Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

172

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵ  ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɦɚɟ ɡɚɫɰɹɪɨɝɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ʆ ɥɿɫɰɟ ɚɞ

ɪɚɫɚɜ ɚɧɵɦ ɜ ɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɦɭ ɜɚɹɜɨɞɭ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɭ ɠɦɭɞɫɤɚɦɭ ɋ ɬɚɧɿɫ

ɥɚɜɭ əɧɨɜɿɱɭ ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɚɞɤɥɿɤɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɞɡɟɫɹɰɺɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɚʆ

ɿ ɱɚɬɵ ɪɨɯ ɩɭɫɬɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ ɹ ɝɨɧɚɦɭ ɫɥɭɝɭ ɒɵɦɤɭ  ɇɚ ɩɪɨɫɶ ɛɭ

ɩɪɵ ɫɬɚɜɚʆ ɿ ʆɫɹ ɟ ɜ ɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɟ ɜɨɥɚɫɰɿ  ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɫɤɚɪɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ  ɲɬɨ

ɬɨɣɒɵɦɤɚ «ɜɵɛɢɪɚɥ ɫɨɛɢ ɥɸɞɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɬɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɜ

ɦɢɥɢ ɚ ɲɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɣɥɟɩɲɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɣɛɨɝɚɬɲɢɯ ɭɜɹɡɚɥɫɹ  ɹɤɨɠ ɬɨ

ɜ ɬɨɦ ɭ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɧɚɲɨɦ ɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɲɤɨɞɧɨª  ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɚɞɤɥɿɤɚɟ ɧɚ

ɞɚɧɧɟ ɿ ɧɚ ©ɱɨɥɨɛɢɰɟª ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿ ɰɬɜɚ ɰɷɥɚɟ ɜɨɥɚɫɰɿ ɜɵɞɚɟ ɞɚ

ɤɭɦɟɧɬ  ɭ ɹɤɿɦ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɟ ɲɬɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɚɫɰɶ ɿɯ ɛɨɥɶɲ  ɒɵɦɤɭ

ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜ ɚ ɚɛɚɜɹ ɡɜ ɚɸɱɵ ɜɚɹɜ ɨɞɭ  ɲɬɨ ©ɟɫɬɥɢɛɵ ɧɚɩɨɬɨɦ

ɬɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɪɚ ȼɟɥɟɧɵ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɩɭɫɬɨɜɫɤɢɯ

ɬɨɬ ɒɵɦ ɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɭɩɪɨɫɢɥɢ ɬɜɨɹɛɵ ɦɢɥɨɫɬ ɜ ɬɨ ɟɦɭ

ɭɜɟɡɚɧɹ ɧɟ ɞɚɜɚɥª

5 1

  Ɍ ɪɷɛɚ ɫɸɞɵ ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ ɡɚɥɿɱɵɰɶ ɜɵ ɞɚ

ɞɡɟɧɵ ʆ  ɝ  ɧɚɤɚɡ ɦɚɝɿɥɺʆɫɤɚɣ ɜɨɥɚɫɰɿ ɤɚɛ ɬɚɹ ɧɟ ɞɚɜɚɥɚ

ɚɞ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɞɚɧɿ ɧɵ  ɲɬɨ ɡɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɬɢɜɭɧɳɢɧɚ  ɧɿɹ ɤɚɣ ɬɪɷ

ɰɹɣ ɚɫɨɛɟ  ɧɚɜɚɬ ɤɚɥɿ ɛ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɹ  ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɹ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ

ɞɚɪɭɱɷɧɧɹ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ ɜɵɞɚɥɚ ɧɟɤɚɦɭ ɧɨɜ ɵ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɡɛɨɪ

ɝɷɬɚɟ ɞɚɧɿɧɵ ɿ  ɤɚɛ ɬɚɹ ɞɚɧɿɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚɫɹ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚ ʆ ɝɚɫɩɚ

ɞɚɪɫɤɿ ɫɤɚɪɛ ɩɚɞ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɚɸ ɩɚʆɬɨɪɧɚɝɚ ɹ ɟ ɫɩɚɝɧɚɧɧɹ

5 2

  əɤ

ɜɿɞɚɰɶ  ɫɚɦ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɧɟ ɦɟʆ ɩɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɜɟɪɭ ɞɚ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɫɜɚ

ɺɣ ɭɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ ɪɚɡ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɫɜ ɚɿ ɯ ɞɚɪɭɱɷɧɧɹʆ

ɪɚɛɿʆ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜ ɚ ɜɚɪɬɚɜɵɦɿ ɜɟɪɧɚɫɰɿ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɿ ɩɚɫɥɹ 

ɞɨʆɧɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɞɡɟɹ ɧɧɹɯ

Ɍɪɷɛɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɚɸ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɚɣ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɭ

ɪɷɱɚʆ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɚ ɹɤɚɹ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɥɚ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɵɹ  ɪɚɲɷɧɧɿ  ɿ

ɜɵɰɹɤɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɡ ɧɟɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɚ ɫɩɪɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɵ ɹɧɚ

ɜɚɧɧɹ  ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭ ʆɥɚɞɵ  ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ

Ɂɞɚɪɚɥɚɫɹ  ɲ ɬɨ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ  ɚɞɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɹ ɧɚ ɚɬɪɵ ɦɚɧɧɟ ɝɚɫɩɚ

ɞɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ  ɬɚɦ ɿ ɝɿɧɭɥɿ ɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɞ

ɫɬɚɜ ɟ ɡɚɹɜɵ ɫɚɤɪɚɬɚɪɚ ɚɛ ɿɯ ɡɝɭɛɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚɫɹ ɿɯ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧ

ɧɟ ɲɬɨ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɦɚɝɥɨ ɛɵɰɶ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɞɚ ɡɥɨʆɠɵɜɚɧɧɹʆ

ȼɚɪɬɚ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ɡɚʆɜɚɠɵɰɶ ɲɬɨ ɿ ɫɚɦɜɹɥɿɤɿ ɤɧɹɡɶ

ɧɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵɛɵʆ ɫɯɿɥɶ ɧɵ ɫɩɚʆɧɹɰɶ ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɹ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ  Ʉɚɥɿ

ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɝɚɜɨɪɤɚ ɿɲɥɚ ɩɪɚ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ ɺɧ ɫɬɚɪɚʆɫɹ ɝɷɬɵ ɹ  ɩɚɪɭ

ɲɷɧɧɿ ɩɪɵɜɿ ɥɟɹʆ ² ɩɪɵɧɚɦɫɿ  ɮɚɪɦɚɥɶ ɧɚ ² ɡɚɥɚɝɨɞɠɜɚɰɶ

Ɍɚɤ ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ  ɧɚɞɚɸɱɵ ʆ  ɝ ɤɭɩɰɭ Ɏɺɞɚɪɭ Ⱦɚɧɹɟɥɺɜɿ

ɱɭ Fedorow i Danielowiczow i  ɠɚɪɚɛɹɬ ɭ Ȼɟɥɶ ɫɤɿɦ ɩɚɜɟɰɟ ɿ

ɩɚɜɟɞɚɦɥɹ ɸɱɵ ɩɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɟɥɶɫɤɚɦɭ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɭ  ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɚɝɚɜɨɪ

ɜɚɟ  ɲɬɨ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɚɟ ɹ ɤ  ɞɚɸɱɵ ɹɦɭ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣɧɚ Ȼɟɥɶɫɤ

173

ɡɚɛɚɜɹ ɡɚʆɫɹ ɧɟ ɚɞɞɚɜɚɰɶ ɬɚɦ ɧɿɤɨɦɭ ɧɿ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ ɧɿ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ

Ɋɨɛɹɱɵ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟ  ɺɧ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜ ɚɟ ɲɬɨ ɱɵ ɧɿɰɶ ɝɷɬɚ  ©ɧɟ

ɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɱ ɵ ɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɵɜɢɥɢɹ  ɧɚɲɨɝɨª

5 4

  Ʉɭɪɬɭɚɡɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ

ɩɚɪɭɲ ɷɧɧɹ  ɜɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɚ ɜɵɤɥɿ ɤɚɧɚ ɚɫɨɛɚɸ ɚɞɪɚɫɚɬɚ  ɲ ɬɨ ɧɚ

ɥɟɠɚʆ ɞɚ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɤɚɝɚ ɫɥɨɸ  ɡ ɹ ɤɿɦ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɦɭɫɿʆ ɫɭɪ¶ ɺɡɧɚ

ɥɿɱɵɰɰɚ

Ƚɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɹ ɩɿɫɚɪɵɿɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ

ɿ ɪɷɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚɦ

ɈȽɚɲɬɚʆɬɚɦ

ɋɥɭɠɛɨɜɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲ ɱɚ ɩɿɫɚɪɚʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɥɹ 

ɪɵɿ ɧɿ ʆ ɹɤɿɦɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɪɚɞɧɵɦ ɋɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɩɿɫɚɪɚ

ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɚɜɿɥɚɫɹ ɬɪɚɦɩɥɿ ɧɚɦ ɞɚ ɜ ɵ ɫɨɤɿɯ ɫɚɧɨʆɧɿɰɤɿɯ

ɩɚɫɚɞɚʆ ɭɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɿ ɹɤɿɯ ɫɭɦɹɲɱɚɥɿ ɿɯ ɡ ɩɚɫɚɞɚɸ ɩɿɫɚɪɚ  ɉɚ

ɱɵɧɚɥɚɫɹ ɡɜ ɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɚɞ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɹ ɩɚɫɚɞɚʆ ɩɿ ɫɚɪɚ ɿ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆ

ɰɵ  Ƚɷɬɵ  ɚɩɨɲɧɿ ɞɚɜɚʆ ɡɚɛɟɫɩɹɱɷɧɧɟ ʆ ɜɵɝɥɹ ɞɡɟ ɞɚɯɨɞɭ ɡ ɞɚ

ɧɿɧɚʆ  ɑ ɚɫɬɚ ɡ ɩɿɫɚɪɫɬɜɚɦ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɞɡɜ ɟ ɿ  ɛɨɥɶ ɲ ɩɚɫɚɞɵ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɰɚʆ ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɚʆ Ⱥɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɭ ɫɜɚɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ  ɱɚɫɬɚ

ɩɪɚɫɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɧɚ ɩɚɫɚɞɭ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɤɚ ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ  ɩɿɫɚɪɵ  ɧɟɚɞɧɚ

ɪɚɡɨɜ ɚ ɡɞɚɛɵɜ ɚɥɿ ɩɚɫɚɞɵ ɩɚɞɫɤɚɪɛɿɹ  ɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɜɚɹɜɨɞɵ  ɹ ɤɚɹ

ɥɿɱɵ ɥɚɫɹ  ɚɞɧɨɣ ɡ ɧɚɣɜɵɲ ɷɣɲɵɯ  ɏɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɩɿɫɚɪɚ

² ɛɟɡɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɞɚ ɬɚɝɨ ɛɵʆ ɝɷɬɚ ɩɿɫɚɪ ɪɭɫɤɿ ɰɿ  ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɿ  ɡɜɚɧɵ

ɫɚɤɪɚɬɚɪɨɦ ² ɭ ɱɚɪɡɟ ɬɵɬɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɡɟ ɩɟɪɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɫɚ

ɞɵ Ɍ ɚɤ  ɩɿɫɚɪɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɿɩɚɫɥɹ  ɜɚɹɜɨɞɵ  ɩɚɞɫɤɚɪɛɿɹ  ɦɚɪɲɚɥ

ɤɚ  ɚɥɟ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɚɦ  ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɚɦ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɰɚɦ

 ɋɩɚɦɿɠ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɯ ɩɿɫɚɪɚʆ ɧɚɣɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɯ ɩɚɫɚɞɚʆ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɥɿ ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɿ

ɩɿ ɫɚɪ ȱɜɚɧ ɋɚɩɟɝɚ ɪɭɫɤɿ ɩɿɫɚɪ Ȼɨɝɭɲ Ȼɚɝɚɬɵɜɿɧɨɜɿɱ

(Bohusz

Bohotywinowicz ɧɚɪɷɲ ɰɟ ɪɭɫɤɿ ɩɿɫɚɪ ȱɜɚɧ Ƚɚɪɧɚɫɬɚɣ  ɉɟɪ

ɲɵ ɛɵʆ ɭ  ɝ ɜɚɹɜɨɞɚɦ ɩɚɞɥɹ ɫɤɿ ɦ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɦ ɫɚɤɪɚɬɚ

ɪɨɦ ɿ ɛɪɚɫɥɚʆɫɤɿɦ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɰɚɦ

 Ⱥɩɨɲ ɧɿ ɧɚ ɫɯɿ ɥɟ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɤɚ

ɪ¶ ɟɪɵ ɛɵʆ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɧɚɜɚɝɪɚɞɫɤɿɦ ɜɚɹɜɨɞɚɦ ɧɚɞɜɨɪɧɵɦ ɦɚɪ

ɲɚɥɤɚɦ ɡɟɦɫɤɿ ɦ ɩɚɞɫɤɚɪɛɿɦ ɩɿɫɚɪɚɦ  ɫɥɨɧɿɦɫɤɿ ɦ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɚɦ

ɤɪɷʆɫɤɿɦ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɰɚɦ

 Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɤɿ  ɹ ɤ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɟ ɥɿɬɚ

ɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɭ Ɇ Ʌɸɛɚʆɫɤɿ ȱ Ɇɚɥɿɧɨʆɫɤɿ ɭɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ʆ

ɫɤɥɚɞ ɩɨʆɧɚɣ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɣ ɪɚɞɵ ɞɚ ɬɚɝɨ ɩɟɪɵɹ

ɞɭ ɹɤ ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ɚɞɛɵɜ ɚɰɰɚ ɪɷɝɭɥɹ ɪɧɵɹ ɫɨɣɦɵ  ȼ ɨɫɶ ɠɚ  ɭ ɬɨɣ

ɱɚɫ ɝ ɡɧ  ɚɞ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɱɜɷɪɰɿ ;9,ɫɬ ² ɧɚ ɲɬɨ ɡɜɹ ɪɧɭʆ ɭɜɚɝɭ

ȾɨʆɧɚɪɁɚɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ² ɹɧɵ  ɡɪɚɛɿɥɿɫɹ  ɫɬɚɥɵɦɿ ɿɯ ɭɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɤɚɦɿ

ɚ ʆ ɩɚɫɟɞɠɚɧɧɹɯ ɪɚɞɵ ɚɞ ɬɵɯ ɞɚɬ ɛɪɚɥɿ ʆɞɡɟɥ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɹɤ ɜ ɵ

Ⱥɛɩ ɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ ɣɤɚɧɰɵɥ ɹɪɵɿ

174

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟ Ⱦɚ ɩɚɫɹɞɠɷɧɧɹʆ ɪɚɞɵ ɦɟɥɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɩɨɪɭɱ

ɡ ɿɧɲɵɦɿ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɿ ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿ ɤɚɦɿ ɿ  ɩɿɫɚɪɵ ɐɿ ɦɟɥɿ  ɹɧɵ  ʆ

ɺɣ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɨɥɚɫɭ ɚɛɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɿɪɷɞɚɝɚɜɚɥɿ ɩɪɵ ɧɹɬɵɹ  ʆɯɜɚɥɵ"  Ƚɷ

ɬɚɟ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɚɦ ɞɵɫɤɭɫɿɿ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤɚʆ  ə ɤ ɜɵɧɿ

ɤɚɟ ɡ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɚʆ  ɫɭɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɵɯ ȱ Ɇɚɥɿɧɨʆɫɤɿ ɦ

 ɬɭɬ ɰɹɠɤɚ

ɤɚɡɚɰɶ ɩɪɚ ɧɟɣɤɿ ɦɚɧɚɥɿɬɧɵ ɩɪɵɧɰɵ ɩ Ȼɵ ɜɚɥɚ ɩɚɪɨɡɧɚɦɭ

ɚɥɟ ɧɟɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɚ ɲ ɬɨ ɩɿɫɚɪɵɦɚɪɲɚɥɤɿ  ² ɧɟ ɤɚɠɭɱɵ ʆɠɨ

ɩɪɚ ɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɚʆ ɰɿ ɩɚɞɫɤɚɪɛɿɯ ² ɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɨɥɚɫɭ ʆ ɪɚɞɡɟ ɦɟɥɿ

Ɍɷɯɧɿɱɧɵɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɵ ɿ ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ ɩɪɵ ɩɚɞɚɥɿ  ɧɚ ɩɿ ɫɰɨʆ

² ɞɡɹ ɤɨʆ

 Ⱦ ɡɹɤ ɩɟɪɚɩɿɫɜɚʆ ɱɚɪɧɚɜɿɤ ɦɿɧɭɬɭ ɿ ʆɧɨɫɿʆ ɤɨɩɿɸ

ʆ ɤɧɿɝɿ ɚ ɩɿ ɫɚɪ ɩɚɞɩɿɫɜɚʆ © ɥɿ ɫɬª ɉɨɞɩɿɫ ɩɿɫɚɪɚ ɧɚɞɚɜ ɚʆ ɹ ɦɭ

² ɧɚɜ ɚɬ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɵ ɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɹ ɱɚɬɤɿ ² ɚɮɿɰɵɣɧɭɸ ɜɚɝɭ

ɑɚɪɧɚɜɿɤ ɦɨɝ ɡɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ² ɿ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɬɚɤ ɿ  ɛɵ ɜɚɥɚ ²

ɚɞ ɩɿɫɚɪɚ  Ʉɚɥɿ ɺɧ ɫɤɥɚɞɚʆɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɵɯ ɜɭɫ

ɧɵ ɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɧɟɤɚɝɚ ɡ ɫɚɧɨʆɧɿɤɚʆ ɹɤɿ  ɧɚɝɥɹɞɚʆ ɡɚ ɹɝɨ ɫɤɥɚ

ɞɚɧɧɟɦ ɝɷɬɚ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɡɧɚɤɚɸ ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɚɤɬɭ ©ɩɪɚɜɢɥ N .

N. »

. Ʉɚɥɿ ɚɤɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɚʆ ɞɡɹ ɤ ɩɚɞ ɧɚɝɥɹ ɞɚɦ ɩɿɫɚɪɚ  ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ

ɫɹ  ɲɬɨ ɡɪɚɛɿʆ ɺɧ ɝɷɬɚ ɩɚɞ ɹ ɝɨɧɵɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɦ ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚ

ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɚ ©ɥɢɫɬ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɩɢɫɚɪɫɤɨɟ»

Ⱦɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɫɬɵɤɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲ ɱɚ ɞɡɹɤɨʆ ɜɚɪɬɚ ɡɚʆɜ ɚɠɵɰɶ

ɲɬɨ ɞɡɹɤɿ ɛɵɜɚɥɿ ɞɜɚɪɚɧɚɦɿ

 ɉɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɞɡɹɤɚɦɿ ɩɿɫɚɪɚɦɿ ɧɿɠɷɣ

ɲɚɟ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɝ  ɡɜ ɹʆɧɵɹ ɩɿ ɫɚɪɵ

 ɱɵ ɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɵ ɿɿ ɫɬɚɧɨ

ɜɿɲ ɱɚ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɭɸɰɶ ɹ ɲɱɷ ɞɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɚɝɚ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹ 

ɉɚɤɨɥɶ ɤɿ  ʆ ɱɚɫɟ ɩɚɞɚɪɨɠɠɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ  ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɩɚɞɱɚɫ

ɞɨʆɝɚɝɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ ʆ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɟ  ɹɤɨɟ ɰɹɝɧɭɥɚɫɹ  ɝɚɞɚɦɿ ɩɪɵ

ɿɦ ɧɟ ɛɵɜɚɥɚ ɧɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚ ɧɿ ɩɚɞɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ

ɪɭɫɤɿ ɿ ɥɚɰɿ ɧɫɤɿ ɩɿɫɚɪɵ ɿ ɯɧɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲ ɱɚ ɧɚɛɵɜɚɥɚ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣ

ɧɚɫɰɶ  Ƚ ɷɬɚɹ  ɩɚɫɚɞɚ ɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɿɦ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɵ  ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɚ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ

ɿ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ ɭɩɥɵ ɜɭ ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ ɞɚ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɩɪɚ

ɰɵ  ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ  Ⱥ ɝɷɬɚɛɵ ɥɿ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɟ ɜɚɝɿ

ȼɵɫɨɤɚɟ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɟ ɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɿɲɱɚ ɩɿɫɚɪɚʆ

ɚɧɿɹɤ ɧɟ ɫɩɪɵɱɵɧɹɥɚ ʆɡɞɵɦɭ ɹɤɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ  ə ɧɨ

ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ² ɩɚɞɨɛɧɚ ɹɤ ɭ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɿ ʆ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ ² ɧɚ ɧɚɣɜɵɲɷɣ

ɲɚɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ  ɑ ɚɫɬɚ ɡɞɚɪɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɵ ɡɥɨʆɠɵɜɚɧɧɹʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚ

ɥɹ ɝɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɟɞɚɯɨɩɚɦɿ  ʆ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ ɍ ɰɷ

ɥɵɦ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɜ ɵɫɬɭɩɿɥɿ ʆ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɟ  ɹɤɿ ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞɚʆɫɹ ɝɚɫ

ɩɚɞɚɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ  ɝ ɇɚɜɚɝɪɚɞɫɤɿ ɦɟɲɱɚɧɿɧ ɡɥɨɬɧɿɤ

ȱɜɨɧɿɱ Iwonicz ɚɛɜɿɧɚɜɚɰɿʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɞɜɚɪɚɧɿɧɚ ȼ ɚɫɶɤɚ

ɉɹɬɪɨɜɿɱɚ Ɂɚɪɨɣɫɤɚɝɚ :DĞND 3HWURZLF]D =DUR\VNLHJR  ɲɬɨ ɬɨɣ

ɩɪɵʆɥɚɲɱɵʆ ɫɚɛɟ ɞɡɜɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɿ ɞɡɜɟ ɩɭɫɬɵɹ ɡɹ ɦɥɿ

175

ɉɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɵ ɫɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɲɬɨ ɬɪɵɦɚɟ ɝɷɬɵɹ  ɡɟɦɥɿ © ɡ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ

ɫɤ ɚɟ ɞɚɧɿɧɵª ɿ ɦɚɟ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ ©ɥɢɫɬ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ  ɩɢɫɚɪɫɤɨɟª ɡ ɝɚɫɩɚ

ɞɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɿ ɧɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɹ ɤɨɝɚ ɧɚɜɚɝɪɚɞɫɤɿ ɜɚɹɜɨɞɚ

əɧ Ɂɚɛɠɷɡɿɧɫɤɿ -DQ =DEU]H]LĔVNL  ɞɚʆ ɹ ɦɭ ɥɿɫɬ  ɧɚɞɡɹ ɥɹ ɸɱɵ

ɹɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɧɚ ɝɷɬɵɹ  ɡɟɦɥɿ  Ɍɭɬɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟ clou ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɛɨ ɝɚɫ

ɩɚɞɚɪ ɡɚɹʆɥɹɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɚɟ «Ɇɵ  ɬɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɭ ɭɜɹɠɱɨɝɨ ɨɝɥɟɞɚɜ

ɲɵɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ ɜɵɫɥɭɯɚɜɲɵɜɩɚɦ ɹɬɚɥɢ ɟɫɦɨ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɤɨɥɢ ɨɛɵɫɤ

ɬɨɦɭ ɟɫɦ ɨ ɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɟɢ ɬɨɝɞɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɬ ɱɚɫ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɯ

ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦ ɢ ɧɟɦ ɚɥɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɨɧɨ Ɇɵ ɬɟɠ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ

ɫɨ ɜɫɢɦɢ ɩɚɧɵ ɪɚɞɚɦ ɢ ɧɚɲɵ ɦɢ ɧɚɦɨɜɢɜɲɵ ɧɢɤɨɝɨ ɟɫɶɦɨ ɯɬɨ

ɦ ɟɥ ɬɚɤ ɨɜɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɵ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɚ ɱɬɹɯ ɢɯ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɠɚɥɢ ɧɢɠɥɢ

ɥɸɞɢ ɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɟɫɶɦɨ  ɧɚ ɧɚɫ ɩɪɢɜɥɚɳɚɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɠ

ɬɚɤ ɨɜɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɵ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɲɨɟ ɜɨɥɢ ɢ ɪɨɡɤɚɡɚɧɹ  ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɤ ɨɝɨ

ɛɵɥɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɧɵ  ɚ ɬɨɝɨ ɯɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɨɜɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɥ ɫ

ɭɪɹɞɭ ɟɫɶɦɨ ɩɪɟɥɨɠɵɥɢª

əɤ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ ɪɷɜɿɡɿɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɟɞɡɟɧɚɹ  ɹ ɲɱɷ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɭ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ

ɪɵɿ  ɜɵɤɪɵɥɚ ɫɭɪ¶ ɺɡɧɵɹ ɡɥɨʆɠɵɜɚɧɧɿ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɩɚɥɹɝɚɥɿ ʆ ɬɵɦ

ɲɬɨ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɧɚ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɿ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿɫɹ  ɛɟɡ

ɜɟɞɚɦɚ ɿ ɜɨɥɿ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɚ Ɂɥɨʆɠɵɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɤ  ɹɤɿ ɜ ɵ ɞɚɜɚʆ ɝɷɬɵɹ

©ɥɿɫɬɵɧɚɞɚɧɧɿª  ɤɚɪɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɦ ɛɵʆ ɡɜ ɨɥɶɧɟɧɵ  ɡ ɩɚɫɚɞɵ

ɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɟɧɵ ɫɿɥɵ  ɑɵɧɨʆɧɿɤ ɹɤɿ ɡɥɨʆɠɵɜɚʆ ɫɜ ɚɿɦɿ

ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɚɦɿ ɦɚɝɱɵ ɦɚ  ɩɿɫɚɪ  ɱɵɣɝɨ ɩɪɨɡɜɿɲɱɚ ɜɵɪɚɤ  ɜ ɵ

ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ʆ ɿɧɲɚɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɧɟ ɩɚɞɚɟ

 ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɿʆ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ

ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɛɟɫɤɚɪɵ ɫɥɿ ɜɚ  ȱ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɶ ɧɿɤɿ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ

ɦɭɫɿɥɿ ɡɞɚɜɚɰɶ ɫɚɛɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɲɬɨ ɛɹɪɭɰɶ ɭɞɡɟɥ ɭ ɡɥɨʆɠɵ ɜɚɧɧɿ

Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɿ ɩɚɧɵɪɚɞɚ  ɩɚɥɿɱɵɥɿ ɫɥɭɲɧɵɦ ɧɟ ʆɠɵ ɜɚɰɶ

ɞɚ ɚɬɪɵ ɦɚɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɤɚɪɧɵɹ  ɫɚɧɤɰɵ ɿ  ȼɵɪɚɤ ɩɪɚ ɹɤɿ ɬɭɬ ɿɞɡɟ

ɝɚɜɨɪɤɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚ ɫɰɜ ɹɪɞɠɚɟ ɲɬɨ ɞɨɛɪɚɟ ɿɦɹ  ɧɿɤɨɝɚ

ɡ ɭɥɚɞɚɥɶ ɧɿɤɚʆ ©ɥɿɫɬɨʆɞɚɧɿɧª  ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚɪɭɲɚɧɚ ɚɥɟ ɩɚɞɤ

ɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɟ  ɲ ɬɨ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɚɦɭ Ɂɚɪɨɣɫɤɚɦɭ ɝɷɬɚɹ  ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ©ɱ ɬɢ ɟɝɨ

ɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɲɤɨɞɢɬª ɛɨɥɶɲ ɬɚɝɨ  ɦɟɲɱɚɧɿɧɭ ɹɤɿ ɛɟɫɩɚɞɫɬɚʆ

ɧɚ ɚɛɜɿɧɚɜɚɰɿʆ Ɂɚɪɨɣɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɟ  ɲ ɬɨ ɤɚɥɿ ɺɧ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ

ɛɭɞɡɟ ɝɚɧɶɛɚɜɚɰɶ ɝɨɧɚɪ Ɂɚɪɨɣɫɤɚɝɚ  ɛɭɞɡɟ ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧɵ ɹ ɤ ɩɚɤ

ɥɺɩɧɿɤ Ƚɷɬɚ ɧɚɣɜ ɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɟɣ ɜ ɵ ɧɿɤɚɟ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɡ ɲɵɪɨɤɚɣ

ɫɮɟɪɵ  ɡɥɨʆɠɵ ɜɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɋɚɦ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɟ  ɲɬɨ ɬɵ ɯ

ɥɚ  Ɍ ɚɦɭ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɛ ɪɚɫɩɚɫɰɿɪɚɰɶ ɫɚɧɤɰɵ ɿ ɧɚ ɲ ɵɪɨɤɚɟ ɤɨɥɚ

ɚɫɨɛɚʆ ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɿ ɧɟɦɚɥɨɝɚ ɥɿɤɭ ʆɩɥɵɜɨɜɵɯ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɿ

ɤɧɹɡɶ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɩɚɧɚɦɿɪɚɞɚɣ  ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɹ ɤɿɯ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɛɵɰɶ ɚɫɨɛɵ 

ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵɹ ʆ ɡɚɥɚɝɨɞɠɜɚɧɧɿ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɚɛ ɡɥɨʆɠɵ

Ⱥɛɩ ɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ ɣɤɚɧɰɵɥ ɹɪɵɿ

176

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɜɚɧɧɹ ɯ  ɩɚɫɬɚɧɚɜɿʆ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɰɰɚ ɡɜɚɥɶ ɧɟɧɧɟɦ ɩɿ ɫɚɪɚ ɿ ɜɹɪ

ɬɚɧɧɟɦ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɯ ɡɟɦɥɹ ʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɭ

Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɟɡ ɫɭɜɹ ɡɿ ɡ ɜɵɤɪɵɬɵɦ

ɡɥɨʆɠɵɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɡ¶ɹ ɜɿʆɫɹ ² ɩɪɚʆɞɚɩɚɞɨɛɧɚ ɤɚɥɹ  ɝ ² ɭ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɿ ɬɷɤɫɬ ɩɿɫɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɵ ɫɹɝɿ

 Ɇɵ  ɧɟ

ɜɟɞɚɟɦ ɰɿ ɛɵɥɚ ɹ ɧɚ ʆɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ ʆɠɨ ʆ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɚɛɨ ɦɵ ɦɚɟɦ ɬɭɬ

ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɡ ɧɟɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɜɚɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚɦ  Ɇɚɝɱɵɦɚ ɿ ɬɨɟ

ɲɬɨ ɬɷɤɫɬ ɩɪɵɫɹɝɿ ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɡɤɪɵɯɭ ɩɚɡɧɟɣɲɵɯ ɱɚɫɨʆ

 Ⱥɥɟ

ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ ɰɹ ɠɤɚɫɰɹ ʆ ɡ ɹɝɨ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɵ ɦ ɞɚɬɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɺɧ

ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɦɚɟ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɭɸ ɰɿ ɤɚɜɚɫɰɶ ɍ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɩɪɵɫɹ ɡɟ ɩɿɫɚɪ ɩɨɪɭɱ

ɡ ɚɛɚɜɹ ɡɤɚɦ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɰɶ  ɬɚɹ ɦɧɿ ɰɭ ɚɛɚɜɹ ɡɜɚʆɫɹ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɟ

ɫɤɥɚɞɚɰɶ ɧɿɹɤɿɯ © ɥɿ ɫɬɨʆª ɛɟɡ ɡɚɝɚɞɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɚɛɨ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚ

ɏɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ  ɲɬɨ ɩɿɫɚɪ ɡɚɛɚɜɹ ɡɜɚʆɫɹ  ɧɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɰɶ

ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɞɚɪɭɱɷɧɧɹ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɚɫɨɛɚʆ ɲɬɨ

ɜɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɚ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɬɵɦ ɿ ɡɞɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ

 ȱɪɷɜɿɡɿɸ ɹɤɚɹ ɜɵɜɟɥɚ ɧɚ

ɫɜɟɬ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɡɥɨʆɠɵɜɚɧɧɿ  ɿ  ɩɿɫɚɪɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɵɫɹ ɝɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɧɚ

ɧɚɲɭɸ ɞɭɦɤɭ  ɫɩɚɥɭɱɵɰɶ  ɡ ɭɡɵɯɨɞɚɦ ɧɚ ɩɚɫɚɞɭ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚ ʆ

ɫɹ ɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ  ɝ  ɈɥɶɛɪɚɯɬɚɆɚɪɰɿɧɚɜɿɱɚ Ƚɚɲɬɚʆɬɚ  ȱɦɹ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ

ɦɚɝɭɬɧɚɝɚ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚ ɹɤɿ ɡ ɬɨɣ ɩɚɪɵ ɿ ɚɠ ɞɚ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ʆ  ɝ ɛɟɡ

ɩɟɪɚɛɨɥɶɲɚɧɧɹ ɛɵʆ ɧɚɣɦɚɝɭɬɧɟɣɲɵɦ ɡ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɿ ɦɟʆ

ɜɵɪɚɲɚɥɶɧɵ ʆɩɥɵʆ ɧɚ ɡɧɟɲɧɿ ɹ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ

7 0

ɬɪɷɛɚ ² ɹɤ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɥɿɱɵɰɰɚ ʆ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ² ɡɜɹɡɜɚɰɶ ɡ

ɫɭɪ¶ɺɡɧɵɦɿɡɦɟɧɚɦɿ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵ ɿȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ

Ɍ ɭɬ ɦɵ ɡɜɟɪɧɟɦ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɿɦɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɧɨɜɚɝɚ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚ ɞɚ

ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɞɥɟɝɥɚɝɚ ɹ ɦɭ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭ  Ƚ ɚɲ ɬɚʆɬ ɠɚɞɚʆ

ɞɵ ɫɰɵɩɥɿ ɧɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɡ ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɹʆ  ɚɥɟ

ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɞɡɟɥɹ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɵɯ ɹɦɭ ɞɚɯɨɞɚʆ  ɹɤɿɹ ɚɛɦɿɧɚɸɱɵ ɚɫɨɛɭ

ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚ  ɩɪɵ ɫɚɛɟɱɜ ɚɥɿ  ɩɿɫɚɪɵ  ɜɵɞɚɸɱɵ ɬɵɹ ©ɥɿɫɬɵª  ɇɚ

ɝɷɬɵ ɦ ɮɨɧɟ ʆ  ɝ  ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ  ɜɨɫɬɪɚɟ ɫɭɬɵ ɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɩɚɦɿɠ

ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚɦ ɿ ɉɚʆɥɚɦ ɇɚɪɭɲɷɜɿ ɱɚɦ ² ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɿɦ ɩɿɫɚɪɚɦ ɹɤɿ

ɮɿɝɭɪɭɟ ʆ ±ɝ  ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɡɧɿɤɚɟ

 ɿ ɡ¶ɹ ʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ ɡɧɨʆ

ɩɚɫɥɹ ɜɚɫɶɦɿɝɚɞɨɜ ɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɚɩɵɧɤɭ ʆ ɝ

 ɉɪɚ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ

ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ  ɹɤɚɹ ɤɚɲɬɚɜɚɥɚ ɇɚɪɭɲɷɜɿɱɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ʆ  ɝ ɩɿɫɚɪɫɤɚɟ

ɩɚɫɚɞɵ  ɦɵ ɞɚɜɟɞɜɚɟɦɫɹ ɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɥɿɫɬɨʆ  ɚɞɪɚɫɚɜɚɧɵ ɯ ɹ ɦɭ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɨɦ ɡ Ʉɪɚɤɚɜ ɚ ɿ ɞɚɬɚɜɚɧɵɯ  ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ ɿ  ɤɪɚɫɚɜɿɤɚ

ɬɚɝɨ ɠ ɝɨɞɭ ɍ ɩɟɪɲɵɦ ɡ ɿɯ

 ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɩɚɜɟɞɚɦɥɹ ɟ ɲɬɨ ɩɚɧ

Ƚɚɲɬɨɥɞ ɭɠɨ ɧɟɚɞɧɚɤɪɨɰɶ  ɫɤɚɪɞɡɿʆɫɹ  ɲɬɨ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɣ  ɹɤɿ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɤɚɡɚʆ ɹɦɭ ɜɵɫɬɚɜ ɿɰɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɞɥɹɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɵ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɤɚ ə ɧɭɲ ɚ Ʉɚɫɰɟɜ ɿɱɚ Janusza

Kostiewicza ɧɚ Ʉɨʆɧɚ ɇɚɪɭɲɷɜ ɿɱ ɚɞɞɚʆ Ʉɚɫɰɟɜɿɱɭ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚ

177

ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɡ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɭɸ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɸ  ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɹɸɱɵ  ɝɷɬɤɿɦ

ɱɵɧɚɦ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɝɚ ɹ ɦɭ ɞɚɯɨɞɭ ɉɚɤɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɇɚɪɭɲɷɜɿɱ

ɧɹ ɝɥɟɞɡɹ ɱɵ ɧɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɨɜɚ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɟ  ɤɚɛ ɜɹ ɪɧɭʆ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɭ

ɚɛɨ ɩɪɵɜ ɿɥɟɣ ɚɛɨ ɫɭɦɭ ɚɬɪɵ ɦɚɧɭɸ ɡɚ ɹɝɨ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɧɟ ɡɪɚɛɿʆ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɝɪɨɡɿ ɰɶ  ɹ ɦɭ ɫɭɪɨɜɵɦɿ ɫɚɧɤɰɵ ɹɦɿ

 ɍ ɞɪɭɝɿɦ ɥɿɫɰɟ

ɩɚʆɬɚɪɚɸɱɵ ɜɹɞɨɦɵ ɧɚɦ ɭɠɨ ɡɦɟɫɬ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɿ ɛɚɱɚɱɵ ɹ ʆɧɚɟ

ɧɟɩɚɫɥɭɲɷɧɫɬɜɚ ɇɚɪɭɲ ɷɜɿɱɚ  ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɟ ɹ ɦɭ ɫɜ ɚɺɣ

ɧɹɥɚɫɤɚɣ ɍ ɜ ɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɩɚɫɥɭɲɷɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɿɲɚ ɦɚɧɚɪɯ ©ɜɟɞɚɣ

ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɨ ɢɠ ɛɨɥɶɲɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɛɟ ɬɟɪɩɟɬɵ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɚ ɭɱɵɧɢɦ

ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɲɚ ɜɨɥɹ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɤɚɹ  ɹɤɨ ɧɚɞɬɵɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵ

ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɨɡɤɚɡɚɧɹ ɧɚɲɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɤ ɨɝɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɥɭɲɨɧª

ɇɹ ɥɺɝɤɭɸ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɭ ɦɭɫɿʆ ɜ ɵ ɬɪɵɦɚɰɶ  Ƚɚɲ ɬɚʆɬ ɤɚɛ ɩɪɵ

ɩɚɞɬɪɵ ɦɰɵ ʆɫɹ ɝɨ ɚʆɬɚɪɵ ɬɷɬɭ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹ ɡɹ ɩɪɵ ɦɭɫɿɰɶ  ɞɚ

ɩɚɫɥɭɲɷɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɚɛɟ ɩɿɫɚɪɚʆ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ ɿ ɫɬɚɰɶ ɹɟ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɵɦ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɨɦ Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɫɜɚɟ ɦɷɬɵ ɺɧ ɞɚɦɨɝɫɹ  Ⱥ ɤɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɡ ɜ ɨɫɟɦ

ɝɚɞɨʆ ɇɚɪɭɲɷɜɿɱ ɡɧɨʆ ɡ¶ɹ ɜɿʆɫɹ ʆ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɿɫɚɪɚ

ɬɨ  ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɬɚɦɭ ɲ ɬɨ ɫɤɚɪɵʆɫɹ  ɩɟɪɚɞ ɦɚɝɭɬɧɵɦ ɜ ɿ ɥɟɧɫɤɿɦ

ɜɚɹɜɨɞɚɦ ɿ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚɦ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ

ɍɫɺ ɝɷɬɚ ɚɧɿɹ ɤ ɧɟ ʆɦɚɰɨʆɜɚɥɚ ɚʆɬɚɪɵɬɷɬɭ ɚɤɬɚʆ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚɤ

ɧɹ ɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɿ ɿ ɹ ɟ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭ Ⱦɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɞɚ ɬɚɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɞɚɪɚ

ɝɿɱɵɧɫɤɿ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɚ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚɤ ɇɹɦɿ ɪɚ Ƚɪɵɧɶ  (1LHPLUD +U\Ĕ ɚɞ

ɦɚʆɥɹʆɫɹ  ɪɚɫɫɭɞɠɜɚɰɶ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ  ɹ ɤɭɸ ɞɚɪɭɱɚɥɿ ɹ ɦɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫ

ɤɿɹ ©ɥɿɫɬɵª  ɩɚɞ ɬɨɸ ɦɚɪɤɚɸ  ɲ ɬɨ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵ ɛɨɤ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ

ɿɯ ɛɟɡ ɡɝɨɞɵ ɿ ɜɟɞɚɦɚ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹ ɡɹ

7 7

 Ƚɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɭ ɚɞɦɵɫɥɨ

ɜɵɦ ɥɿɫɰɟ  ɹɤɿ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚʆ ɭɩɚɪɬɚɦɭ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɭ ɡɚɪɭɤɭ vadium ʆ

ɩɚɦɟɪɵ   ɤɨɩ ɝɪɨɲ ɚʆ ɡɚ ɞɚɥɟɣɲ ɚɟ ɚɞɦɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ʆ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɫɭɞɞɡɿ  ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜ ɚ ɡɚɩɷʆɧɿɜɚɟ ɹ ɝɨ  ɲɬɨ ɬɚɤɿ ɜ ɵɩɚɞɚɤ ɧɟɦɚɝ

ɱɵɦɵ ɛɨ ɩɿɫɚɪɵ ɩɿɲɭɰɶ  ©ɜɨɞɥɟ ɪɨɡɤɚɡɚɧɹ ɧɚɲɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫ

ɤɨɝɨª Ȼɨɥɶ ɲ ɡɚ ɬɨɟ ɦɚɧɚɪɯ ɫɚɦ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɟ ɩɹɱɚɬɤɭ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤ  ɲɬɨ ʆɫɹ ɥɹ ɤɿɹ  ɡɥɨʆɠɵ ɜɚɧɧɿ ɪɨɛɹɰɰɚ ɧɟɦɚɝɱɵ

ɦɵɦɿ

 ɐɿ ɩɪɚʆɞɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɚɥɿ ɬɚɤ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɹɤ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ

ɝɷɬɚ ɡ ɥɿɫɬɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɹɤɿ ɛɚɪɚɧɿʆ ɚʆɬɚɪɵɬɷɬ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɩɪɵɞɜɨɪ

ɧɚɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵ ɿ ʆ Ʉ ɪɚɤɚɜɟ"  ȱɧɲɵɹ ɡɜ ɟɫɬɤɿ ɞɚɡɜɚ

ɥɹɸɰɶ ɭ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɫɭɦɧɹɜɚɰɰɚ ə ɲɱɷ ʆ  ɝ ɭ ɥɿɫɰɟɞɚ Ƚɚɲɬɚʆ

ɬɚ ɀɵɝɿ ɦɨɧɬ ɪɚɞɡɿɰɶ ɹ ɦɭ ʆɫɬɪɵɦɚɰɰɚ ɚɞ ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞɭ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ

ɩɚɦɿɠ ɘɪɵɟɦ ɀɚɥɹ ɩɭɯɚɦ ɿ ɹɝɨɧɚɣ ɩɚɞɱɚɪɤɚɸ Ƚɚɧɧɚɣ Ȼɚɝɞɚ

ɧɚɜɚɣ -XULHP ĩHOHSXFKą +DQQą %RKGDQRZą  ɹ ɤɚɹ ɜɵɩɪɚɫɿɥɚ

ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ ©ɥɢɫɬ ɥɚɬɵɧɫɤɢ ɞɨ Ɍ ɜɨɟɣ ɦ ɢɥɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɬɹɱɵ ɨ

ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɢ ɢɦ ɟɧɹ ɹ ɝɨ ɩɨɠɵɜɚɬɢª ɉɪɵ  ɝɷɬɚɣ ɧɚɝɨɞɡɟ ɝɚɫɩɚ

ɞɚɪ ɩɪɵɝɚɞɚʆ ɲ ɬɨ «ɜɟɞɠɟ ɦɵ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɡɚɤ ɚɡɚɥɢ ɜ ɤ ɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɵɢ

Ⱥɛɩ ɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ ɣɤɚɧɰɵɥ ɹɪɵɿ

178

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɧɚɲɨɣ ɚɛɵ ɥɢɫɬɵ ɥɚɬɵɧɫɤɢ ɛɟɡ ɜɟɞɨɦ ɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɪɭɤɢ ɧɚ

ɲɨɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɧɵ ɚ ɯɨɬɹɛɵ ɬɚɤɨɜɵ ɥɢɫɬ ɢ ɜɵɲɨɥ ɬɨɝɞɵ

ɠɚɞɧɨɟ ɦɨɰɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɵ ɧɟɦɚɟɬ ɚ ɬɚɤɦɵ ɬɨɬ ɥɢɫɬ ɥɚɬɵɧ

ɫɤɢ ɜ ɧɢɜɟɱ ɨɛɨɪɨɱɚɟɦª

. əɤ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɹ ʆ

Ʉɪɚɤɚɜɟ ɩɪɵɱɵ ɧɿɥɚ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɭ ɧɹ ɦɚɥɚ ɤɥɨɩɚɬɭ  ɩɪɵɦɭɲɚɸɱɵ

ɩɿɥɶ ɧɚ ɤɚɧɬɪɚɥɹɜɚɰɶ ɫɚɤɪɚɬɚɪɨʆ ɩɪɚɡ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ʆɥɚɫɧɚ

ɪɭɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɨɞɩɿɫɭ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ 

ɇɹɫɬɚɱɚ ɞɚɜɟɪɭ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɫɤɿɯ ɩɿɫɚɪɚʆ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟ ʆ ɝɷɬɵ

ɱɚɫ ɿʆ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɹɯ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɯ ɭɪɚɞɚʆ Ɍɚɤ ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ ɤɚɥɿ ʆ

 ɝ  ɜɿɰɟɛɫɤɿɹ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵ ɛɿɫɤɭɩ ɤɧɹɡɿ ɩɚɧɵ  ɛɚɹɪɵ ɿ

ɦɹɲɱɚɧɟ ɩɪɵɧɹɥɿ ʆɯɜɚɥɭ ɹ ɤɿɦɿ ɩɚɜ ɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɰɶ  ɚɛɰɹɠɚɧɧɿ ɜɨɥɶ

ɧɵ ɯ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɲɬɨ ɦɚɸɰɶ ɚɫɟɥɿɲ ɱɚ ʆ ɿɯ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚɯ ɿ ɩɚɠɚɞɚɥɿ

ʆɩɿɫɚɰɶ ɹ ɟ ʆɤɧɿɝɿ ɜɿɰɟɛɫɤɿ ɜɚɹɜɨɞɚ əɧ Ƚɥɹɛɨɜɿɱ Jan Hlebowicz)

ɧɚɤɚɡɚʆ ɡɪɚɛɿɰɶ ɝɷɬɚ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɭ ɫɯɨɞɭ ² ɜ ɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɦɭ ɥɨʆ

ɱɚɦɭ ² ɭɥɚɫɧɚɪɭɱɧɚ

 ɹ ɤ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɸɱɵ ɝɷɬɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɜɚɝɭ

ɚɤɬɚ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ɹ ɤ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ  ɩɪɚɞɭɯɿɥɹɸɱɵ ɩɚɡɧɟɣɲɵɹ

ɡɚɤɿɞɵ ɧɚɤɨɧɬ ɧɟɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚɫɰɿ  ʆɩɿɫɚɧɧɹ ʆɯɜɚɥɵ ɹɤɚɹ ɞɥɹ ʆɫɿɯ

ɡɟɦɥɹʆɥɚɫɧɿɤɚʆ ɦɟɥɚ ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩɨɜ ɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ

Ʉɚɛ ɭɡɧɹɰɶ ɜɚɝɭ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɵɯ ɚɤɬɚʆ  ɧɚɞɚɰɶ

ɿɦ ɛɨɥɶ ɲɵ ɚʆɬɚɪɵɬɷɬ ɀɵ ɝɿɦɨɧɬ ɩɚɱɚʆ ɡɦɚɰɨʆɜ ɚɰɶ  ɿɯ ɭɥɚɫ

ɧɚɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɩɿɫɚɦ  Ɍ ɚɤ ɧɚ ɲɦɚɬ ɹɤɿɯ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɿ

ɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ ɫɬɚɿɰɶ ɩɚɦɟɬɤɚ «Sigismundus rex subscripsit», ɚ

ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ² «ɩɨɞɩɢɫ ɪɭɤɢ ɤɨɪɨɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɦɢɥɨɫɬɢ»

Ⱦɥɹ  ɩɷʆɧɚɣ ɤɚɬɷɝɨɪɵɿ ɫɩɪɚɜɚʆ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞ

ɧɚɫɰɶ  ɡɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɩɿɫɚɦ ɦɚɧɚɪ

ɯɚ Ɍɨɥɶɤɿ ɬɚɤɿ ɩɨɞɩɿɫ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚʆ ɹɝɨ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɚɫɰɶ Ɍɚɤ ɚɫɚɛ

ɥɿɜɚ ɤɚɥɿ ɿɞɡɟɰɰɚ ɩɪɚ ɚɞɱɭɠɷɧɧɟ ɡɹ ɦɥɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɦɿ ɫɹɥɹɧɚɦɿ

ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ ɛɚɹɪɚʆ ɰɿ ɩɚɧɨʆ  ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚʆɫɹ  ©ɥɿɫɬª  ɡ ɞɚɡɜɨɥɚɦ

ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɡɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɩɿɫɚɦ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ ² ɛɨ ɿɲ ɥɨɫɹ ɚɛ

ɫɤɚɪɚɱɷɧɧɿ ɩɥɨɲ ɱɵ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿ ɯ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚʆ  Ⱦɥɹ  ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɚɫɰɿ

ɚɤɬɚʆ ɚɛ ɚɞɱɭɠɷɧɧɿ ɩɚɦɿ ɠ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɚɸ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɫɵɰɶ  © ɥɿɫɬɚª  ɜ ɹ

ɥɿɤɚɤɧɹ ɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵ ɿ ɡ ɩɨɞɩɿɫɚɦ ɩɿɫɚɪɚ

 ɿ ɬɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɚ

ɝ  ɤɚɥɿ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɸ II ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ ʆ ɹɤɚɫɰɿ ɞɚɫɬɚɬ

ɤɨɜɚɣ ɭɦɨɜɵ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɚɫɰɿ  ɚɤɬɚ ɚɛ ɚɞɱɭɠɷɧɧɿ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ

ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɚ ɹ ɝɨɧɚɟ ʆɩɿɫɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɡɟɦɫɤɿɹ  ɤɧɿɝɿ

ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵ ɰɵ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɵ ² ɀɵ ɝɿɦɨɧɬ I ɿ ɀɵɝɿ ɦɨɧɬ

Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬ ² ɱɚɫɬɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɬɪɷɛ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ ɛɥɚɧɤɿ ɡ ɭɥɚɫ

ɧɚɪɭɱɧɵɦɿ ɩɨɞɩɿɫɚɦɿ ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɡɚɩɚʆɧɹɥɿɫɹ  əɧɵ ɧɚɡɵ ɜɚ

ɥɿɫɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚɦɿ

 Ɍɚɦɭ ɩɚɜɚɝɚ ɞɚ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɥɿɫɬɨʆ ɯɭɬɤɚ ɞɷɜɚɥɶ

ɜɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ 

179

ɉɵɯɥɿɜɵ ɹ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɵ ɡ ɤɨɥɚ ɚɥɿɝɚɪɯɿ ɿ ɲ ɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚ ʆ Ʌɿɬɜɟ

ɩɚɱɚɥɿ  ɫɬɚɜɿɰɶ ɩɚɞ ɫɭɦɧɟʆ ɦɨɰ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɩɚɞɨɛɧɚ ɞɚ

ɝɷɬɚ ɤɿ ɞɚɟ ɰɿɤɚɜɚɟ ɫɜɹɬɥɨ ɤɪɵɯɭ ɩɚɡɧɟɣɲɚɹ  ² ɡ  ɝ ²

ɫɩɪɚɜɚɡɞɚɱɚ ɉɹɬɪɚ Ɂɚɝɚɪɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ Ⱥɥɿ ɡɚɪɚ Ʉɿɪɞɡɟɹ  Pi otra

Zahorow skiego, Olizara K irdeja), ɚɞɪɚɫɚɜɚɧɚɹ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɭ Ⱥʆ

ɝɭɫɬɭ ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɚɞɦɨɜɵ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɚɹɜ ɨɞɵ ɤɧɹ ɡɹ  Ʉɚɧɫɬɚɧɰɿɧɚ

Ⱥɫɬɪɨɠɫɤɚɝɚ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɿɰɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɦ ɚɩɟɤɭɧɚɦ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɿ ɿ ɞɡɹɰɟɣ

ɲɬɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɚ ɤɧɹɡɸ əɧɭɲ ɭ Ɂɚɫɥɚʆɫɤɿɦ  ɇɚ ɩɿɫɶ ɦɨɜɵ ɡɜ ɚ

ɪɨɬ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ Ⱥɫɬɪɨɠɫɤɿ  ɡɚɹ ɜɿʆ ɲɬɨ ɥɿ ɫɬɵ ɡ ɦɚɧɚɪɲ ɚɟ ɤɚɧ

ɰɵ ɥɹ ɪɵɿ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɚɰɶ  ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɿ ɺɧ ɿɦ ɧɟ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɭɟɰɰɚ  Ʉ ɚɥɿ

ɜɵɫɥɚɧɧɿɤɿ ɡɚɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɥɿ  ɤɚɛ ɤɧɹ ɡɶɜ ɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜ ɚʆ

ɫɹ  ɜɨɥɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɹɤɿ ɝɷɬɵ ɥɿɫɬ ɭɥɚɫɧɚɪɭɱɧɚ ɩɚɞɩɿɫɚʆ ɦɚɝɭɬ

ɧɟɦ ɪɭɤɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɦɢɥɨɫɬɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɧɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬª

ɬɵɦ ɥɢɫɬɨɦ ɞɨ ȼɚɲɨɣ Ʉ ɪɨɥɟɜɫɤ ɨɣ Ɇɢɥɨɫɬɢ ɟɯɚɬɶ  ɞɨɜɟɞɵ

ɜɚɸɱɢɫɹ  ɟɫɬɥɢɛɵ ɬɵɟɥɢɫɬɵ ɡɚ ɜɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɶ ɸ ɢ ɡ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɟɧɟɦ

ɜɚɲɟɣ ɦ ɢɥɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɤ ɢɦ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɥɢ»

Ɏɚɥɶɲɚɜɚɧɧɿɿ ɡɥ ɨʆɠɵɜɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ

ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɶɧɿɤɚʆɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ

ɉɨɪɭɱ ɫɚ ɡɥɨʆɠɵɜɚɧɧɹɦɿ ɩɪɵ ɹ ɤɿ ɯ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɶɧɿɤ ɞɡɟɣ

ɧɿɱɚʆ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚ ɡ ɩɿɫɚɪɚɦ ɦɚɟɦ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɟ ɡ ɜ ɵɩɚɞɤɚɦɿ ɞɡɟ

ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɶ ɧɿɤ ɡɞɚɛɵɜ ɚʆ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬ  ɭɜɨɞɡɹ ɱɵ  ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɸ ʆ

ɡɦɚɧ ɍ ɜɹɞɨɦɵɯ ɧɚɦ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɯ ɝɷɬɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟ ʆ ɞɜɚɹɤɚɣ ɮɨɪ

ɦɟ

 Ʉɚɥɿ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɶ ɧɿɤ ɭɬɨɣɜɚʆ ɧɟɣɤɿ ɧɟɜɵɝɚɞɧɵ ɹ ɦɭ ɮɚɤɬ

ɲɬɨ ɦɟʆ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹʆ ɫɬɚɧ ɪɷɱɚʆ

ɧɹɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɚɦ  ɤɚɛ ɚɬɪɵ ɦɚɰɶ ɚɤɬ ɭ ɩɚɠɚɞɚ

ɧɚɣɞɥɹ ɹ ɝɨɪɷɞɚɤɰɵɿ ɉɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ ʆɠɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɝɚɜɨɪɤɚ ɜɵɲ ɷɣ ɩɪɵ

ɜɚɰɶ  ɩɟɪɚɣɫɰɿ ɞɚ ɹɝɨ ʆ ɩɚɪɚɞɤɭ ɞɧɹ

 Ⱥɞ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɜɚɰɶ ɩɚɞɪɨɛɤɭ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ  ə ɧɚ

ɦɚɝɥɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɰɶ ɿ ʆ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɩɚɞɪɨɛɤɿ ɱɚɪɧɚɜɿɤɚɦɿɧɭɬɵ ɧɚ

Ⱥɛɩ ɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ ɣɤɚɧɰɵɥ ɹɪɵɿ

180

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɡɪɚɛɿʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿ ɞɜɚɪɚɧɿɧ ɋ ɚɩɨɰɶɤɚ ɋɬɷɱɤɚɜɿɱ 6RSRüNR

Steczkowicz ɹɤɿ ɩɚɞɚʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɦɭ ɩɿɫɚɪɭ Ʉɨɩɰɸ Kopciowi)

ɱɚɪɧɚɜɿɤ  ɧɿɛɵɬɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɤɚɦɿɫɚɪɫɤɿ ɦ ɫɭɞɨɦ  ɿ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚɣ

ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɡɞɚɛɵʆ ɭɩɿɫɚɧɧɟ ɩɚɠɚɞɚɧɚɝɚ ɜɵɪɚɤɭ ʆ Ɇɟɬɪɵ ɤɭ ɿ

ɜɵɩɿɫɤɭ ɹɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɹɛɟ  ɉɚɡɧɟɣ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɚɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɹ  ɲ ɬɨ ɋɚɩɨɰɶ

ɤɚ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜ ɿʆ ɩɚɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɵ ɱɚɪɧɚɜɿɤ ɭ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɱɚɝɨ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ

ɚɧɭɥɹ ɜɚʆ ɚɤɬ  ɭɩɿɫɚɧɵ ʆ Ɇɟɬɪɵ ɤɭ ɿ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɭɸ ɜɵɩɿɫɤɭ

ɏɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚ ɲɬɨ  ɚɤɪɚɦɹ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɭ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɜɿɧɚɜɚɬɚɝɚ

ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɚ ɧɿɹɤɿɯ ɤɚɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɧɨɜɚʆ Ƚɷɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɤɚɥɿ ʆ

ɫɩɪɷɱɰɵ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɤɧɹɠɧɨɸ ɇɚɫɬɚɫɫɹɣ ɋɥɭɰɤɚɣ 1DVW D]M ą 6áXFNą)

ɡ ɤɧɹ ɡɟɦ Ɍɷɚɞɨɪɚɦ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɚɜɿɱɚɦ 7HRGRUHP -DURVáDZ RZLF]HP)

ɬɚ Ʉɚɡɿɦɿɪɚɦ əɝɟɥɨɧɱɵ ɤɚɦ ɬɨ ɯɨɰɶ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɿ ɫɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɩɚɞ

ɞɚʆɰɚ ɮɚɥɶɲ ɵɜɚɝɚ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɧɟ ɡɚɡɧɚʆ ɧɿɹ ɤɿɯ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜɚʆ

8 6

ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɱɵ ɧɚɦ ɫɬɚɹɥɚ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɚ ʆ ɫɩɪɷɱɰɵ  ɪɚɫɩɚɱɚɬɚɣ ɩɚɦɿɠ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɦ ɞɜɚɪɚɧɿɧɚɦ ȼ ɚɪɤɚɦ ɉɹɬɪɨɜɿɱɚɦ SU]H]« : DUNĊ

Piotrowicza ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɦɚɡɵ ɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɩɚ ɰɚɪɤɜ ɵ ɫɜ ɋɩɚɫɚ  ɹ ɤɿ

ɩɪɷɬɷɧɞɚɜɚʆ ɧɚ ɹɝɨ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɿ  ɧɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɡɚɩɿɫɭ ɿɯ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ

ɰɚɪɤɜ ɵ  ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɚɝɚ ɧɿɛɵɬɚ ɋ ɜ ɿɞɪɵ ɝɚɣɥɚɦ ɹ ɤɿ ɧɚɤɚɡɚʆ ɬɨɟ

ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɡɚɩɿɫɚɰɶ ɭ ȿɜɚɧɝɟɥɥɟ ɲɬɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɰɚɪɤɜɟ  ɇɚ ɩɪɚ

ɰɷɫɟ ɹɤɿ ɿɲɨʆ ɭ ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɭ ɝ ɩɚɡɨʆɧɿɤ ɞɚɜɺʆ ɲɬɨ ɫɩɹɪɲɚ

ɬɨɟ ȿɜɚɧɝɟɥɥɟ ɛɵɥɨ ʆ ɰɚɪɤɜɟ Ɇɚɰɿ Ȼɨɠɚɟ ʆ ɀɚʆɰɹɧɚɯ

(ĩyáFLDQDFK  ɚ ɬɚɦɭ ɋɜɿɞɪɵɝɚɣɥɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɡɪɚɛɿɰɶ  ɬɭɞɵ ʆɩɿɫɚɧ

ɧɹ  Ƚɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ  ɹɤɿ ɫɭɞɡɿʆ ɝɷɬɭɸ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ «ɫɚɦɢ ɟɫɦɨ ɛɚɱɚɱɢ ɢɠ

ɜ ɬɨɦ  ȿɜɚɧɝɟɥɢ ɩɢɫɦ ɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɢ ɧɟɫɥɭɲɧɨɟ ɚ ɧɟ ɜɟɞɥɭɝ ɛɟɝɭ

ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɵ ɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɧɨ ɹɤ ɜ ɩɚɧɨɜ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɪɵ ɩɢɲɭɬ

Ⱥɥɟ ɦ ɭɫɢɥ ɫɚɦ  ɩɨɞ ɫɜɨɟɸ ɜɨɥɟɸ ɬɨɟ ɜ ȿɜɚɧɝɢɥɟ ɜɩɢɫɚɬɵª,

ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜ ɚ ɚɞɤɿɧɭʆ ɩɪɷɬɷɧɡɿɿ ɩɚɩɚɦɚɡɵɪɫɤɚɟ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ ɫɜ ɋɩɚɫɚ

ɿ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɩɪɵɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ ɫɩɪɷɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚʆ ȼɚɪɤɭ Ⱥɞ

ɧɚɤ ɧɚɫɭɩɟɪɚɤ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɭ  ɧɟ ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɱɵʆ ɧɿɹɤɿɯ ɤɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɚɧɤ

ɰɵ ɹʆ ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ ɮɚɥɶɲɚɜɚɥɶɧɿɤɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɭ

 Ƚ ɷ

ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɛɵɥɨ ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ  ɹ ɤɭɸ ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞɚʆ ɭ  ɝ ȼ ɨɣɰɟɯ

Ɍ ɪɷɛɫɤɿ  Woj ciech Trebski  ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɚɪ ɝɚɪɚɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɬɚ

ɧɵɟ ɿ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɢɜɵɟª  ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɡɪɚɛɿʆ ɧɿɹɤɿɯ ɜɵɫɧɨɜ ɚʆ ɲ ɬɨ ɞɚ

ɚɫɨɛɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɿɯ ɹ ɦɭ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜɿɥɿ

 ɉɚɞɨɛɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ

ɩɪɵ ɜɟɫɰɿ  ɹ ɲɱɷ ʆ ɲɦɚɬ ɹɤɿɯ ɜɹɞɨɦɵɯ ɧɚɦ ɜɵ ɩɚɞɤɚɯ

  Ƚ ɷɬɚ

ɬɵɦ ɰɿɤɚɜ ɟɣ  ɲɬɨ ɡɚ ɩɚɞɪɨɛɤɭ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɥɚ ɤɚɪɚ

ɫɦɟɪɰɿ  ɹ ɲɱɷ ɞɚ ɝ

 ɤɚɥɿ ɡɚ ɩɚɞɪɨɛɤɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɞɚ

181

ɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɹɝɨ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɟ ʆɠɵɜɚɧɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɚ ɤɚɪɚ

ɫɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɜ ɨɝɧɿɲɱɵ

 ɚ ɡɚ ɩɚɞɪɨɛɤɭ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ

ɹɤ ɦɵ  ɦɨɠɚɦ ɡɪɚɛɿɰɶ ɜɵɫɧɨɜ ɭ ɡ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚII ɤɚɪɚɥɿ ɝɨɪɥɚɦ

9 2

Ƚɷɬɵ ɹ ɤɚɪɵ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɧɟ ʆɠɵ ɜ ɚɥɿɫɹ ɞɚ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ

ɞɜɚɪɚɧ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɛɚɹɪɚʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɥɿ ɩɚɞɪɨɛɧɵ ɹ ɞɚɤɭ

ɦɟɧɬɵ

Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɪɚɲ ɭɱɚɸ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɷɚɤɰɵɹ  ɲɬɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɝɚ ɫɥɭɝɿ

ɜɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɝɚ ɡɚɦɤɚ  ɪɚɝɚɬɵɧɧɿɤɚ Ɏɺɞɚɪɚ ɇɟɪɚɧɨɜ ɿɱɚ Fedora

ɹɜɨɞɵ ɯɨɱɭɱɵ ɩɚɡɛɟɝɧɭɰɶ ɫɜ ɟɞɱɚɧɧɹʆ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵ ɫɰɶ ɡɚɦɤɚ  Ƚɷ

ɬɚɹ ɚɩɨɲɧɹɹ  ɫɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɰɿɤɚɜ ɚɹ  ɬɵɦ ɲɬɨ ɩɚɤɚɡɜɚɟ ɯɨɞ ɩɚɞɡɟɹ ʆ

ɩɪɵ  ɫɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɧɿ ɩɚɞɪɨɛɤɿ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ  Ɋ ɚɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɱɵ  ɝɷɬɭɸ

ɫɩɪɚɜɭ  ɜɿɰɟɛɫɤɿ ɜɚɹɜ ɨɞɚ əɧ ɘɪɷɜɿɱ Ƚɥɹɛɨɜɿɱ Jan Jurewicz

Hlebow iccz ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ ɩɚɫɬɚɜɿ ʆ ɩɚɞ ɫɭɦɧɟʆ ɚʆɬɷɧɬɵɱɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɹ

ɱɚɬɤɿ

9 3

 ɩɨɬɵɦ ² ɚɫɨɛɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ ʆ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɰɟ ɩɪɚ ɿɯ

ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɧɟ ɠɵɥɚ ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɚɞɫɭɬɧɿɱɚɥɚ ʆ

Ⱥɪɰɺɦɤɚ ɿ Ƚɚɪɚɡɤɚ Artemko i Horazko) ɫɰɜɟɪɞɡɿɥɿ ɲɬɨ ɧɿɹɤɚ

ɝɚ ɫɭɞɚ ʆ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ  Ɍɚɞɵ ɜɚɹɜɨɞɚ ɡɚɝɚɞɚʆ ɡɛɟɪɚɝ

ɱɵ ɪɷɱɚɜ ɵ ɞɨɤɚɡ ɭ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɩɚɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɚɝɚ ɥɿɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ

ɱɚɝɚ ɫɭɞɚɡɚɬɪɵɦɚʆɲɵ ɹɝɨ ɿ ɩɪɵɤɥɚʆɲɵ ɞɚ ɹɝɨ ɩɹɱɚɬɚɤ ɜɿɰɟɛ

ɫɤɚɝɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɧɿɱɚɝɚ ɿ ɩɪɵɫɭɬɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɟ ɛɚɹ ɪɚʆ  ɚ ɩɚɞɚɡɪɨ

ɲɬɨ ʆ ɩɚɩɹ ɪɷɞɧɹɣ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɟ ɩɪɚ ɩɚɞɪɨɛɤɭ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɡ ɝɚɫɩɚ

ɞɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ  ɡɚ ɞɨɤɚɡ ɩɚɞɪɨɛɤɿ ʆɡɹ ɥɿ ɫɰɜ ɟɪɞɠɚɧɧɟ

ɧɟɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɥɹ ɪɫɤɿ ɯ ɮɨɪɦɚʆ ɿ ɫɩɨɫɚɛɭ ɩɪɵ ɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ

ɩɹ ɱɚɬɤɿ

9 4

  Ⱦ ɚɥɟɣɲɵɯ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ  ɹ ɝɨ ɚʆɬɷɧɬɵɱɧɚɫɰɿ

ʆɠɨ ɧɟ ɲɭɤɚɥɿ

ɉɪɚɤɬɵɤɚ  ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɞɧɚɫɬɚɣɧɚɸ  ɛɨ ʆ ɿɧɲɵɦ

ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɤɚɥɿ ɿɲ ɥɨɫɹ ɩɪɚ ɚɫɩɪɷɱɜɚɧɧɟ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɸɪɵɞɵɱ

ɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ  ɝɚɪɚɞɡɟɧɫɤɿ ɡɟɦɫɤɿ  ɫɭɞ ɩɪɵɫɭɞɡɿʆ  ɲɬɨ ʆɜɨ

ɝɷɬɚ ɩɚɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɚɹ ɩɹɱɚɬɤɚ

9 5

 ɇɟɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɚ ɝɷɬɚɹ  ɮɚɪɦɚɥɶ ɧɚɹ

ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ ɡɟɦɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɭɞɚ ɫɬɚɿɰɶ ɧɚɲɦɚɬ ɧɿɠɷɣ ɡɚ ɝɥɵ ɛɨɤɿ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ

ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɚʆɬɷɧɬɵɱɧɚɫɰɿ  ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ  ɡ ɹɤɿɦ ɦɵ  ɫɩɚɬɤɚɥɿɫɹ  ʆ ɪɚɡ

ɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɷɣ ɜɵ ɩɚɞɤɚɯ  ɹɤɿɹ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɰɶ  ɩɪɚ ɿ ɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ʆ

ɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɿ ɿ ɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɯ ɫɭɞɨʆ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ

ʆ ɩɟɪɲ ɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ;9, ɫɬ  ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɵɯ ɩɚɧɹ ɰɰɹʆ ɡ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɫɭ

Ⱥɛɩ ɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ ɣɤɚɧɰɵɥ ɹɪɵɿ