Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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132

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɡɚɦɤɚɜ ɚɣ ɫɬɪɚɠɚɣ ɿ ɧɚɩɚɞɭ ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɚɤ  ɋ ɩɪɷɱɤɭ ɪɚɡɜ ɹ

ɡɚʆ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ʆ ɞɜɚɰɰɚɬɵɯ ɝɚɞɚɯ ɚɫɷɫɚɪɫɤɿ  ɫɭɞ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜ ɚʆ

ɲɵ ʆɫɿɯ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧ ɫɭɞɨɜɚɣ ɩɪɚɰɷɞɭɪɵ  ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ

ɩɪɚɜɚ

11 4

ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵɹ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɵ  ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɵɜɨɞɡɿɰɶ  ɚɦɚɥɶ ɡ ɤɨɠɧɚ

ɝɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ  ɹɤɨɟ ɦɟɥɚ ɚɞɜɚɝɭ ² ɿ ɫɿɥɵ ² ɫɩɪɚɛɚɜɚɰɶ ɩɪɨɰɿɩɚɫ

ɬɚɜɿɰɰɚ ɞɚɦɚɝɚɧɧɹɦ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɚɟ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ ə ɟ ɡɥɨʆɠɵ

ɜɚɧɧɿ ɿ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆ ɭɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɸ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɹɪɚɡ ɿ ɦɤɧɭ

ɥɿɫɹ  ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɜɚɰɶ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɲ ɷɧɧɹ ʆ  ɭɥɿɱ

ɜɚɸɱɵ ɿ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɵ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɟ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɉɪɵ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ʆ  ɝ ɦɚɝ

ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɭ ɜɨɣɬɚɦ ɫɬɚʆ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɰɚ

ɹɤɿ ɦɟʆ ɫɩɚɝɚɧɹɰɶ ɫɚɛɟ  ɝɪɚɲɨɜɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɪɚʆ  Ȭɧ ɜɵ

ɫɬɭɩɚʆ ɩɚɞ ɧɚɡɨɜɚɦ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɜɨɣɬɚ  ɚɥɟ ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ɹɝɨ ɮɭɧ

ɤɰɵɿ ɜɵɤɨɧɜɚʆ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɵ ɿɦ ɥɹ ɧɬɜɨɣɬ ɹ ɤɿ ɫɩɚɝɚɧɹ ʆ ɫɚɛɟ

 ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɲɬɪɚɮɚʆ

11 5

 ɉɚɞɨɛɧɚ ɹɤ ɭ ɉɨ

ɥɚɰɤɭ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɹɡɚɧɚ ʆ Ⱦɡɿɫɧɟ  ɤɚɥɿ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ

ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆ ɝ ɉɪɵɤɥɚɞ Ⱦɡɿɫɧɵ ɩɚ

ɜɭɱɚɥɶɧɵ ɿ ɬɚɦɭ ɹɲɱɷ ɲɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɝɷɬɚɟ ʆɡɧɿɤɥɚ ɩɚɫɥɹ ʆɡɹɰɰɹ

ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ ʆ ɝ  ȱɜɚɧɚɦ ɀɚɯɥɿɜɵɦ  ɍ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɧɚ ɫɭɬɨɤɭ

Ⱦɡɿ ɫɧɵ ɿ Ⱦɡɜɿɧɵ  ɛɵʆ ɡɛɭɞɚɜ ɚɧɵ  ɡɚɦɚɤɤɪɷɩɚɫɰɶ  ɚ  ɩɪɵ  ɿ ɦ

ɜɵɪɚɫɥɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɹ ɤɨɟ ɡɚɫɹɥɿɥɿ ʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɦɟɪɵ ʆɰɟɤɚɱɵ ɡ ɉɨ

ɥɚɰɤɭ Ɍɚɦɭ ɥɚɤɚɰɵ ɣɧɵ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ Ⱦɡɿɫɧɵ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɪɚɡɨʆ ɫɩɚ

ɫɵ ɥɚʆɫɹ ɧɚ ʆɡɨɪ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ ɍ Ⱦɡɿɫɧɟ ɜ ɨɣɬɚɦ ɛɵʆ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɩɚ

ɫɚɞɵ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɚ  ɹ ɤɿ ɲ ɬɨɝɨɞ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɚʆ ɥɹɧɬɜɨɣɬɚɦ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɡ 

ɤɚɧɞɵɞɚɬɚʆ  ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɵɦ ɫɯɨɞɡɟ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧ

1 16

 Ɍɚɤ

ɫɬɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɵɰɶ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɱɭɸ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵ ɸ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɚ

ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɡ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɞɚɦɿɧɭɸɱɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ

ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɝɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶ ɧɿɤɚ ɦɚɧɚɪɲ ɚɟ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ  ɉɚɞɨɛɧɚɹ

ɿɦɭɧɿɬɷɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɬɪɵɦɚɸɱɵ  ɹɝɨ ʆ ɫɮɟɪɵ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ

ɡɚɣɦɚɥɿ ɩɷʆɧɵɹ  ɩɚɫɚɞɵ ɜ ɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ  ɹ ɤ ɜ ɨɣɬɵ ɿ ɡɞɚɛɵɜɚɥɿ ɡ

ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɵɹ ɞɚɯɨɞɵ  Ɂ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ɝɷɬɵɹ

ɫɚɫɬɭɩɤɿ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɜɚɥɿ  ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɚɪɚʆ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɭɜɨ

ɞɭ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ  ɭ ɱɵɦ ɛɵ ɥɿ ɡɚɰɿ ɤɚʆɥɟɧɵɹ  ɹɤ ɭɥɚ

ɞɚɥɶ ɧɿɤ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ɦɹɫɰɨɜ ɚɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ

ɍ Ɇɟɧɫɤɭ  ɞɡɟ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɧɚɟ ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜɚ ɚɩɵɧɭɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɞɪɭ

ɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ;9, ɫɬ ɭ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɦɚɝɭɬɧɚɝɚ ɪɨɞɭ Ɍ ɵ ɲɤɟɜɿɱɚʆ ɚ

ɩɨɬɵɦ ɐɹɪɥɟɰɤɿɯ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵ ɜɨɣɬ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɚʆ ɥɹɧɬɜɨɣɬɚ  ɩɪɵ 

ɱɵɦ ɩɪɵ ɦɚʆ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɵɿ ɧɚ ɩɪɵɫɭɞɵ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɚɩɨɲɧɹ ɝɚ ɚɠ ɞɚ

 ɝ  ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɱɚɝɨ ɹɧɵ  ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ɿɫɰɿ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚ ʆ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɭɸ

133

ɚɫɷɫɨɪɵɸ  Ⱥɩɪɚɱɚ ɬɚɝɨ  ɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɵ ɫɯɨɞ ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹʆ

ɧɚ ɩɚɫɚɞɵ ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚʆ ɿ ɪɚɞɰɚʆ ɩɚ  ɤɚɧɞɵɞɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧ

ɧɟ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɜɨɣɬɚ

1 17

 ȼɨɫɶ  ɠɚ ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɵ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɵ  ɹɤɿ

ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚʆ ɮɭɧɤɰɵɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɚ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ ɿ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɜɨɣɬɚ

ɛɵɥɿ  ɧɟɦɚɥɵɹ

Ƚɷɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ʆ Ʉ ɪɵ ɱɚɜɟ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ  ɹ ɦɭ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ

ɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɵɥɨ ʆ  ɝ  ɚɝɚɜɨɪɚɧɚ ɲɬɨ ɜɨɣɬɚɦ ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ɤɨɠɧɵ

ɪɚɡ ɪɚɛɿɰɰɚ ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤ

1 18

Ɇɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɿɜɨɣɬ

Ƚɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɹ ʆɥɚɞɵ  ɹ ɤ ɦɵ ɜ ɟɞɚɟɦ ɧɚɫɿɥɿ ɧɚɡɜ ɭ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚ

ɬɚ

11 9

  Ⱦɚ ɿ ɯ ɡɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɵ ɪɚɞɰɵ ɿ ɩɿɫɚɪɵ ɹɤɿɹ ɚɞɵ

ɝɪɵ ɜɚɥɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɜɨɣɬ ɚɛɨ ɥɹ ɧɬɜɨɣɬ ɡɜɵ ɱɚɣɧɚ

ɧɟ ɥɿɱɵʆɫɹ ɱɚɥɶɰɨɦ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɚ  ɛɨ ɺɧ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹ ʆ ɩɚɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ

² ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɚɛɨ ʆɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɚ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɝɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ Ɍɚɦɭ ɿ ɥɚʆɧɿɤɿ

ɹɤɿɹ ɡɚɫɹɞɚɥɿ ʆ ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɤɿɦ ɫɭɞɡɟ ɬɨ ɡɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɬɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɥɿɱ

ɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɞɚ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɚ ɍ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬ ɛɵʆ ɡɚɧɹɬɵ ɪɚɧɟɣ

ɹɲɱɷ ʆ ;9 ɫɬ ɭɩɥɵɜɨɜɵ ɦ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɦ ɩɚɬɪɵɰɵɹɬɚɦ Ʉ ɿɪɚɜɚɧ

ɧɟ ɩɚɬɪɵ ɰɵɹɬɭ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɚɜɚɥɚ ɩɚɩɚʆɧɟɧɧɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ

ɪɚɞɵ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɤɚɚɩɬɚɰɵɿ ɉɚɡɿɰɵ ɸ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɭɥɚɞɚʆ ɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩ

ɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɿ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɥɚ ɧɚɛɿɥɿɬɚɰɵɹ ʆɫɹ ɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚ

ɬɚ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɥɚɜɚɸ ɹ ɤɚɹ ɚɞɛɵɥɚɫɹ  ɧɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɡɟɧɫɤɿɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ  ɝ

ɭ ɩɪɚɞɛɚɱɚɧɧɿ ɛɥɿɡɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ  ɿ ɡɚɛɟɫɩɹɱɷɧɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɧɚɦɭ ɦɟɫɬɭ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɶɧɵ ɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ ɡ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ

ɛɪɚɰɶ ɫɥɨɜ ɚ ɩɚ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹɯ ɹɤɿɹ ɬɵɱɵɥɿ ɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ

12 0

ɍ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ  ɞɡɟ ɩɚɬɪɵ ɰɵɹɬ ɛɵ ʆ ɫɥɚɛɟɣɲɵ  ɩɪɚɞ

ɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ  ɰɷɯɚʆ ɿ ʆɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɿ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɛɪɚɥɿ ʆɞɡɟɥ ɭ ɝɚ

ɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɭɥɚɞɚɯ Ɍɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ  ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ  ɭ Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɿ  ɞɡɟ ɞɚɤɭ

ɦɟɧɬ ɡ ɝ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵ ʆ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚ ɪɚɞɰɚʆ ɿ ɩɿɫɚɪɚ

ɍ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɿ  ɜ ɵ ɫɬɭɩɚɟ  ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚʆ ɿ  ɪɚɞɰɚʆ

ɩɚɞɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɧɚ  ɥɚɜɵ ² ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɭɸ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɭɸ ɚɥɶɛɨ

ɹɤ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɩɿɫɚɥɿ  ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɿ  ɪɭɫɤɭɸ

ɍ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɭ ɩɪɵɜ ɿɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɞ  ɝ

ɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɲɬɨ ɜɨɣɬ ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ©ɚɛɪɚɰɶª  ɪɚɞɰɚʆ  ɩɚ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ

ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɦɟɥɿ ɜɵɛɿɪɚɰɶ ɫɩɚɦɿɠ ɫɹɛɟ

ɲɬɨɝɨɞ  ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚʆ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩɟ ɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɣɧɚɝɚ

ɩɚɪɵ ɬɷɬɭ ɞɥɹ  ɚɠɵɰɰɹ ʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɦɟɫɰɟ ɍ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ

;9, ɫɬ ɤɨɥɶ ɤɚɫɰɶ ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚʆ ɭ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɭ ɜɵɪɚɫɥɚ ɞɚ  ɉɚɡ

ɧɟɣ ɪɚɞɚ ɦɟɥɚ ² ɹɤ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ ² ɩɚɩɚʆɧɹ ɰɰɚ ɲ ɥɹ 

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

134

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɯɚɦ ɤɚɚɩɬɚɰɵ ɿ  ɛɨ ɩɚɫɚɞɚ ɪɚɞɰɵ ɛɵɥɚ ʆ ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩɟ ɩɚɠɵ ɰɰɺ

ɜɚɸ  Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬ ɭ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɭ ɧɟ ɦɟʆ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɣɧɚɟ ɫɚ

ɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɹɤɨɸ ɜ ɚɥɨɞɚʆ ɜ ɨɣɬ  ə ɤ ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚʆ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɚɞ

 ɝ  ©ɬɟɠ ɜɨɣɬ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɶ ɹɨɩɪɢɱ ɛɭɪɦɢɫɬ

ɪɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɰɧɟ ɜɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɚɥɟ ɛɭɪɦ ɢɫɬɟɪ ɢ ɪɚɞɰɵ

ɛɟɡ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɚɛɨ ɛɟɡ ɥɟɧɬɜɨɣɬɚ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɶɹ ɜɞɟɥɚɬɢ ɧɟ

ɦɚɸɬª

12 1

 ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵɹ  ɡɚɫɰɹɪɨɝɿ ɡɦɹɲɱɚɥɿ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ ɞɥɹ ɜ ɨɣɬɚʆ

ɭ Ɇɟɧɫɤɭ  ɿ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɭ 

12 2

ɉɪɵɜɿ ɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ Ɇɟɧɫɤɚ ɚɞ  ɝ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚʆ ɲ ɬɨ ʆ ɦɟɫɰɟ

ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵ ɰɶ   ɪɚɞɰɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɜɨɣɬɚɦ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɜɵɛɿ

ɪɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨɝɨɞ  ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚʆ  ɤɚɛ ɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɰɶ  ɦɟɫɬɚɦ

12 3

 ɍɞɡɟɥ

ɜɨɣɬɚ ʆ ɜɵɛɚɪɵ ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚʆ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚʆ ɹɝɨ ɡɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɚɫɨɛɵ

ɤɚɧɞɵɞɚɬɚʆ ɍ Ȼ ɟɥɶɫɤɭ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹʆ ɚɞ  ɿ  ɝɝ

ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɚɠɵɰɰɹʆɥɹ ʆ ɜɨɣɬ ɡ  ɪɚɞɰɚɦɿ ɫɩɚɦɿɠ ɹɤɿɯ

ɬɪɨɯ ɜɵɛɿɪɚʆ ɺɧ ɫɚɦ ɚ ɞɜɭɯ ² ɛɟɥɶ ɫɤɿɹ  ɦɹɲɱɚɧɟ ȼɨɣɬ ɹ ɤ

ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿ ɤ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɚɞɦɿɧɿ ɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ ɧɹ ɪɚɡ ɡɚɰɜ ɹ ɪɞɠɚʆ

ɜɵɛɚɪ ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚʆ  ɡɞɡɟɣɫɧɟɧɵ  ɪɚɞɰɚɦɿ ɡ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɥɿɤɭ  Ɍɚɤ

ɩɚɫɬɚɧɚʆɥɹ ɥɿ  ʆ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɫɰɿ  ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ ɞɥɹ Ⱦɡɿɫɧɵ ɚɞ  ɝ  ɿ

ɞɥɹ ɉɿɧɫɤɚ ɚɞ  ɝ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɥɚ ɿ ɡ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɿ  ɹɤɚɹ  ɜɹɥɚɫɹ

ʆ Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵ ;9, ɫɬ  ɒɵ ɪɨɤɿɹ ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɵ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɭ

ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ʆɜ ɚɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɭɩɥɵ ʆ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɚɪ ɭɫɿɯ ɚɫɨɛɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɰɶ

ɞɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɭɥɚɞɚʆ  ɛɵ ɥɿ  ɚɝɚɜ ɨɪɚɧɵ  ʆ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ ɚɞ  ɝ

ɞɥɹ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺɜɚ ɞɡɟ ɦɹ ɲɱɚɧɟ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɚɛɪɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɪ

ɦɿɫɬɪɚʆ  ɪɚɞɰɚʆ ɿ ɥɚʆɧɿɤɚʆ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɰɶ  ɿɯ ɧɚ ɡɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɷɧ

ɧɟ ɜɨɣɬɭ ɇɟɡɚɞɚɜɨɥɟɧɵɹ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɦ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɭɥɚɞ  ɦɚɝɿ

ɥɺʆɫɤɿ ɹ ɦɹ ɲɱɚɧɟ ɧɟʆɡɚɛɚɜ ɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɿɥɿ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɿɯ ɿ ɞɚɦɚɝɥɿɫɹ

ʆ  ɝ ɩɚɝɚɞɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɸ ɥɚ

ɜɚɸ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵ ɥɨ ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɰɶ  ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɰɬɜ ɚ ɩɚɫɩɨɥɶ ɫɬɜ ɚ

ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɚɟ ɡ  ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ  ɹ ɤɨɦɭ ɛɵɥɿ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɹ  ɩɪɚɜɵ ɧɚɝɥɹ

ɞɭ ɡɚ ʆɫɿɦɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ ɦɿ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɿ  Ʉɚɛ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɵɰɶ ɹ ɝɨ ʆɩɥɵʆ

ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɭɥɚɞ  ɹɤɿɹ ɚɛɿɪɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɧɚ  ɝɚɞɨʆ ɫɚ ɲ ɬɨɝɚ

ɞɨɜɚɸ ɡɦɟɧɚɣ ɧɚ ɩɚɫɚɞɚɯ  ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚʆ ɪɚɣɰɚʆ ɿ  ɥɚʆɧɿɤɚʆ

ɭ  ɝ  ɛɵ ɥɨ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨʆɥɟɧɚ  ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɩɚɫɩɨɥɶ 

ɫɬɜɚ ɡ  ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɛɭɞɡɟ ʆɞɡɟɥɶ ɧɿɱɚɰɶ ɹɤ ɫɤɨɧɱɵɰɰɚ ɝɚɞɨ

ɜɚɹ  ɤɚɞɷɧɰɵ ɹ  ɭ ɜ ɵɛɚɪɚɯ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɭɥɚɞɚʆ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɣ ɪɚ

ɞɚɸ ɿ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɜɵɛɿɪɚɰɶ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɥɸɱɧɿɤɚʆ  ɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɚɫɬɚɬɧɿɯ ɛɭɞɡɟ

ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɱɚɰɶ  ɪɚɞɚ Ɂɚ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɩɚɫɩɨɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɚɤ

ɫɚɦɚ ɩɚɤɿɧɭɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɜɵɞɚɬɤɚɦɿ ɿ ʆɞɡɟɥɭ ʆ ɩɪɵ 

ɧɹɰɰɿ ɪɷɡɚɥɸɰɵɹ ʆ ɩɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ ɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ  ɉɚɫɩɨɥɶ ɫɬɜɚ Ɇɚɝɿ

ɥɺɜɚ ɹɤɨɟ ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɪɵ ɩɚɞɡɟɥ ɧɚ ɫɨɬɧɿ ɡ ɫɨɬɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɿ ɞɡɟ

135

ɫɹɬɤɿ  ɡ ɞɡɟɫɹ ɬɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ  ɯɜɚɥɹ ɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɹɲɱɷ ɧɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ

;9,, ɫɬ  ɿ  ɞɚɫɹ ɝɚɥɚ ɲ ɥɹɯɚɦ ɩɚɝɚɞɧɟɧɧɹʆ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ

ɫɜɚɿɯ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ʆ  ɭ ɩɪɵ ɜɚɬɧɚɫɰɿ  ɭɜ ɹɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɝɚ

ɪɚɞɧɚɥɚʆɧɿɱɚɝɚ ɫɭɞɚ ʆ  ɝ

ɉɪɵɡɧɚɧɚɟ ɡɚ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɦ ɭ  ɝ  ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɲɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɦɟɰɶ  ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚʆ  ɪɚɞɰɚʆ ɿ 

ɥɚʆɧɿɤɚʆ əɤ ɜ ɿɞɚɰɶ  ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ  ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɭɥɚɞ ɪɨɡɧɿ ɥɚɫɹ ʆ

ɞɷɬɚɥɹɯ ɭ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɚɞ ɜɟɥɿɱɵɧɿ ɦɟɫɬɚ  ɹɝɨ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɤɚɧɮɟ

ɫɿɣɧɚɝɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɦ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺɜɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɿ ɤɿ  ɧɟ ɦɟɥɿ

ɝɚɪɚɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɟ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ɦɟɫɰɚʆ ɭ ɪɚɞɡɟ  ɪɚɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿ ɯ

ɫɿɥ  əɧɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶ ɧɚɸ ɿ ɡɚɡɧɚɜ ɚɥɚ ɡɦɟɧɵ Ⱥɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ

ʆɥɚɞɚʆ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɫɤɥɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ  ɝ ɩɪɚɡ ɩɚʆɬɚɪɚ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɩɚ

ɫɥɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺɜ ɚ ² ɭ

 ɝ  ɤɚɥɿ ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜɚ ɚɞɵ ɲɥɨ ɞɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɝ  ɡɧ  ɹ ɤɪɚɡ ɩɪɚɡ

 ɝɚɞɨʆ ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɲɚɝɚ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɸ  ɹ ɤɿ ʆɫɬɚɥɺʆ

ɜɚʆ ɭ ɝɷɬɵ ɦ ɦɟɫɰɟ ɩɚɫɚɞɭ ɜɨɣɬɚ

Ⱥɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɿ ʆ ɫɩɨɫɚɛɟ ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ  ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɚɯ ɿ ɫɬɚ

ɧɨɜɿɲɱɵ ɜ ɨɣɬɚ ʆ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɥɿ ʆ ɥɿɬɚɪɚ

ɬɭɪɵ  ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɥɿɜ ɵɹ  ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɪɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɩɚɫɚɞɵ 

Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ȼ  Ⱦɪɭɠɱɵɰɚɦ  ɜ ɨɣɬ ɛɵʆ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿɤɚɦ

ɩɪɚ ɲ ɬɨ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ ɹɝɨ ʆɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɟ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɤɿ  ɿ ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɵ

Ȭɧ ɧɟ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɚ ɿ  ɧɟ ɛɵʆ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵ ʆ

ɪɚɡɜ ɿɰɰɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɭɜɚɫɨɛɥɟɧɚɝɚ ʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ

ɪɚɞɡɟ ɡ ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚɦ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ  ɍ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ  ɞɚ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɪɚɞɵ ²

ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ Ⱦɪɭɠɱɵɰ ² ɺɧ ɛɵʆ ɫɬɚɪɨɧɧɿɦ ɱɵɧɧɿ ɤɚɦ Ɍɚɦɭ

ɦɟɫɬɵ  ɹɤɿɹ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ  ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɰɶ ɫɜɚɸ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɶ  ɫɬɚɪɚ

ɥɿɫɹ ɜɵɤɭɩɿɰɶ ɩɚɫɚɞɭ ɜɨɣɬɚ  ɤɚɛ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɵɰɶ ɤɚɧɰɷɧɬɪɚɰɵɸ

ʆɫɹ ɟ ʆɥɚɞɵ ʆ ɫɜ ɚɿ ɯ ɪɭɤɚɯ

1 24

 ȱɧɚɤɲ ɛɚɱɵ ɰɶ ɝɷɬɭɸ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɭ

Ɂ Ʉɚɩɵɫɤɿ  ɧɚ ɱɵɸ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɩɚɫɚɞɚ ɜ ɨɣɬɚ ɚ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɹɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɫɭɞɞɡɟ  ɛɵɥɿ ² ɹɲɱɷ ɞɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɿ ² ɡɚɪɨɞɤɚɦ ɫɚ

ɦɚɤɿ ɪɚʆɧɿ ɱɚɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɟ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ Ȭɧ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɟ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɹ ɤ ɷɥɟ

ɦɟɧɬ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɡ ɹɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚʆ  ɉɪɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɜ ɨɣɬɚ

ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɿ  © ɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ʆɫɿɯ

ɨɪɝɚɧɚʆ ɭɥɚɞɵ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɵɯ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɦª 

ɇɟɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɚ ɩɚɫɚɞɚ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɿ ɹɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɭɞɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɜ ɹɡɚ

ɧɵ ɹ ɡ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚɦ ɚɞɚɫɚɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɚɞ ɡɹ ɦɥɿ ɚɥɟ ɦɵ ʆɜɚɠɚɟɦ

ɲɬɨ ɰɹɠɤɚ ʆ ɿɦ ɛɚɱɵ ɰɶ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɱɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɫɚɦɚ

ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɭ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɹɤɨɝɚ ² ɹ ɤ ɦɵ ɡɚɪɚɡ ɩɚɛɚɱɵɦ ²

ɺɧ ɚɠɵɰɰɹʆɥɹʆ ɫɚɦ ɰɿ  ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿ ɤɚɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɶ ɧɿɰɤ ɿ ɤɚɧ

ɬɪɨɥɶ

12 5

  Ʌɶ ɝɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɛ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɜɨɣɬ ɛɵʆ ɚɞɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɣ ɝɚ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

136

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɫɚɞɚɸ  ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɚ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚ

ɪɭ  ɹɤɚɹ ɚɠɵɰɰɹ ʆɥɹɥɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶ ɧɿɰɤɿɹ ɿ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɵɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɵ ɿ

ɧɚɞ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɦ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɧɟɦ ɚɞ ɿɦɹ ɿ  ʆ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɯ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ

ɚɥɶɛɨ ɫɹɛɟ ɫɚɦɨɝɚ Ƚɚɪɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ ʆ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɟɰɤɚɣ ɞɡɹ ɪ

ɠɚɜɟ ɦɭɫɿɥɚ ɫɩɚɪɚɞɡɿɰɶ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɬɚɤɨɝɚ ɤɲɬɚɥɬɭ  ɭ ɹɤɿɯ ɚɞɥɸ

ɫɬɪɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɵɹ ʆ ɤɪɚɿɧɟ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ əɧɵ  ɭ

ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɿ ʆ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ ɩɟɪɵ ɹɞɵ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ ɭɩɥɵɜɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɞɚ

ɥɺɤɚɫɹ ɠɧɭɸ ɞɵɮɟɪɷɧɰɵɹ ɰɵɸ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɚʆ ɹ ɤ ɝɚ

ɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɪɚɞɚʆ ɬɚɤ ɿ  ɜ ɨɣɬɚʆ

 ɘɪɵɞɵɤɚ

əɤ ɿʆ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ ɭ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɲɦɚɬ

ɥɿɤɿɹ  ɸɪɵɞɵɤɿ  ɍ ɲɦɚɬɹ ɤɿɯ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɿɯ

ɚɞɦɟɬɧɚɣ ɪɵ ɫɚɸ ɛɵɥɨ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɚɞ ɫɚɦɚɝɚ ʆɜ ɨɞɭ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝ

ɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ

12 6

  ȼ ɨɫɶ ɠɚ ɭ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɧɿɤɨɥɿ ɧɟ ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɥɚ

ɚɞɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɫɭɞɚ ɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ ɚ ɧɨɜɵɹ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɿ

ɚɞ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɭɫɿɥɿ ɡɦɚɝɚɰɰɚ ɡ ɫɭɩɹ ɪɷɱɧɵɦɿ

ɿɦ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɦɿ  ɝɨɪɚɞɚ  ɞɡɟ ɦɟʆ ɫɹ ɥɿ ɛɭ ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɡɜɚɧɵ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɰɚɦ  ɚɥɶɛɨ ɤɚɫɰɺɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚʆ ɍ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɿ ɝ

ɹɤɿ ɞɚɩɚʆɧɹʆ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ ɚɞ  ɝ  Ⱥɥɹɤ

ɫɚɧɞɪ ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚʆ  ɲ ɬɨ ©ɟɫɦ ɨ ɞɚɥɢ ɦɟɲɱɚɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɰɤɢɦ ɩɭɬ

ɧɵɦ ɥɸɞɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɟ ɪɟɱɟɧɨɟ ɦɚɣɛɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɜɵɧɹɥɢ ɢɯ

ɫɩɨɞ  ɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨª

12 7

ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ ɭɫɟɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɹɤɨɟ ɧɚɡɵɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ  ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɦ

ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɚ ɫɿɥɭ ʆ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ʆɫɿɯ ɤɚɝɨ ɧɟ ɚɯɚɩɿʆ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ

ɚɛ ɭɜɹ ɞɡɟɧɧɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ  Ɂɚ ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚɧɧɟ ɝɷɬɵ ɦ

ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɩɚɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɯ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɹ  ɜ ɹɥɚ ɰɹɠɤɿ ɹ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɿ

ɛɨ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ  ɠɵɯɚɪɵ ©ɩɨɞɞɚɥɢɫɹ  ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɫɭɞ ɚɛɨ

ɡɚ ɜɥɚɞɵɤɭ ɢ ɡɚ ɛɨɹɪ  ɢ ɡɚ ɢɝɭɦɟɧɶɸ ɢ ɡɚ ɢɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɨɬɨɪɵɯ

ɡɚɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɹ ɧɟ ɯɨɬɟɱɵ ɜ « ɩɪɚɜɟ ɦ ɚɣɬɛɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɛɵɬɢª ɋɚ

ɦɚɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɱɵ ɦ ɭɥɚɞɚɦ ɦɟɫɬɚ  ʆɞɚɥɨɫɹ  ɡɧɚɣɫɰɿ ɩɚɞɬɪɵ ɦɤɭ ²

ɯɨɰɶ ɧɟ ɛɟɡ ɜɚɝɚɧɧɹʆ ² ɭ Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ  ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɭ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ

, ɹ ɤɿɹ ʆ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹɯ ɚɞ  ɿ  ɝ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɥɿ ʆɫɺ ɝɚɪɚɞ

ɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ  ɡɚ ɜɵ ɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ  ɿ  ɞɭɯɚɜ ɟɧɫɬɜɚ

ɫɭɞɨɜ ɚɦɭ ɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɚɦɭ ɚʆɬɚɪɵ ɬɷɬɭ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɭɥɚɞɚʆ

Ƚɷɬɚ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɧɟ ɫɩɵɧɿɥɚ ɫɩɪɷɱɚɤ ɉɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɸ  ɝ

ɧɟ ɜɵɤɨɧɜ ɚɥɿɫɹ  ɍ  ɝ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɩɿɫɚʆ ɜ ɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɦɭ ɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɭ

ɉɹɬɪɭ Ʉ ɿ ɲɤɭ  ɩɚɩɪɚɤɚɸɱɵ ɹɝɨ ʆ ɩɚɞɬɪɵ ɦɰɵ «Z \áDP\ZDQLD

VLĊª ɡɩɚɞ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ  ɇɚɪɷɲ ɰɟ ɭ  ɝ ɦɚɧɚɪɯ ɚɞ

137

ɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɣ ɭɫɬɚɜɚɣ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɚɜɿʆ ɲɬɨ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɟ ɿ ɥɸɞɡɿ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɚɟ

ɜɨɥɚɫɰɿ ɹɤɿ ɹ ɠɵɜɭɰɶ  ɭ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɯ ɚɛɨ ɛɚɹɪɫɤɿɯ ɸɪɵɞɵɤɚɯ

ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɩɥɚɰɿɰɶ ɬɚɦɭ ɱɵɹ  ɡɹ ɦɥɹ ©ɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɞɟ ɦɚɸɬ ɛɵɬɶ

ɩɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɟɦ ɦ ɚɣɛɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɩɨɞ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜɨɦ ɝɞɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɯ

ɜɨɥɹª  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɱɭɠɵɯ ɩɪɵɯɚɞɧɹ ʆ  ɹɤɿɹ ɚɫɹ ɥɹɸɰɰɚ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨ

ɪɵɿ ɸɪɵɞɵɤ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɫɭɞɡɿɰɶ ɩɚɧɵ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɸɪɵɞɵɤ

128

  ȼ Ⱦɪɭɠ

ɱɵɰ ɚɰɷɧɶɜɚʆ ɭɫɬɚɜɭ  ɝ ɹɤ ɤɪɨɤ ɧɚɡɚɞ  ɹ ɤɿ  ɫɜɟɞɱɵʆ ɚɛ

ɡɚɰɹɬɵɯ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɹ ɯ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɵɦɿ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɦɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɿ

ɡ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ ɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿ ɯ ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿɤɚʆ ɿ ʆɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɸɪɵ

ɞɵɤ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ

Ɇɚɧɚɪɯ ɿɦɤɧɭʆɫɹ ɞɚ ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹʆ ɍ ɉɨɥɚɰ

ɤɭ ɹ ɧɵ  ɡɧɚɣɲɥɿ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɭ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɱɵɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɚɫɚɞɵ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɪɚ

ɡɚɦɡ ɹ ɝɨ ɞɚɯɨɞɚɦɿ ɍ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɚɣ ɪɷɜɿɡɿɿ  ɝ  ɱɵ ɬɚɟɦ  ©Ɍɵ ɟ

ɜɫɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɜɨɣɬɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɧ ɜɨɟɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɛɟɪɟɬ ɛɨ ɟɫɬ

ɜɨɣɬɨɦ ª

12 9

 ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ʆɫɺ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿ ɰɬɜ ɚ  ɹɤɨɟ ɦɟɥɚ ɚɫɟɥɿɲɱɚ ʆ

ɦɟɫɰɟ ɭ ɬɵ ɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ ɡɚɦɤɭ  ɤɚɫɰɺɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɚʆ ɿ

ɛɚɹɪ  ² ɭɫɹ ɝɨ  ɞɜɚɪɨʆ  ² ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɚ ɸɪɵɫ

ɞɵɤɰɵ ɿ ɝɨɪɚɞɚ Ⱥɥɟ ɩɚɫɥɹ   ɝ  ɟɡɭɿɰɤɚɹ ɸɪɵ ɞɵɤɚ ɡɚɩɚɱɚɬ

ɤɚɜɚɥɚ ʆ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɧɨɜ ɵɯ ɸɪɵ ɞɵɤ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɩɚɞɪɵ ɜɚɥɿ

ɱɚɫɨɜ ɭɸ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɭɸ ɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɭɸ ɟɞɧɚɫɰɶ ɦɟɫɬɚ

1 30

ȱɧɚɤɲ ɛɵɥɨ ʆ ȼ ɿɥɶɧɿ  ɞɡɟ ɚɞ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɞɡɜɟ ɛɭɣ

ɧɵ ɹ ɸɪɵɞɵɤɿ ɡɚɦɤɚɜɚɹ ɭ ɹɤɨɣ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿ ɰɬɜ ɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɞ

ɩɪɵɫɭɞɚɦ ɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɩɚɞɜɚɹɜɨɞɵɹ ɿ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɫɤɚɹ

ɞɡɟ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɭɞɞɡɟ ɱɵɧɿʆ ɚɮɿɰɵ ɹɥ

13 1

  ɇɚ ɫɯɿɥɟ;9, ɫɬ  ɩɨɛɚɱ ɡ

ɛɿɫɤɭɩɫɤɚɣ ɸɪɵɞɵɤɚɣ ɜ ɵɫɬɭɩɚɟ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɹ ɸɪɵɞɵɤɚ ɜ ɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɟ

ɤɚɩɿ ɬɭɥɵ

1 32

 ȱɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɸɪɵ ɞɵɤɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɦɿɬɪɚ

ɩɚɥɿɬɚ

1 33

 Ⱥɩɪɚɱɚ ɬɚɝɨ  ɭɯɜɚɥɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɨɣɦɭ  ɝ.

ɫɬɜɚɪɵ ɥɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜ ɭ ɞɥɹ  ɩɚɧɫɤɿɯ ɸɪɵɞɵɤ  ɩɟɪɚɞɚɸɱɵ ɩɚɧɚɦ

ɪɚɞɡɟ ² ɭɥɚɞɚɥɶ ɧɿɤɚɦ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɦɟɫɰɟ ² ɫɭɞ ɧɚɞ ɿɯ

©ɩɚɞɜɨɪɧɿɤɚɦɿª ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɚɛ ɡɚɛɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɿ ɪɚɧɟɧɧɹɯ

13 4

ȱɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɡɚɦɤɚɜɵɹ ɿ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɵ ɹ ɸɪɵɞɵɤɿ ʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɯ

ɦɟɫɬɚɯ  ɬɚɤɿɯ ɹɤ Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɟ Ɇɟɧɫɤ  Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤ ɰɿ Ƚɨɪɚɞ

ɧɹ  ɍ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɚɩɨɲ ɧɹɣ ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɥɚ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚɹ ɡɚɦɤɚɜɚɹ  ɸɪɵɞɵɤɚ

ɬ  ɡɜ ɡɚɦɤɚɜɚɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɚ ɞɪɭɝɿɦ ɛɚɤɭ ɇɺɦɚɧɚ  ɉɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ɪɷɜɿɡɿɿ

 ɝ ɩɚɞ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɹɣ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ  ɩɥɹ 

ɰɚʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ  ɭɥɚɞɚɥɶ ɧɿɤɚɦ ɝɷɬɭɥɶɤɿ ɠ ɛɵɥɨ ʆ ɸɪɵ

ɞɵɤɚɯ ² ɡɚɦɤɚɜɚɣ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɚɜ ɚɣ ɩɥɹɛɚɧɚ ɿ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ

Ⱦɭɯɨʆɧɵɹ ɸɪɵɞɵɤɿ ɧɹɪɚɡ ɞɚɫɹɝɚɥɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɦɟɪɚʆ  ɍ

ɉɿɧɫɤɭ ʆ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ ;9, ɫɬ  ɫɟɦ¶ ɹʆ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ

ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ ɦɹɫɰɨɜ ɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɝɚ ʆɥɚɞɵɤɿ  ɚ ʆ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ

ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɸɪɵɞɵɤɚɭɧɿɹɰɤɚɝɚ ɚɪɰɵɛɿɫɤɭɩɚ ʆ ȼɿɰɟɛ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

138

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɫɤɭ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚ  ɫɟɦ¶ɹ ʆ ɍ Ɇɟɧɫɤɭ ɡ  ɝ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɹ

ɸɪɵɞɵɤɚ ɷɜɚɧɝɟɥɿ ɱɧɚɟ ɝɦɿɧɵ

13 5

ɍ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɿ ɞɚɦɵ ɿ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ  ɧɚ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɜ ɚ

ɥɚɫɹ ʆɥɚɞɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚʆ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ  per analogiam >ɩɚ

ɜɨɞɥɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɿ @ ɹɤ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɚɹ  ɸɪɵ ɞɵɤɚ Ɂɚɫɬɚɸɱɵɫɹ  ʆ ɧɟɩɚɫ

ɪɷɞɧɵ ɦ ɤɚɧɬɚɤɰɟ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɫɚɛɨɣ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɹ  ʆɥɚɞɵ ɿ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɫɬɜɚ

ɸɪɵɞɵɤ ɦɭɫɿɥɿ ɪɷɝɭɥɹɜɚɰɶ  ɭɡɚɟɦɧɵɹ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɿ  ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɤɚɥɿ

ɛɚɤɿ  ɲɬɨ ɡɜɹɪɬɚɥɿɫɹ  ʆ ɫɭɞ ɩɚɞɥɹɝɚɥɿ ɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɹ ɦ

Ɂ Ʉ ɚɩɵɫɤɿ ɩɪɵ ɜɨɞɡɿɰɶ  ɫɭɞɨɜɵɹ  ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɛɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɿɦɿ

ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɦɿ ɿ ɠɵ ɯɚɪɚɦɿ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɫɤɚɣ ɿ ɡɚɦɤɚɜ ɚɣ ɸɪɵɞɵɤ  ɍ ɚɞ

ɧɨɣ  ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɚɣ  ɡɚɦɤɚɜ ɚɹ  ɛɿɫɤɭɩɫɤɚɹ  ɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɚɹ

ɸɪɵ ɫɞɵɤɰɵ ɿ ɫɬɜɚɪɵ ɥɿ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɚɥɟɝɿɸ  ɹɤɚɹ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚɥɚ

ɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɸɪɵɞɵ ɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɚʆ ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ

ɝɚ

136

Ɂɦɚɝɚɸɱɵɫɹ  ɡ ©ɜɵɥɨɦɥɿɜɚɧɧɟɦª ɠɵ ɯɚɪɨʆ ɸɪɵɞɵɤ ɡɩɚɞ

ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ ɯ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɵ ɚɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɥɿ ɚɞ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚʆ ɧɚ

ɤɚɡɵ ɤɚɛ ɥɸɞɡɿ ɹɤɿɹ  ɦɚɸɰɶ ɚɫɟɥɿɲɱɚ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɯ ɰɿ  ʆ ɞɚɦɚɯ

ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɿ ɞɭɯɚɜɟɧɫɬɜ ɚ  ɩɥɚɰɿɥɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɹ  ɩɚɞɚɬɤɿ ɿ ɫɩɚʆɧɹɥɿ

ɚɛɚɜ ɹɡɤɿ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɥɹ ɠɚɰɶ ɧɚ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɯ  ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ ɬɚɝɨ ɱɵɺɣ

ɸɪɵ ɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ ɩɚɞɥɹɝɚɸɰɶ  ɑɚɫɚɦ ɧɚɜɚɬ ² ɤɚɥɿ ɿɲɥɚ ɝɚɜɨɪɤɚ

ɩɪɚ ɞɪɨɛɧɵɹ ɸɪɵɞɵɤɿ ² ɭɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɿ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ ɿɯ ɧɿ ɲɱɵɥɿ

13 7

ɍɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɿ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɧɟ ɞɚɩɭɫɤɚɥɿ ʆɡɧɿ ɤɧɟɧɧɹ  ʆ ɿɯ

ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɿɯ ɸɪɵɞɵ ɤ  ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɩɪɨɰɿɫɬɚɹ ɰɶ ɭɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɸ

ɸɪɵɞɵɤ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɯ  ɹɤɿɹ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ʆ ɋɥɭɰɤɭ  Ɍ ɭɪɚɜɟ Ʉ ɥɟɰɤɭ

ɇɹɫɜɿɠɵ  Ⱦɪɭɿ ɿ ɒɤɥɨɜɟ

13 8

 ɉɪɨɰɿɞɡɟɸɱɵ ʆɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ

ɸɪɵɞɵɤ  ɦɟɫɬɵ ʆɜɨɞɡɿɥɿ ² ɹɤ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆ ² ɡɚɛɚɪɨɧɭ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ

ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɦɿ ɞɚɦɨʆ ɿ ɩɥɹɰɚʆ ɲɥɹɯɰɟ ɿ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɦ Ȼɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ ɬɨɟ

ɦɟɫɬɚ ɿ  ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɥɹ ɥɿ  ɹ ɲɱɷ ʆ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ;9,, ɫɬ 

ɞɜɚɪɵ  ɿ ɞɚɦɵ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɿ  ɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɯ ɭ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ  ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɜɚɸɱɵ

ɫɮɟɪɭ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ʆɩɥɵ ɜ ɭ  Ƚɷɬɚɹ  ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɦɚɝɿ ɥɺʆɫɤɿɯ ɦɹɲɱɚɧ

ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɥɚ ɫɤɚɪɝɭ ɡɚɦɤɚɜɚɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ ɞɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ Ⱥɥɟ

ɫɭɞ ɦɚɧɚɪɲɵɯ ɤɚɦɿɫɚɪɚʆ ɩɪɵɫɭɞɡɿʆ: ©%DF]ąF ĪH SUDZR SRVSROLWH

OXG]LRP VWDQX V]ODFKHFNL HJR ZROQ\ V]DIXQHN GyEU L PDMĊWQRĞFL

VZ\FK GDáR XZDĪDMąF SU]\ W\P SU]\ZLOHM -.0FL URNX NWyU\P

XU]ĊGRZL L PLHV]F]DQRP SUDZD PDJGHEXUVNLHJR QDE\ZDüGyEU X

VWDQX V]ODFKHFNLHJR L GXFKRZQHJR L X LQQ\FK RVyE SR]ZDODü UDF]\

>]D@ VáXV]QH NXSQD X]QDP\» >© Ȼɚɱɚɱɵ  ɲɬɨ ɩɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɞɚɥɨ ɥɸɞɡɹɦ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɜ ɨɥɶɧɚɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɪɚɞɠɷɧɧɟ ɫɜɚɿɦ

ɞɚɛɪɨɦ ɿ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɰɸ ɭɥɿ ɱɜɚɸɱɵ ɩɪɵ ɬɵɦ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣə>ɝɨ@ Ʉ>ɚ

ɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɚɟ@ Ɇ>ɿ ɥɚɫɰɿ@  ɝɨɞɚ ɹ ɤɿɦ >ɤɚɪɨɥɶ @ ɪɨɛɿɰɶ ɥɚɫɤɭ

ɞɚɡɜɨɥɿɰɶ ɭɪɚɞɭ ɿ  ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧɚɦ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɛɵɜɚɰɶ

139

ɭɥɚɞɚɧɧɿ ʆ ɲɥɹ ɯɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɿ ʆ ɿ ɧɲɵɯ ɚɫɨɛ

ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɟɦ ɤɭɩɥɿ >ɡɚ@ ɫɥɭɲɧɵɹª @

13 9

ɿɧɲ ɵ ɯ  ɚɩɪɨɱ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɟ  ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɹʆ  ɛɵ ʆ ɭɜ ɟɞɡɟɧɵ

ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɹɤɨɝɚ ʆɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɚɫɰɿ

ɠɚɞɚɸɱɵ ɩɟɪɚɣɫɰɿ ɩɚɞ ɿɧɲɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɦɭɫɿʆ ɩɪɚɞɚɰɶ ɹɟ ɜɿɥɟɧ

ɫɤɚɦɭ ɦɟɲ ɱɚɧɿɧɭ ɭ ɚɞɜɚɪɨɬɧɵɦ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɫɬɪɚɱɜɚʆ ɹɟ ɧɚ

ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ  ɦɟɫɬɚ

ɋɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞɭ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧ ɩɚɞ ɩɪɵ ɜɚɬɧɭɸ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɸ

ɦɟɥɚ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ,,, ɭ ɥɿɫɰɟ ɞɚ ɪɷɜɿɡɨɪɚʆ ɚɞ

ɲɨɦ Ɇɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɫɟ ɧɟɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɞɟɟɬ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɧɵɟ

ɧɚɲɢ ɦɟɲɱɚɧɟ ɦɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɭɥɟɝɚɸɱɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞ

ɦɨɰ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɲɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɧɹɡɟɣ ɩɚɧɨɜ  ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɡ ɞɨ

ɦɚɦɢ ɩɥɹɰɚɦɢ >ɢ@ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɦɢ ɧɚɲɢɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹª

14 0

Ɂɦɚɝɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ  ɝɷɬɚɝɚ Ɇɟɧɫɤ ² ɫɚ ɡɝɨɞɵ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ ²

ɭɫɬɚɥɹɜɚʆ ɭ  ɝ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞ ɩɚɞ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɭɸ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɸ

ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧɧɟ ɤɚɧɮɿɫɤɚɰɵ ɹɣ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɰɿ  ɿ  ɜ ɵ ɝɧɚɧɧɟɦ ɡ ɦɟɫɬɚ

1 41

Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜ ɚ ɧɚɡɿ ɪɚɥɿ ɫɹ  ɩɪɚɰɷɫɵ ɷɦɚɧɫɿɩɚɰɵɿ ɩɚɞɞɚɧɵɯ

ɦɹɲɱɚɧ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɩɚɞɥɹɝɚɥɿ ɡɚɦɤɚɜɚɣ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵ ɿ  Ƚ ɷɬɚ ɞɷɦɚɧ

ɫɬɪɭɟ ɚɪɞɵɧɚɰɵɹ ɪɚɞɡɿɜɿɥɚʆɫɤɚɟ Ʌɸɛɱɵ  ɝ  ɹɤɚɹ  ɩɚɫɬɚ

ɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɚɜɟɞɚɦɿɰɶ ɩɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɡɚɦɤɭ  ɜɵɤɭɩɿɰɰɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɸ ɿ

ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ ɩɪɵɫɹɝɭ ɦɟɫɬɭª

14 2

 əɤ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɡ ɩɪɵɜɟɞɡɟɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɷɣ

ɡɚɩɿɫɚʆ ɭ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɯ  ɡɚɦɤɚɜ ɵ ɩɪɵ ɫɭɞ ɧɟ ɚɛɦɹ ɠɨʆɜɚʆɫɹ  ɩɷʆ

ɧɚɸ ɬɷɪɵ ɬɨɪɵɹɣ  ɚɥɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɵɹ ɧɚɜɚʆ ɧɚɪɨʆɧɿ ɡ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ

ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɹɣ ɹɤ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɵ ɩɚɞɞɚɧɵɦ ɹɦɭ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɦ ɧɚ ʆɫɿɦ

ɚɛɲɚɪɵ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ Ɍɪɷɛɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɩɚɧɹ ɰɰɟ ɸɪɵɞɵɤɿ

ɹ ɤ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ ɧɚ ɚɛɲɚɪɵ ɲ ɵɪɷɣɲɵɦ ɱɵɦ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɚɹ

ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹ  ɹɤɚɹ  ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɩɚɧɭ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɟ ɿ ɝ ɞ 

ɛɵɥɨ ɚɞɦɟɬɧɚɸ ɪɵɫɚɣ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ əɧɚ ɡɦɚɝɥɚ ʆɡɧɿɤɧɭɰɶ

ɿ ɡɚɦɚɰɚɜɚɰɰɚ ɞɡɹ ɤɭɸɱɵ ɬɚɦɭ ɲɬɨ ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɝɞɷ

ɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɹ ɤ ɦɵ ɜɟɞɚɟɦ ɧɚ ɚɛɲɚɪ ɭɠɨ ɿɫɧɭ

ɸɱɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɞɡɟ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɸɪɵ ɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ ɡɚɦ

ɤɚɜɚɹ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɹ  ɩɪɵɜ ɚɬɧɵɹ ɿ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ʆ ɫɬɚɧɟ ɿɯ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚ

ɜɚɰɶ   Ɍɚɦɭ ɠɵ ɯɚɪɵ ɦɟɫɬɚ ² ɦɹɲɱɚɧɟ ² ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɩɚɞ

ɩɪɵɫɭɞɚɦ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɭɥɚɞɚʆ ɱɵɟ ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɵ ɧɟ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵ ɥɿ

ɬɷɪɵ ɬɚɪɵɹɥɶ ɧɚ ɚɛɦɹ ɠɨʆɜ ɚɰɰɚ ɚɛɲɚɪɚɦ ɸɪɵɞɵɤɿ ɚɥɟ ɦɟɥɿ

ɪɷɱɚɜɚɚɫɚɛɨɜ ɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚɸɱɵ ɞɚɦɵ ɡ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɦɿ ɚɫɨ

ɛɚʆ  ɹɤɿɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɜ ɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɩɚɞ ɩɪɵɫɭɞɚɦ ɿɧɲ ɵɯ ɧɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɭɥɚ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

140

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɞɚʆ  Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ² ɬɭɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɥɟɞɡɶɜɟ ɩɚɡɧɚɱɚɧɚɹ  ² ɩɚɬɪɚ

ɛɭɟ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɵɯ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɚʆ

ɇɟ ɩɭɫɤɚɸɱɵɫɹ ʆ ɚɰɷɧɤɭ ɪɨɥɿ ɸɪɵɞɵɤ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɫɰɜɟɪɞɡɿɰɶ

ɲɬɨ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɭɩɹ ɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɶ  ɩɚɦɿɠ ɟɞɧɚɫɰɸ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɹ ɤ ɝɚɫɩɚ

ɞɚɪɱɚɝɚ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɦɚ ɿ ɪɚɡɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɫɰɸ ʆ ɫɮɟɪɵ  ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ ɿ

ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɞɚɯɨɞɵɹ ɤɨɝɚ ɡ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɵ ɿɫɧɚ

ɯɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɢɲɱ ɟɸɬª  ɦɚɬɵɜɚɜɚʆ ɀɵ ɝɿɦɨɧɬ ,,, ȼɚɡɚ ʆ

 ɝ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɿ ɩɚɧɫɤɿɯ ɤɧɹɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɲɥɹ

ɯɟɰɤɿɯ ɩɚɞɞɚɧɵɯ  ɹɤɿɹ ɠɵɥɿ ʆ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɭ

143

 Ⱥɥɟ ɩɥɺɧ ɡɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ

ɝɷɬɵɯ ɸɪɵɞɵɤ ɛɵʆ ɷɮɟɦɟɪɧɵ  ɛɨ ʆɠɨ ʆ  ɝ  ɭ ɸɪɵɞɵɤɚɯ

ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚ ɠɵɥɨ ɤɚɥɹ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɚ ʆ  ɝ  ɦɟɫɬɚ

ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚ  ɸɪɵɞɵɤ ɹɤɿɹ ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚɥɿ  ɞɚɦɨʆ ɡ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɝɚ

ɥɿɤɭ  ɞɚɦɨʆ ɜɚ ʆɫɿɦ ɦɟɫɰɟ

144

 Ɂ  Ʉɚɩɵɫɤɿ ɜɵɤɚɡɜɚɟ ² ɫɥɟ

ɞɚɦ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɚɣ ² ɩɨɝɥɹ ɞ ɲɬɨ ɸɪɵ ɞɵɤɿ  ɚɫɚɛɥ

ɿɜ ɚ ɬɵɹ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ  ɧɚ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɫɰɹɯ ɫɩɪɵɹɥɿ ɭɪɛɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ

ɩɪɚɰɷɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ  ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɹɤ ɰɷɧɬɪɚʆ ɝɚɧɞɥɸ ɿ ɪɚɦɹɫɬɜ ɚª

1 45

Ɍ ɚɤɨɟ ɚɛɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɟɧɧɟ  ɧɚ ɦɚɸ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɰɶ ɩɚɞɦɚɰɚ

ɜɚɧɚ ɩɚɞɪɚɛɹ ɡɧɵɦɿ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɚɦɿ ɹɤɿɹ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɥɿ ɛ ɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɵɦ

ɹɤ ɩɚʆɩɥɵ ɜɚɥɿ ɸɪɵɞɵɤɿ ɧɚ ɡɛɹɞɧɟɧɧɟ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɭ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɚɛɦɟ

ɠɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɞɚɯɨɞɚʆ ɿ ʆ ɹɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ ɹɧɵ ɩɪɵ ɱɵɧɿɥɿɫɹ

ɞɚ ɡɦɹɧɲ ɷɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ  ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɭ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ Ɋɷɱɵ

ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ

ɉɪɚɜɵ ɦɹɲɱɚɧ

ɇɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɚɫɹ  ɚɝɭ

ɥɚɦ ɤɚɠɭɱɵ  ɡ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɧɧɟɦ ɡɚ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɦɿ ɩɷʆɧɵɯ ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰ

ɬɜɚʆ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿ ɱɧɚɝɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɭ  Ƚ ɷɬɵɹ ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɵ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɚ

ɞɡɹɥɿɰɶ ɧɚ ɞɡɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɵ

 ɩɟɪɲ ɭɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ  ɜ ɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɿ ɚɞ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɚɛ

ɰɹɠɚɪɜɚɥɿ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɞɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ

ɩɪɚɜɚ

 ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ² ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɧɚ ɩɷʆɧɵɹ ɝɚɫ

ɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɹ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ʆ ɫɚɦɿɦ ɦɟɫɰɟ ɿ ɩɚɡɚ ɹɝɨ ɦɟɠɚɦɿ

 ɉɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɿ ɜɵ ɡɜ ɚɥɹɥɿ ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɚɞ ɚɛɚɜ ɹɡɤɭ ɪɚɛɿɰɶ  ɧɚ

ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɭ ɩɪɵ ɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɚɧɚ ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɚɞ

ɜɵɫɤɭ  ɞɡɟ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɤ ɬɚɥɚɤɿ  ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚʆɫɹ  Ɇɹɲɱɚɧ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɱɚɫɬɚ

141

ɜɵɡɜ ɚɥɹ ɥɿ  ɚɞ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɤɭ ʆɬɪɵ ɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɟɡɞɠɵ ɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɯ

ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿɤɚʆ  ɝɚɧɰɨʆ ɿ ɡɚɝɪɚɧɿɱɧɵ ɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ  Ɂ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɿ

ɫɹ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɿ ɚɞ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɤɭ ɞɚɜ ɚɰɶ  ɩɚɞɜ ɨɞɵ ɩɚ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɱɵ 

ɧɨʆɧɿɤɚʆ ɭ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜ ɚɧɵɹ  Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɚɝɚɜ ɨɪɜɚʆ

ɫɹ  ɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɤ ɞɚɜɚɰɶ  ɩɚɞɜɨɞɭ ɩɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ɩɿɫɶɦɨɜ ɚɟ ɩɪɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɝɚɫ

ɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɡ ɹɝɨɧɚɣ ɭɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɩɹɱɚɬɤɚɣ ɫɵ ɝɧɟɬɚɦ

14 6

  Ƚɷɬɵɹ ɩɪɚ

ɜɵ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ ɹɤ ɧɹɩɨʆɧɵ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵ ɿɦɭɧɿɬɷɬ

Ⱥɫɨɛɧɚɟ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɿ ɩɚɫɥɭɝɿ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɱɚɝɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɭ

ɜɚɪɬɚɜɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɡɚɦɤɭ ɰɿ  ɧɚɜɚɬ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɤ ɤɨɧɧɚɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɨɜɚɟ ɫɥɭɠ

ɛɵ ɹɤ ɭ ɜɹɞɨɦɵɦ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɡ ɤɨɧɧɵɦɿ ɜ ɿɰɟɛɫɤɿɦɿ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɦɿ

14 7

Ⱥɝɭɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɸ ɜɵ ɪɚɠɚʆ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ əɝɟɥɨɧ

ɱɵɤɚ ɚɞ  ɝ  ɹɤɿ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɿʆ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿɯ ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɚɞ ɜɚɪɬɚɜɚɧɧɹ

ɡɚɦɤɚ  ɚɛɦɹɠɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ  ɿɯ ɚɛɚɜ ɹ ɡɤɿ ɚɯɨɜ ɚɣ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɛɪɚɦ ɿ

ɦɭɪɨʆ  Ⱥɛɹɰɚɧɧɟ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɜ ɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɹ  ɤɚɥɿ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ ɡɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɵɹ

ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɹ ɦɭɪɵ ɡɦɹɲɱɚʆ ɭɠɨ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɚɞ  ɝ Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ

ʆ  ɝ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɩɪɚɦɚɝɥɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɤɭɸ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɵɰɵɸ ɉɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ

ɞɥɹ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɭ  ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ Ⱦɡɿɫɧɵ ɡɦɹɲɱɚɥɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɡɚɛɚɜ ɹɡɚɧɧɿ

ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭɡɚɦɟɧ ɡɚ ɩɪɵɫɭɞɠɚɧɵɹ  ɹɦɭ ɞɚɯɨɞɵ ɭɦɚɰɚɜɚɰɶ  ɹ ɝɨ

ɭɡɛɪɨɿɰɶ  ɿ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɵɰɶ ɜɚɪɬɭ ɩɪɵ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɛɪɚɦɚɯ

 Ⱦɚ ɫɬɚɧɨʆɱɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɚ ɝɚɧɞɥɸ ɩɚ

ʆɫɿɦ ɤɪɚɿ  ɹ ɤɭɸ ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿɹ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɟ  ɿ ɦɚ

ɧɚɩɨɥɿɹ ɧɚ ɝɚɧɞɚɥɶ  ɜɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɰɟ Ƚ ɷɬɚ ɧɹɪɚɡ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɚɫɹ

ɡ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɚɞ ɩɷʆɧɵɯ ɦɵɬɚʆ ɿ ɩɨɲɥɿɧ ȱɫɬɨɬɧɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ

ɞɪɷɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɨʆɥɸ ɿ ɞɪɨɜɵ ʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɯ ɩɭɲ ɱɚɯ ɿ ɥɹɫɚɯ ɭ

ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɵɦ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɟɦ ɚɛɫɹ ɝɭ ɚɞ  ɞɚ  ɦɿɥɶ ɚɞ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɜɵɫɟɱɤɿ ɿ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɜɵɩɚɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɚɲɚɯ ɩɚɥɹɧɚɯ ɰɿ ʆ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɯ

ɯɨɞɚɦɿª ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɵɛɚɥɨʆɫɬɜɚ ʆ ɪɷɤɚɯ ɿ ɚɡɺɪɚɯ ɚ

ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɵ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɟ

148

 ɍ ;9, ɫɬ ² ɭ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɡ ɪɨɫɬɚɦ

ɤɨɲɬɭ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɵɿ ɥɹɫɨʆ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɞɪɷɜɚ ² ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɥɚɫɹ ɬɷɧ

ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɥɹɫɨʆ Ɋɚɛɿɥɿ ɫɹ  ɧɚɦɚɝɚɧɧɿ  ɿ ɤɚɛ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɰɶ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚ ɜɵɩɚɫɭ

Ɇɹɲɱɚɧɟ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɿ ɫɚɦɿ ɦɟɫɬɵ ɚɬɪɵɦɥɿ ɜ ɚɥɿ

ɡɧɚɱɧɵɹ ɧɚɞɡɟɥɵ ɡɹ ɦɥɿ   ɍ ɡɝɚɞɚɧɵɦ ɭɠɨ ȼ ɨɿɧɚɜɟ ɤɨɠɧɵ ɡ

ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɦɟʆ ɚɬɪɵ ɦɚɰɶ  ɚɠɧɨ ɬɪɵ ɜ ɚɥɨɤɿ ɡɹɦɥɿ  ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ

ɞɡɜɟ ² ɜɨɪɧɚɟ ɡɹɦɥɿ ɿ ɚɞɧɭ ² ɞɭɛɪɨɜɵ ɍ ɇɹɫɜɿɠɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɹɲ

ɱɚɧ ɛɵɥɨ ɜ ɵɞɡɟɥɟɧɚ  ɜɚɥɨɤ ɝɪɭɧɬɭ ɿ ɡɚɛɹ ɫɩɟɱɚɧɚ ɚɠ 

ɝɚɞɨʆ ZROQL]Q\

14 9

 Ⱦɥɹ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɿ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɚɫɰɿ ɦɹ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ