Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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122

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɩɚɧɚɦ ɜɨɥɚɫɰɿ ² Ʉɪɵɲ ɬɚɮɚɦ

Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿ ɥɚɦ

8 1

Ɂɞɚɪɚɥɚɫɹ  ɲɬɨ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ  ɦɚɝɞɷ

ɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɧɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɦ ɹɦɭ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɨɦ ɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹ ɱɵ  ɧɚ

ɚɞɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ ɦɚɧɚɪɲɚɝɚ ɩɚɰɜ ɹɪɞɠɷɧɧɹ  Ɍ ɚɤ ɛɵ ɥɨ ɡ ɍɥɚɞɚɜɚɸ

ɧɚ ɉɚɞɥɹ ɲɲɵ ɥɚɞ ɿ ɫɭɞ ɹ ɤɨɟ ɪɷɝɭɥɹɜɚʆ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ  ɧɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ

ɺɣ ɩɚɦɿ ɠ   ɿ  ɝɚɞɚɦɿ Ⱥɧɞɪɷɟɦ ɋɚɧɝɭɲɤɚɦ

8 2

Ⱥ Ƚɪɵɰɤɟɜɿɱ ɫɤɥɚʆ ɫɩɿɫ ɩɪɵ ɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɚɬɪɵ 

ɦɚɥɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɸ ʆ ȼɹ ɥɿ ɤɿɦ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɟ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ  ɉɚɱɚʆɲ ɵ ɚɞ

ɋɥɭɰɤɚ ɹɤɿ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɹɟ ʆɩɟɪɲɵɧɸ ʆɠɨ ʆ  ɝ  ɿ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ

ɩɟɪɲɚɟ ɱɜɷɪɰɿ ;9,, ɫɬ  ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ  ɩɪɵɜɚɬ

ɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ  ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿ ɤɭ  ɚɥɶɛɨ ɩɚɥɨɜɚ ² ɩɪɚɡ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ

ɜɚɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɡɟɦɥɹ ʆ  Ⱦɚ  ɝ  ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɸ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ʆɫɹɝɨ 

ɦɟɫɬɵ ɚ ɩɚɦɿɠ ±ɝɝ ² ɚɠɧɨ 

 Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɚ

ɫɰɜɟɪɞɡɿɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɩɪɵ ɜɚɬɧɵɹ  ɦɟɫɬɵ ɚɬɪɵ ɦɚɥɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ

ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɡɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɹ  ɍ ɿɯ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɛɵʆ ɛɨɥɶ

ɲɵ ʆɩɥɵʆ ɭɥɚɞɚɥɶ ɧɿɤɚ ɧɚɜɚɬɩɚɫɥɹ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɿ  ɍ

ɇɹɫɜɿɠɵ  ɯɨɰɶ ɩɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɸ ɩɚɫɚɞɚ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɠɵ ɰ

ɰɺɜɚɸ © ɩɚɧɵ  ɇɹ ɫɜ ɿɠɚ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɝɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɡɞɵ

ɦɚɥɿ ɧɹ ɡɪɭɱɧɵ ɯ ɜ ɨɣɬɚʆª

ɍ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɧɹ  ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆ ɦɟ

ɫɬɚɯ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɥɶ ɝɚ ɜɵɥɭɱɵ ɰɶ ɬɪɵ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɿɧɬɷɧɫɿʆɧɵɯ

ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹʆ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɉɟɪɲɵ ² ɤɚɧɟɰ ;,9 ² ɩɚɱɚɬɚɤ ;9ɫɬ

ɩɪɚ ɹɤɿ ʆɠɨ ɜɵ ɲɷɣ ɿɲ ɥɨɫɹ  Ⱦɪɭɝɿ ² ɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ

±  ɤɚɥɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɬɪɵ ɦɚɥɚ ɛɚɝɚɬɚ ɦɟɫ

ɬɚʆ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɹɟ ɜɟɥɿɱɵɧɿ ɿ ɬɵ ɹ ɩɚɞɥɹɲɫɤɿɹ ɦɟɫɬɵ  ɹɤɿɹ ɧɟ ɚɬɪɵ

ɦɚɥɿ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɩɪɵ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɦɚɡɚɜ ɟɰɤɿɯ ɤɧɹ

ɡɺʆ  Ɍ ɪɷɰɿ ² ɩɟɪɵɹ ɞ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɧɹ  ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɧɚ

ʆɫɺɣ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɵ ɹɤɿ  ɩɪɵɩɚʆ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɩɚɥɨɜ ɭ ;9,

ɿ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɭɸ ;9,, ɫɬ

ɉɟɪɚɞɭɦɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ  ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɹ  ʆ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ

ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɦɟɧɲɵɦɿ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɹ ɟ ɿ  ɛɨɥɶɲɵɦɿ ² ɭɫɯɨɞɧɹ ɟ

ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɫɬɜɚɪɵ ɥɚ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɚɹ ɜ ɚɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɚɦɟɪɚ ȼɵ

ɦɟɪɵʆɲɵ ɫɹ ɥɹ ɧɫɤɿɹ ʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɿ ʆɪɷɝɭɥɹ ɜɚʆɲɵ ɿɯ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɿ

ɹ ɧɚ ɚɯɚɩɿɥɚ ɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ ɹ  ɩɚɫɟɥɿɲɱɵ ɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ ɪɷ

ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɹ  ɩɚɬɪɷɛɚɦ ɫɤɚɪɛɭ ɍ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɫɰɿ  ɜ ɚ

ʆɫɿɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɿ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɚɯ ɛɵɥɚ ʆɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ ɩɚɫɚɞɚ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɹɤ ɨɪɝɚ

ɧɚ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵ ɿ ɚɞɤɚɡɧɚɝɚ ɡɚ ɡɛɨɪ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɚʆ ɿ ɫɤɚɪɛɨɜɵ ɯ

ɞɚɧɿɧ ɹɤɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɹɪɚɡ ɭɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɱɚʆ ɭ ɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɚɛ¶ɺɦɟ  ɚɤɪɷɫ

ɥɟɧɵɦ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɟɦ ɚɛɨ ɡɜɵɱɚɟɦ ɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɜ ɚɧɧɿ ɫɭɞɚ  Ɍɚɤ ɭ

123

ɦɚɧɚɪɲɵɦ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ ɞɥɹ Ɉɪɲɵ ɚɞ  ɝ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɟ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ

ɡɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɜɵ ɛɪɚɧɚɝɚ ɿɦɿ ɜ ɨɣɬɚ ɿ ɹ ɝɨ  ©ɧɚɩɥɟɱɧɿɤɚʆª ɩɚ

ɦɨɱɧɿɤɚʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚ ɪɚɫɤɥɚɞɚɰɶ  ɩɚɞɚɬɤɿ

ɩɚɦɿɠ ɦɹ ɲ ɱɚɧɚɦɿ  ɤɿɪɚɜɚɰɶ  ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɰɸ ɿ ɲ ɬɨɝɨɞ

ɞɚɜɚɰɶ  ɫɩɪɚɜɚɡɞɚɱɭ ɩɪɚ ɫɜɚɸ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɦ ɩɚɫ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɬɜɚɦ  Ƚɷɬɚ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚʆɧɚɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɸ ɦɚɥɨ

ɝɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɨ ɬɭɬ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɝɚɜɨɪɤɿ ɩɪɚ ɸɪɵɫ

ɞɵɤɰɵ ɣɧɵɹ ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɵ ɜɨɣɬɚ

 Ⱥɩɨɲ ɧɿɹ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɩɪɵɦɚɰɶ

ɪɨɡɧɵ ɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ   Ɇɵ  ɛɚɱɵɥɿ  ɝɷɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɡɟ Ɇɿ ɥɟɣɱɵɰ

ɉɚɞɨɛɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ʆ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ ɞɥɹ ɋ ɭɪɚɠɚ ɚɞ  ɝ ɭ ɹɤɿɦ ɀɵ

ɝɿɦɨɧɬ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬ ɚɛɹɰɚʆ  ɲɬɨ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɱɚɰɶ ɜ ɨɣɬɚɦ ɤɚɧɞɵ

ɞɚɬɚ ɚɛɪɚɧɚɝɚ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɦɿ Ƚɷɬɵ ɜɨɣɬ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɧɟɤɚɥɶ ɤɿɦɿ  ©ɫɬɚɪ

ɲɵɦɿª ɦɟʆɫɹ  ɫɭɞɡɿɰɶ ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɜɿɰɟɛɫɤɿɦ ɜɚɹɜɨɞɚɦ ɚɥɶɛɨ

ɹ ɝɨ ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɚɦ ɡ ɋɭɪɚɠɚ  ɚ ɫɭɞɨɜɵɹ ɚɩɥɚɬɵ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ

ɞɡɹɥɿɰɶ ɩɚɩɚɥɚɦ Ⱥɥɟɫɭɞɡɿɰɶ  ɹ ɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ©ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɩɚɫ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɦª ɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ  ɧɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ

 Ɍɭɬ ɦɵ ɦɚɟɦ ɞɚɱɵ

ɧɟɧɧɟ ɡ ɝɿɛɪɵɞɧɚɸ ɮɨɪɦɚɣ ɹɤɚɹ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɿ ɪɚ

ɜɚɧɧɹ  ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɩɪɚɡ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿ ɯ ɱɵ ɧɨʆɧɿɤɚʆ ɡ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɚɸ

ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɹɣ

ȼɨɣɬɚ ɹ ɤ ɞɚɦɿɧɿ ɹ ɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɱɵ ɧɨʆɧɿɤɚ ɩɚɧɵ ʆɜɨɞɡɿ ɥɿ ʆ

ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɯ ɧɨɜ ɚʆɬɜ ɨɪɚɧɵɯ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵ ɯ ɦɹ ɫɬɷɱɤɚɯ  Ɋɚɡɜ ɿɰɰɺ

ɦɹ ɫɬɷɱɚɤ ɚɞɛɵ ɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ  ɧɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ʆ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚɣ ɛɥɿɡɤɚɫɰɿ

ɚɞ ɰɷɧɬɪɚʆ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɭɥɚɞɚɧɧɹʆ  ɹɤɿɦɿ ɛɵɥɿ

ɩɚɧɫɤɿɹ  ɞɜ ɚɪɵ ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɭ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɫɥɚɛɨɞɚʆ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɚɤɚɥɚ

ɧɿ ɡɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɬɷɪɵ ɬɨɪɵɹɯ

8 7

  əɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɩɚɜɹ ɥɿɱɜɚɥɿ  ɝɚɪɚɞɫ

ɤɭɸ ɫɟɬɤɭ ȼ ɹ ɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ

ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ;9, ² ;9,, ɫɬ ɿ ɧɿɰɵɹɬɵɜɚ ɡɞɚɛɵɰ

ɰɹ  ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɨʆ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɦɹ ɲɱɚɧɚɦ ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ

ɡ ɺɸ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɨɦ ɿ ɩɚɧɚɦɿ  Ƚɷɬɚ ʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɵ

ɱɵɧɿ ɥɚɫɹ  ɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɧ ɹ  ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ  ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɧɚ

Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ  Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ © ɩɪɵ ɋɬɷɮɚɧɟ Ȼ ɚɬɨɪɵɿ ² ɩɿɫɚʆ

ɍ ɉɿɱɷɬɚ ² ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɚ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚɹ ɤɨɥɶ ɤɚɫɰɶ ɩɪɵɜɿ ɥɟ

ɹ ʆ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ  Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɲ ɬɨ ɩɪɵ  ɿɦ

ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿ ɹ  ɜ ɨɥɚ ɫɰɿ ȼ ɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɩɚɤ ɪɵ ɥɿɫɹ  ɫɟɬɤɚɸ

ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɩɚɜ ɟɬɚʆ Ƚɷɬɚɟ ɿ ɦɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɞɚ ɚɬɪɵ ɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɵ 

ɜɿɥɟɸ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ² ɜ ɟɥɶ ɦɿ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵ  ɮɚɤɬ  ɡ

ɹ ɤɿ ɦ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɜɵ ɦɭɲ ɚɧɵ  ɥɿɱɵɰɰɚ ɛɭɞɭɱɵ  ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ

ɪɭɫɤɿ ɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɩɪɵ  ɚɰɷɧɰɵ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ  ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɚʆ ɞɚ ɹ ɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ 

ɧɿɰɬɜ ɚª

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

124

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɇɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹʆ ɭɦɚɰɚɜɚɥɚ ɩɟ

ɪɚɤɚɧɚɧɧɟ ɹɤɨɟ ɜɵɤɚɡɚɥɿ ɩɚɧɵɪɚɞɚ  ɧɚɝɚɞɜɚɸɱɵ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɭ

ʆɠɨ ʆ  ɝ  ɲɬɨ ɺɧ ɡɜɵɤ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɦ ɩɚɧɚɦɿ ɛɚɹɪɚɦ

©ɚɥɟ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ  ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɜ ɰɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɟ

ɯɨɜɚɬɢª

8 9

  Ƚɷɬɚ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɰɶ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ

ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹɜɚɧɵ ² ɯɨɰɶ ɿ ʆ ɦɟɧɲɵɦ ɦɚɲɬɚɛɟ ² ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿ ɫɬɚɧ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɉɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ ɿ ɤɥɨɩɚɬ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɚɛ ɩɚ

ɰɜ ɟɪɞɠɚɧɧɿ ɧɨɜ ɵɦɿ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɚɦɿ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹ ʆ  ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɯ ɿɯ ɩɚ

ɩɹ ɪɷɞɧɿɤɚɦɿ Ɍɚɤ ɧɚɩɪ  Ƚɨɪɚɞɧɹ  ² ɹɤ ɜɵ ɫɜɟɬɥɿʆ Ɂ Ʉɚɩɵɫɤɿ

² ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ʆ ± ɝɝ  ɭɫɹɝɨ  ɩɪɵɜ ɿɥɟɹʆ ɧɹɪɚɡ ɩɚ

ɞɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹɯ ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɫɨɪɚɤ ɩɟɪɲɵɦ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɟɦ ɹɲɱɷ ɪɚɡ

ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɍɥɚɞɵ ɫɥɚʆ ,9

9 0

ȼɚɪɬɚ ɡɜ ɹɪɧɭɰɶ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɿ ɧɚ ɫɭɜɹɡɶ ɩɚɦɿ ɠ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧ

ɧɟɦ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɿ  ɬɷɪɵ ɬɚɪɵ ɹ ɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɿɹ ɣ ȼɹ 

ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɚ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɟɣ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ Ⱥɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɇɚɪɨ

ɞɚʆ ɭ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ;9,, ɫɬ  ɋɚɜ ɟɰɤɿ ɝɿ ɫɬɨɪɵ ɤ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ

Ⱦɭɦɿɧ ɜɵɜ ɭɱɚɸɱɵ ɩɟɪɵ ɹɞ  ɤɚɥɿ ʆ ± ɝɝ ɋ ɦɚɥɟɧɫɤ

ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚʆɫɹ ʆ ɦɟɠɚɯ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ

  ɡɜɹ ɪɧɭʆ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɲɬɨ

ɧɟʆɡɚɛɚɜɟ ɩɚ ʆɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɿ ɧɨɜɚɟ ɚɞɦɿ ɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ  ɭ ± ɝɝ

ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɟɣɲɵɹ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɹ  ɰɷɧɬ

ɪɵ ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤ ɋ ɟɛɟɠ  ɇɟɜɟɥɶ  Ɋɨɫɥɚʆ Ʉ ɪɚɫɧɚɟ ɋɬɚɪɚɞɭɛ

Ⱦɚɪɚɝɚɛɭɠ  Ɇɝɥɿɧ ɇɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ ɡ ɿɯ ɭ ± ɝɝ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɟɪɚ

ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɹ ʆ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɟ ʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɋɟɛɟɠ ɇɟɜɟɥɶ Ɇɝɥɿɧ ɹɤ ɿ

ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ ɧɟɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɹɜɚɧɵɹ ɦɹ ɫɬɷɱɤɿ ɇɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɋ Ⱦɭɦɿɧɚ

ɝɷɬɚ ɦɨɠɚ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɵ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ ɿ ɜɹɥɶ ɦɨɠɧɚɟ

ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɛɪɚɥɿ ɜɟɪɯ ɧɚɞ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɦɿ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧ ɯɨɰɶ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ ɧɚ

ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɸ ɞɚɜ ɨɞɡɿɥɿ  ɲɬɨ ɿ ɚɩɨɲ ɧɿɹ ɛɪɚɥɿɫɹ  ɩɚɞ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɍ

ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɧɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɿ ɧɚ ɋ ɦɚɥɟɧɲɱɵɧɟ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɚɱɵɰɶ

ɡɚɤɚɧɱɷɧɧɟ ɚɩɨɲɧɹɝɚ ɷɬɚɩɭ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɍ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ;9,, ɫɬ ɹɧɨ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɥɚ ɧɚɣɲɵɪɷɣɲɚɝɚ ɬɷ

ɪɵɬɚɪɵɹ ɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɦɚɯɭ ɩɚɫɭɧɭʆɲɵɫɹ ɞɚɥɺɤɚ ɧɚ ʆɫɯɨɞ ɭɠɨ

ɧɚ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ

Ɂ ɮɚɤɬɭ ɲɬɨ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡ¶ ɹʆɥɹ ɥɚɫɹ  ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟ

ɟɦ ɜɵ ɧɿɤɚɥɚ ɲɬɨ ɤɚɪɚɸ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ

ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ Ɍɚɤ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ ɡ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɦ ɭ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɛɨɣɫɬɜɚ

ʆ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɦɟɫɰɟ ɭɧɿ ɹɰɤɚɝɚ ɚɪɰɵɛɿɫɤɭɩɚ əɡɚɮɚɬɚ Ʉɭɧɰɷɜɿɱɚ ɦɚɝ

ɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɹ ʆ  ɝ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɞɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɚ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ  ɝ

9 2

ɑɚɫɰɟɣ ɡɞɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ  ɜɵɩɚɞɤɿ ɤɚɥɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɸ ɚɞɛɿɪɚɥɿ ɜɚ ʆɩɚɪ

ɬɵ ɯ ɭɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɿɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ Ɍɚɤ  ɭ  ɝ ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɟ ɐɚɪɤɜ ɵ ɛɵɥɚ

ɚɞɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɧɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɚɹ  ɝɨɞ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɹ  ɡɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɩɪɚ

125

ɜɿɹɧɬɭ ɿ ɡɛɪɨɿ ɤɚɡɚɤɚɦ ɛɟɡ ɜ ɟɞɵ ɿ ɡɝɨɞɵ ɝɟɬɦɚɧɚ  ɩɪɵɦɚɧɧɟ ɿɯ

ɭ ɦɟɫɬɚɿ  ɛɭɧɬɨʆɧɭɸ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧ Ɍɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɪɚɡ  ɝɚɞɨʆ

ɩɚ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɚɯ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɹ ɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɚ ɉɚɞɨɛɧɚɹ  ɤɚɪɚ ɫɩɚɬɤɚ

ɥɚ Ʉɨɪɫɭɧɶ ɿ Ȼɪɚɰɥɚʆ  ɹɤɿɹ ɜɹ ɪɧɭɥɿɫɹ  ©ɩɚɞɝɨɥɭɸ ɡɚɦ

ɤɚɜɭɸ ɸɪɵ ɫɞɵɤɰɵɸª Ƚ ɷɬɵɦ ɠɚ ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɥɿ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ

Ɍ ɪɷɛɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɚɰɶ ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɲ ɬɨ ɛɚɝɚɬɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɫɟɥɿɲ

ɱɚʆ  ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɜɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɱɚɫɬɰɵ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ  ɧɟɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɫɚ

ɦɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɍ ɜɵ ɧɿɤɭ ɫɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɦɚɞɷɥɶ  ɦɟɫɬɚ ɱɚɫɰɟɣ

ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɚ  ɹ ɤɨɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ  ɚɥɟ ɞɡɟ ɰɹɠɚ

ɪɵ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵɹ  ɧɚ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧ ɧɚɛɥɿɠɚɥɿɫɹ ɞɚ ɰɹɠɚɪɚʆ ɭ ɩɪɵ

ɜɿɥɟɹɜ ɚɧɵ ɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ  Ⱥɞɪɨɡɧɿɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɹ ɧɵ ɿ ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɤɚɣ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚ

ɰɵ ɹɣ Ƚɷɬɵ ɩɚɞɡɟɥ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɧɚ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹ ɜɚɧɵɹ  ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɵɹ ɦɚɝ

ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ©ɚɛɨ ɿɧɚɤɲɵɦ ɫɚɛɟ ɧɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɦ ɿ ɩɪɵ 

ɜɿɥɟɹ ɜɚɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɦª   ɿ ɧɟɩɪɵɜɿ ɥɟɹ ɜɚɧɵ ɹ  ɦɟɫɬɵ ɦɹ ɫɬɷɱɤɿ

ɡɧɚɣɲɨʆ ɜ ɵɪɚɡ ɿ ʆ ,,, ɋɬɚɬɭɰɟ Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɪɚɡɞɡ  ,,,  ɚɪɬ  ±

38).

ɉɚɜɟɬɪɚɦɟɫɬɚɪɨɛɿɰɶɜɨɥɶɧɵɦ

Ƚɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɹ ɩɚɫɟɥɿ ɲɱɵ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɥɿ ɫɹ  ɚɫɚɛɿɫɬɚɣ ɜɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɸ

ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ Ɂ ɹɟ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɥɿɫɹ ɿ ɠɵɯɚɪɵ ɧɟɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹ ɜɚɧɵɯ

ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɬɚɦɭ ɹɧɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɞɦɟɬɧɚɸ ɪɵ ɫɚɸ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɵ ɯ

ɦɟɫɬɚʆ

Ƚɷɬɵ  ɩɪɵɧɰɵ ɩ ɛɵ ʆ ɜ ɵɧɿ ɤɚɦ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɥɚɝɚ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɫ

ɬɚʆ ɩɪɵɱɵɦ ɦɚɧɚɪɲ ɚɹ  ʆɥɚɞɚ ɧɟ ɯɚɰɟɥɚ ɹɟ ɩɪɵ ɦɚɰɶ  Ⱥɞɝɷ

ɬɭɥɶ  ɩɚʆɫɬɚɜ ɚɥɿ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɵ ɩɚɦɿ ɠ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɹ ɦɿ ɿ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶ 

ɧɵ ɦɿ ɩɚɧɚɦɿ ɹɤɿ ɹ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɫɜɨɣ ɷɩɿɥɨɝ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɚɛɥɿɱɱɚɦ ɫɭɞɚ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɩɚɧɨʆɪɚɞɵ Ɍɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ  ɤɚɥɿ ʆ ɝ  ɛɚɹɪɵ

ɫɤɚɪɞɡɿɥɿ ɫɹ  ɧɚ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿɯ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɿ ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɲ ɬɨ ɬɵɹ  ɩɪɵɦɚɸɰɶ

ɭ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɹɜ ɨɥɶ ɧɵ ɯ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɹɤɿ ɹ  ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ  ʆ ɡɚɫɬɚʆɧɚɣ

ɧɹ ɜɨɥɿ  ɚ ɫɤɚɪɝɿ ɚɛ ɿ ɯ ɜ ɵɞɚɱɵ ɯɨɱɭɰɶ  ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞɚɰɶ  ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɦɚɝ

ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ  ȼɵɪɚɲɚɸɱɵ  ɸɪɵ ɫɞɵɤɰɵɣɧɭɸ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɭ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɚɜɿ ʆ ɲɬɨ ɜɨɣɬ ɿ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɟ ©ɧɟ ɦɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɯɨɥɨ

ɩɵ ɧɟɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɩɟɧɟɡɟɯ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢ  ɚɧɢ ɫɭɞɢɬɢ ɢɯ ɜ

ɬɨɦ ɧɟɦ ɟɰɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɦɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɭɞɢɬɢ ɧɚɲ ɧɚɦɟɫɬ

ɧɢɤ ɩɨɥɨɰɤ ɢɣ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ª

 əɲ ɱɷʆ  ɝ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ

ɧɚɤɚɡɚʆ ɜɵɜɟɫɰɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɯ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧ ² ɹɤɿɹ ɬ ɱ  ɜɚɥɨɞɚɥɿ

ɚɫɚɛɿɫɬɚɣ ɜɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɸ ² ɫɚ ɋɥɭɰɤɚ ɹ ɤɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɚʆ ɤɧɹɡɹɦ Ⱥɥɟɥɶ

ɤɚɜɿɱɚɦ  ɍ  ɝ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɡɚɝɚɞɚʆ ɜ ɨɣɬɭ Ʉ ɚɦɹɧɰɚ ɜ ɵɞɚɰɶ

ɤɧɹɡɸ Ʉ ɚɩɭɫɬɭ ɩɚɯɨɠɚɝɚ ɱɚɥɚɜ ɟɤɚ ɹɤɿ ɫɵɲɨʆ ɚɞ ɬɚɝɨ ɛɟɡ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

126

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɹɝɨɧɚɟ ɡɝɨɞɵ ©ɱ ɨɥɨɦ  ɧɟ ɜɞɚɪɢɜɲɢª ɩɪɵɱɵɦ ɧɹ ɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ

ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿ ʆ ɜɨɣɬɚ  ɹ ɤɿ ɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɲɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɟ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɜɵɞɚ

ɜɚɰɶ ɬɵɯ ©ɤ ɨɬɨɪɵɢ ɥɸɞɢ ɩɪɢɣɞɭɬ ɞɨ ɦ ɟɫɬɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɤɨɝɨª.

Ɂɜɵ ɲ  ɬɚɝɨ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿ ɫɭɞ ɡɚɝɚɞɚʆ ɜɨɣɬɭ ɩɚɞ ɡɚɪɭɤɚɸ 

ɪɭɛɥɺʆ ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞɚɰɶ  ɫɤɚɪɝɿ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɧɚ ɩɚɯɨɠɵɯ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ  ɹɤɿɹ

ɤɿɧɭɥɿ ɿɯ ɛɟɡ ɞɚɡɜɨɥɭ ɿ ɧɟ ɫɩɨʆɧɿʆɲɵ ʆɫɿɯ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɤɚʆ

  ɍ

 ɝ  ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿ ɫɭɞɞɡɹ  ɧɚɤɚɡɚʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɦ ɭɥɚɞɚɦ Ȼ ɟɪɚɫɰɹ

ɧɹ ɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɿɯ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆ ɜɵɞɚɰɶ ©ɨɣɱɵɰɚʆª  ɤɧɹɡɸ ɘɪɵɸ

Ⱦɭɛɪɚɜɿɰɤɚɦɭ  ɯɨɰɶ ɹɧɵ ɞɚʆɧɨ ɚɫɟɥɿ ʆ ɦɟɫɰɟ ɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɡɛɭɞɚ

ɜɚɥɿ ɬɭɬ ɫɚɛɟ ʆɥɚɫɧɵ ɞɨɦ Ⱦɨɦ ɝɷɬɵɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɞɚɰɶ  ɚ ɝɪɨ

ɲɵ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɰɶ ɤɧɹɡɸ ² ©ɩɚɧɭ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɨɬɱɢɡɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣª

ɉɪɵɧɰɵɩɨɜ ɭɸ ɡɦɟɧɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲ ɱɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚʆ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɩɪɵ 

ɫɭɞ  ɚɛɜɟɲɱɚɧɵ ʆ  ɝ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚɦ , ɋɬɚɪɵ ɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɶ ɛɭ

ɜɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɝɚ ɦɟɲɱɚɧɿɧɚ ə ɧɚ Ɇɿɤɚɥɚɟɜɿɱɚ Ȼɚɥɚɲ ɚ  ɉɪɨɞɤɿ Ȼ ɚɥɚ

ɲɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɦɿ ɞɚɧɧɿɤɚɦɿ  ɋɚɦ ɺɧ ɭ ɦɚɥɚɞɨɫɰɿ ɚɫɟʆ ɭ

ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɩɚɛɭɞɚɜɚʆ ɬɭɬ ɞɡɜɟ ɤɚɦɹɧɿɰɵ ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɡɜɹɪɧɭʆɫɹ ɞɚ

ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ  ɤɚɛ ɬɨɣ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɹɦɭ ɫɜɚɿɦ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɟɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɦɟɲ

ɱɚɧɿɧɚ  Ɂɚɞɚɜɚɥɶ ɧɹ ɸɱɵ ɩɪɨɫɶ ɛɭ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ ɋɬɚɪɵ ɦɚɬɵɜɚ

ɜɚʆ ɫɜɚɺ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɧɟ  ɭɡɝɚɞɚʆɲ ɵ ɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɵ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩ  ɹɤɿ

ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚʆ ɭ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ȼɚɥɚɲ ɡ¶ɹʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ ɜɨɥɶ

ɧɵɦ ɦɟɲɱɚɧɿɧɚɦ ² ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ² ©ɝɞɵɠ ɨɧ ɫ ɩɪɟɞ

ɤɨɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɱɨɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɚɲ ɚ ɩɪɢɲɨɥ ɡɚ ɧɚɫ ɞɨ ɦ ɟɫɬɚ ɧɚɲɨɝɨ

ɜɢɥɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɲɱɨ ɡɚ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɧɚɲɨɝɨ ɂ ɡɚ « Ʉɚɡɢɦɢɪɚ ɢ Ⱥɥɟɤ

ɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɣ « ɬɚɤ ɛɵɜɚɥɨ ɢɠ ɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɱɨɥɨɜɟɤɭ

ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɨ ɧɚɲɨɦɭ ɚɥɟ ɤɧɹɡɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɚɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɞɨ ɦ ɟɫɬ ɧɚɲɢɯ

ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɦɢ ɦɟɲɤɚɬɢ ɬɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɠɢɯ ɡ ɦɟɫɬ

ɧɚɲɢɯ ɧɢɤɨɥɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɧɨ ɚ ɡ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɫɟɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɛɵ

ɜɚɥɨ ɥɸɞɟɦ ɞɨɦ ɟɫɬ ɤ ɧɹɡɫɤɢɯɢ ɩɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɧɢɦɢ

ɦɟɲɤ ɚɬɢª

 ə ɤ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɚɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ɭ ɞɜ ɚɰɰɚɬɵɯ ɝɚɞɚɯ ;9,ɫɬ.

ɭ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɝ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩ ©ɩɚɜ ɟɬɪɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɪɨɛɿɰɶ

ɜɨɥɶ ɧɵ ɦª  ɩɪɵɱɵɦ ɭ ɲɵɪɨɤɿɦ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɿ ɡɭɫɿɦ ɧɟ ɚɛɦɟɠɚ

ɜɚɧɵ ɦ ɚɧɿ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɿ ɹɤɿɹ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɥɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɿ ɦ

ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɚɧɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɦɿ  ɦɟɫɬɚɦɿ 

ɋɩɚɦɿ ɠ ɿɯ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ² ɹɤ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜ ɚɰɶ  ² ɩɪɵɜ ɿɥɟɹ

ɜɚɧɵɹ ɦɟɫɬɵ ɚ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ȼɿɥɶɧɹ  ɛɚɪɚɧɿɥɿ ɜɵɯɚɞɰɚʆ ɡ ɜɺɫɤɿ 

ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɚɞɞɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɞ ɚɩɟɤɭ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶ ɲ  ɩɚɫɩɹ 

ɯɨɜɚ Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɚɦ ɜɨɫɬɪɵɯ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ

ɩɪɵ ɜɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɞɚ ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ ʆ ² ɫɚɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɩɚɧɚɦ ɿ

ɲɥɹɯɰɟ ɇɚ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ  ɝ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɭ ɤɧɹ

ɡɺʆ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɿ ʆɫɹ ɝɨ ɪɵ ɰɚɪɫɬɜ ɚ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɚɜ ɿʆ  ɲ ɬɨ ɧɟɩɚɯɨɠɵ ɹ ɿ

127

ɧɹ ɜɨɥɶɧɵɹ ɥɸɞɡɿ  ɹɤɿɹ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲ ɬɪɵ ɝɚɞɵ ɠɵɜɭɰɶ ɭ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ

©ɬɵɟ ɜɠɨ ɩɪɢ ɦ ɟɫɬɟ ɡɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɦ ɚɸɬ ɜɟɱ ɧɟª Ⱥ ɬɵ ɯ  ɭ ɤɚɝɨ

ɬɪɨɯɝɚɞɨɜɵ ɬɷɪɦɿɧ ɚɫɟɥɚɫɰɿ ɹɲɱɷ ɧɟ ɦɿɧɭʆ  ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿɹ ɝɚɪɚɞ

ɫɤɿɹ  ʆɥɚɞɵ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɜ ɵɞɚɜɚɰɶ  ɩɚɧɚɦ ɹɤɿɹ ɡɞɨɥɟɸɰɶ  ɞɚ

ɜɟɫɰɿ ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɚ ɿ ɯ ɥɸɞɡɿ  ɇɚ ɛɭɞɭɱɵɧɸ ɬɷɪɦɿɧ ɞɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɞɥɹ

ɧɟɩɚɯɨɠɵɯ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɹɤɿɹ  ɡɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ©ɨɬɱɢɡɧɵɦ ɢª  ɩɚ

ɜɿɧɟɧ ɛɵʆ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɰɶ  ɝɚɞɨʆ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɧɟ ɞɚɬɵɱɵɥɚ ɧɹ ɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ

ɹɤɿɹ ɧɟ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɡɞɚɛɵɰɶ  ɚɫɚɛɿɫɬɚɟ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɵ ɡɚ ɞɚʆɧɚɫɰɸ  ɛɨ ©ɯɨ

ɥɨɩɭ ɢ ɪɨɛɟ ɞɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɬɢ ɧɟ ɦ ɚɟɬª

Ɂɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɩɚɦɹ ɬɚɥɿ ɲɬɨ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɿ ɧɟ ɚɯɨɩɥɿ ɜɚɥɿ ʆɫɿɯ

ɦɟɫɬɚʆ  Ɍɚɦɭ ʆ ɋ ɬɚɬɭɰɟ  ɝ  ɚɝɚɜɨɪɚɧɚ  ɲ ɬɨ ɝɚɞɨɜɵ

ɬɷɪɦɿɧ ɹɤɿ ɪɨɛɿɰɶ ɜɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɰɟɤɚɱɚ ɡ ɜɺɫɤɿ ɬɵɱɵ ɰɰɚ ɿ ɧɟ

ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹɜɚɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɪɚɡɞɡ ,,,  ɚɪɬ  ɇɚɜɿɧɨɸ  ɭɜɟɞɡɟ

ɧɚɸ ʆ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɟ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɜɨɥɚɫɰɹʆ ɛɵɥɨ  ɲɬɨ ɬɚɤɿ ʆɰɹ ɤɚɱ ɯɨɰɶ

ɧɟ ɩɚɞɥɹɝɚʆ ɜɵɞɚɱɵ ɞɚʆɧɟɣɲ ɚɦɭ ɩɚɧɭ  ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ɛɵʆ ɚɞɤɭɩɿɰ

ɰɚ ɚɞ ɹɝɨ ©ɜɨɞɥɭɝ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɲɚɰɭɧɤɨɦ ɫɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɭ ɡɚ

ɤɨɠɞɭɸ ɝɨɥɨɜɭɢɥɟ ɢɯ ɛɭɞɟɬɶª >© ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɡɝɨɞ

ɧɚ ɡ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚɦ ɡɚ ɤɨɠɧɭɸ ɝɚɥɚɜ ɭ  ɤɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɿɯ ɛɭɞɡɟª @

ɉɚɚɫɨɛɧɵɹ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ ɞɥɹ  ʆɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɿɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɲɬɨɩɪɚʆɞɵ

ɩɚɫɥɹ ʆɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɹ ȸɤɪɚɿɧɵ ʆ Ʉɚɪɨɧɭ ɡɦɹɲ ɱɚɥɿ ɡɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ

ɩɪɵ ɦɚɰɶ  ɭɰɟɤɚɱɨʆ ɡ ɜɺɫɤɿ  ɤɚɡɚɤɨʆ ɿ  ɫɜɚɜɨɥɶɧɵ ɯ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ

Ʉɨɪɫɭɧɶ ²  ɝ Ɋ ɨʆɧɚ ²  ɝ ɇɨɜɚɟ Ɇɟɫɬɚ ²  ɝ

Ʉɪɵɥɚʆ ²  ɝ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɍɫɹɝɨ ɇɉɄɚɜɚɥɶɫɤɿ ɧɚɥɿɱɵʆ 

ɬɚɤɿɯ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɰɶ ɩɪɚ ɩɚɦɟɪɵ ɿ ɧɚɩɪɭɠɚɧɚɫɰɶ

ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɡ¶ɹɜɿɲɱɚ ɧɚ ɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɹɤɿ ɹ ɞɚ  ɝ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ

ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ

Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɧɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ  ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞ ɩɚɞ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɭɸ ɸɪɵ ɫɞɵɤɰɵɸ

ɚɡɧɚɱɚʆ ɞɥɹ  ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿ ɰɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɫɨʆɜɚɧɧɟ ɧɚɜɟɪɯ ɭ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɣ

ɿɟɪɚɪɯɿɿ Ȼɵɜɚɥɚ ɿ ɿɧɚɤɲ  ɉɪɚ ɝɷɬɚɫɜɟɞɱɚɰɶ ɥɺɫɵ ɜɿɰɟɛɫɤɿɯ ɤɨɧ

ɧɵ ɯ ɦɹ ɲɱɚɧ Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹ ɜɚɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ

ɩɚɬɪɵɰɵ ɹɬɭ  ɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɧɚɝɚ ɞɚ ɤɨɧɧɚɟ ɜɚɣɫɤɨɜɚɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ  ɚɬɪɵ 

ɦɚɥɚ ʆ  ɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɬɚɹɰɶ ɩɚɞ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɧɚɪɨʆɧɿ ɫɚ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɬɚɣ

Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɚɞɪɷɚɝɚɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɩɚɡɛɚɜɿʆɲɵ ɿɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆɞɡɟɥɭ ʆ ɜɵ

ɪɚɲɷɧɧɿ  ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɚʆ  ɇɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɜɟɥɶ ɦɿ ɩɨɡɧɹɟ ȼ ɿɰɟɛɫɤɭ

ɩɨʆɧɚɝɚɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɚɜɹɥɨ ɞɚ ɭɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɸɪɵɞɵɱ

ɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɫɬɜɚ Ɍɚɦɭ ʆ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿɚɞ ɝ

ɚɩɵɧɭʆɫɹ  ɩɚɫɚɠ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɚɝɚ ɡɦɟɫɬɭ  ©Ⱥ ɢɠ ɬɟɠ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ

ɧɚɲɨɦ  ȼɢɬɟɛɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɲɱɚɧɟ ɬɚɦɨɲɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɫɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɞɜɨɯ ɧɚ

ɡɜɢɫɤ ɡɚɠɵɜɚɥɢ ɨɞɧɢ ɤɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɫɩɨɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ « Ɍɨɝɞɵ

ɦɵ  ɢɦ ɭɫɢɦ ɬɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɦ ɚɝɞɟɛɭɪɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɞɚɸɱɢ  ɭɫɢɯ ɪɨɜɧɹɟɦ

ɬɚɤ ɢɠ «ɨɞɧɨɢ ɤɨɧɞɵɰɢɢ ɛɵɬɢ ɦɚɸɬª

10 0

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

128

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ȼɨɣɬ ɹɝɨɩɚɫɚɞɚ ɭɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɟɿ ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɵ

ɇɚɞɚɧɧɸ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɩɚɞɚɪɨɠɧɿɱɚɥɚ ʆɫɬɚɥɹ 

ɜɚɧɧɟ ɩɚɫɚɞɵ  ɜɨɣɬɚ ɚɛɨ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɩɚɫɚɞɵ  ɤɚɥɿ

ɹ ɧɚ ʆɠɨ ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɥɚ ɪɚɧɟɣ ȼ ɨɣɬɭ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ʆɬɪɵ ɦɚɧɧɟ  ɱɚɫɬɚ

ɡɧɚɱɧɚɟ əɤ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚ ɹɦɭ ɧɚɥɟɠɚʆ ɭɞɡɟɥ ɭ ɫɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɲ ɬɪɚɮɚɯ

ɜɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɞ ɱɵ ɧɲɭ ɫɹɞɡɿ ɛɚ  ɿ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ ɜ ɨɥɶɧɵɹ ɤɪɚɦɵ ɿ ɹɬɤɿ ɚ

ɧɹ ɪɚɡ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɵ ɞɚɯɨɞɚʆ ɦɥɵɧ  ɫɬɪɵɝɚɥɶɧɹ  ɤɚɪɱɦɚ ɿ

ɝ ɞ

ɍɜɚɠɚɸɱɵ ɧɚ ɩɚɫɚɞɭ ɿ  ɡɜ ɹɡɚɧɵɹ  ɡ ɺɸ ɞɚɯɨɞɵ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ

ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɥɭɱɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɿ ʆ ɚɫɨɛɧɵ  ɩɭɧɤɬ

ɚɛɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜ ɚ Ƚ ɷɬɚɟ ɚɫɬɚɬ

ɧɹɟ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ ɦɟɥɚ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɩɪɵ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɧɵ ɦ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɜɨɣɬɚʆ

ɫɬɜɚ  ɧɹ ɪɚɡ ɧɚɜ ɚɬ ɡ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɪɚɫɩɚɪɚɞɠɚɰɰɚ ɿɦ Ɇɟɥɶ ɧɿ ɤ ²

  Ɇɟɧɫɤ ²  ɿ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɡɜɵ ɱɚɣɧɚ ɡ ɧɚɛɵɰɰɺɦ

ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɩɷʆɧɭɸ ɫɭɦɭ ɚɞ ɭɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɇɚ ɉɚɞɥɹ ɲɲɵ ɱɚɫɬɚ

ɛɵɜɚɥɿ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɧɵɹ  ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜɵ  ɭ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɦɟɫɰɚɯ ɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɫɭ

ɫɬɪɚɤɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɠɵ ɰɰɺɜ ɚɟ ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɜɨɣɬɚ  ɹ ɤɨɟ ɱɵɧɿʆ ɭ

ɜɹɥɿɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɿɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ Ƚɨɪɚɞɧɹ ²   Ɇɿɥɟɣɱɵ

ɰɵ ²  ȼɚʆɤɚɜɵɫɤ ²  ɚ ʆ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ²

ɩɚɧ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɇɹ ɪɚɡ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɚʆ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɱɚɫɨɜɚ © ɞɚ

ɥɚɫɤɿª ɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ  ɡ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɚɞɤɥɿɤɚɧɧɹ Ɍɪɨɤɿ ²  ɝ 

ɇɚɜ ɚɝɪɚɞɚɤ ²  ɝ 

1 01

 Ⱥɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚ ʆ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ

ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɿ ɿɯ ɭɥɚɞɚɥɶ ɧɿɤɿ  Ɂ ɰɹɝɚɦ ɱɚɫɭ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɡɿʆɫɹ ɡɜɵ

ɱɚɣ ɜɵɛɚɪɭ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɦɿ  ɡ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɡɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɧɟɦ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɨɦ ɚɛɨ ɩɚɧɚɦ ɦɟɫɬɚ  ɉɪɚ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ  ɮɨɪɦɵ  ɬɚɤɨɝɚ

ɜɵɛɚɪɭ ɹɲɱɷ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɝɚɜ ɨɪɤɚ

ɍ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɜ ɨɣɬɚɦ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɪɚɛɿʆɫɹ  ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶ ɧɵ  ɩɚɧ

ɧɹ ɪɚɡ ɫɩɚɦɿɠ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɬɜ ɚ  ɹ ɤɿ  ɡɚɣɦɚʆ ɜ ɵ ɫɨɤɿɹ  ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɹ

ɩɚɫɚɞɵ ɇɹ ɪɚɡ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɡɚɫɰɟɪɚɝɚʆ ɫɚɛɟ ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɜɨɣ

ɬɚ ɫɩɚɦɿɠ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ   ɧɚɣɜ ɵɪɚɡɧɟɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɸɱɵ ɝɷɬɭɸ ɩɚɫɚɞɭ

ɹ ɤ ɛɟɧɟɮɿ ɰɵɸ Ɍɚɤ  ɭ ȼɿ ɰɟɛɫɤɭ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɦɚɝɞɷ

ɛɭɪɝɿɿ ɦɚɧɚɪɯ ɚɝɚɜɚɪɵʆ  ɲɬɨ ɜ ɨɣɬɚ ©ɡ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɲɥɹ ɯɟɰɤɨɝɨ  «

ɜɟɞɥɟ ɜɨɥɢ ɧɚɲɨɟ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɛɭɞɟɦª  ȼɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ

ɡɧɚɱɧɟɣɲɵɦ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɦ ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɨɲɵ ɚ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɲɥɹɯɰɟ

ɹɤ ɭ ȼɵɫɨɤɿɦ  ɰɿ ɋɹɦɹɬɵɱɚɯ 

Ⱦɚɯɨɞɧɚɫɰɶ ɜ ɨɣɬɚʆɫɤɚɟ ɩɚɫɚɞɵ  ɩɪɵ ɜ ɹɥɚ ɞɚ ɬɚɝɨ  ɲɬɨ

ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ ɜɚɹɜɨɞɚ Ɇɿɤɚɥɚɣ Ɋ ɚɞɡɿɜɿɥ ɜɵɤɭɩɿʆ ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜɚ ʆ Ȼɟɥɶ

ɫɤɭ ɧɚ ɉɚɞɥɹɲɲɵ  ɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɟɜɚ Ȼɨɧɚ ɜɵɤɭɩɿɥɚ ʆ ɫɩɚɞɤɚɟɦɰɚʆ

129

ɥɭɰɤɚɝɚ ɜ ɨɣɬɚ ɜ ɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜɚ ʆ Ʌ ɭɰɤɭ ɿ ɧɚɛɵ ɥɚ ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜɚ ʆ

Ȼɪɚɧɶɫɤɭ  ɍ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɤɚɪɚɥɟɜɚ ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɱɵɥɚ ɥɹ ɧ

ɬɜɨɣɬɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ  ɱɵ ɧɿɰɶ  ɫɭɞ ɚɞ ɹɟ ɿ ɦɹ

10 2

Ɇɹ ɲ ɱɚɧɟ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɿ ɫɹ  ɛɚɪɚɧɿɰɰɚ ɚɞ ɜ ɨɣɬɚ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ  ɹ ɤɿ

ɡɚɧɹ ʆ ɛɵ ɩɚɫɚɞɭ ɩɪɚɡ ɤɭɩɥɸ  ɿ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɥɿɫɹ   ɤɚɛ ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜɚ

ɜɵɤɭɩɥɹ ɥɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ Ɍɚɤ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧɟ Ȼɟɥɶ ɫɤɚ ɉɚɞɥɹɫɤɚɝɚ ʆ 

ɝ ɡɜɹɪɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɞɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɡ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɚɸ  ɤɚɛ ɬɨɣ ɞɚɡɜɨɥɿʆ ɿɦ

ɜɵɤɭɩɿɰɶ ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜɚ  ɹ ɤɨɟ ɫɵɧ Ɇɿɤɚɥɚɹ  əɧ Ɋ ɚɞɡɿ ɜɿɥ ɹɤɪɚɡ

ɬɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɱɨɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɯɬɨ ɛɵ ɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɜɪɹɠɟ ɞɨɛ

ɪɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɥ  ɚ ɢɦ  ɛɵ ɛɵɥ ɥɸɛ ɛɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ  ɯɬɨ ɦɟɥ ɨɞɢɧ

ɬɵɢ ɩɟɧɹɡɢ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɚɬɢ  ɚ ɜɨɣɬɨɦ ɛɵ  ɦɟɥ ɜɟɱɵɫɬɵɦ ɛɵɬɢ

ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɢɦ  ɜɫɢɦ  ɢ ɦ ɟɫɬɭ ɧɚɲɨɦɭ ɤ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɞɟª. Ƚɚɫ

ɩɚɞɚɪ ɩɚɣɲɨʆ ɧɚɫɭɫɬɪɚɱ ɿɯ ɩɪɨɫɶ ɛɟ ɿ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɜɵɤɭɩ ɜɨɣ

ɬɚʆɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ  ɤɨɩ ɝɪɨɲ ɚɣ

10 3

  Ⱥɥɟ ʆ Ȼ ɟɪɚɫɰɿ ɞɚ ɜɵ ɤɭɩɭ ɝɨ

ɪɚɞɚɦ ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɞɚɣɲɥɨ ȼɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜ ɚ ɹɤɨɟ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɫɩɚɞ

ɱɵɧɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɉɚʆɥɭ ɑ ɨɪɧɚɦɭ  ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɚ

ɿɦ ɜɿ ɰɟɛɫɤɚɦɭ ɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɭ ȱɜ ɚɧɭ ɋɚɩɟɝɭ  ɚɞ ɹ ɤɨɝɚ ɩɟɪɚɣɲɥɨ ɞɚ

əɧɚ Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜɿ ɱɚ ɗɡɚɮɨɜ ɿ ɱɚ  ɚɞɚɥɟ ɞɚ Ɍ ɵɲɤɟɜɿɱɚʆ  ɭ ɱɵɿ ɯ

ɪɭɤɚɯ ɿ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ ;9,, ɫɬ ɯɨɰɶ ɛɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɿ ɹ

ɦɹ ɲɱɚɧɟ ɿ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ  ɹɝɨ ɜɵɤɭɩɿɰɶ

1 04

 ɉɚɧɵ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ

ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜɚ ʆ Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɿ  ɞɚɪɭɱɚɥɿ ɤɿ ɪɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɥɹ ɧɬɜɨɣɬɭ

Ɂ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɦɿ ɰɹɠɤɚɫɰɹ ɦɿ  ɿ ɩɨɡɧɚ  ɚɞɛɵ ʆɫɹ  ɜɵɤɭɩ ɜ ɨɣ

ɬɚʆɫɬɜɚ ʆ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺɜɟ  ɞɡɟ ɜɨɣɬɵ ɹɤɿɦɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚ ɤɚɲ

ɬɚɥɹɧɵ  ɜ ɚɹɜɨɞɵ ɚɛɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɿɹ ɩɪɵɞɜɨɪɧɵɹ ɫɚɧɨʆɧɿ ɤɿ ɡ ɩɟɪ

ɲɵɯ ɪɨɞɚʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɞɚɪɭɱɚɥɿ ɫɩɚʆɧɟɧɧɟ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɮɭɧ

ɤɰɵɹʆ ɥɹ ɧɬɜɨɣɬɚɦ  Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɟɦ ɚɞ ɝ ɥɹɧɬɜɨɣ

ɬɚ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɚʆ ɫɚɦ ɜɨɣɬ ɚ ɱɚɬɵɪɨɯ ɥɚʆɧɿɤɚʆ ɚɛɿɪɚɥɿ ɦɹɲ ɱɚ

ɧɟ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɸɱɵ ɿɯ ɧɚ ɡɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɷɧɧɟ ɜɨɣɬɭ Ɍ ɚɤɿ ɫɩɨɫɚɛ

ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɫɭɞɚ ɥɚɜɵ ɡɚɛɹ ɫɩɟɱɜɚʆ ɜɨɣɬɭ ʆɩɥɵ ʆ ɧɚ ɩɚɞ

ɛɨɪ ɹ ɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ

1 05

 ȼ  Ⱦɪɭɠɱɵɰ ɧɟ ɡɪɚɡɭɦɟʆ ɬɷɤɫɬɭ ɩɪɵ ɜɿ

ɥɟɸ ɩɚɥɿ ɱɵʆɲɵ  ɲ ɬɨ ɺɧ ɩɪɚɞɩɿɫɜɚʆ ɜɨɣɬɭ ɜ ɵɛɿɪɚɰɶ ɥɹ ɧɬ

ɜɨɣɬɚ ɡ  ɤɚɧɞɵɞɚɬɚʆ ɡ ɹ ɤɿɯ  ɦɟɥɚɫɹ ɜɵɥɭɱɚɰɶ  ɩɚɫɩɨɥɶ 

ɫɬɜɚ  ɚ ɩɹ ɬɚɝɚ ² ɜɨɣɬ

1 06

  Ɍ ɚɤɿ  ɫɩɨɫɚɛ ɛɵʆ ɛɵ ɞɚ ɬɚɝɨ ɠ

ɧɟɥɚɝɿ ɱɧɵ ɛɨ ɜ ɨɣɬ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɚʆ ɛɵ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɤɚɧɞɵ ɞɚ

ɬɚ ɿ ɬɚɦɭ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɫɤɿɯ ɤɚɧɞɵɞɚɬɚʆ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɚ ɛ

ɫɷɧɫɭ  Ɍɚɦɭ ɿ ɩɨɝɥɹɞ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɚʆɬɚɪɚ  ɲɬɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɹ ɜɨɣɬɵ

ɫɚɦɿ  ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɚɸɱɵ ɥɹ ɧɬɜɨɣɬɚʆ ɩɚɪɭɲɚɥɿ ʆɫɬɚɥɹ ɜɚɧɭɸ ɩɪɚ

ɰɷɞɭɪɭ ɧɟɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɵ  ɛɨ ɝɷɬɤɿɹ  ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɵ  ɹɧɵ  ɦɟɥɿ

ɫɚɦɚ ɦɟɧɲ ɡ ɝ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

130

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɉɚɫɚɞɚ ɜ ɨɣɬɚ ɹ ɤ ɱɵɧɧɿɤɚ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɝɚ ɚɞ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɿ ɹɝɨ

ɨɪɝɚɧɚʆ ɡɚɡɧɚɥɚ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɨɜɭɸ ɡɦɟɧɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ  ɝ  ɤɚɥɿ

ɦɚɝɿɥɺʆɫɤɿɹ  ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧɟ ɪɚɲɭɱɚ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɿɥɿɫɹ  ɞɚ ɜ ɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɦɟ

ɫɬɚ ɡɩɚɞ ɚɤɭɩɚɰɵɿ ɦɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɿɦɿ  ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦɿ  Ɍ ɚɞɵ ɦɚɧɚɪɯ ɡɝɚ

ɞɡɿʆɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɰɶ  ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɡɚ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɧɚɟ  ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɬɚ

ɝɚɱɚɫɧɵɦ ɜɨɣɬɚɦ ² ɜɿ ɰɟɛɫɤɿɦ ɜ ɚɹ ɜɨɞɚɦ ɍɥɚɞɵɫɥɚɜɚɦ ȼɚɥɨ

ɜɿɱɚɦ  ɉɪɚɜɚ ɜɵɛɚɪɭ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɦɚɝɿ ɫɬɪɚɬ ɿ ɩɚɫ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɬɜɚ  ɩɪɵ ɱɵ ɦ ɜɨɣɬ ɦɭɫɿʆ ɚɛɿɪɚɰɰɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɞ de gremio

magistratus >ɫɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɭ@

Ɋɚɧɟɣ ɭ  ɝ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɜɵɛɚɪɭ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɉɿɧɫɤ ɚ ʆ

 ɝ Ʉ ɨʆɧɚ ɞɡɟ ʆ  ɝ  ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɡɚɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟ

ɧɚɝɚ ɹ ɦɭ ɝɨɪɚɞɚɦ ɤɚɧɞɵɞɚɬɚ  ɍ Ʉɨʆɧɟ ɦɹ ɲɱɚɧɟ ɦɟɥɿ  ɜɵɛɿ

ɪɚɰɶ   ɤɚɧɞɵ ɞɚɬɚʆ ɡ ɥɿ ɤɭ ɹɤɿɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɱɚʆ

ɜɨɣɬɚɦ ɩɚɠɵɰɰɺɜɚ

10 7

  ɍ ɇɹɫɜɿɠɵ ɯɨɰɶ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɟ

ɦɟɫɬɚ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜ ɿɥɚʆ ɡ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟɦ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆ  ɝ

ɦɹɲɱɚɧɟ ɚɬɪɵ ɦɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɰɶ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɚɧɞɵ ɞɚɬɚʆ ɧɚ

ɩɚɫɚɞɭ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɡ ɹ ɤɿɯ ɩɚɧ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɚʆ ɩɚɠɵɰɰɺ

ɜɚ

1 08

 Ɍɨɥɶ ɤɿ ʆ  ɛɵɥɨ ɜ ɵɪɚɲɚɧɚ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɚɛ ɫɩɨɫɚɛɟ ɡɚ

ɧɹ ɰɰɹ ɩɚɫɚɞɵ ɜɨɣɬɚ ʆ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɧɚɣ ȼɿɥɶ ɧɿ  Ɍɪɵɦɚɸɱɵ  ɧɚ ɩɚɫɚɞɡɟ

ɤɿɪɭɸɱɚɝɚ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɞɜɚɪɚɧɿɧɚ Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɏɚɥɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɀɵ ɝɿɦɨɧɬ

,,, ȼɚɡɚ ɜ ɵ ɡɧɚɱɵʆ  ɲɬɨ ɩɚ ɹ ɝɨɧɚɣ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ɚɥɶɛɨ ʆ ɜ ɵ ɩɚɞɤɭ

ɞɚɱɚɫɧɚɝɚ ɫɵ ɯɨɞɭ ɡ ɩɚɫɚɞɵ ɜ ɨɣɬ ɩɚɜ ɿɧɟɧ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɚɰɰɚ ɬɚɤɿ ɦ

ɱɵɧɚɦ ɪɚɞɚ ɦɚɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɰɶ ɫɚ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɥɿɤɭ  ɤɚɧɞɵɞɚɬɚʆ ɫɩɚɦɿɠ

ɹ ɤɿ ɯ ɦɚɧɚɪɯ ɩɚɠɵɰɰɺɜ ɚ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɍ ɠɵ ɰɰɺ ɝɷɬɚɟ

ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚ ɩɚɱɚɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɰɰɚ ɡ  ɝ

10 9

  ɩɚɲɵɪɚɸɱɵ ɩɚʆɧɚ

ɦɨɰɬɜɵ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ 

ɋɭɩɪɚɰɿʆ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɸ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɵɯɨɞɡɿʆ

² ɹ ɤ ɭɠɨ ɡɝɚɞɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ  ² ɚɞ ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿɤɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɚɠɵɰɰɹ ʆɥɹɥɿ

ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɟ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ  ɉɪɵ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɿ ɜ ɨɣɬɚ ɧɚ ɹ ɝɨ ɩɟɪɚɯɨ

ɞɡɿɥɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɹ  ɚɥɟ ɿ ɞɚɯɨɞɵ ɪɚɧɟɣɲ ɚɝɚ ɧɚ

ɱɚɥɶɧɿɤɚ ɧɚɞ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ² ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɰɵ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɚ  ȼ ɵɫɬɭ

ɩɚɸɱɵ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ  ɭɠɨ ʆɫɬɚɥɹɜ ɚɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɹ ʆ  ɦɹɫ

ɰɨɜ ɵɹ  ʆɥɚɞɵ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɥɿɫɹ   ɧɹɪɷɞɤɚ ɝɜɚɥɬɭɸɱɵ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭɡɭɪɩɚ

ɜɚɰɶ  ɫɚɛɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɹ ɞɚɯɨɞɵ  ɹɤɿɹ ʆɠɨ ɿɦ ɧɟ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ  ɚɥɶ ɛɨ

ɚɠɵ ɰɰɹ ʆɥɹ ɰɶ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɸ ʆ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɚɫɨɛɚʆ  ɩɚɞɥɟɝ

ɥɵɯ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɦɫɭɞɚɦ ɿ ʆɥɚɞɚɦ ɋɹɪɨɞ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɯ

ɪɷɫɤɪɵɩɬɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɡɚɛɚɪɚɧɹɥɿ ɿɦ ɬɚɤɿɹ  ɩɚɜɨɞɡɿɧɵ  ɜɚɪɬɚ ɩɪɵ 

ɜɟɫɰɿ ɥɿɫɬ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ , ɚɞ  ɝ ɞɚ ɞɪɚɝɿɱɵɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɵ

ɿ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚɩɨɥɚɰɤɚɝɚ ɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɉɹɬɪɚ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜ ɚɜɿɱɚ  ɹɤɿ ɧɚ

131

ɜɵɯ ɬɹɠɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɲɨ ɧɟ ɜɛɨɠɚɥɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɱ ɫɹ  ɧɟ

ɪɨɫɯɨɞɢɥɨª

11 0

ɍ  ɝ ɜɨɣɬ ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɵ  ɪɚɞɰɵ  ɿ ʆɫɟ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ

Ƚɨɪɚɞɧɿ  ɩɚɞɚɥɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɭ ɫɤɚɪɝɭ ɧɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɭ

ɘɪɵɹ  Ɇɿɤɚɥɚɟɜɿɱɚ Ɋ ɚɞɡɿɜ ɿɥɚ

11 1

 ɲ ɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɤɚɜ ɚɥɺʆ ɤɭɲɧɹɪɨʆ ɿ

ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɚ ɩɚɜɹɥɿ ɱɵʆɲɵ ɬɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ  ɡɚɦɤɚɜɭɸ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤ

ɰɵ ɸ  Ɍ ɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɹɧɵ ɫɤɚɪɞɡɿɥɿ ɫɹ  ɲɬɨ ɺɧ ɤɚɠɚ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɦ ɫɥɭ

ɠɵɰɶ ɡ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ  ɡɚɤɭɩɥɟɧɵɯ ɿɦɿ ʆ ɱɚɫɵ Ʉɚɡɿɦɿɪɚ əɝɟɥɨɧɱɵɤɚ ɿ

ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɵɯ ɿɦ Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪɚɦ  ɿ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚɦ , ɋ ɬɚ

ɪɵɦ 

11 2

  ɿ ɲɬɨ  ɭɠɵ ɜɚɸɱɵ ɩɪɵ ɦɭɫ ɜɵ ɜɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɡ ɦɟɫɬɚ

ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɹɤɿɹ ɤɿɧɭɥɿ ɜ ɨɥɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɚɫɟɥɿ ʆ ɦɟɫɰɟ ɡɞɚɛɵʆɲɵ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ

ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ  ɲ ɬɨ ɫɩɚɝɚɧɹɟ ɡ ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɵɹ ɚɩɥɚ

ɬɵ  ɤɚɥɿ  ɬɵɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɰɶ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɤɨɩɧɵɦ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɹɤ ɿɫɬɰɵ ɿ

ɧɚɤɥɚɞɚɟ ² ɧɟɫɭɩɟɪɚɤ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ ² ɡɚɪɭɤɿ vadi a)

ɧɚ ɦɹ ɲɱɚɧ  ɍɫɺ ɝɷɬɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɹɦɭ ɡɚɛɚɪɚɧɿʆ  ɭɲɱɭɜɚɸɱɵ ɤɚɛ

ɧɟ ɩɚɪɭɲɚʆ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɿ Ɍɭɬ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ ɹɤɭɸ

ɲɵɪɨɤɭɸ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚɥɚ ɩɚɪɭɲɷɧɧɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ ɯ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɡɚ

ɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵɦ ɭ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɞɚɯɨɞɚʆ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɚɦ  Ɇɚɧɚɪɲɵɹ

ɪɷɫɤɪɵɩɬɵ ɜ ɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɚ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɿ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ ʆɩɥɵɜɭ ɛɨ ɫɤɚɪɝɿ ɧɚ

ɡɥɨʆɠɵɜɚɧɧɿ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɚʆ ɩɚʆɬɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɹ ɞɡɟɫɹɰɿɝɨɞɞɡɿ

ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵɹ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɵ  ɦɟɥɿ ɦɟɫɰɚ ʆ Ʉɿɟɜɟ ɞɡɟ ɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹ

ɱɵ ɧɚ ʆɪɚɱɵɫɬɚɟ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɀɵ ɝɿɦɨɧɬɚɦ , ɩɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɦɚɝ

ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ  ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿ ɹ ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿɤɿ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɧɚɦɚɝɚ

ɥɿɫɹ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɚɰɶ ɧɚ ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɿ  ɚɞ ɹɤɿɯ ɦɚɧɚɪɯ ɿɯ ɜ ɵ

ɡɜɚɥɿʆ  ɿ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɨʆɜɚɰɶ ɿɯ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ ɉɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɫɜɟɞ

ɱɚɰɶ ɥɿɫɬɵ ɭ ɹɤɿɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɡɚɝɚɞɜɚʆ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɰɶ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɵɹ

ɿɥɶɝɨɬɵ ɦɹɲɱɚɧ ɿ ɧɟɩɪɵɰɹɝɧɟɧɧɟ ɿɯ ɞɚ ɡɚɦɤɚɜɚɝɚ ɫɭɞɚɁ ɞɪɭ

ɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ  ɺɧ ɡɚɛɚɪɚɧɹʆ ² ɹɤ ɭ ɚɤɰɟ ɚɞ ɜɟɪɚɫɧɹ   ɝ  ²

ɩɪɵ ɰɹ ɝɜ ɚɰɶ ɞɚ ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɭɞɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜ ɚ  ɧɟɩɚɞɥɟɝɥɚɟ

ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ Ƚɷɬɵɹ  ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ ɿ  ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɵ  ɹɤɿɹ ɰɹɝɧɭɥɿɫɹ

ɞɡɟɫɹ ɰɿɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɦɿ ɞɚɸɰɶ ɤɪɚɫɚɦɨʆɧɵ ɚɛɪɚɡ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɹ ʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ

ɡɜɹɡɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɡ ɭɜɹ ɞɡɟɧɧɟɦ ɭ Ʉɿɟɜ ɟ ɫɚɦɚɤɿ ɪɚʆɧɿɱɚɟ ɦɚɞɷɥɿ ɝɚ

ɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɭɥɚɞɚʆ

11 3

Ƚɷɬɵɹ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɵ  ɛɵɥɿ ɞɨɫɵɰɶ ɬɵɩɨɜɵ ɦɿ ɿ ɦɟɥɿ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɧɟ

ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɩɪɵ ʆɜ ɹɞɡɟɧɧɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɿ   ɍ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺɜɟ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɥɵ

ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬ ɭ ± ɝɝ ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶɫɬɚʆɥɹʆ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɣ

ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ ɍ Ɇɚɡɵɪɵ ʆ  ɝ ɜɵɛɭɯɧɭʆ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬ ɫɚ ɫɬɚ

ɪɚɫɬɚɦ ɹɤɿ ɩɟɪɚɜɺʆ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɦɹ ɲɱɚɧ ɩɚɞ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵ ɸ ɡɚɦɤɚ

ɜɚɝɚ ɫɭɞɚ ɇɚ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɮɨɧɟ ɞɚɣɲɥɨ ɞɚ ɡɛɪɨɣɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɬɵɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɡ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ