Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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142

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɫɬɷɱɚɤ ɭ ;9, ɫɬ ɜɚɥɨɤɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɡɜɵ ɱɚɣɧɭɸ ɦɟɪɭ ɧɚɞɡɟɥɭ

Ƚɷɬɚ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɧɟ ɚɡɧɚɱɚɟ  ɲɬɨ ɠɵɯɚɪɵ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɞɚ ɬɚɝɨ ɠ

² ɹ ɤ ɦɵ  ɜ ɟɞɚɟɦ ɭ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ Ƚɨɪɚɞɧɿ ² ɤɭɩɥɹ ɥɿ ɿ  ɫɚɦɿ

ɡɧɚɱɧɵɹ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɿ ɡɹ ɦɥɿ ʆ ɛɚɹ ɪɚʆ ɿ  ɯɚɥɨɩɚʆ  ɲ ɬɨ ɿɦ ɡɚɛɚɪɚ

ɧɹʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɫɚɦɿ ɡɚɣɦɚɰɰɚ ɡɟɦɥɹ 

ɪɨɛɫɬɜ ɚɦ Ȼɨɥɶɲ ɡɚɦɨɠɧɵɹ  ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɚɫɚɞɠɜɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɜɚ

ɥɨɤɚɯ ɫɹ ɛɪɨʆ  ɹɤɿɹ ɞɡɹɥɿɥɿɫɹ  ɡ ɿɦɿ ɞɚɯɨɞɚɦɿ ɚ ɫɚɦɿ  ɡɚɣɦɚɥɿɫɹ

ɩɪɵɛɵɬɤɨɜɵɦɝɚɧɞɥɟɦ ɰɿ ɪɚɦɹɫɬɜ ɨɦ Ɍɚɦɭ ɿ Ƚ Ʌɚʆɦɹɧɶɫɤɿ  ɿ

ȿ  Ⱥɯɦɚɧɫɤɿ ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɬɚɜɿɥɿ ɩɚɞ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɬɷɡɿɫ ɚɛ ɩɟɪɚ

ɜɚɠɧɚ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵ  ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɟ

ɩɚɪɵ

15 0

 ɍ ɝɷɬɚɣɫɮɟɪɵ ² ɞɚɞɚɦɨ ² ɦɭɫɿɥɿ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɰɶ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵɹ

ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɛɨɥɶɲɵɦɿ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɿ ² ɫɭɪ¶ ɺɡɧɵɦɿ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦɿ

ɝɚɧɞɥɸ ɿ ɪɚɦɺɫɬɜɚʆ  ɡ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ  ɿ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɚɦɿ  ɞɡɟ ɡɟɦɥɹ 

ɪɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɝɥɨ ɦɟɰɶ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚɟ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ  ² ɡ ɞɪɭ

ɝɨɝɚ

Ⱦɚ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɧɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɯ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧɚɦ ɡɚɥɿɱɵɦ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɪɚ

ɜɵ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɹɤ ɦɭɧɿɰɵɩɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɹʆ  ȱɯ ɚɛɫɹ ɝ ɡɚɥɟɠɚʆ ɚɞ ɡɦɟɫɬɭ

ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɸ Ⱦɚ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɰɟɣɲɵɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɛɿɪɚɰɶ ɞɚɯɨɞɵ

ɚɞ ɦɟɪ ɿ ɜɚɝɚʆ  ɚɞ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ ɯ ɤɪɚɦɚʆ  ɤɥɟɰɹʆ ɿ ɛɭɞɚʆ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɛɭɞɨɜɵ ɥɚɡɧɿ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɛɪɨɜɚɪɭ ɹɤ ɭ ɇɹɫɜɿɠɵ  ɡɪɷɞɤɭ ɞɚɯɨɞɵ ɡ

ɩɪɚɩɿɧɚɰɵɿ >ɚɞ ɚɥɤɚɝɨɥɸ" @  ɹ ɤɿɹ ʆɥɚɞɚɥɶ ɧɿɤ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɚʆ ɜ ɟɥɶɦɿ

ɧɟɚɯɜɨɬɧɚ  ɉɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɣ  ɝ ɞɥɹ Ⱦɡɿɫɧɵ  ɡɚɫɰɟɪɚɝɚʆ  ɲɬɨ

©NDUF]P\ PLRGRZH SLZQH JRU]DáF]DQH  Vá RGRZQLH EURZDU\ ²

RG WHJR ZV]\VWNLHJR NDSV]F]\]QD L SáDW PD « LĞü GR VNDUEX

naszego» >©ɤɨɪɱɦɵ ɦɹɞɨɜɵɹ ɩɿʆɧɵɹ ɝɚɪɷɥɚɱɧɵɹ ɫɚɥɚɞɨʆɧɿ

ɛɪɨɜɚɪɵ  ² ɚɞ ɭɫɹɝɨ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɤɚɩɲɱɵɡɧɚ ɿ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɦɚɟ « ɿɫɰɿ ɞɚ

ɧɚɲɚɝɚ ɫɤɚɪɛɭª @  Ƚ ɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɵ ɩɨɜɚɟ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɟ

Ƚɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɹ ɦɟɫɬɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɧɵɹ ɞɚ ɡɚɝɚɞɡɹ ɜɵɡɧɚ

ɱɚɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɭ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ ɯ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ  Ȭɧ ɛɵʆ ² ɹ ɤ

ɭɠɨ ɡɝɚɞɜɚɥɚɫɹ ² ɧɟɱɵ ɦ ɧɚɲɤɬɚɥɬ ɷɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɭ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɹʆ

ɚɞ ɹ ɤɿɯ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɟ ɩɪɵ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɧɚɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɿ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɵ ɍɩɥɵʆ

ɩɚɧɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚʆɫɹ  ɚɩɪɨɱ ɬɚɝɨ ɧɚ ɱɵɧɲ ɚɯ ɡ ɫɹɞɡɿɛɚʆ ɭ ɦɟɫɰɟ

ɿ ɡ ɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚʆ ɿ ɥɭɝɨʆ  ɹɤɿɦɿ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɟ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɥɿ ɩɚɡɚ ɦɟ

ɠɚɦɿ ɦɟɫɬɚ Ƚɚɞɚɜ ɵ ɱɵɧɲ ɡɚ ɜɚɥɨɤɭ ɜɨɪɧɚɟ ɡɹɦɥɿ  ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ

ɭɫɬɚɜɚɣ ɚɛ ɜɚɥɨɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɦɟɪɵ  ɫɤɥɚɞɚʆ  ɝɪɨɲ ɚʆ ɚɞ ɜɚɥɨɤɿ

ɞɨɛɪɚɟ ɡɹɦɥɿ   ² ɫɹɪɷɞɧɹɣ  ɿ  ² ɤɟɩɫɤɚɣ

Ƚɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɪɷɡɟɪɜ ɚɜ ɚʆ ɫɚɛɟ ɞɚɯɨɞɵ  ɡ ɚɩɥɚɬ  ɹ ɤɿɹ

ɫɩɚɝɚɧɹɥɿɫɹ  ɡ ɡɚɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɤɭɩɰɨʆ  Ʉɚɛ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɵ ɰɶ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɶ

ɧɚɞ ɿɯ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɸ ² ɿ  ɞɚɯɨɞɵ ɹɤɿɹ ɿɲ ɥɿ ɚɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ² ɦɟɫɬɵ

ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵɹ ɡ ɞɚɥɺɤɚɫɹɠɧɵɦ ɝɚɧɞɥɟɦ ɡɚɛɚɜ ɹ ɡɜ ɚɥɿɫɹ  ɛɭɞɚɜɚɰɶ

143

ɝɚɫɰɿɧɧɵɹ  ɞɚɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɤɭɩɰɨʆ ɭ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɭ ɬɚɤɿɯ ɞɚ

ɦɨʆ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɠɧɨ ɱɚɬɵɪɵ ɭɩɥɵɜɵ ɡ ɹɤɿɯ ©ɧɚɧɚɫ ɿ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɚɫ

ɬɚʆ ɧɚɲɵ ɯ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɟɦª  ɹ ɤ ɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ  Ⱦɡɿ ɫɧɵ

Ɇɟɫɬɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɧɵɹ  ɩɥɚɰɿɰɶ ɩɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɭ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɫɟɪɚɛɲ

ɱɵɡɧɵ ɚɞ © ɫɟɪɚɛɪɨª ɿ ɚɪɞɵɧɲɱɵɡɧɵ ɚɞ ©ɚɪɞɚª ɧɚ ɜɵɞɚɬɤɿ

ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵɹ ɡ ɧɟɛɹɫɩɟɤɚɸ ɚɞ ɬɚɬɚɪɚʆ ɤɚɥɿ ɬɚɤɿɹ  ɩɚɞɚɬɤɿ ɧɚɤɥɚ

ɞɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ ʆɫɸ ɤɪɚɿɧɭ  ɍɫɺ ɝɷɬɚ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɤɪɵ 

ɧɿ ɰɭ ɞɚɯɨɞɚʆ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɚɪɛɭ ɲɬɨ ɜ ɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ

ɧɚɟ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɞɚ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɱɚɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɟ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ

ɘɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿɿɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ ɩɪɚɜɚʆɦɟɫɬɚɯ

ɉɪɵɧɹɰɰɺ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɟ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ  ɡɚ ɪɷɞɤɿɦɿ ɜɵ ɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɹɦɿ ɛɟɡ ɭɞɡɟɥɭ ɧɹ

ɦɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ

15 1

  ɉɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ  ɹɤɿ ɧɚɩɚɱɚɬ

ɤɭ ɝɪɚʆ ɪɨɥɸ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɞɧɿɤɚ ʆ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɟ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɜɚɧɧɹ  ɝɚɪɚɞ

ɫɤɨɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɜɚʆ ɭɡɨɪɵ  ɭɠɨ ɦɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɜ ɚɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɡ ɭɩ

ɥɵʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ  ȱɯ ɥɹ ɝɱɷɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɜɚɰɶ ɞɚ ʆɦɨ

ɜɚʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɩɚɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɿ Ɋɭɫɿ  ȼɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɚ ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɲɬɨ ɪɚɫ

ɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɜɚɧɧɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɵ ɥɨ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɦ ɩɷʆɧɚɟ ɫɬɭ

ɩɟɧɿ ɭɪɛɚɧɿ ɡɚɰɵɿ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ  ɡɚɞɚɜɨɥɶ ɜɚɸɱɵ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɵ

ɹɝɨ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɫɬɜɚ

Ɂɜɹ ɡɚɧɵ ɡ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟɦ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚ ɫɭɞɨɜɵ ɿɦɭɧɿɬɷɬ ɹ ɤɿ  ɜ ɵɜɨɞɡɿʆ ɦɟɫɬɵ ɡɩɚɞ ɩɪɵ ɫɭɞɭ ɜ ɹɥɿ

ɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɿɯ ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɚʆ ɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɰɚʆ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚʆɫɹ ɡ ɚɞɯɿɥɟɧɧɟɦ

ɚɞ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ɚɣɱɵ ɧɧɵɯ ɫɿɫɬɷɦ ɩɪɚɜɚ  ɉɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ  ɩɚ

ɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ ɚɞ ɛɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɚɝɚ  ɝ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɥɿ  ɲɬɨ ɧɚ

ɞɚɧɧɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɨʆ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɝɚ ɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚ ɲ ɬɨ ɿ  ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɦɹɫɰɨ

ɜɵɯ ɡɜɵ ɱɚɹʆ ɿ ʆɜɨɞ ɭɡɚɦɟɧ ɿɯ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚɚɛɨ ɯɷɥɦɿ ɧɫɤɚ

ɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ Ɂɚ ʆɡɨɪ ɧɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɛɪɚɥɿɫɹ Ʉɪɚɤɚʆ ɿ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ

ɧɚɣɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɫɬɨɥɶɧɚɹ ȼɿɥɶ ɧɹ 

ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵ ɰɵ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɿ ɪɭɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɨɫɵɰɶ

ɲɵɪɨɤɚ ʆɠɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵ ɿ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ

Ʉɚɥɿ ʆ  ɝ ɛɵɥɚɪɚɫɩɚɱɚɬɚ ɤɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɰɵɹ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ

ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɲɬɨ ɹ ɧɚ ɚɯɨɩɿɰɶ  ɿ ɦɟɫɬɵ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷ

ɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ  ɍ ɚɤɰɟ Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɚɞ  ɝ  ɹ ɤɿ  ɡɦɹɲɱɚʆ

ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɦɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜɚ ɡ ɭɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɟɦ  ɩɪɚɡ ɱɚɬɵɪɵ

ɝɚɞɵ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɹ  Ɇɟɧɫɤɚɦ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ © ɧɚ

ɜɟɱɧɵ ɹ ɱɚɫɵª  ɦɚɧɚɪɯ ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɩɚ ɩɪɨɫɶ ɛɟ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɶɧɿɤɚ  ɭɜɺʆ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

144

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɚɝɚɜ ɨɪɤɭ  ©Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵɯɦɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɦɚɣɬɛɨɪɫɤ ɨɟ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ Ɇɢɧɫ

ɤɨɦ  ɡɥɚɦɚɥɢ ɢ ɦ ɵ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɦ ɚɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɡ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɣɬɨɫɬɜɚ

ɪɭɲɢɬɢ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɫɭɞɨɜɵɣ ɝɪɨɲ ɡ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɦɚɟɬ ɟɦɭ

ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚɦ ɟɫɬɧɢɤ  ɦɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɥɢ ɤ ɨɥɢ Ɇɟ

ɧɟɫɤ ɨɬ ɧɚɫ ɞɟɪɠɚɥª

15 2

  ɍ ɪɷɲɰɟ ɪɷɲɬ ɞɚ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɝɞɷ

ɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɧɿ ʆ Ɇɟɧɫɤɭ ɚɧɿ ɜɚ ʆɫɺɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɟ ɞɚɣ

ɲɥɨ  ɯɨɰɶ  ɧɚ ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɟ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵ ɿ ɩɚɤɚɡɜɚɟ ɩɪɵɤ

ɥɚɞ ɋɥɭɰɤɚ ɞɡɟɹɝɨ ɩɚɧɵ  ² ɤɧɹɡɿ Ⱥɥɟɥɶɤɚɜɿɱɵ ² ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɥɿ ʆ

ɬɵ ɦ ɠɚ  ɝ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭɜɺʆɲ ɵ © ɝɪɨɞɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚª ɚɛɨ ɡɚɦɤɚɜɭɸ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɸ ɹɤɨɣ ɿ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɥɿ  ɦɹɲ

ɱɚɧ ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵ ɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɩɪɚɡ ɫɬɨ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɭ ɇɚɜ ɚɝɪɚɞɤɭ ʆ

 ɝ  ɛɵɥɚ ʆɜ ɟɞɡɟɧɚ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɹ ɜɚɹɜɨɞɵ  ɧɚɞ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɦɿ

ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ɩɚɞɥɹ ɝɚɥɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ ɯɨɰɶ ɝɷɬɚ ɿ

ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɵ ɥɚ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɚɦ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ɍɚɤɿ ɫɬɚɧ ɛɵʆ

ɞɚɫɹ ɝɧɭɬɵ  ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɜɚʆ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɦɿ  ɜ ɚɹɜɨɞɚɦ ɿ

ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚɦ Ɂ ɿɧɿɰɵɹ ɬɵɜɚɣ ɭɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɸɪɵ ɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ ɧɚ ʆɫɿ ɦ

ɚɛɲɚɪɵ ɜɚɹɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɿʆ ɜ ɚɹɜ ɨɞɚ ɿ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɞɚɦɨɝɫɹ

15 3

ɇɚɨɝɭɥ ɠɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɥɚ ʆ

ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɹɜ ɚɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɚɛɚɜɹ ɡɤɨɜɭɸ ɫɿɥɭ ɚɥɟ  ɲɵɪɚɱɵɫɹ ɬɷ

ɪɵɬɚɪɵɹ ɥɶ ɧɚ  ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɜɚɥɚ ɿ ɡɧɚɺɦɚɫɰɶ ɡ ɹ ɝɨ ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵ 

ɩɚɦɿ ɿ  ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚɦɿ  Ɍɭɬ ɚɞɵɝɪɚɥɿ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɧɚɞɪɭɤɚɜɚɧɵɹ  ʆ

ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ ɬɷɤɫɬɵ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ ɚɞ ɡɦɟɲ

ɱɚɧɵɯ ɭ ɋɬɚɬɭɰɟ Ʌ ɚɫɤɚɝɚ  Ɋɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɵ ɛɵʆ ɭ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ

Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɟ ɿ ɤɚɦɩɟɧɞɵɸɦ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ə  ɐ Ɍɭɯɨɥɶ 

ɱɵɤɚ «Farrago actionum» >©ɉɪɚɰɷɫɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɫɹɧɤɚª@ ɜɵɞɚɞ

ɡɟɧɵ ʆ  ɝ  ɺɧ ɞɚɱɚɤɚʆɫɹ  ʆ ;9, ɫɬ  ɚɠɧɨ  ɜɵɞɚɧɧɹʆ

ɞɚɥɟɣ ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɿ ɩɟɪɚɤɥɚɞ Ɇ ə əɫɤɟɪɚ ©ɋ ɚɤɫɨɧɫɤɚɝɚ Ʌɸɫɬɷɪ

ɤɚ ɿ Ɇɚɝɞɷ ɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ȼɚɣɯɛɿɥɶɞɭª ɚ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɜ ɚɧɵɹ  ɡ

ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɵ  ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɩɚɩɨɥɶɫɤɭ ɬɜ ɨɪɵ Ȼɚɪɬɚɥɚɦɟɹ Ƚɪɚɿɰɤɚɝɚ

ɿ ɉɚʆɥɚ ɒɱɷɪɛɿɱɚ«6SHFXO XP 6D[RQXP « SRU]ąGNLHP DEHFDGáD

« QD MĊ]\N SRO VNL ZLHUQLH SU]HáRĪRQH» >© ɋɚɤɫɨɧɫɤɚɟ ɥɸɫɬɷɪɤɚ

« ɭ ɚɥɮɚɜ ɿɬɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɞɤɭ « ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚ ɩɟɪɚɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɚɟ ɧɚ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɜɭª@  Ɍɜɨɪɵ Ƚɪɚɿɰɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɒɱɷɪɛɿɱɚ ɪɚɫɩɚʆ

ɫɸɞɠɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɿ ʆ ɩɟɪɚɩɿɫɚɧɵɦ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ  ɧɚ ɹɤɿɹ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɫɩɚɫɵ

ɥɚɥɿɫɹ  ɚɞɜ ɚɤɚɬɵ ʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɫɭɞɚɯ ɲɵ ɪɵɥɿ ɡɧɚɺɦɫɬɜ ɚ ɡ ɦɚɝ

ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɿ ² ɹɤ ɜ ɵɧɿ ɤɚɟ ɡ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɚʆ Ɏ  Ɍɚɪɚɧɨʆɫɤɚ

ɝɚ ² ɩɚɫɩɪɵɹɥɿ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɸ ɹɝɨ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ ʆ ɭ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɭɞɨ

ɜɚɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ

15 4

ɉɚɪɚɥɟɥɶ ɧɚ ʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ  ɩɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ

ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚʆ ɍ ɰɵɬɚɜɚɧɵɦ ɭɠɨ ɩɪɵ

145

ɜɿɥɟɿ ɋ ɭɪɚɠɭ ɚɞ  ɝ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɸɱɵ ɦɹɲ

ɱɚɧɚɦ ɚɫɚɛɿɫɬɭɸ ɜɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ  ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚʆ ɲ ɬɨ

ɫɭɞɡɿɰɶ  ɿɯ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɩɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ

155

 ɝɡɧ,,ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ

ɹɤɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɩɚɰɜ ɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɭ  ɝ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɭɸɱɵ ɤɚɛ ©ɜɠɟ ɬɵɦ

ɫɬɚɬɭɬɨɦ  ɧɨɜɵɦ  ɫɭɞɢɥɢɫɹ ɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɥɢɫɹ  ɜɫɢ ɫɬɚɧɵ  ɨɞɧɚ

ɤɢɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ « ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɪɹɞɧɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɭɞɵ ɨɬɧɚɫ ɜɵɫɚɠɨɧɵ

ɦ ɢª

15 6

  ɑ ɚɪɝɨɜɵɹ ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬɵ ɫɥɭɠɵɥɿ ɚɫɧɨɜ ɚɣ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ ɿ ʆ

ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɦɹ ɲɱɚɧ ɧɟɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹɜ ɚɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ

Ɇɹ ɲɱɚɧɟ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿ ɦ ɩɪɚɜ ɟ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɬɚɤɫɚ

ɦɚ ² ɹɤ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɡ ,,,ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬɚ ² ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɰɰɚ ɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɚ

ɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ  ɤɚɥɿ ɜɵ ɤɚɡɚɥɿ  ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɡɝɨɞɭ Ⱥɪɬ   ɪɚɡɞɡɟɥɭ ,,,

ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜ ɚɸɱɵ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɭɸ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɹ ɜɚɧɚɫɰɶ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ ɯ ɦɹɲ 

ɱɚɧ ɫɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ©ȼɟɞɶ ɠɟ ɯɬɨ ɛɵ ɡ ɦɟɳɚɧ ɧɚɲɢɯ ȼɢɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ

ɤɨɦɭ ɲɬɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɨɦ ɫɜɨɢɦ  ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢ  ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɢ ɨɛɨɜɟɡɚɥɫɟ  ɬɨ ɫɢɦ  ɫɬɚɬɭɬɨɦ  ɫɭɠɨɧɨ ɢ

ɫɤɚɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɛɵɬɢ ɦ ɚɟɬɶ ɩɨɞɥɟ ɨɛɨɜɹɡɤɨɜ ɤɨɠɞɨɝɨª  Ɍɨɣ ɠɚ

ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚʆ  ɲ ɬɨ ʆ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɚɯ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɚɣ ɿ

ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɦɿ  ɫɭɞɵ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ  ɹɤɿɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɜ ɚɥɿ ɫɹ  ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ

ɩɪɚɜɟ  ©ɧɟ ɦɚɣɞɟɛɭɪɫɤ ɢɦ   « ɚɥɟ ɫɢɦ  ɫɬɚɬɭɬɨɦ ɲɥɹɯɬɟ ɡ

ɦ ɟɳɚɧ ɫɭɞ ɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɜɲɟɥɹɤɭɸ ɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɢ ɛɭ

ɞɭɬɶª  ɡɚ ɜ ɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɜ ɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ ɯ ɦɹ ɲ ɱɚɧ ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɩɚɤɥɿ ɤɚ

ɧɵ ɹ ɞɚ ɫɭɞɚ ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɚɛ ɡɚɛɨɣɫɬɜ ɟ  ɪɚɧɚɯ ɡɛɿɰɰɿ ɿ ɩɚɤɥɺɩɟ

ɧɚ ɲɥɹɯɰɿɰɚ  ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɭ ɫɿɥɭ ɚɞɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹʆ

ɚɞɤɚɡɜɚɰɶ ɡɚ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɡɥɚɱɵɧɫɬɜɵ  ɩɟɪɚɞ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɦ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɯɨɰɶ

ɭ ɜ ɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɚɫɭɞɠɷɧɧɹ ɧɟɫɥɿ ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧɧɟ  ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɚɟ ɋ ɬɚ

ɬɭɬɚɦ  əɲ ɱɷ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɭ  ɝ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣɞɥɹ ȼɨɿɧɚɜɚ ɜɵɜɟʆ ɡ

ɩɚɞ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɫɭɞɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ  ɞɚ

ɱɚɬɵɪɨɯ ɝɪɨɞɫɤɿɯ ɚɪɬɵ ɤɭɥɚʆ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɸɱɵ ɿɯ ɫɭɞɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ

ɚɥɶɛɨ ɹ ɝɨɧɵɯ ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿɤɚʆ

15 7

 ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɿ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɚ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ʆɩɥɵʆ  ɯɨɰɶ  ɭ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɟ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɜɵ ɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟ ɬɵɱɵɥɚɫɹ

ɡɟɦɫɤɿ ɯ ɫɭɞɨʆ  ɚ ɧɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ  ɍɫɟ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɩɚɫ

ɬɚɧɨɜɵ ɦɟɥɿ ɧɚ ɦɷɰɟ ɩɚɜɵɫɿɰɶ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɹ ɜɚɧɚɫɰɶ  ɲ ɥɹ ɯɬɵ  ɹ ɤ

ɩɚɧɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɿ ɚɞɩɚɜ ɹ ɞɚɥɿ  ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɵɦ ɫɭɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɚɦ ɫɿɥ ɭ

ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜ ɟ

1 58

ɋɭɞɨɜɚɹ ʆɫɬɚɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ Ɉɪɲɵ  ɝ  ɡɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɡ

ɞɜɚ ɝɚɞɵ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚɦ ,,,ȼ ɚɡɚɦ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɚ ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɥɚ  ɲɬɨ

ɦɟɫɬɚ ʆɡɹɥɨ ɫɚɛɟ ɡɚ ʆɡɨɪ ɫɭɞɨɜɭɸ ʆɫɬɚɜɭ ȼ ɿ ɥɶ ɧɿ  ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɟ

ɩɪɚɜɚ ɿ ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ

15 9

 Ɂɚ ɡɥɚɱɵɧɫɬɜɵ ɩɚɤɥɺɩɭ ɿ  ɮɚɥɶɲɵ

ɜɚɣ ɩɪɵ ɫɹ ɝɿ ɹ ɧɚ ʆɜɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɧɨɪɦɵ ,,,ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ  ɛɨ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ

ɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɨɟ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɦ ɟɫɤ ɢɦ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɨɧɨ Ⱥɥɟ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɭ ɞɨʆɝɭ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

146

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɲɵɧɤɚɪɭ ɹ ɧɚ ɪɷɝɭɥɹɜ ɚɥɚ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɫɬɚɪɚɞɚʆɧɹ ɝɚ ɡɜɵɱɚɸ  ɚ

ɤɚɠɭɱɵ ɩɪɚ ɫɜɹɬɨɱɧɵɹ ɞɧɿ ɜɨɥɶɧɵɹ ɚɞ ɩɪɚɰɵ  ɚɞɤɿɞɚɥɚ ɦɚɝ

ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɵɦ ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ

©ɂɠɟ ɫɟ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɨɪɲɚɧɶɫɤɢɦ ɭɫɢ ɨɛɵɜɚɬɟɥɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɟɝɨ Ɋɭɫɶ

ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɰɟ ɫɭɬɶ  ɫɬɚɪɨɠɢɬɧɨɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤ ɨɝɨ

ɩɨɫɥɭɲɟɧɶɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɪɤ ɜɢ ɜɫɯɨɞɧɟɟ  ɦ ɟɡɢ ɤ ɨɬɨɪɵ ɦɢ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ

ɧɚɣɞɭɬɫɹ ɥɸɞɢ ɪɢɦ ɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭª əɤ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ  ɩɪɚɜɚɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ

ɩɪɵ ɧɚɦɫɿ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɞɚ

ɫɿɧɬɷɡɭ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɜ ɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ ʆɡɨɪ ɩɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɝɚ

ɩɪɚɜɚ  ɫɮɚɪɦɭɥɹ ɜɚɧɚɝɚ ʆ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚɯ ɿ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɯ ɡɜɵɱɚɹʆ

ɍ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɯ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹ ɜɚɧɵɯ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵ ɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ  ɧɹɝɥɟ

ɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɿɦ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɿ  ɩɪɚɜɚɫɭɞɞɡɟ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɩɚ

ɜɨɞɥɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɨɜ ɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ Ⱦɥɹ ɋɥɭɰɤɚ ɝɷɬɭɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɭ ɫɚɧɤ

ɰɵ ɹɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɜɵ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɚɹ ʆ  ɝ  ɭɫɬɚɜ ɚ Ȼɚɝɭɫɥɚɜ ɚ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿɥɚ

Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɹɟ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɦɿ ɡɚɦɤɚɜɵ ɫɭɞ ɫɭɞɡɿʆ ɩɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ,,, ɋɬɚ

ɬɭɬɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  ɡɚ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɫɩɪɚɜɚʆ ɚɛ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɟ  ɹ ɤɿɹ

ɩɚɞɥɹ ɝɚɥɿ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ

16 0

  ɏɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚ  ɲ ɬɨ

ɝɷɬɭɸ ɧɨɪɦɭ ʆɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤ ɋɥɭɰɤɚ ɜɵ ɞɚʆ ɩɪɚɡ ɞɡɟɫɹ ɰɶ ɝɚɞɨʆ

ɩɚɫɥɹ ɧɨɜɚɝɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞ

ɠɚɧɚɝɚ ɭ  ɝ ɫɨɣɦɚɜɚɣ ɤɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵ ɹɣ

Ⱥ ɤɧɹɡɶ  Ɇɿɯɚɥ Ʉɚɡɿɦɿ ɪ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿɥ ɩɚɰɜɹ ɪɞɠɚɸɱɵ ʆ ɠɧɿʆɧɿ

 ɝ  ɧɹɫɜɿɠɫɤɿɦ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧɚɦ ɿɯ ɩɪɚɜɵ ɿ ɩɚɲ ɵ ɪɚɸɱɵ ɚɛɫɹ ɝ

ɩɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɵɯ ɿɥɶɝɨɬɚʆ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵʆ  ɲ ɬɨ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɵɣɧɵ ɫɭɞ ɧɹ ɫɜɿ

ɠɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɡɛɿɪɚɰɰɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɤɭ ʆ ɇɹɫɜɿɠɵ ɚ ɧɟ ʆ

ɿɧɲɵɦ ɦɟɫɰɵ ɿ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚɰɶ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɵɿ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ

ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ  ɚ ɧɟ ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬɚ Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  ɉɚɫɥɹ ɫɩɭɫ

ɬɨɲɚɧɧɹ  ɇɹɫɜɿɠɚ ʆ ɜɵɧɿ ɤɭ ɜɚɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɡɟɹ ɧɧɹʆ ɤɧɹɡɶ  ɩɚɰɜɹɪ

ɞɠɚɸɱɵ  ɩɪɚɡ ɬɪɵ ɝɚɞɵ 9, ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɹ  ɩɪɚɜɵ  ɜɵɞɚʆ ɩɚ

ɩɪɨɫɶɛɟ ɦɹ ɲɱɚɧ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥ ɚɞɪɚɫɚɜ ɚɧɵ ɫɜ ɚɣɦɭ ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɭ ɭ

ɹɤɿɦ ɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɵɦ ɧɚɤɚɡɜɚʆ ɹɦɭ ɧɟ ɫɭɞɡɿɰɶ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɭ ɡɚɦɤɚɜɵɦ

ɫɭɞɡɟ ɞɡɟ ʆɠɵɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɯɭɬɱɷɣ ɡɚ ʆɫɺ ɋɬɚɬɭɬ Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɿ ɜ ɟɪɚ

ɝɨɞɧɚ ɤɧɹɫɤɿɹ ɫɭɞɨɜɵɹ ɚɪɞɵɧɚɰɵ ɿ

16 1

ɍ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɹɜɚɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɟɦɫɹ  ɿ ɫɚ ɫɬɚ

ɪɵɦɿ ɫɭɞɨɜɵɦɿ ʆɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɦɿ  ɍ ;9,ɫɬ ɭ Ƚɨɪɚɞɧɿɜɵɫɬɭɩɚʆ ɤɨɩ

ɧɵ  ɫɭɞ ɡ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɫɬɚɪɨɸ ɦɟɬɪɵɤɚɣ ɚ ʆ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜ ɟ ;9,, ɫɬ

ɡɚɫɜɟɞɱɚɧɚ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ©ɚɤɨɩɵª ʆ ɋɥɨɧɿ ɦɟ  ɝ ɿ ʆ ɋ ɥɭɰɤɭ

 ɝ

16 2

  © Ʉɚɩɚª  ɜɹɞɨɦɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɚ ȸɤɪɚɿ ɧɟ ʆ ɀɵ ɬɨɦɿ ɪɵ

 ɝ

16 3

  Ƚɷɬɵɹ ɫɭɞɵ  ɮɭɧɤɰɵɹɧɚɜ ɚɥɿ ² ɹɤ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɦɟɪɤɚ

ɜɚɰɶ  ² ɧɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜ ɟ ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬɚʆ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɚ ɦɨɠɚ ɿ ɡɜɵ ɱɚɺɜɚɝɚ

ɩɪɚɜɚ

147

ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹ

ɫɬɜɚ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɫɭɩɟɪɧɿ ɰɬɜɟ ɡ ɚɣɱɵɧɧɵɦɿ ɡɚɤɨ

ɧɚɦɿ ɿ ɡ ©ɩɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɦª   ɫɚɛɪɚɧɵ ɦ ɭ ɬɪɨɯ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ

ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚɯ Ƚɷɬɚ ɜɵɹ ɜɿɥɚɫɹ  ɦ ɿɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɞɰɚʆ ɦɟɫ

ɬɚ Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɹ  ʆ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ;9,, ɫɬ ɩɪɚ ɹɤɿ ɩɿɲɚ Ɂ  Ʉɚ

ɩɵ ɫɤɿ ɞɡɟ ɛɚɤɿ ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɩɚ ɱɚɪɡɟ ɧɚ ,,, ɋɬɚɬɭɬ ɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪ

ɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ  ɉɚɤɚɡɚɥɶ ɧɚ  ɲɬɨ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɡ ɛɚɤɨʆ ɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ  ɲɬɨ

ɞɪɭɝɿ ɛɨɤ ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɧɚ ©ȼɚɣɯɛɿɥɶɞª © ɦɵɥɿɰɶ  ɜɨɱɵ ɜ ɵ

ɜɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɭ ɩɨɥɟ ɡɛɿɜɚɟ ɡ ɞɚɪɨɝɿª

16 4

Ƚɷɬɚɟ ɫɩɚɛɨɪɧɿ ɰɬɜɚ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɚ ɫɥɭɠɵ ɰɶ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧ

ɬɚɦ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵ ɫɰɶ  ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɿ Ɂ  Ɋɵ ɦɚɲɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ  ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɹ ɤɿɦ

ɧɹɦɟɰɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ  ɡ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɵ  ɹ ɝɨ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ 

ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɜɹɫɤɨɜɵɦ ɿ ɦɚɝɥɨ ʆɠɵɜ ɚɰɰɚ ʆ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɬɚɦɭ  ɲɬɨ

ɯɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ  ɚɞ ɜɺɫɤɿª

16 5

  ɍ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɰɿ

ɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɵ ɥɨ ɜ ɵ ɤɥɸɱɧɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɦ ɚ ɹɝɨ

ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɜɚɧɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɜɹ ɡɚɧɚ ɡ ɭɪɛɚɧɿɡɚɰɵ ɣɧɵɦɿ ɩɪɚɰɷ

ɫɚɦɿ

166

 ɯɨɰɶ ɭɩɥɵɜɚɥɿ ɧɚɹɝɨ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɮɚɤɬɚɪɵ ɩɪɚ ɹɤɿɹ ɿɲɥɨ

ɫɹ  ɜɵɲɷɣ Ɍɚɦɭ ɜɵɪɚɲɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɝɪɚɥɚ ɧɟ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɚ

ɮɭɧɤɰɵɹ  ɹɤɭɸ ɫɩɚʆɧɹɥɚ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɚɹ ɫɿ ɫɬɷɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ

16 7

   ȱɧɚɤɲ

ɛɵɥɨ ɛ ɧɟɦɚɝɱɵɦɚ ɜ ɵɫɜɟɬɥɿɰɶ ɿ ɪɨɥɸ ɪɵɦɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆ ɧɨ

ɜɵɹ ɱɚɫɵ  ɉɚɞɨɛɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɿ ɡ ©ɋ ɚɤɫɨɧɫɤɿɦ Ʌɸɫɬɷɪɤɚɦ ª ɹɤɨɟ

² ɞɚɞɚɦɨ ² Ɇɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝ ɞɚɩɨʆɧɿʆ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧɫɤɿɦ ©ȼɚɣɯɛɿɥɶɞɚɦ ª.

ɊɵɫɵɥɚɞɭɦɟɫɬɚʆɭȼɹɥɿɤɿɦɄɧɹɫɬɜɟ

ɉɚɞɫɭɦɨʆɜ ɚɸɱɵ ɧɚɡɿɪɚɧɧɿ ɧɚɞ ɪɵɫɚɦɿ ɥɚɞɭ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɧɚ

ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦɄɧɹɫɬɜɟ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ  ɬɪɷɛɚ ɩɚɞ

ɤɪɷɫɥɿɰɶ ɿɯ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɹ ʆɥɚɫɰɿɜɚɫɰɿ

 ɉɚɜɨɥɶɧɚɟ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɜɚɧɧɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɿ ɹɤɚɹ ɧɚɩɚ

ɱɚɬɤɭ ɚɛɦɹɠɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿɦɿ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɿ ɡ ȼɿ ɥɶ ɧɹɸ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ

ɍɡɦɚɰɧɿɥɚɫɹ ɹɧɨ ɡ ɤɚɧɰɚ ;9 ɫɬ  ɚ ɜɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹ ɣ ɱɚɫɬɰɵ ɞɡɹ ɪ

ɠɚɜ ɵ ɿ ʆ ɩɪɵ ɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɭɥɚɞɚɧɧɹɯ ² ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ

;9, ɫɬ

 Ɏɚɤɬ ɲɬɨ ɧɹɦɟɰɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɹ ɤ ɭ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɣ ɬɚɤ ɿ

ʆ ɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɹɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɚɜɿɞɧɚɫɰɹɯ ɛɵɥɨ ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɚɛ

ɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɚ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɿ ɚɥɟ ɿ ɬɭɬ ɚɧɿ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚʆɫɸɞ

ɧɵɦ

 Ɂɧɚɱɧɚɹ  ɞɵ ɮɟɪɷɧɰɵɹ ɰɵɹ  ɚɛɫɹ ɝɭ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɭɬ

ɪɵɦɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɪɷɪɚɝɚɬɵʆ ɜɨɣɬɚ  ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɚʆ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɚ ɚ ɬɚɤ

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

148

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɫɚɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɿ  ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɦɹ ɲɱɚɧ ɭ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɚɞ ɡɦɟɫɬɭ

ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɸ ɿ ʆɡɨɪɭ ɝ  ɡɧ  ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɹ ɤɿɦ

ɬɚɤɿ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚʆɫɹ

 ɇɟɪɚʆɧɚɦɟɪɧɚɫɰɶ  ɭ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɧɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚ ʆ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɭ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɚɞ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɭ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ ɜɵ ɫɨɤɚɹ  ɤɚɧ

ɰɷɧɬɪɚɰɵɹ ɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɉɚɞɥɹ ɲɲɵ  ɿ  ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɪɷɞ

ɤɚɟ ² ɿ ɩɚɡɧɟɣɲɚɟ ʆ ɱɚɫɟ ² ɡ¶ɹ ʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɹɜɚɧɵɯ ɦɟɫ

ɬɚʆ ɜɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹ ɣ ɱɚɫɬɰɵ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɞɡɟ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɿ ɩɟɪɚ

ɜɚɝɭ ɦɟɫɬɵ  ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ² ɰɷɧɬɪɵ ɜ ɨɥɚɫɰɹʆ Ɋ ɚɞɡɟɣ ɿ

ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɜɵ ɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɿɿ ʆ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɿ ɦɹɫɬɷɱ

ɤɚɯ  Ɋ ɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɬɵɦ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɩɷʆɧɵɹ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɵ  ɹɤɿɹ ɬɵɱɵɥɿ ɫɹ

ʆɫɹ ɝɨ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɦɟɫɬɚ

ɉɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɞɚ ɿɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɚʆ ɩɪɵɧɰɵ ɩ © ɩɚɜɟɬɪɚ ɝɨɪɚɞɚ ɪɨɛɿɰɶ

ɜɨɥɶɧɵɦª  ɹɤɿ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɭ ;9, ɫɬ  ɡɚɡɧɚʆ ɞɚɥɺɤɚɫɹɠɧɵɹ ɚɛɦɟ

ɠɚɜ ɚɧɧɿ ʆ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɯ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ

 ɉɚɷɬɚɩɧɚɟ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹʆ ɲɬɨ ɜɹɥɨ ɚɞ ɧɚ

ɞɚɧɧɹ  ɦɚɥɨɝɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɚ  ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ  ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ

ɬ ɡɜ  ɩɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ  Ƚɷɬɚɟ ɚɩɨɲ ɧɹ ɟ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ

ɡɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɡ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɣ ɚɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵ ɹ ɣ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬ

ɜɚ  ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨɣɩɚɥɨɜɟ ;9, ɿ ʆ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ;9,, ɫɬ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ

ɜɵɧɿɤɚɦ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɬɚɜɚɪɧɚɫɰɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɫɬɵɦɭɥɹ ɜɚ

ɧɚɟ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɚɸ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚɸ ɝ  ɡɜ ɜɚɥɨɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɦɟɪɚɣ

1 68

 Ɂɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɚɫɰɶ  ɦɚɧɚɪɲɚɟ ʆɥɚɞɵ  ʆ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ

ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɧɚɟ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ

ɱɵɦɿ ɿ ɮɿɫɤɚɥɶ ɧɵɦɿ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɿ ɚɥɟ ɿ ɿɧɲɵ ɦɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɹɤ

ɧɚɩɪ  ɩɪɵɰɹɝɧɟɧɧɟ ɧɨɜ ɵɯ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ  ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ

ɝ  ɞ ɇɟɦɚɥɚɜ ɚɠɧɵɦ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ ʆ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɫɬɨɥɶɧɚɟ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ

ɛɵʆ ɿ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɷɫɬɵɠɭ

 ɋɭɩɪɚɰɿʆ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɧɧɸ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹʆ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɡɵɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɯ ɚɞɦɿ ɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɚɪɚʆ ² ɜɚɹɜɨɞɚʆ ɧɚ

ɦɟɫɧɿɤɚʆ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɰɚʆ ɰɿ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɬɪɚɰɿɥɿ ɹɤ ɭɥɚɞɭ ɬɚɤ

ɿ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɭ ɞɚɯɨɞɚʆ Ⱥɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ɜɵɧɿ ɤɚɥɿ ɲ ɦɚɬɥɿ ɤɿ ɹ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɵ

ɚɥɟ ɿ ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫɵ ɹɤɿɹ ɜ ɹɥɿ ɞɚ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɭ ʆɥɚɞɵʆ ɦɟɫɰɟ ɡ ɱɚɫɬ

ɤɨɜ ɵɦ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɸɪɵ ɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ ɿ ɞɚɯɨɞɚʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɱɵ

ɧɨʆɧɿɤɚ ɹɤɿ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚʆ ɭ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɹɤ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵ ɜɨɣɬ

 ɉɪɵɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ ɜɨɣɬɚʆ ɛɭɣɧɟɣɲɵɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɯ ɦɟ

ɫɬɚʆ ɞɚ ʆɥɚɞɧɚɣ ɷɥɿɬɵ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɲɬɨ ɜɹ ɥɨ ɞɚ ɜɵɤɚ

ɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɧɿ  ɦɟɫɬɚɦɿ  ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɚʆ ² ɥɹ ɧɬɜɨɣɬɚʆ

Ⱥɥɟ ɜɨɣɬɵ ɦɟɧɲ ɵ ɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɡɜ ɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɡ ɦɹ ɲɱɚɧɫ

149

ɬɵ  ɜɵ ɥɭɱɚɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɭɸ ɩɚɫɚɞɭ ɩɚɧɚɦɿ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɿɦ ɩɚɬɪɚɧɚɜ ɚɥɿ

ȼɵɤɭɩ ɜɨɣɬɚʆɫɬɜ ɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɿ ɛɵʆ ɩɨɡɧɹ ɣ ɿ ɧɟɩɚʆɫɸɞɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɹ

ɜɚɸ Ɍ ɚɦɭ ɜɨɣɬ ɭ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɞɨʆɝɚ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚʆ ɫɜɚɸ ɚɫɨɛ

ɧɚɫɰɶ ɚɞ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɫɚɦɚɤɿ ɪɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ  ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɱɵ ɚɛɨ ɫɚɦɚɫ

ɬɨɣɧɚ  ɚɛɨ ɹ ɤ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤ ɩɚɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ² ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɰɿ ɩɪɵ 

ɜɚɬɧɚɝɚ ʆɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɚ

 Ⱦɵɮɟɪɷɧɰɵɹɰɵɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɚ ʆ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ  ɚɞ

ɱɚɫɭ ʆɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɹ  ɿ ɫɭɚɞɧɨɫɿɧ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɫɚɰɵɹ ɥɶ ɧɚɤɚɧɮɟ

ɫɿɣɧɵɯ ɫɿɥ ɭ ɦɟɫɰɟ Ⱦɥɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɟ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɛɵʆ ɯɚɪɚɤ

ɬɷɪɧɵ ɩɚɪɵɬɷɬ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚʆ ɿ

ɪɚɞɰɚʆ  ɍ ɧɚɣɛɭɣɧɟɣɲɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ² ɬɚɤɿɯ  ɹɤ ȼɿɥɶɧɹ ɿ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆ

² ɭɞɡɟɥ ɭ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɿ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɩɚɫ

ɩɨɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɍ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɦɟɫɰɚɯ ɹ ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ ɚɫɨɛɧɚ ɛɨ ɩɪɚɞ

ɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ ɰɷɯɚʆ ɿ  ɦɹɲɱɚɧɞɨɦɚʆɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɭɞɡɟɥɶɧɿ ɱɚɥɿ ʆ ɤɿɪɚ

ɜɚɧɧɿ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɧɚ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɵ ɯ ɚɫɧɨɜ ɚɯ

16 9

 Ⱥɞɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɚɝɚɧɞɥɺɜ ɚɣ ɟɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɦɟ

ɫɬɚʆ ɡ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɵ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ ² ɚɞ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ² ɡɚɦɤɚɜɵɯ ɞɭ

ɯɨʆɧɵɯ ɰɿ ɩɚɧɫɤɿɯ ɸɪɵɞɵɤ  Ɇɟɫɬɵ ɛɨɥɶ ɲ ɰɿ ɦɟɧɲ ɩɚɫɩɹɯɨ

ɜɚ ɛɚɪɚɧɿɥɿɫɹ ɚɞ ɜɵɤɭɩɭ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɟ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɚɫɰɿ  ɲɥɹ ɯɬɚɣ ɿ

ɦɟɥɿ ɚɫɟɥɿɲɱɚ ʆ ɹɟ ʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɹɯ

 Ɏɚɤɬ ɲ ɬɨ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɚɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɚɞɩɚɜ ɟɞɧɚ ɯɷɥɦ

ɿɧɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɿɤɨɥɿ ɧɟ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ȼɹ 

ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ɂɜ ɵɱɚɺɜ ɚɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɿ ɪɭɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ  ɚ ɩɨ

ɬɵɦ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ  ɤɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɜɚɧɚɟ ʆ ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬɚɯ Ʌ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ

ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɿ ʆ ɧɟɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹ ɜɚɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɿ ɸɪɵɞɵ 

ɤɚɯ ɚɥɟ ɿ ɫɩɚɛɨɪɧɿ ɱɚɥɿ ɡ ɧɹ ɦɟɰɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɩɪɵ

ɜɿɥɟɹɜɚɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ

Ƚɷɬɚɹ  ɞɜɚɿɫɬɚɫɰɶ ɥɚɞɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɟ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɭɸ ɪɵɫɭ ɝɚɪɚɞɫ

ɤɨɣ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵ ɿ ɧɚ  ɬɷɪɵ ɬɨɪɵ ɿ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɭɸ

ɚɞ ɥɚɞɭ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɭ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɟ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɿɦ Ⱥɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ

ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚɫɰɶ  ɭɥɿɱɜɚɰɶ ɭ ɩɚɡɧɟɣɲɵɯ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɚɯ  ɧɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɞɚɡ

ɜɚɥɹ ɸɰɶ ɤɪɵ ɧɿɰɵ ɥɚɞ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿ ɦ

ɯɷɥɦɿɧɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɚɥɟ ɿ  ɧɟɩɪɵ ɜ ɿɥɟɹ ɜɚɧɵ ɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɿ ɦɹɫɬɷ

ɱɚɤ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ  ɡɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɟ ɫɟɬɤɿ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ

17 0

Ⱥ ɝɭ ɥɶɧɭ ɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬ ɚɪ ɵɫɬɵɤɭ  ʆɪ ɛɚɧɿ ɡɚɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɩ ɪɚɰɷ ɫɚʆ ɭ

OLWHZVNLFK $WHQHXP:LOHĔVNLHW ,  s. 402– 404, 421–4 53.

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ

150

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

 Ɂɂ  Ʉɨ ɩɵɫɫɤɢɣ ɗɤɨ ɧɨ ɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɪ ɚɡ ɜɢɬɢ ɟ ɝɨ ɪɨ ɞɨ ɜ Ȼɟɥɨ 

ɪɭ ɫɫɢɢ ɜ ;9, ² ɩɟɪ ɜɨ ɣ ɩɨ ɥɨ ɜɢɧɟ  ;9,, ɜ Ɇɢɧ ɫɤ   

6$OH[DQG URZL F] 0LDV WDE LDáR UXVN LH Z;9,L SLHUZV]HMSR áRZL H;9,,

wi eku  .Z DUWDO QLN + LVW RU\ F]Q \5/;;9  ʋ  V   ± 

Ⱥɉ  Ƚɪ ɢɰɤɟɜɢɱ  ɑɚɫɬɧ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɱ ɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɨ ɪɨɞ ɚ Ȼɟɥɨ ɪɭɫɫɢ ɢ ɜ ;9,±

;9,,,ɜɜɆɢ ɧɫɤ  

6 $OH[DQGUR ZLF]*HQH]DL UR]Z yMVL HFL PLDVW HF]HN %LDáRUXV LL

/LWZ\GRSRáR Z\;9,,ZLHNX$FWD%DO WLFR6ODYLFD, t. VII, 1970, s. 47–

  ɬɚɦɫɚɦ ɚ ɧɚɩɚɱ ɚɬɤɭ ɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɟ ɿɧɲɵɯɩ ɪɚɰɚʆɬɚɪ ɚɞɚɬɵɱɧ ɵɯ

ɦɟɫɬ ɚʆɿ ɦ ɹɫɬɷɱ ɚɤȼɹɥ ɿɤɚɝ ɚɄɧɹɫɬɜɚʆ;9,±;9,,ɫɬɫɬ ɿ Po ws ta ni e

si eci mi ejs kiej Po dlasia na tl e p rocesó w u rbanizacyj nych w Wi elk im

.V LĊVWZ LH /L WHZ VN LP  .Z DUW DO QLN +L VW RUL L .XO WXU\ 0DW HULDO QHM  5

XXVII I, 1980, zesz. 3 , s. 413 –427.

-2FKPDĔVNL+ LVWRULD/LWZ\Z\G:URFáDZ V±

± 0.RVPDQ+LVWRULD%LDáRUXVL:URFá DZV±

ɋ Ⱥɥ ɟɤɫɚɧ ɞɪ ɨɜɿ ɱɡ ɞɚɟɰɰ ɚ ɩɟɪɚɚɰɷ ɧɶɜɚɟɚɛɚɪɨ ɧɱɭ ɸ ɪɨ ɥɸ

ɦɹɫɬɷɱ ɚɤ ɩɪɵ ɡɚɦ ɤɚɯ Geneza i rozw ój sieci V ɍɚɞɪɨ ɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɚɞ

ɭɦ ɚɰɚɜɚɧɵɯɦ ɟɫɬɚʆ ɹɧɵɧ ɟ ɚɞɵɝɪ ɵɜɚɥɿ ɡ ɧɚɱ ɧɚɟɪ ɨɥ ɿ

ɋ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞ ɪɨ ɜɿɱ  Geneza i rozwó j sieci ,V   ±  ɚɫɨɛ ɧɚ

ɪɚɡɝ ɥɹɞ ɚɟɦ ɟɫɬɵ ɿɦ ɹɫɬɷɱɤɿ  ɹɤɿ ɹ ʆɡ ɧɿɤɚɥ ɿɩ ɪɵɤɚɬɷɞɪ ɚɯɤɚɫɰɺɥ ɚɯɿ

ɤɥɹɲ ɬɚɪ ɚɯ

 6 :\ Vá RX FK  3R Vá XJ L NR PX QL NDF\ MQ H Z PL DV WDFK  :  .V 

/LW HZVNLHJRQD SUDZLHPDJG HEXUVN LPGR SRáRZ \;9, Z:LO QR 

Ⱥɤɬɵɨ ɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹɤɢ ɫɬɨɪ ɢɢɁɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɣɊɨ ɫɫɢɢ ɞɚɥɟɣȺɁ Ɋ

ɬ ,, ʋ , ɫ 

ȼɂ ɉɢ ɱɟɬɚ Ⱥɝɪ ɚɪɧɚɹɪ ɟɮɨ ɪɦɚɋɢ ɝɢɡɦ ɭɧɞ ɚȺ ɜɝɭ ɫɬɚ ɜɥ ɢ

ɬɨɜɫɤɨɪɭ ɫɫɤɨɦɝɨɫɭɞ ɚɪɫɬɜɟɢ ɡɞ² ɢɡɞɆɨ ɫɤɜɚɫ

424.

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S RPLDU\  Z áy F]QHM   6WX GL D QDG G]LHMDPL  : LHON LHJR  . VL ĊV WZ D

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 LE LGHP V  ± 

Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹɂɫɬ ɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹȻɢɛɥ ɢɨɬɟɤɚɞɚɥɟɣ  Ɋɂ Ȼɬ;;;ɤɚɥ

ɛ ɚɪɬ

S. Alexandrowicz. Geneza i rozw ój sieci,V ± ɞɡɟɩɚɞɚɟɰɰɚ

ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɫɩ ɿɫ ɦɟɫɬɚʆɿ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɚɤɅɿ ɬɜɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪ ɭɫɿ ɞɚɩɚɥɨɜɵ ;9,,ɫɬ

ɫ ±

Ȭɧ ɠɚ0LDVWD%L DáRUX VL ɫ  ɩɚɝɚɞɠɚɟɰɰɚ ɡɝɷɬɚɸ ɥɿɱɛ ɚɣ

ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆɦ ɟɫɬɚʆ ɩɚɞ ɚɞ ɡɟɧ ɭɸ Ʉɚɩɵɫɤɿ ɦɩɪ ɵ ɬɵɦ  ɲɬɨɩɪɵɦɚɟɜɵ

ɲɷɣ ɲɭ ɸ ɥɿ ɱɛ ɭ ²  ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɧɚ ɞ ɵɦ  ɉɚɞɨ ɛɧ ɚ ɠ ɜɵɤɚɡɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɿ

ɘɆɨ ɠɵ -0RU]\ .U\ ]\ V GHPR JUDIL F]Q\ QD/ LW ZL H L%LDáR UX VL Z

GUXJL HMSRáRZ LH;9,, ZLHNX3 R]QDĔ 

ɆɎȼɥɚɞ ɢɦɢɪɫɤɢɣȻɭɞ ɚɧɨ ɜɇɟɦɟɰ ɤɨɟɩɪ ɚɜɨ ɜ ɉɨɥ ɶɲɟɢ

Ʌɢɬɜɟ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ  ɚɫɚɛ ɥɿɜɚ ɫ ± 

151

ȼȺɧɬɨɧɨɜɢɱ ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɨɝ ɨɪɨɞɚɯɜɸɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣɊ ɨɫ

ɫɢɢɩɨɚɤɬɚɦ  ±  ɝɝ Ⱥ ɪɯɢ ɜɘɝɨɁ ɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɣɊ ɨɫɫɢɢ ɬ  ɱ

9Ʉɢ ɟɜ  

Ⱥ ɉ ɚɜɢ ɧɫɤɢɣɈ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɟɜɉɨ ɥɶɲɟɢɅɢɬɜɟɝȼɥ ɚ

ɞɢɦ ɢɪɫɤɨɝ ɨȻɭɞ ɚɧɨɜɚɊɚɡɛ ɨɪ«ɭɞɨɫɬɨɟɧɧɵɣɡɨɥɨ ɬɨɣɍɜɚɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ

ɦɟɞ ɚɥɢɉɟɬɟɪɛɭ ɪɝ  ɫɉɚɪ ɫɤɚɪɨɱ ɚɧɵ ɜɵɤɥ ɚɞɝ ɷɬɚɝ ɚɠ ɩɚ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭBiblio teka Warszawska, 187 2, t. I, s. 472– 483.

W. A. Maciejowski. Historia miast i mieszczan w krajach dawnego

SDĔVWZDSROVNLHJRRG F]DVyZQDMGDZQLHMV]\FKGR SRáRZ\;,;Z LHNX=

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Ɇ Ʌɸ ɛɚɜɫɤɢɣɈ ɛɥ ɚɫɬɧ ɨɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɟɫɬ ɧɨ ɟ ɭɩ ɪɚɜɥ ɟɧ ɢɟ

ɥɢ ɬɨɜɫɤɨɪɭɫɫɤɨ ɝɨ ɝɨɫɭ ɞɚɪ ɫɬɜɚɤɨ ɜɪ ɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹɩɟɪɜɨ ɝɨɥ ɢɬɨ ɜ

ɫɤɨ ɝɨɋɬɚɬɭɬɚɆɨɫɤɜɚ ɫ±  

 ɆȾɨɜɧɚɪɁɚɩɨ ɥɶɫɤɢɣ Ƚɨ ɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧ ɧɨ ɟ ɯɨ ɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ȼɟɥɢ

ɤɨ ɝɨ Ʉɧɹɠ ɟɫɬ ɜɚ Ʌɢɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪ ɢəɝɟɥɥ ɨɧɚɯ ɬ ,Ʉɢɟɜ  ɫ 

ɺɧ ɠɚ Ɉɱ ɟɪ ɤɢ ɩ ɨ ɨɪ ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧ ɨɪɭ ɫɫɤɨ ɝɨ  ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ

;9,ɜɟɤɟɄɢɟɜ  ɫ 

ɎȼɌɚɪɚɧ ɨɜɫɤɢɣɈɛ ɡɨɪ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜɦ ɚɝɞ ɟɛɭ ɪɝɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪ ɚ

ɜɚɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ ɨɞɨ ɜ ɥɢɬɨɜɫɤɨɣɷɩɨɯɢ ɂɫɬɨɪ ɢɤɨ ɸɪ ɢɞ ɢɱɟɫ

ɤɨ ɟɢ ɫɫɥ ɟɞɨɜɚɧɢ ɟ ȼɚɪ ɲɚɜɚ  ɫ 

ȼɂ ɉɢ ɱɟɬɚ Ⱥɝɪ ɚɪɧɚɹɪ ɟɮɨ ɪɦɚɫ 

Ⱥ ɋȽɪɭ ɲɟɜɫɤɢ ɣ Ƚɨɪ ɨɞɚȼɟɥɢ ɤɨɝ ɨɄɧɹɠ ɟɫɬ ɜɚ Ʌɢɬɨɜɫɤɨ ɝɨ

ɜ ;,9±;9, ɫɬɂ ɯɫɬɚɪ ɢɧ ɚɢ ɛɨ ɪɶɛɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɧɭɄɢɟɜ  

ɇ ɚɪ ɵɫ ɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɹɝɪ ɚɮɿɿ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ȼɹɥ ɿɤɚɝɚɄɧɹɫɬɜɚɞ ɚ ɪɷɜɚɥ ɸ

ɰɵɿ ɞɚʆ Ⱥ  Ⱦɜɨɪ ɧɢɱɟɧɤɨɊ ɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɞɨ ɪɟɜɨ ɥɸ ɰɢ ɨɧ ɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨ ɪɢ ɤɢɨ

ɝɨ ɪɨɞ ɫɤɨ ɦɫɬɪɨ ɟȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɄɧɹɠɟɫɬɜɚɅɢɬɨ ɜɫɤɨɝɨ  Ƚɟɧɟɡɢ ɫɢ ɪɚɡ

ɜɢɬɢɟ ɮɟɨɞ ɚɥɢɡ ɦɚɜɊɨ ɫɫɢɢ Ʌɟɧɢɧɝ ɪɚɞ   ɫ ± 

 ȼ Ⱦɪɭɠ ɱɵɰ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹɦɟɫɬɵ ʆ ɝɿ ɫɬɨ ɪɵɱ ɧɚɣ ɥɿ ɬɷɪ ɚɬɭ ɪɵ

 Ƚɿɫɬɨɪ ɵɱɧ ɨȺɪ ɯɟɨ ɥɺɝɿ ɱɧɵɁɛɨ ɪɧɿ ɤ ɬ,Ɇɟɧɫɤ ɫ ± 

Ƚɷɬɚɛ ɵʆɩɟɪɲɵɪɚɡ ɞɡɟɥ ɪɵɯɬɚɜɚɧɚɟɚʆɬɚɪɚɦ ɩɪɚɰɵɩ ɪɚɦ ɟɫɬɵȼɹɥ ɿ

ɤɚɝ ɚɄɧɹɫɬɜɚɩɟɪɚɞɭ ɫɿɦɛ ɟɥɚɪ ɭɫɤɿɹɧɚɦɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪ ɝɫɤɿ ɦɩɪɚɜɟ ɧɟɤɚɬɨ

ɪɵɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɡɹɤɨ ɟɡ¶ɹɜɿɥɿɫɹ ʆɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɚɪɬɵɤɭ ɥɚʆȾɚɿɯɧɚɥɟ

ɠɚɰɶ ɦɿɠɿɧɲɵɦ ȼɨɣɬɵɿ ɿɯɭɥɚɞɚʆɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯɝɚɫɩɚɞ ɚɪɫɤɿɯɦɟɫɬɚɯɡ

ɦɚɣɞ ɷɛɨɪɫɤɿ ɦɩɪɚɜɚɦɁɚɩɿɫɤɿȺ ɞɡɶɞɡɟɥ ɭȽɭɦɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɵɯɇɚɜɭɤ ȻȺɇ

ɤɧɉɪɚɰɵɤɥɹɫɵɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿɬ,, Ɇɟɧɫɤɫ±Ɇɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɭ

ɛɟɥɚɪ ɭɫɤɿɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɡ ɦɚɣ ɞɷɛ ɨɪɫɤɿɦ  ɩɪ ɚɜɚɦ ɭ  ;9±;9, ɫ ɬ

LELGHPɤɧɬ,,,ɫ ±

Ɂ  ɂɄɨɩɵɫɫɤɢɣ ɗɤɨ ɧɨ ɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɪ ɚɡ ɜɢɬɢɟɝɨɪ ɨɞ ɨɜȻɟɥ ɨ

ɪɭ ɫɫɢɢ Ɇɚɝ ɞɟɛɭ ɪɝ ɫɤɨɟ ɩɪ ɚɜɨ ɜɝ ɨɪ ɨɞ ɚɯȻɟɥɨ ɪɭ ɫɫɢɢ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ

ɫɥ ɚɜɹɧɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ  ʋ  ɫ ±  ɹɝɨ ɠ ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɩ ɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫ

ɤɨ ɟɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɝ ɨɪɨɞ ɨɜȻɟɥɨɪ ɭɫɫɢɢɜ;9,²ɩ ɟɪɜɨ ɣɩɨ ɥɨɜɢɧɟ;9,, ɜ

Ɇɢɧɫɤ  

Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜ ɟ