɚɡɚɜɟɰɤɿ ɯ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ  ɇɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɿ ɦɿ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚ

ɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɞɥɹɫɤɿɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɩɚɰɜ ɟɪɞɠɚɧɵɹ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɦɿ

ɚɥɶɛɨ ɦɚʆɤɥɿɜɚ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɵɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɫɿɥɟ ɿ  ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɜɹɪɬɚɧɧɹ

ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɩɚɞ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ  Ɍ ɚɤ  Ɍɵɤɨɰɿɧ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɝɚɪɚɞ

ɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ʆɡɨɪ Ʌɨɦɠɵ ʆ  ɝ ɚɞ əɧɭɲ ɚ , ȼ ɟɧɝɪɚʆ ² ɭ

 ɝ  ɚɞ Ȼɚɥɹ ɫɥɚɜɚ ,9 ɍ ɝ  ɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ

Ɇɟɥɶ ɧɿɤ ɿ  Ȼɟɥɶɫɤ ɿ ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ Ⱦɪɚɝɿɱɵɧ ɡ Ȼ ɪɚɧɫɤɚɦ  ɹ ɤ ɦɨɠɧɚ

ɜɵɫɧɚɜɚɰɶ ɡ ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɧɵɯ ɩɚɡɧɟɣɲɵɯ ɚɤɬɚʆ

ɇɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚɥɚ ɚɞɪɚɡɭ ʆɫɺ ɧɚ

ɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɇɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɹ ɧɨ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰ

ɤɚɣ ɹɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɰɵ ɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɹ  ɪɭɫɿɧɵ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ

ɩɚɞ ɭɥɚɞɚɸ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɚɟ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ Ɍɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɚ ɫɯɿɥɟ ;9ɫɬ

ɡɚ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ  Ⱥɥɹ ɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ ɚɯɚɩɿɥɿ ʆɫɿɯ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧ Ⱥɞ

 ɝ ɭ Ȼɟɥɶ ɫɤɭ ɩɚɞ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɹɤɿ ɛɵʆ ɬɚɦ ɡ  ɝ

ɩɟɪɚɣɲɥɿ«omnes praefatae civitatis incolae (…) etiam Rutheni»

>© ɭɫɟ ɠɵɯɚɪɵ ɧɚɡɜ ɚɧɚɝɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ « ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɿ ɪɭɫɿɧɵª@ ɉɪɵ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

116

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɜɿɥɟɣ ɜ ɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ʆ  ɝ  Ⱦɪɚɝɿɱɵɧɭ ɩɚɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɠɚ ɱɵ ɧɚɦ

ɧɚɞɚɜ ɚʆ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɦ Ⱦɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɹɧɵ

ɩɚɞɥɹɝɚɥɿ ² ɱɵɬɚɟɦ ɭ ɚɤɰɟ ² ɪɭɫɤɚɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɿ ²

ɧɹ ɦɟɰɤɚɦɭ  ɲɬɨ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɥɚ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ ɿ  ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɵ  Ⱥɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚ ʆ

ɩɪɵ ɜ ɿɥɟɿ ɞɥɹ Ɇɟɥɶ ɧɿɤɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ «oppidi ( …) et oppidani

inhabi tantibus tam graecae quam latinae ecclesiarum omnibus in

solidum ius theutoni cum, quod magdeburgense di citur et eo

contulimus» >©ɦɟɫɬɚ « ɿ  ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɹɤ ɝɪɷɰɤɚɟ ɬɚɤ ɥɚ

ɰɿɧɫɤɚɟ ɰɷɪɤɜɚʆ ɭɫɿ ɯ ɩɚɞ ɚɞɧɨ ɧɹ ɦɟɰɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ  ɹɤɨɟ ɦɚɝɞɷ

ɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɡɚɜɟɰɰɚ  ɿ  « ɡɛɿɪɚɟɦª @ ɤɚɫɭɸɱɵ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɵɹ  ɡ ɿɦ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ ɿ ɪɭɫɤɿ ɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɵ  ɿ ɡɜɵɱɚɿ ɇɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜ ɚɦ ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɹ

ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɛɵɥɨ ʆɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟ ɡɝɚ

ɞɚɧɚɝɚ ʆɠɨ ɜɟɪɚɜ ɵɡɧɚʆɱɚɝɚ ɩɚɪɵɬɷɬɭ ʆ ɪɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ ɯ ɭɥɚɞɚɯ

Ɋ ɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆ

ɧɚɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɥɚ  ɲ ɬɨ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɹɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ

ɹ ɤ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ Ƚɷɬɚ ɜɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɚ ɜ ɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɿ ɡ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚɝɚ ɩɚɲɵ

ɪɷɧɧɹ  ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɚʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ

ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɍ ;9,ɫɬ  ɝɷɬɚɹ

ɪɨɡɧɿɰɚ ɧɚɛɵɥɚ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɚ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ ɿɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɿɡɚ

ɜɚɧɵɹ  ɲɬɨ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɹ  ɤɚɧɰɵ ɥɹ ɪɵɹ  ɩɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɚɡɵ ɜɚɰɶ ɩɨ

ʆɧɚɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ © ɜɹɥɿɤɿɦª  ɍ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ ɞɥɹ ɇɚɜɚɝ

ɪɚɞɤɚ ɚɞ  ɝ  ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ ,  ɧɚɞɚɸɱɵ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿ ɹ

ɩɪɚɜɵ ɿ ʆɜɨɞɡɹɱɵ ɩɚɫɚɞɵ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɥɚʆɧɿɤɚʆ ɿ ɪɚɞɰɚʆ ² ɧɚɩɚ

ɥɨɜɭ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ɚ ɧɚɩɚɥɨɜɭ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵ ɯ ² ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹʆ ɦɟɫɬɭ

©ɬɵɦ ɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ  ɦ ɚɣɬɛɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɫɭɞɢɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɬɢ  ɚ ɧɚɞɨ ɜɫɟ

ɬɨɟ ɛɨɥɶ ɲɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɨɛɟ ɹɤɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɭ ɡɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ª

 ȼɨɫɶ

ɠɚ  ɦɟɫɬɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɬ  ɡɜ  ɦɚɥɨɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ƚɷɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ

ɩɚɧɚʆɥɹ ɸɱɵ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ  Ɇɿɥɟɣɱɵɰ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɡɚɫɰɟɪɚɝɚʆ

©Ⱥ ɧɚɞɨ ɜɫɟ ɬɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɨɛɟ ɹɤɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɸ ɡɨɫɬɚɜ

ɥɹɟɦª

. Ɇ ȾɨʆɧɚɪɁɚɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɦɚɥɨɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɚɬɚɹ 

ɫɚɦɥɿ ɜɚʆ ɡ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɿɦ  ɲɬɨ ɩɚɫɬɚɜɿʆ ɩɚɞ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ȼ

Ⱦɪɭɠɱɵ ɰ

5 5

  ɇɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɚɩɨɲ ɧɹ ɝɚ ɮɚɤɬ ɲɬɨ ɯɷɥɦɿ ɧɫ

ɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɚɬɪɵ ɦɥɿɜɚɥɿ ɦɟɧɲ ɵɹ ɦɟɫɬɵ  ɹɲ ɱɷ ɧɟ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ

ɩɪɚ ɚɛɫɹɝ ɿɯɧɵɯ ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɚʆ  ɉɪɵ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɵ

ɬɚɧɧɹ  ɬɪɷɛɚ ʆɡɹ ɰɶ  ɩɚɞ ɭɜ ɚɝɭ ɿ ɬɷɪɵ ɬɚɪɵ ɹ ɥɶ ɧɵ  ɮɚɤɬɚɪ  ɛɨ

ɯɷɥɦɿ ɧɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɚɬɪɵ ɦɥɿɜɚɥɿ ɦɟɫɬɵ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɚ ɧɚ ɉɚɞ

ɥɹ ɲɲɵ  ɞɡɟ ʆɩɥɵɜɚʆ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ ɛɥɿɡɤɚɟ Ɇɚɡɨɜɿɿ

5 6

ɉɚɡɧɟɣ ɡɪɷɲɬɵ ɿ ɬɭɬ ɹɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝ

ɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ʆɡɨɪɭ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ

Ɍ ɚɤ ɡ ɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɵ ɥɿ ɩɟɪɚɜɟɞɡɟ

117

ɧɵ ɹ Ȼɪɚɧɫɤ  Ȼɟɥɶ ɫɤ  Ⱦɪɚɝɿɱɵ ɧ  Ɇɟɥɶɧɿɤ

  ɭɪɷɲɰɟ ² ɹ ɤ ɹ ɲɱɷ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɝɚɜɨɪɤɚ ² ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ

ɇɚɪɜɚ 

Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜ ɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵ ɰɵ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ

ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɜɚɥɿ ɚɞ ɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ  ɇɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɩɚɤɚɡ

ɜɚɟ ɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɵɦ ɮɚɤɬ  ɲɬɨ ʆ ;9 ɫɬ ȼ ɚɪɧɹɧɵ ɿ Ɇɟɞɧɿɤɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞ

ɡɿɥɿɫɹ ɧɚɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɚɥɟ ʆ ;9,, ɫɬ ɩɪɚ ɿɯ ɝɚɜɚɪɵɥɿ ɹɤ

ɩɪɚ ɦɟɫɬɵ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿ ɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɇɟɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɜɚɧɧɟ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ

ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɿɥɚ ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ  ɭ  ɝ  ɤɚɥɿ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨʆ

ɥɟɧɚ  ɲ ɬɨ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɚ ɒɤɭɞɵ  ɹ ɤɨɟ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɏɚɞɤɟɜɿɱɚɦ  ɛɭɞ

ɡɟ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɰɰɚ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɿ ɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɚɥɟ ʆ

 ɝ ɹ ɝɨɧɚɟ ɦɭɧɿɰɵɩɚɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɚ ɹ ɤ

ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ʆɠɨ ɛɟɡ ɡɝɚɞɤɿ ɩɪɚ ɯɷɥɦɿ ɧɫɤɚɟ  ɇɚɚɞɜɚɪɨɬ ɭ

 ɝ ɪɚɞɡɿɜɿ ɥɚʆɫɤɿ  ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɋɥɭɰɚɤ ɧɚɧɚɜɚ  ɩɪɚɡ ɤɚɪɚ

ɥɟʆɫɤɿ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɣ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɥɟ ʆ ɯ ɝɝ

ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɹ  ʆɥɚɞɵ  ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɵɹ  ɩɚɧɚɦ ɦɟɫɬɚ Ȼɚɝɭɫɥɚɜɚɦ Ɋ ɚɞɡɿ

ɜɿɥɚɦ ɩɚɜ ɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ʆɠɵɜɚɰɶ ɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɿ ɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɚɟ  ɚ

ɩɪɵ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɟ ɿ ©ɿɦɩɟɪɫɤɚɟª  ɝ ɡɧ ɪɵɦɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɩɟ

ɪɚɜ ɚɠɧɚ ɹɤɪɚɡ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɵ ɰɹɫɧɹɥɚ ɯɷɥɦɿ ɧɫɤɚɟ

ɹ ɤɨɟ ʆ ;9,,, ɫɬ ɡɚɫɬɚɥɨɫɹ ʆ ɫɿɥɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ  ʆ ɧɟɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɯ ɩɚɞ

ɥɹ ɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ

ɉɚɞɚɛɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɚ ɦɚɡɚɜɟɰɤɿɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ ɧɚɡɿɪɚɟɰɰɚ ɿ ʆ ɞɜɭ

ɯɷɬɚɩɧɵɦ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ  Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆ  ɹ ɤɿ ɪɚɡɜɿ ɜɚʆɫɹ

ɲɩɚɪɤɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɭ  ɝ  ɦɚɥɨɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ɍɚɞɵ

ɦɟɫɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɥɭɱɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɜɨɥɚɫɰɿ ɚ ɧɚ ɹɝɨ ɱɚɥɟ ɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɟ

ɧɵ  ɜɨɣɬ ɹ ɤɨɦɭ ɞɚɩɚɦɚɝɚɥɿ  ɱɚɰɜ ɺɪɚ ɫɨɬɧɿɤɚʆ  Ʉɨɠɧɵ ɡ ɿɯ ɦɟʆ

©ɩɚɞ ɫɜɚɺɣɫɩɪɚɜɚɣª ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɿ ɹɝɨɧɵɯ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ȼɨɣɬ ɩɚɞ

ɥɹ ɝɚʆ ɡɚɦɤɚɜɚɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿ ɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɛɵɥɚ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦ ɭɥɚɞɵ ɿ ɞɥɹ

ɦɟɫɬɚ

 ɉɪɚɡ ɲɚɫɧɚɰɰɚɰɶ  ɝɚɞɨʆ ɭ  ɝ  Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ

ɜɹɥɿɤɚɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ

 Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚ ɬɚɞɵ  ɞɚɦɨʆ

ɿ  ɤɪɚɦɚʆ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɭ ɏɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚ ɲɬɨ ʆɜɨɞ ɭ ɩɨʆɧɚɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫ

ɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɠɵɰɰɹɜ ɿʆ ɚɞɦɵɫɥɨɜɚ ɜɵɫɥɚɧɵ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿ ɩɪɵɞ

ɜɨɪɧɵ

  Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɧɚ ɛɨ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɩɟɪɚɧɨɫɚɦɸɪɵɫ

ɞɵɤɰɵɿ ɿ ɿ ɧɲɵɯ ɞɚɯɨɞɚʆ ɡ ɡɚɦɤɚɜɚɟ ɧɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɭɸ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚ

ɰɵ ɸ ɇɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɩɨʆɧɚɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɿ ɩɪɵɫɩɟɲɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɦɟɫɬɚ

ɹɤɨɟ ʆ  ɝ  ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚ ʆɠɨ  ɞɚɦɨʆ ɿ  ɛɵɥɨ ɞɪɭɝɿɦ ɩɚɫɥɹ

ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ

ɇɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ ɯ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɱɚ

ɫɚɦ ɿ ɩɪɵ ɥɚɤɚɰɵɿ  ɧɨɜ ɚɝɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ Ɍɚɞɵ ɩɟɪɲɵ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɡɦɹɲ

ɱɚʆ ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚɟ ɜɵɥɭɱɷɧɧɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɚɡ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɧɟ ɹɝɨ ɦɟɠɚʆ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

118

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɩɷʆɧɵ ɯ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵ ɯ ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɚʆ ɹ ɝɨɧɵɦ ɠɵɯɚ

ɪɚɦ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɧɟ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɹɤ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɬɚɪɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɿ ɚɛɹ ɰɚɧɧɟ ɦɚ

ɧɚɪɯɚ ɧɚɞɚɰɶ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɚɛɲ ɚɪɵ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɚɫɟɥɿ

ɰɰɚ ɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ  ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ  Ⱦɪɭɝɿ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɩɚ

ɫɩɚʆɧɟɧɧɿ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɭɦɨɜ ɚʆ ɝ  ɡɧ  ɩɚ ɚɫɹɥɟɧɧɿ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɝɚ ɥɿɤɭ

ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ɿ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɩɚɫɟɥɿ ɲ ɱɚ  ɧɚɞɚɜɚʆ ɹɦɭ

ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɇɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ ɦɟɫɬɚ ȼɵɫɨɤɚɟ ɧɚ ɉɚɥɟɫɫɿ 

ɦɟɠɵ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɿ ɤɧɹ ɡɶ  Ⱥɥɹ ɤɫɚɧɞɪ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿʆ ɚɤɬɚɦ ɚɞ

 ɝ

6 3

 Ɍɚɞɵ ɠ ɺɧ ɧɚɞɚʆ ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɜ ɵɡɧɚɱɵʆ ɞɚɯɨɞɵ

ɦɟɫɬɚ ɇɚɤɨɧɬ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɡɦɹɲɱɚʆ ɚɛɹ

ɰɚɧɧɟ  ɲɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɟ ɹɝɨ  ɤɚɥɿ ɡɚɫɟɥɿ ɰɰɚ ɠɵɯɚɪɚɦɿ 

ɉɪɚɡ ɞɡɟɜɹ ɰɶ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɩɚ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɟ ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ©ɧɚ ɢɯ ɱɨ

ɥɨɦɛɢɬɢɟ ɬɨ ɜɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɟ ɦɚɣɬɛɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ

ɦɟɫɬɟ ɢɯ ɢɦ ɟɫɦɨ ɜɞɚɥɢ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɭ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɢɧɧɵ ɯ ɦ ɟɫɬɚɯ ɧɚ

ɲɢɯ  ɜ Ȼɟɪɟɫɬɢɢ ɢ ɜ Ⱦɨɪɨɝɢɱɢɧɟ ² ɞɥɹ  ɬɨɝɨ ɚɠɛɵ ɥɸɞɢ

ɧɚɲɢ ɨɫɟɞɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɛɵ ɧɚɲɢ ɧɚɦ  ɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɥɢª

 Ɂ ɚɧɚ

ɥɚɝɿɱɧɵɦ ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɧɚɞɚʆ ɯɷɥɦɿ ɧɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ʆ  ɝ  ɩɪɵ ɜɚɬɧɚɦɭ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɭ Ɇɭɤɚɛɨɞɵ   ɩɟɪɚɣɦɟɧɚɜɚɧɚ

ɦɭ ʆ ɇɨɜ ɚɟ Ɇɟɫɬɚ

6 5

 ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɱɵ ɧɚɦ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪ ɿ ɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ

ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ  Ɉɥɶ ɛɪɚɯɬ Ƚɚɲ ɬɚʆɬ ɡɚɥɚɠɵʆ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɇɚɪɜɭ  ɹɤɨɦɭ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ  ɭ  ɝ  ɧɚɞɚʆ ɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚ ɩɪɚɡ

 ɝɚɞɨʆ ɩɟɪɚɜɺʆ ɹɝɨ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ  ɉɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɫɰɜɹ ɪɞ

ɠɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɥɸɞɡɿ ɚɫɰɟɪɚɝɚɥɿɫɹ ɫɹ ɥɿ ɰɰɚ ʆ ɦɟɫɰɟ ɧɚ ɯɷɥɦɿ ɧɫɤɿɦ

ɩɪɚɜ ɟ  ɛɨ ɹ ɧɨ ɧɟɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɚɜɚɥɚ ɿ ɯ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɿ

ʆɥɚɫɧɭɸ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɸ  Ɂɦɟɧɚ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵ ɥɚ ɡɧɹ ɰɶ  ɝɷɬɵ ɹ

ɚɫɰɹ ɪɨɝɿ ɿ  ɞɚɰɶ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɦ ɠɚɞɚɧɵɹ  ɿ ɦɿ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɵɿ

  ȱɧɚɤɲ

ɛɵɥɨ ɡ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɫɰɸ ȼɨɿɧ ɞɡɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɟ ɩɚɫɟɥɿɲ ɱɚ ɡ ɜɨɣɬɚɦ

ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ʆɠɨ ʆ  ɝ  Ɍ ɭɬ ɭ ɝ ɛɵɥɿ ɜɵɦɟɪɚɧɵ ɜɚɥɨɤɿ

ɞɥɹ  ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧ ɿ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚɚɛɹɰɚɧɚ ɧɚɞɚɰɶ  ɿ ɦ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚ

 ɲ ɬɨ ɿ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ  ɩɪɚɡ ɬɪɵ ɝɚɞɵ  ɉɪɵɜ ɿɥɟɣ ɹɤɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚʆ

ɝɷɬɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ² ɧɚ ʆɡɨɪ Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɹ  ɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷ

ɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜ ɟ ² ɛɵʆ ɜ ɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ  ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɶ ɛɭ ɛɭɪɦɿ ɫɬɪɚ

ɪɚɞɰɚʆ ɿ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧ ȼɨɿɧɚ

6 8

  Ⱥɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɦɚɝɥɨ ɛ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ

ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɚɹ  ɪɚɞɚ ʆɡɧɿ ɤɥɚ ɹ ɲɱɷ ɞɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪ

ɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɝɷɬɵ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɧɟ ɛɵʆ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ ʆ

ɠɵɰɰɺ  ɛɨ ʆ  ɝ ɦɹ ɲɱɚɧɟ ɡɜɹ ɪɧɭɥɿɫɹ  ɞɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɡ

ɩɪɨɫɶɛɚɸ ɧɚɞɚɰɶ ɿɦ ɚɛɹ ɰɚɧɚɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ  ɹ ɤɨɟ ɦɚ

ɧɚɪɯ ɿ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɝɨɞɡɟ

  Ɍ ɪɷɰɿ ɥɚɤɚɰɵ ɣɧɵ

ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɣ ȼɨɿ ɧ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɚɞ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚ ʆ  ɝ

ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ  ɲ ɥɹ ɯ  ɩɪɨɣɞɡɟɧɵ ɝɷɬɵɦɿ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɦɿ ɞɚ ɡɚɦɚɰɚɜ ɚɧ

ɧɹ  ɫɜɚɿɯ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɛɵʆ ɧɹ ɥɺɝɤɿ

119

ɇɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɚɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɧɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ʆɞɚ

ɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɰɶ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ ʆ ;9ɫɬ ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɹ ɧɨ ɧɹ ɪɚɡ ɧɚɞɚ

ɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚʆɬɨɪɧɚ  ɹ ɤ ɛɵɥɨ ʆ Ʌɭɰɤɭ  ɹɤɿ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝ

ɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆ  ɝ ɉɚɡɧɟɣ ɹɧɨ ɡɚɧɹɩɚɥɚ ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ

ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿ ɜ ɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɯ ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿɤɚʆ  Ⱦɪɭɝɿɦ ɧɚɜɚɪɚɬɚɦ Ʌ ɭɰɤ

ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɸ ɩɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɸ ɚɞ ɝ

7 1

ɍ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ ɚɞ  ɝ  ɹɤɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚʆ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɬɛɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ  « ɜɨɣɬɨɫɬɜɨ ɡɧɨɜɭ ɭɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦª  ə ɧɚ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ

ɩɪɚ ɬɨɟ  ɲɬɨ ɩɚɫɚɞɚ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɚ ɡɧɚɱɵ ɰɶ  ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɸɪɵ ɫɞɵɤ

ɰɵɹ  ɛɵɥɚ ʆɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ ɹɲɱɷ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ʆɬɪɵɦɚɥɚɫɹ  ɉɚɞɨɛ

ɧɵ ɦ ɠɚ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɭ  ɝ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚʆɬɨɪɧɚ ɧɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɹ

ɩɪɚɜɵ Ɇɿɥɟɣɱɵ ɰɚɦ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɿɯ ɭ ɜ ɟɥɶɦɿ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɵɦ

ɞɢɬɢª  ɜ ɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɚ ʆ ɜ ɵɧɿɤɭ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿɜɭ ɞɚʆɧɹ ɟ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵ ɣ

ɧɚɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ  ɹ ɤɚɹ ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɩɪɚɞɜ ɵɡɧɚɱɵɥɚ ɧɹʆɞɚɱɭ ɿ ɩɟɪ

ɲɚɟ ɫɩɪɨɛɵ ɦɹ ɫɬɷɱɤɚ ɡɞɚɛɵɰɶ  ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ

  ɉɚɞɥɹɫɤɿ

ɋɭɪɚɠ ɭɩɟɪɲɵɧɸ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɩɪɚɜɵ ɝɨɪɚɞɚ ʆ  ɝ  ɲ ɬɨ ɩɚ

ɰɜ ɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɭ  ɝ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɿɤɧɹɡɶ Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɸɱɵ ɩɪɚ

ɜɵ ɿ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɤɿ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɿ ɫɩɨɫɚɛ ɚɛɪɚɧɧɹ  ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɭɥɚɞɚʆ ə ɲɱɷ

ɪɚɡ ɋɭɪɚɠ ɚɬɪɵ ɦɚʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɹ ɩɪɚɜɵ  ɩɪɵɱɵɦ ɡ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɚɛɦɟ

ɠɚɜ ɚɧɚɣ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɹ ɣ ɭ  ɝ

 Ⱥɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚ ɋɥɭɰɤ ɚɬɪɵ

ɦɚʆ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɸ ɚɞ ɫɥɭɰɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ Ⱥɥɟɥɶɤɿ ʆ

 ɝ   ɚɥɟ  ɜɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɚ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ  ɫɚɦɚɤɿ ɪɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɞɵ ɧɟ

ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɟɞɡɟɧɚ ʆ ɠɵɰɰɺ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɩɪɵɣɲ ɥɚ ʆ ɡɚɧɹɩɚɞ  ɩɚɤɨɥɶ ɤɿ

ɩɪɚɡ ɞɜ ɚ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɿ ɭ ± ɝɝ  ɹ ɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɚ ɩɚʆ

ɬɨɪɧɚ

7 4

Ȼɟɪɭɱɵ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚ ɥɚɤɚɰɵɹ  ɦɟɫɬɚʆ «na surow ym korzeni u»

ɛɵɥɚ ʆ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɞɚɜɨɥɿ ɪɷɞɤɚɸ ɡ¶ ɹɜɚɸ ɇɚ  ɩɚɞɥɹɫ

ɤɿɹ ɦɟɫɬɵ ɿ ɦɹ ɫɬɷɱɤɿ  ɹɤɿɹ ɞɚ  ɝ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɹ  ɩɪɚ

ɜɵ  «na surowym korzeni u» ɛɵɥɿ ɥɚɤɚɜɚɧɵɹ ʆɫɹɝɨ ɞɜɚ

 ɇɚɣ

ɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɬɪɵ ɦɥɿ ɜɚɥɿ ʆɠɨ ɿ ɫɧɭɸɱɵɹ  ɦɟɫ

ɬɵ ɿ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɿ ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭɛɭɣɧɵɹ ɰɷɧɬɪɵ ɬɚɤɿɹ ɹɤ Ʉɿɟʆ ±

 ɉɨɥɚɰɤ  Ɇɟɧɫɤ  Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆ ± ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤ

  ȼ ɚ ʆɫɿ ɯ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɦɵ ɦɚɟɦ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɡ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɸ

ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚɣ  ɧɹ ɪɚɡ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɟɧɚɣ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɵ  Ʌɚɤɚɰɵɣɧɵ ɩɚɪɨɝ

ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɧɟ ɦɟʆ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ȼɹɥɿ

ɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɨɝɚ ɜ ɹ ɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɞɧɵɦ ɡ

ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵɯ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɹʆ ɭ ɤɲ ɬɚɥɬɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɥɚɞɭ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷ

ɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɣ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɨɣ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

120

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɉɪɵɜɿɥɟɹɜɚɧɵɹɿɧɟɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹɜɚɧɵɹɝɚɪɚɞɵ

ɇɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɝɨɪɚɞɭ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɚɛɨ ɯɷɥɦɿ ɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɷɪɚɝɚɬɵɜɚɣ ɜɚɥɚɞɚɪɚ Ɇɚɧɚɪɯɿ ɛɵɥɿ ² ɿ ʆ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɝɿɫɬɨ

ɪɵɤɿ ɡɝɚɞɠɚɸɰɰɚ ² ɭ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵɹ ʆ ɬɚɤɿɯ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɯ

ɦɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɿ ɜ ɵ ɥɭɱɚɸɱɵ ɿɯ ɭ ɚɫɨɛɧɭɸ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬ

ɪɚɰɵɣɧɭɸ ɚɞɡɿɧɤɭ  ɤɧɹ ɡɿ ɯɚɰɟɥɿ ɫɬɵɦɭɥɹɜɚɰɶ  ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɟ

ɪɚɡɜ ɿɰɰɺ ɤɪɚɸ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɚɠɵʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ  ɿ  ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ

ɱɚɣ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜ ɚª

 Ⱥɩɪɚɱɚ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɯ ɦɚɬɵɜɚʆ  ɿɫɬɨɬɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɚɞɵɝɪɵɜɚɥɿ ɮɿ ɫɤɚɥɶ 

ɧɵɹ  ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɲɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ explicite ɫɮɚɪɦɭɥɹ ɜɚɧɚ ʆ ɚɤɬɚɯ

ɹ ɤɿ ɦɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ȼɵɫɨɤɚɦɭ

 Ɇɚɝɿɥɺɜɭ ɿ Ɇɚɡɵɪɭ  ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɭ  Ɂɝɚɞɠɚɸ

ɱɵɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɭ ɦɹɲɱɚɧ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺɜɚ ɚɛ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɩɨʆɧɚɝɚ

ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ  ɦɚɧɚɪɯ ɦɚɬɵɜɚɜɚʆ ɝɷɬɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɦ

ɧɢɳɟɸɬ ɬɚɦ ɬɟɠ ɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɨɠɢɬɤɢ >ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɤɢɟ@ ɡɦ ɟɧ

ɲɚɸɬɫɹª

 Ʉɥɨɩɚɬ ɚɛ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɯ ɞɚɯɨɞɚɯ ɛɵʆ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɟ

ɧɵ ɿ ɩɪɵ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ȼɵɫɨɤɚɦɭ ɩɪɚ ɲɬɨ

ɿɲ ɥɨɫɹ ɜ ɵɲɷɣ

Ɂɧɚɱɧɵɹ ɞɚɯɨɞɵ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɩɪɵɧɨɫɿɥɿ  ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɵɹ  ɦɟɫɬɵ 

ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɭ ɜɚɥɚɞɚɪɨʆ Ɍɚɤ  ɤɚɥɿ ʆ  ɝ  ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ

ɧɚɞɚʆ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɭ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɸɱɵ ɹɝɨ ɦɹ ɲɱɚ

ɧɚɦ ɫɜ ɚɛɨɞɭ ɚɞ ɩɟɪɚɜɨɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɲ ɥɿ ɧ ɿ ɡɪɚʆɧɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ ɿɯ ɭ ɝɷ

ɬɵ ɦɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɡ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧɚɦɿ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɿ Ɍɪɨɤ ɚɛɥɚɠɵʆ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ

ɡɜɟɫɬɚɤ ɡ  ɝ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɚɦ ɭɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɵɦ ɭ ɩɚɦɟɪɵ 

ɤɨɩɝɪɨɲɚɣ ɲɬɨɝɨɞ

 ȼɿɥɶɧɹ ɬɚɞɵ ɩɥɚɰɿɥɚ  ɤɨɩ ɝɪɨɲɚɣ

Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɟ  ɤɨɩ ɝɪɨɲ ɚɣ ɚ ɇɚɜɚɝɪɚɞɚɤ  ɡɚɥɚɬɵɯ ɮɥɚɪɵ ɧɚʆ

Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ɬɚɝɨ ɭɬɜɚɪɚɸɱɵ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɟ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɜɚɥɚ

ɞɚɪ ɩɟɪɚɤɥɚɞɚʆ ɧɚ ɹɝɨ ɚɛɚɜɹ ɡɚɤ ɭɦɚɰɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ ² ɛɭɞɨʆɥɿ

ɦɭɪɨʆ ɰɿ  ɞɪɚʆɥɹɧɵɯ ɭɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ ʆ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹ ɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥ

ɥɹ ɠɚɥɚ ɿ ɚɯɨɜɚ ɩɚɪɚɞɤɭ ʆ ɦɟɫɰɟ  ɤɥɨɩɚɬ ɚɛ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɶɧɚɣ ɡɚɛɭ

ɞɨɜ ɟ ɪɷɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɰɵɹ  ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɝɚɧɞɥɸ ɪɚɦɟɫɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɞɭɤ

ɰɵ ɿ ɿ ɝ ɞ ɑɚɫɚɦ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɚɞɦɵɫɥɨ

Ɇɿɥɟɣɱɵɰ  Ƚɷɬɚɹ  ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɫɰɶ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ʆ  ɝ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɿ ɪɚɡ

ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɨ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɵɦ ɲɥɹɯɭ ɩɚɞɚ

ɪɨɠɠɚʆ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ  ɩɚɧɨʆ ɿ ɝɚɧɰɨʆ  ɧɚ ɩɚʆɞɚɪɨɡɟ ɩɚɦɿɠ Ɇɟɥɶ 

121

ɦɟɥɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɠɚɧɹ ɢ ɜɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɞɩɨɱɧɟɧɹ  « ɚ ɬɨ ɞɥɹ

ɬɨɝɨ ɢɠ ɬɨɪɝɭ ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɨɪɱɨɦ ɫɥɭɲɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɧɟɬª

ɉɚʆɬɨɪɧɚɟ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɚɜ ɿ ɧɧɚ ɛɵ ɥɨ ɜɵ

ɩɪɚɜɿɰɶ ɝɷɬɵ ɹ ɧɟɞɚɯɨɩɵ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɡɚɛɹ ɫɩɟɱɵ ɰɶ ɫɪɨɞɤɿ ʆɬɪɵ

ɦɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɚɪɚ ɹɤɿ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɩɪɚɹɡɞɠɚɰɶ ɫɸɞɨɸ ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ ɚɞ

ɦɿɥɟɣɱɵɰɤɿɯ ɦɹ ɲɱɚɧ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚ ɩɚʆɱɜɷɪɰɿ  ɚʆɫɚ ɿ ɩɚ

ɤɭɪɵɰɵ ɚɞ ɞɨɦɭ ɚ ɚɞ ɭɫɹɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɤɚɩɭ ɝɭɫɟɣ ɿ  ɤɚɦɹɧɿ ɥɨɸ

ɧɚ ɫɜɟɱɵ Ƚɷɬɚ ɹ ɲɱɷ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɞɨɜɚɞ ɬɚɝɨ  ɲɬɨ ʆ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ

ɩɪɚɜɟ ɛɚɱɵɥɿ ɫɪɨɞɚɤ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɟ ɚɤɬɵɜ ɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɚɛɞɨɪɚɧɵɯ ɿɦ

ɦɹɫɰɨɜ ɚɫɰɹʆ  ɹ ɤɚɹ ɩɚɜɿ ɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɵɧɟɫɰɿ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ ɿ ʆɥɚɞɡɟ

ɹɤɚɹ ʆɞɡɹɥɹɥɚ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ

ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵɹ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɜɵɪɚɲɚɥɶɧɵɦɿ ɩɪɵ ɩɟɪɚɜɨɞɡɟ

ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɵ ɜ ɚɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ  Ɍ ɭɬ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɫɭɫɬ

ɪɚɤɚɸɰɰɚ ɞɜɚ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɟɪɲ ɵ ² ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɝɚɪɚɞ

ɫɤɨɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɞɡɟɣɫɧɟɧɚɟ ɩɚɧɚɦ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɡ ɜ ɟɥɶ ɦɿ ɜɚɠɤɚɸ ɚɝɚ

ɜɨɪɤɚɸ  ɲɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɺɧ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɣ ɚɞ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ Ɍɚɤ

ɛɵɥɨ ɡ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɦ ɩɚɫɟɥɿ ɲɱɚɦ Ⱦɪɭɹɣ ɹ ɤɭɸɦɚɪɲɚɥɚɤ ɧɚɞɜɨɪ

ɧɵ əɧ ɋ ɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ ɋ ɚɩɟɝɚ ɚɪɝɚɧɿ ɡɚɜɚʆ ɭ  ɝ ɹɤ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɚ

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ɫɬɚɹɰɶ ɞɨɛɪɵɦɿ ɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɦɿ  >ɬɨ@ ɤɚɛ ɭ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɦɚɿɦ ɦɟɫɰɟ ɋɚɩɟ

ɠɵɧɟ ʆɫɟ ɩɚɪɚɞɤɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɦɧɨɠɚɧɵ ɧɚɞɚɸ ʆɫɿɦ ɬɵɦ ɯɬɨ ʆ ɿɦ

ɛɭɞɡɟ ɛɭɞɚɜɚɰɰɚ ɿ ɠɵɰɶ ɭɫɹɥɹ ɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɞɵɰɵɿ ɿ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɥɸɞɡɹ ɦ

ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɡ ɭɫɿɦɿ ɹɝɨ ɚɤɚɥɿɱɧɚɫɰɹɦɿ « ɿ ɚɛɹɰɚɸ

ɜɵɩɪɚɜɿɰɶ ɭ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ əɝɨ Ɇɿɥɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɷɧɧɟ ɧɚ ɹɝɨ«ª@

Ɏɚɪɦɚɥɶ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɚʆ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɚɛɹɰɚɧɧɟ ɋɚɩɟɝɿ

ɲɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɫɬɚɪɚɰɰɚ ɡɞɚɛɵɰɶ ɭ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɋ ɚ

ɩɟɠɵɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ  ɉɪɚɜɚɬɜɨɪɱɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɦɟʆ

ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɞɪɭɝɿ ɚɤɬ ɹ ɤɿ ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɚɞ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ  Ⱥɥɟ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ ɦɚɝɧɚ

ɬɚ ɹ ɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɥɿ ɹ ɦɭ ɫɮɚɪɦɭɥɹɜ ɚɰɶ  ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ

ɿɦ ɫɚɦɿɦ ɚɤɬ ɹɤ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ  ɹ ɤɨɟ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɦɚɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɩɚ

ɰɜɟɪɞɡɿɰɶ  əɲ ɱɷ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɧɚɦ ɜɹ ɞɨɦɵ  ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɣ ɀɵ ɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ ,,,

ɚɞ  ɝ ɞɥɹ Ȼɿɪɠɚʆ ɹɤɿ ɩɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɚʆ ɩɪɵɜɿ ɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ