Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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182

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɱɚɫɧɚɟ ɞɵɩɥɚɦɚɬɵ ɤɿ   ɚɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵɯ ɬɵ ɦ ɹɤɿɹ ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ

ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɭ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ ɭɩɥɵɜɚɸɱɵ ɹ ɤ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ  ɬɚɤ

ɿ ɧɚ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɸ ɿ  ɧɚɜɚɬ ɫɹ ɝɚɸɱɵ ɧɚ ʆɞɡɟɥɶ ɧɚɟ

Ɇɚɡɨʆɲɚ

Ʉɨɲɬɵɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɹ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ

Ɍɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɨɜ ɚ ɿ ʆɫɤɨɫɧɚ ² ɹ ɤ ɿ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɿ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɟ

ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɿ

 ² ɦɵ ɞɚɜɟɞɜɚɟɦɫɹ ɩɪɚ ɤɨɲɬɵ  ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵɹ ɡ ɚɬ

ɪɵɦɚɧɧɟɦ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɡɵɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɡ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɥɹ ɪɵɿ  ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ  Ɍɪɷɛɚ ɩɚɞɡɹ ɥɿ ɰɶ ɿɯ ɧɚ ɞɡɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɵ

ɚ ɉɟɪɲɚɹ  ² ɝɷɬɚ ɱɚɥɚɛɿɰɰɟ ɝɡɧ ɝɪɚɲ ɨɜɚɹ ɫɭɦɚ ɚɥɶ ɛɨ

ɩɚɞɚɪɭɧɚɤ  ɹɤɚɹ ʆɪɭɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɭ ɫɚɧɨʆɧɿ ɤɚɦ  ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿ

ɤɚɦ  ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɦɭ ɩɚɧɭ ɩɪɨɫɶ ɛɿ ɬɚɦ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɧɨʆɱɚɟ ɪɚɲ ɷɧɧɟ

ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɡɚ ɹɤɭɸ ɺɧ ɯɚɞɚɣɧɿɱɚʆ Ƚɷɬɚ ɦɚɝɥɨ ɛɵɰɶ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɡɹɦɥɿ

ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɟ ɩɚɫɚɞɵ ɡɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɞɱɭɞɠɷɧɧɟ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɚɫɰɿ  ɩɚɰ

ɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɪɚɡɞɡɟɥɭ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɝ ɞ

ɛ Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ  ɝɪɭɩɚ ɤɨɲɬɚʆ ² ɚɩɥɚɬɵ ɡɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɟ ©ɥɿɫɬɚª

ɡ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɥɹ ɪɵ ɿ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɿɲ ɥɿ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵ ɫɰɶ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚ

ɿ ɩɿɫɚɪɚʆ Ƚɷɬɚ ɡɜɵ ɱɚɣɧɚ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɚɞɥɸɫɬɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ʆ ɤɧɿɝɚɯ

Ɇɟɬɪɵɤɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɚɟ ɫɜɹɬɥɨ ɬɭɬ ɤɿɞɚ

ɸɰɶ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ  ɡ ɹɤɿ ɯ ɦɵ ɜ ɵɩɚɞɤɨɜɚ ɞɚɜɟɞɜɚɟɦɫɹ  ɩɪɚ ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɧ

ɧɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɚ ɤɲɬɚɥɬɭ ʆɡɧɨɫɚʆ ɿ ɚɩɥɚɬ  Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ɝɥɟɞɠɚɧ

ɧɹ  ɰɿɤɚɜ ɵ ɥɿɫɬ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ , ɚɞ  ɝ  ɞɚ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚʆ

ɿ ɪɚɞɰɚʆ ȼ ɿɥɶɧɿ «R UyĪQH NU]\Z G\ SRVSROVWZD» >ɩɪɚ ɪɨɡɧɵ ɹ

ɤɪɵʆɞɵ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɵ@  Ɂ ɹ ɝɨ ɦɵ ɞɚɜɟɞɜɚɟɦɫɹ  ɲɬɨ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɪɚɡ

ɝɥɟɞɡɟʆɲ ɵ  ɧɚ ɦɿɧɭɥɵɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɩɚɧɚɦɿ ɪɚɞɚɣ ɫɤɚɪɝɿ

ɝɪɚɦɚɞɵ   ɜɵɧɟɫ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɚ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵ ɸ ɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ  ʆ

ɦɟɫɰɟ ʆ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɟ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɵ ɡɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɚɦ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɿ  ɫɚɧɨʆɧɿɤɿ ɡ

ɹ ɝɨɧɚɝɚ ɚɬɚɱɷɧɧɹ  ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ©ɱɚɥɚɛɿɰɰɟª ʆ ɩɚɦɟɪɵ  ɡɥɨ

ɬɵɯ  Ƚɷɬɚɟ ɫɭɦɵ  ɡɚɩɥɚɱɚɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɵ  ɩɚɬ

ɪɵɰɵ ɹɬ ɲɬɨ ɤɿɪɚɜɚʆ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɧɟ ɠɚɞɚʆ ɜɹɪɧɭɰɶ ɿɦ ɡ ɝɚɪɚɞɫ

ɤɨɟ ɫɤɪɵɧɿ

9 8

  Ƚɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɧɚɤɚɡɚʆ ɩɚɤɪɵ ɰɶ  ɝɷɬɵ ɜɵ ɞɚɬɚɤ ɡ ɝɚ

ɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɝɪɨɲɚʆ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɜɵɤɭɩɿɰɶ ɭ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ

ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɯɚɰɹ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɧɟ ɯɨɱɚ ɪɚɛɿɰɶ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɞɚ  ² ɚɥɟ

ɝɪɚɦɚɞɚ  ɩɚɤɭɥɶ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɜɵ ɤɭɩɥɟɧɵ ɦɚɟ ɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɿ

ɰɿ ɦɚɟ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɤɨɜɭɸ ɫɿɥɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲ ɱɚ  ɭɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɚɟ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚ

ɪɨɦ ɿ ɩɚɧɚɦɿɪɚɞɚɣ

 Ɂɪɷɲɬɵ ɧɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɤɨɲɬɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɬɚɤɿɹ

ɜɵɫɨɤɿɹ   Ɂɚɤɥɚɞ ɧɚ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ  ɦɟɫɬɚ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɵ

ʆ  ɝ  ɡ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ  ɫɤɥɚʆ ɭɫɹɝɨ  ɤɨɩ ɝɪɨ

183

ɲɚʆ  ɝ  ɡɧ   ɡɥɨɬɵ ɯ

1 00

 Ⱥɥɟ ɬɭɬ ɿ ɲɥɨɫɹ  ɩɪɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɪɚɞɧɵɹ

ɫɩɪɚɜɵ

ɍ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɜ ɿɥɟɧɫɤɿɯ ɦɹ ɲɱɚɧ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɰɶ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɵ

ɤɨɲɬɚʆ ɇɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɹ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ ɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɬɨɥɶɤɿɩɪɚ ɚɞɧɭ

ɩɪɵɱɵɦ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɚ ɦɵ  ɦɚɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲ  ɡɜɟɫɬɚɤ ɩɪɚ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪ

ɫɤɿɹ ɚɩɥɚɬɵ ɩɪɚ ɹɤɿɹ ɝɚɜ ɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ  ɿ ɧɚ ɫɨɣɦɚɯ ɱɵɦ ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ

ɱɚɥɚɛɿɰɰɹ   ɹɤɨɟ  ɹ ɤ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ ɤɚɧɮɿɞɷɧɰɵɣɧɚɟ  ɪɷɞɤɚ ɧɚɨɝɭɥ

ɩɚɤɿɞɚɥɚ ɫɥɹɞɵ ʆ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɯ

10 1

ɇɚɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɣ ɩɪɵ ɩɪɨɫɶ ɛɟ ɛɵɥɨ  ©Ȼɢɥ ɧɚɦ

ɱɨɥɨɦ ª, ɚ ɩɪɵ ɹ ɟ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɥɶɧɟɧɧɿ² «ɂ ɦɵ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɱɨɥɨɦɛɢɬɟ

ɬɨ ɜɱɢɧɢɥɢª. Ⱥɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɵɹ ɚɤɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɰɵɬɚɜɚɰɶ  ɫɨɬɧɹɦɿ

1 02

ɚɥɟ ʆ ɿɯ ɧɹɦɚ ɡɝɚɞɚɤ ɩɪɚ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɶɧɵɹ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɵ  Ɂ ɤɚɧɬɷɤɫɬɭ

ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɜɵ ɧɿɤɚɟ  ɲɬɨ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɵ ɧɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ  ɦɟɥɿ ɦɟɫɰɚ  Ⱥɞɧɚɤ

ɩɪɚ ɬɨɟ ɲɬɨ ɹɧɵ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɿ ɫɹ  ɡ ɱɚɥɚɛɿɰɰɟɦ  ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ

ɮɚɤɬ  ɲɬɨ ʆ ɝɭɬɚɪɤɨɜɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ ɱɚɥɚɛɿɰɰɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɥɚɫɹ  ɹɤ ɦɚɬɷ

ɪɵɹɥɶ ɧɚɹ  ɡɚɩɥɚɬɚ Ƚɷɬɚ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɚɫɹ  ɡ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɟɦ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ

ɡɹɦɥɿ ɚɛɨ ɩɚɫɚɞɵ ʆ ɤɚɬɷɝɨɪɵ ɹɯ ɚɞɩɥɚɬɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɪɭ ² ɩɪɚɹɜɵ

ɞɨɫɵ ɰɶ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɚɣ ɭ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɿ ɫɬɷɦɚɯ  ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚ

ɯɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɿɠɷɣɲɵɯ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹ ɯ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ

10 3

 Ƚɷɬɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚ

ɫɹ ɡɝɨɞɧɵ ɦ ɿ ɡ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɵɦɿ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɵɦɿ ɩɚɧɹɰɰɹɦɿ  ɭ ɹ ɤɿɯ

ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɩɭɛɥɿ ɱɧɵɦ ɚɤɬɚɦ ɭɥɚɞɵ ɿ ɞɚɦɨɜ ɚɸ ɩɪɵ 

ɜɚɬɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɬɵɩɭ ɚɞɩɥɚɬɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɪɭ ɡɭɫɿɦ ɧɟ ɜ ɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ ɬɚɤ

ɜɨɫɬɪɚ ɹɤ ɭ ɪɵ ɦɫɤɿɦ ɚɛɨ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ

ɍɫɜɟɞɚɦɥɟɧɧɟ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɲ ɬɨ ɤɚɛ ɚɬɪɵ ɦɚɰɶ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɧɚ

ɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɚɞɩɥɚɰɿɰɶ  ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɭ ɚ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɿ ɩɚɧɚɦɪɚɞɡɟ  ɿ ɩɿɫɚɪɚɦ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ   ɜɹ ɥɨ ɞɚ ɬɚɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɟ

ɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɹ ɥɸɞɡɿ ɡ ɋ ɚɥɚɧɟɟɜɿɱɚʆ ] 6RáRQLHMHZLF] ɤɚɥɿ ɧɟɤɚɬɨ

ɪɵɹ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿɹ ɛɚɹ ɪɵ ɩɪɚɫɿɥɿ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ  ɚɛ ɿɯ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɡɚ

ɞɭɦɚɥɿ ɫɤɥɚɫɰɿ ɫɚɛɟ ©ɥɢɫɬ ɜɵ ɡɜɨɥɺɧɵɣª ɛɵɰɰɚɦ ɹɧɵ ɩɭɬɧɵɹ

ɫɥɭɝɿ  ɋ ɤɥɚɞɚɰɶ ɹ ɝɨ ʆɡɹ ʆɫɹ ɫɚɥɚɧɟɟʆɫɤɿ ɞɡɟɫɹ ɬɧɿɤ Ɇɚɪɷɤ Ɂ

ɩɪɚɰɷɫɭ ɹɤɿ ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ ɹɝɨ ʆɡɛɭɞɡɿɥɿ Ƚɪɵɝɨɪ ɋɤɚɛɟɟʆ ɿ ȱɜɚɧ ɋɬɷ

ɩɚɧɨɜɿɱ Hryhor Skobejew i Iwan Stepanow icz ɦɵ ɞɚɜɟɞɜɚɟɦ

ɫɹ  ɲɬɨ ɿɦ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɦ ɝɷɬɚ ɤɚɲɬɚɜɚɥɚ  ɤɨɩ ɝɪɨɲɚʆ ɿ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɭɸ

ɫɭɦɭ ɧɟ ɦɚɸɱɵ ɝɚɬɨʆɤɿ ɹɧɵ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɿɥɿ  ɹɦɭ ɫɜɚɸ ɡɹɦɥɸ Ⱥɫ

ɬɚɬɧɿɹ  ɿɯ ©ɩɚɩɥɟɱ ɧɢɤɢª ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɫɤɚɪɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ  ɲɬɨ ©ɬɨɦ ɭ Ɇɚɪ

ɤɭ ɩɟɧɹɡɢ ɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɥɢɫɬ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɤɢɣª  ɚ ɿɧɲ ɵ ɹ

ɹɲɱɷ ɩɚɡɚɫɬɚʆɥɹɥɿ ɹɦɭ ɡɹɦɥɸɿ  ɫɚɦɿ ɪɚɡɵɲɥɿɫɹ ɍ ɞɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ

ʆɫɹɝɨ  Ɇɚɪɷɤ ɫɜɚɿ ɯ © ɩɚɩɥɟɱɧɿɤɚʆª ɩɪɨɫɬɚ ɚɲ ɭɤɚʆ ɫɤɚɡɚʆɲɵ

ɲɬɨ ɦɚɟ ɥɿ ɫɬ ɹ ɤɨɝɚ ɧɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚʆ Ʉ ɚɥɿ ɜ ɚɹɜɨɞɚ ɡɚɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚʆ

Ⱥɛɩ ɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ ɣɤɚɧɰɵɥ ɹɪɵɿ

184

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜ ɿɰɶ  ɹ ɦɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿ ɥɿɫɬ  Ɇɚɪɷɤ ɚɞɤɚɡɚʆ  ɲɬɨ ɩɚɩɪɨ

ɫɬɭ ɡɝɭɛɿʆ ɹɝɨ

10 4

  ȼɵɧɿɤɚɦ ɜɟɪɵ  ʆɜɚ ʆɫɟɦɚɝɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ  ɝɪɨɲ ɚɣ ɭ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɣ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵ ɿ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɡɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɰɷɥɚɝɚ ɩɚɫɟɥɿɲɱɚ

ɉɟɪɚɯɨɞɡɹ ɱɵ ɞɚɥɟɣ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɫɤɿɯ ɚɩɥɚɬ  ɡɚʆɜɚɠɦɚ

ɲɬɨ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɵɹ  ɫɭɦɵ  ɹɤɿɹ ɫɩɚɝɚɧɹɥɿɫɹ  ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟ

ɦɭɫɿɥɿ ɛɵɰɶ  ɞɨɫɵɰɶ  ɡɧɚɱɧɵɦɿ  ɿ ɜɿɞɚɜ ɨɱɧɚ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ

² ɚ ɦɨɠɚ  ɿ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ² ɚɞ ɜɚɪɬɚɫɰɿ ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ  ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ 

ɧɚ ɹɤɨɟ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɹ  ɜɵɞɚɜɚɥɚ ©ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣª  Ɂɚ

ɝɷɬɚ ɦɨɝɭɰɶ ɩɪɚɦɚʆɥɹ ɰɶ ɭɠɨ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɵɹ ɧɚɦɿ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹ ɥɵ

ɞɚɬɵɱɧɵɹ  ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚɦ Ɉɥɶɛɪɚɯɬɚɦ Ƚ ɚɲ ɬɚʆɬɚɦ ɿ

ɩɿɫɚɪɚɦ ɉɚʆɥɚɦ ɇɚɪɭɲ ɷɜɿɱɚɦ ɚɛ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ ɧɚ Ʉ ɨʆɧɚ  ɜɵɞɚ

ɞɡɟɧɵɦ ɩɚɦɿɦɚ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵ ɫɰɶ əɧɭɲ ɚ Ʉɚɫɰɟɜ ɿɱɚ  ɍ

ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɩɪɷɱɰɵ ɦɚɧɚɪɯ ² ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɭ ɚɞɤɚɡ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɷɝɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ

ɠɚɞɚɧɧɟ Ƚɚɲɬɚʆɬɚ ² ɡɚɤɥɿ ɤɚɟ ɇɚɪɭɲɷɜɿɱɚ ɤɚɛ «ɟɫɵ ɬɨɬ

ɩɪɵɜɢɥɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɦ ɢɥɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɞɚɥ ɚɛɨ ɬɨɬ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɛɵ ɨɬ

ɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɵɜɢɥɢɹ  ɦɹɥ ɛɵɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɢɥɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɢɥª. ɍ ɿɧɚɤɲ ɵɦ

ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ  ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɟ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ  ɺɧ ɡɚɝɚɞɚɟ ɚɞɞɚɰɶ  Ƚɚɲ ɬɚʆɬɭ

ɚɞɡɿɧ ɡ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚʆ ɇɚɪɭɲɷɜɿ ɱɚ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɭ ɹɤɭɸ ɬɨɣ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɚɞ

Ʉɚɫɰɟɜɿɱɚ  ɍɠɨ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɚ ɚɞɞɚɰɶ  ɦɚɺɧɬɚɤ ɭɫɤɨɫɧɚ ɩɚɤɚɡ

ɜɚɟ ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɪɵ ɬɚɟ ɫɭɦɵ ɍ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɿɦ ɥɿɫɰɟ ɹɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵ

ɡɚɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ ɹ ɤ «ɞɨɯɨɞ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɟɣɫɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɛɵ ɞɨ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɵɢ

ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɵɜɢɥɢɹ ɦɟɥ ɛɵɬɢª

10 5

Ɍ ɪɷɛɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ  ɲ ɬɨ ʆ ɱɚɫɟ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ I ʆ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɧɟ

ɛɵɥɨ ² ɹ ɤ ɿ  ʆ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ ɞɚ  ɝ

10 6

 ² ɮɿɤɫɚɜɚɧɵ ɯ ɫɬɚɜɚɤ

Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɚɞɜɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɤɭ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ  ɛɨ ɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɦɚɝ

ɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ  ɫɩɚɝɚɧɹɰɶ  ɡɚ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɫɤɿɹ ɚɩɟɪɚɰɵ ɿ ɧɚɲɦɚɬ ɜ ɵ 

ɲɷɣɲɵ ɹ ɚɩɥɚɬɵ ɱɵɦ ɬɵɹ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɛ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɰɶ ɩɪɵ

ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɿ ɫɬɚɥɚɝɚ ɬɚɪɵ ɮɭ

10 7

  ɉɥɚɬɚ ʆɪɚɞɧɿɤɚɦ ɡɚ ɤɨɠɧɭɸ ɚɩɟ

ɪɚɰɵɸ ɛɵɥɚ ʆ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɝɷɬɚɤ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɚ ʆ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹ

ɫɬɜɟ  ɲ ɬɨ ʆɪɚɠɜɚɥɚ ɡɚɦɟɠɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɡɿ ɪɚɥɶ ɧɿ ɤɚ

1 08

Ɍɚɤ ɲɬɨ ɧɿɱɨɝɚ ɞɡɿʆɧɚɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ

ɯɨɰɶ  ɿ ɡ ɩɷʆɧɵɦ ɫɩɚɡɧɟɧɧɟɦ ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɵ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɜɵɥɭ

ɱɵɥɚ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ʆɧɚɪɦɚɜ ɚɰɶ  ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɫɤɿɹ  ɚɩɥɚɬɵ   ə ɧɨ

ɩɚʆɫɬɚɥɚ ʆɩɟɪɲɵɧɸ ɧɚ ɛɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɿɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ ʆ  ɝ  ɤɚɥɿ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ  ɫɬɚɧɵ ɡɜ ɹɪɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɞɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ©ɨ ɭɫɬɚɜɭɜ ɤɚɧɰɥɟ

ɪɟɣ ɨɞ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɨ ɩɪɢɫɹ ɠɧɨɟ ɜ ɤɨɫɬɟɥɟ ɩɨ ɱ ɨɦɭ ɛɵ ɟɫɬɟ ɦɟɥɢ

ɩɥɚɬɢɬɢª ɍ «ɨɬɤɚɡɟª ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɫɰɜ ɹ ɪɞɠɚɟ  ɲ ɬɨ ɤɚɥɿ  ɩɚ

ɫɬɚɜɿɰɶ  ɩɪɵɫɹɠɧɚɝɚ ɩɿɫɚɪɚ  ɬɚɞɵ ɿ ɜɵɞɚɫɰɶ  ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɚ

ɬɚɤɫɭ ɚɞ © ɥɿɫɬɨʆª  ɜɵɞɚɜ ɚɧɵɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɣ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɹ ɣ

10 9

ɇɚ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ ʆ ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɿ  ɝ ɭɞɡɟɥɶ ɧɿɤɿ ɫɨɣɦɭ ɡɧɨʆ

185

ɤɭ ɩɪɚɫɿɥɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ʆɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɰɶ  ɬɚɤɫɭ ɧɚ ©ɥɿɫɬɵª  ɲ ɬɨ ɛɪɚ

ɥɿɫɹ ɡ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ  ɍ ©ɨɬɤɚɡɟª ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ ɞɷ

ɤɥɹ ɪɚɜɚʆ ɚɛɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ ɝɷɬɚ ɡ ɩɚɧɚɦɿɪɚɞɚɣ ɿ  ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚɦ ɬɨɣ

ɹ ɤ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵ  ɡɝɚɞɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɚɫɨɛɧɚ ɿ ɜɵɞɚɰɶ ɩɚ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɭ  ɹɤɚɹ  ʆɫɬɚɥɸɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɫɤɿɹ  ɚɩɥɚɬɵ

1 10

  ɇɚ ɫɨɣɦɟ

 ɝ  ɭɠɨ ɩɪɵ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɰɟ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɰɟ ɡɧɨʆ ɜɹ ɪɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ

ɬɚɤɫɚʆ ɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɣ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɿ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɬɚɤɫɚʆ ɭ ɜ ɚɹ

ɜɨɞɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɩɚɜɹɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɭɞɚɯ ɇɚ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɭ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ  ɤɚɛ ɝɚɫɩɚ

ɞɚɪ ɡɪɚɛɿʆ ɥɚɫɤɭ ʆɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɰɶ ©ɩɨ ɱɨɦɭ ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɥɢɫɬ ɦ ɚɟɬ

ɩɥɚɱɨɧɨ ɛɵɬɢª ɚɞɤɚɡ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɝɭɱɚʆ ɬɚɤ ɲ ɬɨ ɬɵɱɵɰɰɚ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɯ ɩɿɫɚɪɚʆ ɿ ɜ ɹɥɿɤɚɤɧɹ ɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵ ɿ  ɦɚɟ ɡɚɯɚ

ɜɚɰɰɚ ɿɫɧɵ ɫɬɚɧ Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɿɦ ɩɿɫɚɪɭ ɡɚ ɜɵɩɿ ɫɤɭ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɚɞ

ɛɨɤɭ  ɝɪɨɲɚʆ ɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɩɿɫ ɭ ɤɧɿɝɿ ²  ɝɪɨɲɵ ɤɚɥɿ ɛɨɤ ɚɞɦɚʆ

ɥɹʆɫɹ  ɚɞ ɜɵɩɿɫɤɿ  ɤɚɥɿ ɠ ɛɨɤ ɚɞɪɚɡɭ ɛɪɚʆ ɜ ɵɩɿɫɤɭ  ɬɨ ʆɠɨ

ɚɫɨɛɧɚ  ɝɪɨɲɵ ɡɚ ʆɩɿɫɚɧɧɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ ɫɹ  ɿ  ɩɿɫɚɪ ɦɭɫɿʆ ɡɞɚ

ɜɨɥɿɰɰɚ  ɝɪɨɲɚɦɿ

11 1

  ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ  ɹ ɤ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ  ɭ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɩɚɦɿɠ

 ɝ ɿ  ɝ ɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɣ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ ʆɧɚɪɦɚ

ɜɚɧɧɟ ɚɩɥɚɬ  ɉɚɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɟ ɿɯ ɡ ɚɩɥɚɬɚɦɿ  ɹɤɿɹ ɛɪɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ

II ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɪɚɡɞɡ IV ɚɪɬ  ɭ ɡɟɦɫɤɿ ɯ ɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɫɭɞɚɯ ɞɡɟ ɡɚ

ʆɩɿ ɫɚɧɧɟʆ ɤɧɿɝɿ ɜɵɩɿɫɤɭ ɡ ɤɧɿɝ ɿ ɫɭɞɨɜɵ ɥɿɫɬ ɩɿɫɚɪɭ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ

ɩɚ ± ɝɪɨɲɵ ɩɚɤɚɡɜɚɟ ɲɬɨ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɹ  ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɹ ɰɚ

ɧɿ ɥɚ ɫɜɚɸ ɩɪɚɰɭ ɞɨɫɵɰɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ

11 2

Ƚɷɬɵ ɹ ɬɚɤɫɵ ɬɵɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɩɹɪɨɜ ɵɯ © ɥɿɫɬɨʆª  Ⱥɩɥɚɬɵ ɡɚ

ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɩɟɪɝɚɦɟɧɬɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɿɧɲɵ ɹ  ɜɵɲ ɷɣɲɵɹ

Ɂɚɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɵɹ  ɚɩɨɲ ɧɿɹ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɚɫɹ  ɡ ɬɵ ɦ ɲ ɬɨ

ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɚɧɹɰɰɹʆ  ɚɤɬ  ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵ  ɧɚ ɩɟɪɝɚɦɟɧɰɟ

ɡ ɩɪɵɜ ɟɲɚɧɚɸ ɩɹɱɚɬɤɚɸ  ɦɟʆ ɛɨɥɶ ɲɭɸ ɜɚɝɭ ɱɵ ɦ ɩɚɩɹ ɪɨɜɵ

ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ ɹɤ ɚɤɚɥɿɱɧɚɫɰɶ   ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ  ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵ ɫɰɶ

ɛɨɤɭ ɲ ɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɚɬɪɵ ɦɚʆ ɩɟɪɝɚɦɟɧɬɧɵ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɡ ɩɪɵɜɟɲɚ

ɧɚɸ ɩɹ ɱɚɬɤɚɸ

11 3

 ɉɪɚ ɬɨɟ  ɲɬɨ ɚɤɬɚɦ  ɹɤɿɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪ

ɝɚɦɟɧɰɟ ɩɪɵɩɿɫɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ  ɛɨɥɶɲ ɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɿ ɛɨɥɶ ɲɚɹ  ɚɛɚɜɹ

ɡɚʆɱɚɹ ɦɨɰ  ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ  ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɚɟ ɫɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ

©ɇɚɦ ɫɹ  ɧɟɬɨɥɶɤ ɨ ɩɪɵɜɢɥɢɟɜ ɚɥɟ ɢ ɩɚɩɟɪɧɵɯ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɧɚɲɵɯ

ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɥɚɦ ɚɬɢª

11 4

  Ⱥɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɜ ɵɪɚɡɧɚɟ

ȼɵɫɬɭɩɚɟ ɹ ɧɨ ɿ ʆ ɩɪɚɞɩɿɫɚɧɧɹɯ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɪɷɝɭɥɹɜɚɥɿ ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɵ

ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚ ɿ ɩɚɞɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚ ɿ ɡɦɹɲɱɚɥɿɫɹ  ʆ ɬɷɤɫɰɟ ɩɪɵɫɹɝɿ ɹɤɭɸ

ɬɵɹ  ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ  ʆ ɱɚɫɟ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚ  Ʉ ɚɧɰɥɟɪ ɩɚɞɤɚɧ

ɰɥɟɪ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɰɶ  ɩɟɪɝɚɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ © ɥɿɫɬɨʆª  ɿ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ

ɝ  ɡɧ ɚɤɬɚʆ ɡ ɩɨɞɩɿ ɫɚɦ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɛɟɡ ɡɝɨɞɵ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɚ

Ⱥɛɩ ɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ ɣɤɚɧɰɵɥ ɹɪɵɿ

186

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɩɚɩɹɪɨɜɵɯ ² ɬɚɤɿɯ ɹɤɿɹ ɛɵɥɿ ɛ ɧɚ ɲɤɨɞɭ ɝɚɫɩɚ

ɞɚɪɭ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɦɭ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɭ ɚɛɨ ɩɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɿ ɜɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ɞɵ

ɦɚɝɥɿ ɛ ɜɟɫɰɿ ɞɚ ɩɚɦɹɧɲɷɧɧɹ ©ɞɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɜɚɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɩɚ

ɜɚɝɿª  ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ ɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ

11 5

Ƚɷɬɚɟ ɪɚɡɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɝɷɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟ ʆ ɬɚɤ

ɫɚɯ  ɹɤɿ ɹ ɜ ɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɿ ɧɚɲɦɚɬ ɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɹ ɚɩɥɚɬɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɞɚɱɭ

ɩɟɪɝɚɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɫɭɞɚɦɿ ɿ  ʆɫɹ ɥɹɤɿɦɿ ʆɪɚɞɚɦɿ Ɍ ɭɬ ɧɹɦɚ

ɝɚɜɨɪɤɿ ɩɪɚ ɤɨɲɬ ɩɟɪɝɚɦɟɧɬɭ  ɜɨɫɤɭ ɿ ɲɧɭɪɨʆ  ɧɚ ɹɤɿɯ ɩɚɞ

ɜɟɲɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɩɹɱɚɬɤɚ ɛɨ ɿɯ ɦɟʆ ɞɚɫɬɚɜɿɰɶ ɚɬɪɵ ɦɚɥɶ ɧɿɤ ɞɚɤɭ

ɦɟɧɬɚ ɚɥɟ ɹɤ ɮɚɪɦɭɥɸɟ II ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬ  ©ɡɚ ɩɪɚɰɭª ɩɿɫɚɪɭ  ȼ ɨɫɶ

ɠɚ  ɩɿɫɚɪɭ ɹɤɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚʆ ɩɟɪɝɚɦɟɧɬɧɵ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬ  ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ 

ɝɪɨɲɚʆ ɚ ɡɚ ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬ ² ± ɝɪɨɲ ɵ

11 6

ɉɪɚɛɥɟɦɭ ʆɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɫɤɿ ɯ ɚɩɥɚɬ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ɪɚɡ

ɝɥɹɞɚɥɚ ɹ ɤ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɡ ɩɭɧɤɬɚʆ ɫɜ ɚɺɣ ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɵ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɹ  ɡ ɚɞ

ɜɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɸ ɚɛɰɹɠɜɚɧɧɹʆ ɡɚ ɱɵ ɧɨʆɧɿ ɰɤɿɹ  ɞɡɟɹɧɧɿ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɡɞɡɹɣ

ɫɧɹɥɿɫɹ ʆɥɚɞɚɸ  ɲɬɨ ɛɵɥɚ ʆ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ  Ɍ ɚɦɭ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɩɵ

ɬɚɧɧɟ ɡ¶ ɹʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ ʆ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɨɣɦɭ  ɤɚɥɿ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ɡɞɚ

ɛɵɜɚɟ ɬɚɦ ɭɥɚɫɧɵ  ɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɝɨɥɚɫ Ɂ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ɦɚɧɚɪɯ ɪɚɡ

ɝɥɹɞɚʆ ɭɧɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɫɤɿɯ ɚɩɥɚɬ ɹ ɤ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɤɚ

ɪɵɫɰɶ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ  Ɍɚɤ ɭ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɟ ʆ  ɝ ɭɫɬɚɥɺʆɜɚɸɱɵ ɬɚɤɫɭ

ɦɚɧɚɪɯ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿʆ ɝɷɬɚ ɹɤ ɚɞɦɵɫɥɨɜɭɸ ɩɪɷɪɚɝɚɬɵɜɭ «in favore

nobil itatis regni nostri» >ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵ ɫɰɶ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɬɵ ɧɚɲɚɝɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆ

ɫɬɜɚ@ ɇɟɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹɜɚɧɵɹ ɤɥɚɫɵ ɿ ɝɪɭɩɵ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵ ɥɿ ɩɥɚɰɿ ɰɶ

ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɚɞɜɨɥɶ ɧɵ ɯ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹʆ ɱɵ ɧɨʆɧɿɤɚʆ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɟ

ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɿ

1 17

 ɍ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɩɪɚ ɩɚɞɨɛɧɚɟ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɩɪɵɧɹ ɬɵ ɹ

ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɧɟ ɡɝɚɞɜɚɸɰɶ  ɐɿ ɛɵɥɨ ɝɷɬɚ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɦ ɬɚɝɨ ɲ ɬɨ ɫɚ

ɫɥɨʆɧɵɹ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɿ ʆ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɛɵɥɿ ɫɥɚɛɟɣ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟ

ɧɵɹ   ɱɵɦ ɭ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ" ɐɿ ɿ  ɬɭɬ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɚ  ɚɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚɹ

ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɣ  ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɛɟɡ ɭɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɟɧɧɹ  ɹ ɟ ʆ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɟ ɧɨɪ

ɦɵ"

Ʉɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɫɤɿɹ ɚɩɥɚɬɵ ɛɪɚɥɿɫɹ  ɹɤ ɦɵ ɜɟɞɚɟɦ  ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ

ɚɞ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɧɵ ɯ ɡ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ ɥɿɫɬɨʆ  ɚɥɟ ɿ ɚɞ ɭɩɿɫɚɧɧɹʆ ɫɩɪɚ

ɜɚʆ ɭ ɫɭɞɨɜɵɹ  ɤɧɿɝɿ Ʉɧɿɝɚ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɤɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɭɞɚ ɡɚ ²

 ɝ   ɹ ɤɿ ɜɵ ɪɚɲɚʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ʆ ɫɿɥɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɭ

ɜɚ ʆɫɬɭɩɟ ɡɦɹɲɱɚɟ ɚɧɚɬɚɰɵɸ ɲɬɨ ʆ ɹɟ ʆɩɿɫɜɚɸɰɰɚ ɬɵɹ ɫɩɪɚ

ɜɵ ɪɚɫɫɭɞɠɚɧɵɹ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɩɪɵ ɹɤɿɯ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵ ɛɨɤ ɡɚɩɥɚɰɿʆ

ɫɭɞɨɜɚɦɭ ɩɿ ɫɚɪɭ ɡɚ ʆɩɿɫɚɧɧɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɧɨɟ)

11 8

 ə ɤ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ ɚɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ

ɭ ɤɧɿɝɿ ʆɩɿɫɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɟ ʆɫɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɵɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɬɵɹ

ɭ ɹɤɿ ɯ ɚɩɥɚɱɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆɩɿɫɚɧɧɟ ɐɿ ɛɵɥɨ ɝɷɬɚ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɵɧɰɵ

ɩɚɦ ɹɤɿ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚʆ ɿ ʆ ɧɿ ɠɷɣɲɵɯ ɫɭɞɚɯ" ɋɬɚɧɨʆɱɵ  ɚɞɤɚɡ ɧɚ

187

ɝɷɬɚɟ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɜ ɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɡ ɰɵɬɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɷɣ ©ɨɬɤɚɡɭª ɚɞ ɝ

ɿ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɵ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɚɞ  ɝ  ɹɤɚɹ ʆɫɬɚɥɺʆɜɚɥɚ ɚɩɥɚɬɵ ɞɥɹ

ɡɟɦɫɤɿɯ ɚɛɨ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɩɿɫɚɪɚʆ ɡɚ ɿ ɯ ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿɰɤɿɹ ɞɡɟɹ ɧɧɿ  ɞɚ

ɹɤɿɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɿ ʆɩɿɫɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɤɧɿɝɿ Ƚ ɷɬɚɟ ɫɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɦɚɟ ɿɫɬɨɬ

ɧɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɩɪɵ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɟ ɤɪɵ ɧɿɰ ɬɚɤɨɝɚ ɬɵɩɭ  ɹɤ ɫɭɞɨɜɵɹ

ɤɧɿɝɿ Ɇɟɬɪɵɤɿ  ɡɟɦɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɫɭɞɨʆ

ɇɟɤɚɥɶɤɿɡɚʆɜɚɝ ɚɛɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ

ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɥɹɪɵɿ

Ʉɚɥɿ ɬɚɤ ɫɬɚɹɥɿ  ɫɩɪɚɜ ɵ ʆ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ ɭ Ʉɚɪɨ

ɧɟ ʆ ɝɚɪɚɱɵɹ  ɞɧɿ  «wojny kokoszej» ɪɚɤɚɲɚɧɟ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɿɥɿ ɹ ɤ ɜɟ

ɞɚɦɚ  ɲ ɦɚɬ ɫɭɪ¶ ɺɡɧɵ ɯ ɡɚɤɿɞɚʆ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ  ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɟ Ɇɟɬɪɵ ɤɿ

əɧɵ  ɠɚɞɚɥɿ  ɤɚɛ Ɇɟɬɪɵ ɤɚ ɿ  ɜ ɵɩɿ ɫɤɿ ɡ ɹ ɟ ɛɵ ɥɿ ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɟɧɵ

ɞɨɤɚɡɧɚɣ ɫɿɥɵ ȱɦ ɪɭɩɿɥɚ ɤɚɛ «malevoli homines odio aducti»

[ɡɥɚɦɵɫɧɵɹ  ɥɸɞɡɿ  ɩɚɞɲɬɭɪɯɧɭɬɵ ɹ ɧɹɧɚɜɿɫɰɸ@ ɧɟ ɩɪɵ ʆɥɚɲ 

ɱɜɚɥɿ ɫɚɛɟ ɬɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɿɯ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚʆ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ ɤɚ

ɪɚɥɹ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɤɚɛ ɡ Ɇɟɬɪɵɤɿ ɧɟ ɛɪɚɥɿɫɹ  ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɵɿ ɥɿɫɬɵ

ɧɚ ɱɵɸɤɨɥɟɱɵ ɲɤɨɞɭ

11 9

  ɒɥɹɯɬɚ ʆɜɨɝɭɥɟ ɧɟ ɚɞɦɚʆɥɹɥɚ ɩɚ

ɬɪɷɛɵ Ɇɟɬɪɵɤɿ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɪɚʆ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ ɚɥɟ ɠɚɞɚɥɚ  ɤɚɛ ɹ ɟ

ɚɤɬɵ ɧɟ ɡɚɤɪɚɧɚɥɿ ɫɩɪɚɜɚʆ ɞɚɬɵ ɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɨʆ  ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹ ʆ ɿ

ɦɚɺɦɚɫɧɵ ɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ   ɉɚɞɫɬɚɜ ɚɸ ɞɥɹ  ɧɟɞɚɜɟɪɭ ɞɚ

Ɇɟɬɪɵɤɿ  ɛɵɥɚ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɹɲɧɹɹ  ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɚ

12 0

 Ⱥɬɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɭɸ

Ɇɟɬɪɵ ɤɭ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɰɿɞɡɟɹɧɧɟ ɩɪɵ ɞɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɚʆ ȼɹ ɞɨ

ɦɚ ɪɷɚɤɰɵɹ  Ȼ ɨɧɵ  ɹɤɚɹ  ɩɨʆɧɚɹ ɚɛɭɪɷɧɧɹ ɲɬɨ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ɫɦɟɟ

ɚɞɦɚʆɥɹ ɰɶ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ ɤɧɿɝ  ɡɚ ɹɤɿɦɿ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɚɥɿ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɵ ɿ

ɹɤɿɹ ɩɿɫɚɥɿɫɹ  ɩɪɵ ɜɟɞɡɟɧɵɦɿ ɞɚ ɩɪɵɫɹɝɿ ɧɚɬɚɪɵɭɫɚɦɿ  ɩɚɜɭɱɚɟ

ɚɞɪɚɫɚɬɚ  ɫɚɤɪɚɬɚɪɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ  ɋ ɚɦɭɷɥɹ  Ɇɚ

ɰɹ ɺʆɫɤɚɝɚ Samuela Maciejowskiego ɹɤ ɬɨɣ ɦɚɟ ɛɚɪɚɧɿɰɶ ɩɚ

ɡɿɰɵɸ ɞɜ ɚɪɚ

1 21

  ɍ ɞɚʆɧɟɣɲɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɭ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɹ

Ȼɨɧɵ  ɫɩɚɬɤɚɥɚ ɩɨʆɧɚɟ ʆɯɜɚɥɟɧɧɟ Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ Ⱥ  ɉɪɨɯɚɫɤɚ

(A. Prochaska ɡɚɧɹ ʆ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɸ ɧɚɣɦɚɰɧɟɣɲɚɝɚ ɝɚɧɶɛɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ

ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɪɨɤɚɲ ɭ

1 22

  ɉɟɪɚɤɚɧɚʆɱɵ  ɜ ɵɤɥɚɞ ɉɪɚɯɚɫɤɿ

ɩɚʆɩɥɵɜɚʆ ɧɚ ɩɚɡɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɚ ɹɤɚɹ ʆ ɰɷɥɵɦ

ɩɪɵɧɹɥɚ ɹɝɨɧɵɹ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɵ

12 3

Ʌɟɩɲɚɟ ɡɧɚɺɦɫɬɜɚ ɡ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɚɣ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɿ  ɧɟ ɞɚɡɜ ɚ

ɥɹɟ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɿ  ɫɭɪɨɜɚ ɡɝɚɧɿ ɰɶ  ɪɚɤɚɲɚɧɚʆ ɉɟɪɲɵɦ

Ɏ ɇɚɜ ɿɰɤɿ F. Nowicki  ɫɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ  ɲɬɨ © ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɭɸɱɵɫɹ  ɚɞ

ɤɪɚɣɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɡɛɭɧɬɚɜ ɚɧɚɣ ɩɚɞ Ʌɶɜɨɜ ɚɦ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ« ɬɪɷɛɚ ɩɪɵ

ɡɧɚɰɶ ɲɬɨ ʆ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɿ ɿ ɹɟ ɤɧɿɝ ɤɪɵʆɞɵ ɛɵɥɿ

Ⱥɛɩ ɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ ɣɤɚɧɰɵɥ ɹɪɵɿ

188

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɫɥɭɲɧɵɹ  ɿ ɡɚɤɿ ɞɵ ɚɩɪɚʆɞɚɧɵɹ Ⱥɩɿɫɚɧɧɟ ɤɧɿɝ ɹ ɤɨɟ ɦɵ ɩɪɚ

ɜɹɥɿ ɿ  ɜ ɵ ɫɧɨɜɵ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɧɚɩɪɨɲɜɚɸɰɰɚ ɡ ɹ ɝɨ  ɩɟɪɚɤɨɧɜ ɚɸɰɶ

ɛɚɞɚɣ ɲɬɨ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ʆ ɚɞɧɵɦ ² ɭ ɧɹ ɫɬɚɱɵ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚɬɵɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ

ɩɚɪɚɞɤɭ ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɫɤɿɯ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɹɯ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɚɟ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ

12 4

Ƚɷɬɭɸ ɚɰɷɧɤɭ ɩɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɟ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɚɞ  ɝ  ɩɪɵɧɹ

ɬɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɹɬɪɤɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ ² ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿ ɫɧɚɟ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɷɧɧɟ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ

ɚɛ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɣ  Ɇɟɬɪɵɰɵ  ɋɩɚɫɵɥɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚ

ɰɵ ɿ ɚɛɚɜ ɹɡɤɨɜɚɟ ɦɨɰɵ Ɇɟɬɪɵɤɿ ɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɚʆɥɹɥɚ ɲɬɨ ɧɿɤɨɝɚ

ɧɟɥɶ ɝɚ ɬɪɵɜɨɠɵɰɶ  ɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚʆ ɧɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɵɩɿɫɚɤ ɡ

ɤɧɿɝɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ Ⱥ  ɤɚɛ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɱɵɧɸ ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɥɚ

ɝɷɬɚɹ  ɩɟɪɲ ɚɹ ɞɚɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ

ɤɚɧɰɵ ɥɹɪɫɤɿɹ ɤɧɿɝɿ ɩɿɫɚɥɿɫɹ ɿ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɫɬɚɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɿ ɩɿɥɶɧɟɣ

ɩɚɫɬɚɧɚʆɥɹɟɰɚ ɤɚɛ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪ ɿ ɩɚɞɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɵ ɫɚɦɿ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɿ ɤɧɿɝɿ

Ɇɟɬɪɵɤɿ ɿ ɦɟɥɿ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɰɿ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɿɫɚɪɚʆ ɩɪɵɜɟɞɡɟɧɵɯ ɞɚ ɩɪɵɫɹɝɿ

ɹɤɿɹ ɛ ɡ ɬɨɣ ɩɚɪɵ deinceps ɜɟɪɧɚ ɡɚɧɨɫɿɥɿ ɚɤɬɵ ʆ ɤɧɿɝɿ

125

 Ƚɷɬɚɹ

ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɧɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵ ɤɚʆ ɦɟɥɚ ɫɬɚɧɨʆɱɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ

ɛɨ  ©ɤɚɫɭɸɱɵ ʆɫɹɥɹɤɭɸ ɧɹɩɷʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɿ ɧɹɩɪɚɜɿɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ ɭ ɧɚɣɜɵ

ɞɚɬɧɟɣɲɵɦ ɚɝɧɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ ɹɤɨɸ ʆ ɬɨɣɱɚɫ ɛɵɥɚ

ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɹ ɫɬɚɜɿɥɚ ɤɪɷɫ ɧɟɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɦ ɿ ɚɞɜɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ ɹ ɤɚɹ ɛɟɡ

ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɡɚɤɪɚɞɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿɰɤɿɹ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɿ ª

12 6

 Ƚɷɬɵ

ɩɨɝɥɹɞ  ɤɪɵɬɵɱɧɵ ʆ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵ ɤɿ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ

ɪɵɿ ɧɟ ɚɫɭɞɠɚʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɫɿɥ ɹɤɿɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ ² ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚʆɞɚ ɡ

ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ ʆɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɷɝɚɿɫɬɵɱɧɯ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚʆ ² ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɧɟɩɚɪɚɞɤɚʆ

ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ʆ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɚɣ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ ɿ ɜɹ ɥɿ ɞɚ

ɡɥɨʆɠɵɜɚɧɧɹʆ Ʉɚɥɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɲ ɬɨ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɬɚɦ ɧɟ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿ

ɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɚ ²ɲɬɨ ɦɨɠɚɩɚɤɚɡɚɰɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɩɪɚɤ

ɬɵɤɿ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ ɩɪɵ ɀɵ ɝɿɦɨɧɰɟ , ² ɚɞ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ ɭ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ  ɬɨ ɿ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɛɭɡɟɦɫɯɿɥɶɧɵɦɿ ɝɚɧɿɰɶ ɭ ɝɷ

ɬɵ ɦ ɩɭɧɤɰɟ ɪɚɤɚɲɚɧɚʆ  ɝ

ɍ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɜɵ ɩɚɞɤɭ  ɿɫɧɭɟ ɩɿɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɚ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚɝɚ ɦɚ

ɧɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɹɤ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɣ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɣ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɣ ɭ ɱɚɫɟ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ ,² ɭ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɍ ɝɷɬɵ ɩɟ

ɪɵɹɞ ɜɚ ʆɦɨɜɚɯ ɭɧɭɬɪɵ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɭɬɵɱɚɤ  ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɧ

ɰɷɩɰɵɿ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɧɚɞ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɸ ʆɫɿɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚʆ ɞɡɹɪ

ɠɚɜ ɵ  ɧɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɸɱɵ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ  ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɚɧɬɵ ɦɚɝ

ɧɚɰɤɿɯ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵ ɹʆ ² ɪɚɧɟɣ ɭ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɟ ɤɪɵ ɯɭ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ

ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ² ɫɮɚɪɦɚɜɚʆɫɹ ɬɵɩ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ ɹ ɤɿ ɚɞ ɬɵɯ ɞɚɬ ɛɟɡ

ɜɹɥɿɤɿ ɯ ɡɦɟɧ ɩɪɚɬɪɵɜɚɟ ɜɹɤɿ Ⱥɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɜɚɝɚ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹ  ɹɤɨɟ ɦɵ

ɞɚɡɜɨɥɿɥɿ ɫɚɛɟ ɡɥɺɝɤɭ ɡɚɤɪɚɧɭɰɶ

ɇɚ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɷɧɧɟ ɧɚɲɵɯ ɡɚʆɜɚɝ ɦɵ ɯɚɰɟɥɿ ɛ ɡɜɹɪɧɭɰɶ ɭɜ ɚ

ɝɭ ɧɚ  ɧɟɜɹɞɨɦɭɸ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɡɜɟɫɬɤɭ ɩɪɚ ʆɠɵɜɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ

189

ɪɵɿ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ I ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɟ ɦɨɜ ɵ  ɉɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɦɵ ɞɚɜɟɞɜɚɟɦɫɹ

ʆɠɨ ʆ  ɝ  ɡ ɥɿɫɬɚ ɀɵ ɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ ɞɚ ɹɝɨ ɞɜɚɪɚɧɿɧɚ Ȼ ɚɝɞɚɧɚ

Ⱦɠɷɡɭɫɚ %RKGDQD 'ĪH]XVD  ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɿɦ ɞɜɚ

ɪɚɧɿɧɚɦ ȱɫɤɪɵɰɤɿ ɦ Iskrzyckim ɧɚ ɤɚɦɿɫɚɪɚ ɧɚɤɨɧɬ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ

ɚɛ ɝɜɚɥɬɚɯ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɥɸɞɡɶ ɦɿ ɤɧɹ ɡɹ  Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɚɧɰɿɧɚ Ⱥɫɬɪɨɠɫɤɚɝɚ ɡ

ɯɦɹɥɶ ɧɿɰɤɿɦ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɚɦ ɉɲ ɷɰɥɚɜɚɦ Ʌɹɧɰɤɚɪɨɧɫɤɿɦ 3U]HFá DZ HP

/DQFNRURĔVNLP Ⱦɚɪɭɱɚɸɱɵ Ⱦɠɷɡɭɫɭ ɜɵɟɯɚɰɶ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ

ɿ ɬɚɦ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɜ ɵɪɚɲɵɰɶ  ɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ʆɫɬɭɩɧɚɝɚ ɜ ɵɪɚ

ɞɚɞɚɟ «Ⱥ ɦɵ ɬɟɠ ɂɫɤɪɵɰɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɬɨɦɭɠ ɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɬɨɬ ɜɵɪɨɤ ɢ

ɧɚɭɤ ɭ ɧɚɲɭ ɜɵɩɢɫɚɜɲɵ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭ ɞɚɬɢª

12 7

 ɇɚ ɫɚɦ ɡɝɚɞɚɧɵ

ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬ  ɧɚ ɠɚɥɶ  ɦɵ ɧɟ ɧɚɬɪɚɩɿɥɿ  ɍ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜ ɚɧɵɯ ɤɧɿ ɝɚɯ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ Ɇɟɬɪɵ ɤɿ ɞɚ  ɝ  ɦɵ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɣɲɥɿ ɚɧɿɜ ɨɞɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɤɭ

ɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜ ɟ  ɍ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɣ Ɇɟɬɪɵɰɵ  ɩɟɪɲɵ ɜɹɞɨ

ɦɵ ɡɚɩɿɫ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ ɤɪɵɯɭ ɩɚɡɧɟɣɲɵ ² ɞɚɬɚɜɚɧɵ

 ɝ

12 8

  Ɍ ɚɦɭ ɰɵɬɚɜɚɧɚɹ ɧɚɦɿ ɡɝɚɞɤɚ ɦɨɠɚ ɛɵɰɶ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ

ɿɧɮɚɪɦɚɰɵ ɹɣ ɩɪɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɹ ɣ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ I

ɚɮɿ ɰɵɣɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜ ɟ

1 29

ɉɟɪ ɲɚɹɪɷɞɚɤɰɵɹɝɷɬɚɟɩɪɚɰɵɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɚ ..ɚɪ ɚɧɵɦ

 6W XG Lɚ ħUy Gá R]QDZF]H ² &RPPHQW DW LR QHV    9,, 6   

ɋɉɬ ɚɲɢɰ ɤɢɣɈɩ ɢɫɚ ɧɢɟɤɧ ɢɝ ɢɚ ɤɬ ɨɜ  Ʌɢɬ ɨɜ ɫɤɨɣ Ɇɟɬ

ɪɢɤɢɋɉɟɬɟɪɛɭ ɪɝ ɋ±ɉɚɪ ɚʆɧ--DN XERZ VNL6WD QLVá DZ

Ptaszycki jako badacz Metryki Litewskiej // Archeion. 1934 . XII. S. 53–

58.

 Ɇ Ʌɸ ɛɚɜɫɤɢɣ Ʌɢɬ ɨɜ ɫɤɨɪɭɫɫɤɢ ɣ ɫɟɣɦ  Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ   

ɋ ±

ɉ ɨʆɧɚɹɛ ɿɛɥ ɿɹɝɪɚɮɿ ɹ ʆ ɇȻɟɪɟɠɤɨ ɜɅɢ ɬɨ ɜ ɫɤɚɹ Ɇ ɟɬ ɪɢ ɤɚ

ɤɚ ɤɢɫɬɨɪɢ ɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɫɬɨ ɱɧɢɤɑ Ɇɨ ɫɤɜɚ   ɋ ± 

ɂ ɅɚɩɩɨɅɢ ɫɬɵ ²ɡɚ ɩɢɫɢ ɜɥ ɢɬɨɜ ɫɤɨ ɦ ɩɪ ɚɜɟ ;9, ɫɬɨɥ ɟ

ɬɢɹ Ɍɚɪɬɭ ²ɘɪɶɟɜ 

ɉ ɚɪɚʆɧɪ ɷɰɷɧ ɡɿɸ Ⱥ Ƚɟɣɲɬɚɪɚʆ 3+;;;9,,  6 Q

AG AD , KML. N r 19 8, f. 13 2. K rakó w, 1 52 4: «…pr op ter

contrarietatem litterarum quoquomodo ex cancelarianostra emmanatarum

esse remis sa»>ɡ ɡɚ ɫɭɩɹɪ ɷɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɥɿɫɬɨ ʆɹɤɿɹɧ ɟɣɤɿ ɦɱɵɧɚɦɜɵɣɲɥ ɿɡ

ɧɚɲɚɣɤɚɧɰɵɥ ɹɪ ɵɿɫɩɪ ɚɜɚ ɛɵɥ ɚ ɚɞɚɫɥ ɚɧɚɹ ɧɚɡ ɚɞ @

Ib idem, f. 13 3.

BA, II. Nr 113. S. 79 n.

ɊɂȻ;;1U NRO Q9, 

ɉɚɪɚʆɧɊɂ Ȼ;;1U NRO ±  9, 

ɊɂȻ ;;1U NRO ±9,

Ⱥɛɩ ɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ ɣɤɚɧɰɵɥ ɹɪɵɿ

190

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

RIB, XX, 2. Nr 154, kol. 769 (VII.1 511).

A GAD, KML. N r 1 95, f. 807 (Miel nik 9,,  ɝɚɫɩɚɞ ɚɪ

ɯɨɬ ɟɥɧ ɟɫɩɪ ɚɜɟɞ ɥɢɜɟɩɨɞɩ ɪɨɫɢ ɜ ɲɢ ɫɹɩ ɨɞɧɟɸɞɨ ɱɤɨɸɟɟ«ɫɵɧ ɚɜ

ɧɟɟɧɟɨɩɨ ɜɟɞɚɜ ɲɢª

RIB, XX, 2. Nr 298, kol±,;ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵɹɫɩɪɚ

ɜɵɝɥ $*$'.0/1UI,; I,;

ɥɟɣɤɧɹɡ ɶɆɢɯɚɣɥɨɭɩɪɨɫɢɥɛɵɥɜ ɧɚɫɧɚ Ɇɫɬɢɫɥɚɜɥɶɡɚɨɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɵ

ɱɚɟɦ ɦ ɵɬɨɝɨɩɪɢɜɢɥ ɶɹɧɟɤɚɡɚɥ ɢɟɦɭɞɚɬɢɢɤɚɡɚɥɢɟɫɦ ɨɟɝɨɡɚɞɟɪ

ɠɚɬɢɜ ɤɚɧɰɥ ɟɪɟɢɚɛɵɞɨɛɪɟɦ ɟɥɜ ɵɞɚɧ ɛɵɬɢª

AGAD, KML. Nr 198, f. 640–643 (7.V.1530).

ɧɵ ɡɚɨɱɧɵɟɱɟɪɟɡɧɚɫ ɧɟɦ ɚɸɬɛɵɬɢ ɧɢɤɨɦ ɭɨɬɧɢ ɦ ɚɧɵ Ⱥɤɨɥɢ ɛɵ

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɭɪɚɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɹɤɨɪɨɡɩɪɨɲ ɢɬɟɥɶɚɲɤɨɞ ɧɢɤɞɜɨɪɚɧɚ ɲɨɝɨɜ

ɧɚɫɛɵɥ ɨɛɜ ɢɧɟɧɨɛɨɹɫɬɨɪ ɨɧɚɦ ɚɟɬɩ ɟɪɟɞɧɚɦ ɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɫɬɨɫɬɚɬɢ

ɚ ɜɵɫɥɭɯɚɜ ɲɢɬ ɭɸɪɟɱ ɜɢɧ ɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɞɥ ɟɡɚ ɫɥɭɝɢ ɦ ɚ ɟɬ ɛɵɬ ɢɤɚɪɚ ɧ

Ⱥɥɟɛɟɡɜɢɧɵɞɟɪ ɠɚɧɟɣɨɬɧɢ ɦ ɚɬɢɧɟɛɭɞɟɦ ª

Ib idem. S. 407 n., art. 14.

AGAD, KML . Nr 199, f. 152 (25 .VI.1524).

$* $'. 0/1 U I Q ;,ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɰɜɹɪ

ɞɠ ɚɟ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɟ ɦɟɫɬɚȼɿɥ ɶɧɿ ʆ ɫɮɟɪɵɫɩɚɞɱ ɵɧɧ ɚɝɚɩɪ ɚɜɚɚɞ ɚɛ ɚ

ɛɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚ ɞɚɦ ɚɟɬɛɵɬɢɧɚɞɨɱɤɭɚɝɚɪɤɟɜɟɬɧɚɫɵɧɚɚɥɟɞɟɣɜ ɵ

ɡɚɩɪɟɞ ɤɨɜɧɚɲɵɯɢ ɡɚɧɚɲɨɝɨɲɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨɩɚɧɨ ɜɚɧɹɤɚɤɜɚ ɦɩɪɚɜ ɨ

ɦ ɚɣɥɶɛɨɪ ɫɤɨɟɞɚɧɨɬɚɤ ɡɚɜɠɞɵɢɦ ɟɧɟɬɚ ɤɨɬɰɨɜ ɫɤɨɟɬɚɤɢɦ ɚɬɟ

ɪɵɡ ɧɭɢɜ ɫɹɤɢɟ ɪɟɱɢ ɧɚɪɨɜ ɧɵɟɱɚ ɫɬɢɞ ɚɥɢɜ ɚɥ ɢɚɠ ɞɨɫɢɯɱɚɫɨɜ ɚ

ɞɨɦ ɞ ɟɣɛɵɜɚɥ ɨɲɚɰɭɟɬ ɟɚɫɵɧ ɫɩɥɚɱɵɜ ɚɟɬª

ɩɟɪ ɟɞɬɵɦ ɜ ɨɞɥɟɡɜɵɱɚ ɸɫɜɨɟɝɨɜ ɬ ɨɦ ɫɩɪ ɚɜɨɜ ɚɥ ɢɫɹɢ ɤɬɨɯɨ ɬɟɥ

ɬɨɝɨɜɠɢɜɚɬɢɬɨɬɜɠɢɜɚɥɚɬɨ ɬɋɟɧɤɨɢɉɟɬɪɧɟɯɨɬɢɱɵɜɬɨɦ

ɡɜɵɱɵɚɸɛɵɬ ɢɚ ɯɨɬɹ ɱɵɜɠɢɜ ɚɬ ɵɩɪ ɚɜɚɦ ɚɣɥɶɛɨɪɫɤɨɝɨɜɢɞ ɹɱɵ

ɫɜɨɟɲɤɨɞɧɨɟɭɬɟɤɥɢɫɹɞɨɧɚɫɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚɚɛɵɯɦ ɨɬ ɨɝɨɞɟɥɭɧɟɜ ɫɤɚ

ɡɵɜɚɥ ɢɢɦ ɦ ɟɬɢ ɜɨɞɥɟɞ ɚɜɧɵɯɨɛɵɱɚɟɜɥ ɟɱɜɨɞɥɟɩ ɪɚɜɚɢɯɦ ɚɣɥ ɶ

ɛɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ«ɂɯɨɬɹɬɵɟɩɟɪɟɞɬɵɦɭɜɚɫɛɵɥɢɚɝɞɵɟɫɶɦ ɨɢɯɜɬɨɬ

ɱɚɫɛɵɥɢɧɟɩɨɬɜ ɟɪɞɢɥɢɧɟɦ ɟɥɢɛɵɬɢɞɟɪɠɚɧɵɢ ɬɟɩɟɪɤɚɤɟɫɶɦ ɨ

ɫɤɚɡɚɥɢɢɡɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɢ ɬɟɝɨɋɟɧɤɚɢɉɟɬ ɪɚɩɪɢɩɟɪɜɵɯɥɢɫɬɚɯɧɚɲɢɯ

ɢɞɟɥ ɭɢɯɢɜɨɞɥɟɩɪɚɜ ɚɦ ɚɣɥ ɶɛɨɪɫɤɨɝɨɉɪɨɬɨɩɪɢɤɚɡɭɟɦ ɜɚɦ ɢɠɛɵ

ɟɫɬ ɟɬɵɟɪɟɱɢɤɨ ɬɨɪɵɯɛɭɞ ɟɬɧɟɞɟɥ ɟɧɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɢɦ ɟɠɢɧɢɦ ɢɩɨ ɞɟ

ɥɢɬɢɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɹɢɜɵɪɨɤɭɧɚɲɨɝɨɩɟɪɜɨɝɨɚɛɵɛɵɥɚɜɵɞɚɧɚɝɪɚ

ɞɚ ɧɚɞ ɟɜɤɢ ɢɝɚ ɪɤɟɜ ɟɬɧɚ ɫɵɧ ɚª ɉɚɪɚʆɧ $*$ '. 0/ 1U  I

 ±;,, ɡɧɨɜɵɦɧɚɤɚɡɚɦɡɚɥɚɬɜɿɰɶɫɩɪɚɜɭɩɚɜɨɞɥɟɧɨɪ

ɦɚʆɦ ɚɝ ɞɷɛ ɭɪɝ ɫɤɚɝɚɩɪ ɚɜɚ

ɋɩɪɚɜɚ ɦɚɞ ɵɮɿɤɚɰɵɿɦ ɚɝɞ ɷɛ ɭɪɝ ɫɤɚɝɚɩɪ ɚɜɚɦ ɹɫɰɨɜɵɦ ɡɜɵ

ɱɚɺɜɵɦɩɪ ɚɜɚɦɭ ɬɚɤɿɦɜɹɥ ɿɤɿ ɦɦ ɟɫɰ ɟ ɹɤɫɬɨɥ ɶɧɚɹȼɿɥɶɧɹ ɩɚɬɪɚɛ ɭɟ

191

ɚɫɨɛɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹɌɭɬɬɨ ɥɶɤɿ ɡɜɟɪɧɟɦʆɜɚɝɭ ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɵɜɵɩɚɞ ɚɤ

ɧɟɛ ɵʆ ɭ Ʌɿɬ ɜɟ ɚɞ ɡɿɧɵɌɚɤɹɲɱɷ ʆ   ɝ əɤɭɛ ɇɟɦ ɿɪ ɨɜɿ ɱ Ja ku b

Ni em ir owicz ɧɚɞɚɸɱ ɵ ɜɚɣɬɨ ʆɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɜɺɫɤɿ  Ȼɚɰɵɤɨɜɿɱ ɵ

(Bacyko wiczeɉɚɥɟɫɫɟɧɟɣɤɚɦɭɎɺɞɚɪɭȾɡɹɤɚɜɭFedor owi Diakowi),

ɦ ɟɰɤɢɦ ɩɪɚ ɜ ɨɦ  ɦ ɚɣɬ ɛɨɪɫɤɢɦ «ɜɵɧ ɹɜɲɢ ɧɟɤɬɨɪɵɱɥɨ ɧɤɢ ɢɫɭɞɵ

ɤɨɬɨ ɪɵɟɫɭɬɶɡɚɯɨɜ ɚɧ ɵɧɚɩɪɚ ɜɨɡɟɦ ɫɤɨɟª (KML. Nr 196, f. 375 n.).

ɉɚɪɚʆɧ  ȾȻɚɝɚɥɿɹɆɚ ɝɞɟɛɭɪ ɫɤɟɩɪ ɚɜɨ ɧɚ Ʌɿɜɨ ɛɟɪ ɟɠɧ ɿɣ ɍɤɪ ɚʀɧ ɿ

Ɋɨɡɜ ɿɞɤɿɩɪɨɦ ɿɫɬɚɿɦɿɳɚɧɫɬɜɨɧɚɍɤɪɚʀɧɿɜ ;9±;9,,,ɜ ɑɅɶɜɿɜ

  ɋ  ± ɞ ɡɟ ɡɜɹɪɬɚɟɰɰɚʆɜɚɝɚ ɧɚɩɪ ɵɦ ɹɧɟɧɧ ɟɝ ɚɪ ɚɞɫɤɿ ɦɿ

ɫɭɞɚɦ ɿʆ;9,,± ;9,,, ɫɬɩ ɨɪɭ ɱɡ ɧɨɪɦ ɚɦɿ ɋɚɤɫɨ ɧɫɤɚɝɚɩɪ ɚɜɚɬ ɚɤɫɚ

ɦɚɩɚɫɬɚɧɨ ɜɚʆɋɬ ɚɬɭ ɬɭ Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚɿ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɯɸɪ ɵɞɵɱɧɵɯɡ ɜɵɱɚɹʆ

ɥɢɫɬɵɩ ɚɧɭɂɥɢɧɢɱɭ ɜ ɟɥɟɥɢɟɫɦɨ ɞɚɬɢɬɨɟɫɦ ɨɭɱɢɧɢɥ ɢɩɪ ɨɛɚɱɢɜ

ɲɢɨɧɵɯɩɟɪɜ ɵɯɥ ɢɫɬ ɨɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɚɧɜ ɨɟɜɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣɨɬɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪ

ɠɚ ɥªɍ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɭ ɜɹɡ ɿ ɀɵɝ ɿɦɨ ɧɬɡɜɹɪɬɚɟɰɰɚɞɚɩ ɚɧɨ ʆɪ ɚɞ ɵ ɤɚɛ ɧɚ

ɧɚɬɨɩɨɛɪɚɥɧɟɩɨɡɵɜɚɥ ª

ɂɆɚɥɢɧ ɨɜɫɤɢɣɊɚɞ ɚȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɝɨɄɧ ɹɠɟɫɬɜɚɅɢɬɨɜ ɫɤɚɝ ɨɜ

ɫɜɹɡɢɫɛɨɹɪɫɤɨɣɞɭɦ ɨɣɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɊɨɫɫɢɢɑɊɚɞɚȼɟɥɢɤɚɝɨɄɧɹɠɟ

ɫɬɜɚ Ʌɢɬɨɜ ɫɤɚ ɝɨȼɵɩ  Ɍɨɦɫɤ ɋ 

AGA D, KML. Nr 198, f. 145 n . (Krak ów ;,  ɿI ±

228 (Kraków, , ɚɬɚɤɫɚɦ ɚ1UIKrak ów, 25.VI.1524),

f. 424– 426 (Krakó w, 4;,,ɫɩɪɚɜɚɞɚɬɵɱɧɚɹɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɵɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿɯ

ɦɹɲɱ ɚɧ ɀɞɚɧɚ ɿ  Ƚɚɧɧɵ Ⱥ ɧɞ ɪɷɟɜɿɱ ɚɜɚɣ ĩG DQ D L +D QQ \

An drz ejewicz owejɛɵɥɚ ʆɩ ɟɪɲɵɧɸɪɚɡɝɥ ɟɞ ɠɚɧ ɚʆɉɺɬɪɤɚɜɟɞɚɤɭ

ɦ ɟɧɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɡ ɟɧ ɵ ʆ Ʉɪ ɚɤɚɜɟ ɧɚɫɬ ɭɩɧɵɹ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɵ ɝɚɫɩ ɚɞ ɚɪ ɚɹɤɿ ɹ

ɡ ɦɹɧɹɸɰɶ ɩɟɪɲ ɚɫɧɵɜɵɪ ɚɤ ɩɚɯɨ ɞɡ ɹɰɶɹɤ ɦɵ ɛ ɚɱ ɵɥ ɿɡ  Ʉɪɚɤɚɜɚ

Ɍɚɦɫɚɦɚ I ±  Kraków, 9  ɫɩɪ ɚɜɚɹɤɚɹɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚɥ ɚɫɹʆ

ȼɿ ɥɶɧɿ ɩɟɪ ɚɞ ɫɭ ɞɨ ɦɩ ɚɧɨ ʆɪɚɞ ɵ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɜɵɪ ɚɲɚɟɰ ɰɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɨɦ ɭ

Ʉɪɚɤɚɜɟ

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Ʉɪ ɚɤɚɜɟ ɡɦ ɹɧɿʆ ɜɵɪ ɚɤ ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɵʆȼɄɅ ɚɩ ɪɚʆɞ ɜɚʆɫɹ ɧɹɜɟɞɚɧɧ ɟɦ

ɜɵɯɧ ɟɥɶɡɟɥɚɦ ɚ ɬɢɚɧɢɩɚ ɧɨɜ ɪɚɞɧɚ ɲɢɯª

Ibidem. Nr 199, f. 31 4 n. (Piotrków, 19 .I.152 5).

Ibi dem, f. 486 n. (Wi lno, VIII.15 27).

Ibi dem, f. 415–417 (Krakow , 5.I.15 17).

Ƚɥ ɡɚʆɜ 

P. I, 25.

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Ibi dem. Nr 199, f. 226 n . (Krak ów, 14 .X.152 5).

Ibide m. Nr 198, f. 605–60 7 (23.III.1530).

Ⱥɛɩ ɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ ɣɤɚɧɰɵɥ ɹɪɵɿ