Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

Ɂɚ ɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟ  ɲɥɸɛɭ

Ⱥ ɇ ɟɜɹɧ ɱɚɧ ɵɹ ɲɥɸɛ ɵ ,   ɹɤ  ɿ  ɫɜ ɚɛɨɞɭ  ɪɚɡɜ ɨɞɚʆ

Ɇ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɫɤɿȻɭɞɚɧɚʆ ɿ Ⱥ Ʌɹɜɿɰɤɿ ɚ ɡɚ ɿɦɿ ɿ ɎɅɟɚɧɬɨɜɿɱ

ɜɵɜɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɡ ɞɚɯɪɵ ɫɰɿɹɧɫɤɚɣ ɷɩɨɯɿ  ɬɪɚɤɬɭɸɱɵ ɿɯ ɹ ɤ ɫɩɪɚɞɜɟɱ

ɧɵ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵ ɡɜɵ ɱɚɣ

  Ƚ ɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ  ɚɩɨɪɭ ʆ ɧɚɣɞɚʆɧɟɣ

ɲɵɯ ɩɨɦɧɿɤɚɯ ɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ  Ɇɿɬɪɚɩɚɥɿɬ

ɤɿɟʆɫɤɿ ȱɚɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɯɿɥɟ ;9 ɫɬ ɫɰɜ ɹɪɞɠɚʆ  ɲ ɬɨ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɿ  ɹɤɿɹ

ɬɵɱɚɰɰɚ ɲɥɸɛɭ  ɡɚɫɬɚɸɰɰɚ ɩɚɞ ɩɚɝɚɧɫɤɿɦɿ ʆɩɥɵɜɚɦɿ  ɒɥɸ

ɛɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɿɫɹ  ɛɟɡ ɭɞɡɟɥɭ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ ɚ ʆ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɚʆ ɿɫɧɚ

ɜɚɥɚ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚɹ  ɫɜɚɛɨɞɚ  ɹ ɤ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ  ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɩɚɫɚɠ ɹɝɨɧɚɝɚ

©ɉɚɫɥɚɧɧɹª ɩɪɚ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɯ ɹɦɭ ɪɭɫɿɧɚʆ ©ɂɠɟ ɩɨɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ

ɛɥɨɝɨɫɥɚɜɟɧɢɹ ɫ>ɨ@ɱɟɬɚɸɬɶ ɫɹ ɢ ɠɟɧɵ ɨɬɦɟɬɚɸɬɶ ɫɹ ɢ ɫɜɨɟ

ɠɟɧɵ ɩɭɳɚɸɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɩɥɹ ɸɬɶɫɹ  ɢɧɟɦ ª

Ƚɷɬɵ ɠ ȱɚɚɧ ɩɿɫɚʆ ɩɪɚ ɲɥɸɛ ɛɟɡ ɭɞɡɟɥɭ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ ɬɚɣɧɨ

ɩɨɢɦɚɧɢɟ  ɲ ɬɨ ɺɧ ɛɵʆ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚɦ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɏɪɵɫɰɿ

ɹ ɧɫɤɿɹ  ɲɥɸɛɵ ʆ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɥɿ ɫɹ ʆɜ ɨɞɡɿɰɶ  ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɫɹ ɪɨɞ

ɤɧɹɡɺʆ ɿ ɛɚɹɪ

 Ɂɧɹɜɚɠɥɿɜɚɹ ɧɚɡɜɚ ©ɬɚɣɧɨɩɨɢɦɚɧɢɟª ɬɥɭɦɚ

ɱɵɰɰɚ ɬɵɦ ɲ ɬɨ ɲɥɸɛ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɚɛɥɿɱɱɚɦ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ ʆ ɜɿɡɚɧɬɵɣɫɤɿɦ

ɩɪɚɜ ɟ ɫɬɚʆ ɩɚɧɭɸɱɚɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɸ ʆɠɨ ʆ ,; ɫɬ   ɤɚɥɿ  ɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɚɪ

Ʌɟʆ ,9 Ɏɿɥɨɫɚɮ ɜɵɞɚʆ ɭɤɚɡ ɹɤɿ ɡɚɝɚɞɜɚʆ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿ ɰɶ ɲ ɥɸɛ ɜɚ

ʆɪɚɱɵɫɬɚɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ʆ ɰɚɪɤɜɟ ɩɚɞ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɚɣ ɹɝɨ ɧɟɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ

ɧɚɩɪɵɤɚɧɰɵ ;, ɫɬ Ⱥɥɹɤɫɟɣ , Ʉɚɦɧɿɧ ɩɚɲ ɵɪɵʆ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɩɚɬɪɚ

ɛɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɿ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨʆ

 ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ  ɫɚɤɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɲɥɸɛɭ ɜɚ ʆɫɯɨɞ

ɧɹɣ ɰɚɪɤɜɟ ɚɞɛɵɥɚɫɹ  ɧɚɲɦɚɬ ɪɚɧɟɣ  ɱɵɦ ɧɚ Ɂɚɯɚɞɡɟ

Ⱥɞ ɰɵɪɵ ɦɚɧɿ ɹɥɭ ɤɚɪɚɧɚɰɵɿ ɦɚɥɚɞɵɯ ɩɚɞɱɚɫ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɚɝɚ

ɲɥɸɛɭ ɧɚ Ɋ ɭɫɿ ɲɥɸɛ ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ɧɚɡɵ ɜɚɰɶ ɜɹ ɧɱɚɧɧɟɦ ɚɞ ɫɥɨɜɚ

ɜɹ ɧɟɰ ² ɤɚɪɨɧɚ

Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɝɷɬɚɹ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɹ  ɲɥɸɛɭ ɧɟ

ɯɭɬɤɚ ɩɪɵɧɹɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɿ ɞɡɟ ʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɣɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɛɵɥɨ

ɝɥɵɛɨɤɚ ɡɚɤɚɪɷɧɟɧɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɟ ɲɥɸɛɭ ɹ ɤ ɫɜ ɟɰɤɚɟ ʆɦɨɜɵ

Ɋɭɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɚɰɹ ɝɜɚɸɱɵ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɜɚɰɶ ɲɥɸɛɵ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɡɚɤɥɸ

ɱɚɥɿɫɹ  ɛɟɡ ɭɞɡɟɥɭ ɫɜ ɹɬɚɪɚ ² ɲɬɨ ɫɭɩɹ ɪɷɱɵɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɩɚɫ

ɬɚɧɨɜɚɦ ɜɿ ɡɚɧɬɵɣɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ² ɭɠɨ ɡ ɤɚɧɰɚ ;,, ɫɬ  ɛɪɚɥɚ

ɩɚɞ ɚɞɦɵ ɫɥɨɜɭɸ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɭ ɠɨɧɤɭ ɲɥɸɛ ɡ ɹ ɤɨɣ ɛɪɚʆɫɹ  ɩɪɚɡ

ɰɚɪɤɜɭ  ɠɚɞɚɸɱɵ ɬɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɭɡɧɹɰɶ  ɚʆɬɚɪɵɬɷɬ ɲɥɸɛɭ ɡɚ

ɤɥɸɱɚɧɚɝɚ in facie eccl esiae >ɩɟɪɚɞ ɚɛɥɿɱɱɚɦ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ@

 əɲɱɷ

ʆ ;9 ɫɬ  ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵ ɬɨɪɵɿ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɚ ɲɥɸɛɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɵ ɹ ɛɟɡ

ɭɞɡɟɥɭ ɫɜ ɹɬɚɪɚ ɹɤ ɜ ɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɡ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɚɝɚ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɨ

ɦɧɿɤɚ  ɛɵɥɿ ɞɨɫɵɰɶ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɦɿ  ɉɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɹ  ɰɚɪɤɜ ɚ ɦɭɫɿɥɚ

203

ɩɪɵɡɧɚɜɚɰɶ ɿɯ de facto  ɯɨɰɶ de iure ɿ ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɥɚ ɿ ɯ ɧɟɫɚ

ɩɪɚʆɞɧɚɫɰɶ  ɋ ɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɶ   ɹ ɤɚɹ ɜ ɵɧɿɤɚɥɚ ɡ ɫɭɬɵ ɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɝɷ

ɬɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩɚʆ  ɡɧɚɣɲɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɭ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɟ  ɹ ɤɚɹ ɞɚ

ɡɜɚɥɹ ɥɚ ɫɜɹɬɚɪɚɦ ɛɟɫɩɟɪɚɲɤɨɞɧɚ ɞɚɜ ɚɰɶ  ɪɚɡɜ ɨɞ © ɧɟɜ ɹ ɧɱɚ

ɧɵɦª  ɫɭɠɨɧɤɚɦ ɹɤɿɹ ɩɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɩɚɩɪɨɫɹɰɶ  ɹ ɤ ɚɫɨɛɚɦ ɹ ɤɿɹ

ɠɵɜɭɰɶ ɭ ɝɪɷɯɭ

 Ƚɷɬɤɿɦɱɵɧɚɦ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɵɹ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ

ɞɚ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɵɿ ɲɥɸɛɚʆ  ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɵɯ ɛɟɡ ɭɞɡɟɥɭ ɫɜɹɬɚɪɚ

ɉɚɡɧɟɣ ɩɚɡɿ ɰɵɿ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɲɥɸɛɭ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɥɿ ɫɹ  ² ɧɚ

ɧɚɲɭɸ ɞɭɦɤɭ ² ɩɟɪɲ ɧɚ Ɇɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɚɣ Ɋɭɫɿ  ɛɨ ɬɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɫ

ɥɚʆɧɚɹ  ɰɚɪɤɜɚ  ɹ ɤ ɩɚɧɭɸɱɚɹ  ɿ ɚɞɡɿɧɚ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɧɚɹ   ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ

ɧɚɣɦɚɰɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɭ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ ʆɥɚɞɵ ² ɚɥɟ ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɣ Ɋɭɫɿ  ɹɧɵ ɚɤɚɡɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɟɣɲɵɦɿ Ɍɚɦɭ ɹɲɱɷʆ ;9±;9,, ɫɬ

ɦɵ ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɟɦ ɬɭɬ ɲ ɦɚɬɥɿ ɤɿ ɹ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɿ ɤɚɥɿ ɛɚɤɿ ɪɚɫɩɚɱɵɧɚ

ɸɱɵ ɬɪɵ ɜ ɚɥɚɟ ɫɭɠɵɰɰɺ  ɧɟ ɥɿɱɵɥɿ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɧɵɦ ɫɚɧɤɰɵɹ ɧɚ

ɜɚɰɶ ɹ ɝɨ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɵɦ ɲɥɸɛɚɦ ɀɨɧɤɚ  ɧɟ ɡɥɭɱɚɧɚɹ  ɡ ɦɭɠɚɦ

ɩɟɪɚɞ ɚɛɥɿɱɱɚɦ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ  ɡɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɧɟɜɹ ɧɱɚɧɚɸ ɠɨɧɤɚɸ ɍ ɩɪɨ

ɰɿ ɥɟɝɥɚɫɰɶ ɞɚ ɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɟ ɠɨɧɤɿ ɬɚɹ ɲɥɸɛ ɡ ɹ ɤɨɸ ɛɵʆ ɭɡɹ ɬɵ

ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚʆ  ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɠɨɧɤɚɸ ɜɹ ɧɱɚɧɚɸ

ɲɥɸɛɧɚɸ

 Ƚɷɬɵɹ  ɬɷɪɦɿɧɵ  ɜɵ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɹɲɱɷ ʆ ;9, ɫɬ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦɿ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚɦɿ

 ɲɬɨ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ ɩɪɚ ɩɚʆɫɸɞɧɚɫɰɶ ɿ ɠɵɰ

ɰɺɜɚɫɰɶ ɡ¶ɹ ɜɿɲ ɱɚ  əɝɨɧɵ ɦɚɫɚɜ ɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɞɚɜɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɿ ɰɵɪɤɭ

ɥɹ ɪ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ, ɚɞ ,, ɞɚ ɜɨɣɬɚʆ  ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚʆ ɿ ɪɚɞɧɵɯ

ɭɫɿɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɭ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɞɡɟ ɱɵɬɚɟɦ ©Ɇɧɨɝɢ ɥɸɞɢ

Ɋɭɫɶ  ɜɴ ɬɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɟ ɦɟɲɤɚɸɬɶ ɠɨɧɵ ɩɨɣɦɭɸɱɢ

ɧɟ ɜɟɧɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɚ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɤɪɟɫɬɢɬɢ ɧɟ ɯɨɬɹɬª

 Ƚ ɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɡɚ

ɝɚɞɜɚʆ ɫɜɚɿɦ ɭɪɚɞɧɿɤɚɦ ɜɵɞɚɜ ɚɰɶ ɜɿɧɚɜɚɬɵɯ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɣ ɸɪɵɫ

ɞɵɤɰɵɿ ɡ ɦɷɬɚɸ ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ  Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɞɚ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧ

ɧɹ ʆ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆɩɥɵɜɚɥɚ ɿ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜ ɚ  Ɂ ɰɵɪɤɭɥɹɪɭ ɀɵ ɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ , ɚɞɪɚɫɚɜɚɧɚɝɚ

©ɜɲɟɦ ɜɨɛɟɰª ɤɚɥɹ  ɝ ɭ ɚɞɤɚɡ ɧɚ ɫɤɚɪɝɭ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɿɫɤɭ

ɩɚ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɥɚ ɲɬɨ ɿ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ©ɢɧɲɵɢ ɭ ɛɥɭɞɟ ɦ ɟɲɤɚ

ɸɬɶ  ɧɟ ɜɟɧɱɚɸɱɢɫɹ ɢ « ɞɟɬɢ ɦɟɜɚɸɬɶ ɚ ɫɜɨɢ ɠɨɧɵ ɨɞ ɫɟɛɟ

ɨɬɝɨɧɹ ɸɬɶ  ɬɚɤ ɬɟɠ ɢ ɠɨɧɵ ɨɬ ɦɭɠɨɜ ɭɬɟɤ ɚɸɬɶ ɢ ɡɚ ɢɧ

ɲɵɯ ɢɞɭɬɶ ɢ ɜɟɧɱɚɸɬɶ ª Ɍɚɦɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɭɩɚʆɧɚɜɚɠɵʆ ɛɿɫɤɭ

ɩɚ ɜɵ ɫɥɚɰɶ ɫɥɭɠɷɛɧɿɤɚ ɹɤɿ ɦɟʆɫɹ ɜ ɵɲɭɤɜɚɰɶ ɬɚɤɿɯ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɭ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɯ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɿ  ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚɯ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɿ

©ɤɚɪɚɬɢ ɢɯ ɜɨɞɥɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɢɦ ɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭª

Ⱥɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɿ ² ɿ ɬɨ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵɹ ² ɩɚɥɹɝɚɥɿ  ɹ ɤ ɭ ɱɚɫɬɚɰɟ

ɡ¶ɹ ɜɿɲɱɚ ©ɦɧɨɝɢª ʆ ɩɟɪɲɵɦ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ©ɢɧɲɵɟª ² ɭ ɞɪɭɝɿɦ

ɬɚɤ ɿ ʆ ɬɵɦ ɲɬɨ ʆ ɲɥɸɛɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ

Ɂɜɵɱɚɺɜɚ ɟɲɥɸɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɭɫɿ ɧɚʆ

204

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɹ  ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɹ  ɹ ɤɚɹ ʆ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ

ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵ ɰɵ ² ɹɤ ɦɵ ɩɚɛɚɱɵɦ ɧɿɠɷɣ ² ɚɞɫɭɧɭɬɚɹ ɧɚ

ɞɪɭɝɿ ɩɥɚɧ ɫɜɟɰɤɿɦɿ ʆɥɚɞɚɦɿ ɿ ɫɭɞɚɦɿ

Ɍ ɚɦɭ ɦɚɧɚɪɲɵɹ ɥɿɫɬɵ  ɹ ɤɿ ɹ  ɦɟɥɿ ɧɚ ɦɷɰɟ ɩɚɞɬɪɵ ɦɚɰɶ

ɸɪɵ ɫɞɵɤɰɵɸ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹ ɟ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ  ɧɟ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɥɿ  ɡɧɚɱɧɵ ɯ ɡɦɟ

ɧɚʆ ɋɹ ɪɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɲɥɸɛɵ  ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɵɹ

ɛɟɡ ɭɞɡɟɥɭ ɫɜ ɹɬɚɪɚ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɥɿɱɵ ɥɿɫɹ  ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɵɦɿ  ɚ ɧɟɜɹɧ

ɱɚɧɵɹ ɠɨɧɤɿ  ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɿ ɬɨɟ ɠ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɲɬɨ ɿ

ɡɚɦɭɠɧɿɹ  ɠɚɧɱɵɧɵ  Ʉɚɥɿ ɞɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɭ  ɬɨ

ɯɨɰɶ  ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ ɩɿɫɚɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ² ɧɟ ɤɚɠɭɱɵ ʆɠɨ ɩɪɚ ɤɚɧɚ

ɧɿ ɱɧɚɟ ² ɚɞɦɚʆɥɹ ɥɚ ɚɫɨɛɚɦ  ɧɟ ɡɥɭɱɚɧɵɦ ɭ ɩɪɵɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ ɰɚɪ

ɤɜɵ ɭ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɟ ɫɭɠɨɧɤɚʆ  ɡɜɵɱɚɺɜɚɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɦɟɥɚ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɦɨɰ

ɲɬɨ ɧɹɪɚɡ ɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɧɵ ɦɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚ ɤɚɫɚɜɚɰɶ ɲɥɸɛɵ ɿ

ɡ ɧɟɜ ɹɧɱɚɧɵɦɿ ɠɨɧɤɚɦɿ Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɭ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɧɟɜɹɧɱɚ

ɧɵɯ ɫɚɸɡɚʆ ɚɞɛɵɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ  ɧɚɲɦɚɬ ɥɹɝɱɷɣ

2 6

  Ƚ ɷɬɚ ɜɵɧɿ ɤɚɟ ɡ

ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ ɹɤɚɹ  ɜɹɥɚɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɵɤɚɧɰɵ ;9ɫɬ  ɩɟɪɚɞ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɦ

ɫɭɞɨɦ  ɉɟɪɚɞ ɿɦ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɚɥɵ ɧɫɤɚɹ ɡɹ ɦɹɧɤɚ Ʉɪɚɫɨʆɫɤɚɹ  ɜɿɧɚ

ɜɚɰɹ ɱɵ ɫɹ ɦ¶ ɸ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ©ɧɹ ɲɥɸɛɧɚɝɚª ɦɭɠɚ Ɇɭɲɚɰɿɱɚ  ɲɬɨ

ɬɚɹ ɩɚ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ɦɭɠɚ ɜɵɝɧɚɥɚ ɹ ɟ ɡ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɞɡɿɰɟɦ ɡ ɹɝɨɧɚɝɚ

ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚ Ƚɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ  ɛɟɪɭɱɵ ɩɚɞ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɲɬɨ ɫɚɸɡ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɿɦɿ ɧɟ

ɛɵʆ ɥɟɝɚɥɿ ɡɚɜɚɧɵ  ɚɞɯɿɥɿʆ ɫɤɚɪɝɭ Ʉɪɚɫɨʆɫɤɚɣ

 ȼɨɫɶ  ɠɚ  ɹ ɤ

ɜɿɞɚɰɶ  ɭ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɭ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɿ ɦ ɫɭɞɚɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɧɹɲɥɸɛɧɵ ɦ

ɭɞɚɜɟ ɿ  ɞɡɿɰɹ ɰɿ  ɚɞɦɚʆɥɹ ɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɧɚ ɦɚɺɧɬɚɤ Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɩɪɚɤ

ɬɵɤɚ ² ɡ ɩɷʆɧɵɦɿ ɜɚɝɚɧɧɹɦɿ ² ɬɵɩɨɜ ɚɹ ɿ ɞɥɹ  ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ

ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹʆ  ɍ  ɝ  ɩɟɪɚɞ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɚɪɚɦ ɝɚɪɚɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ

ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɜɚ ȼ  Ɍ ɪɷɛɫɤɿɦ Ȼɚɝɞɚɧɚ Ɂɚɯɚɪɚʆɧɚ ɜɿɧɚɜ ɚɰɿɥɚ ɫɜ ɚɣɝɨ

ɦɭɠɚ  ɧɟɣɤɚɝɚ əɰɤɚ  ɲɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɭɡɹʆ ɹɟ ɫɚɛɟ ɡɚ ɠɨɧɤɭ  ɚ ɰɹɩɟɪ

ɤɿɧɭʆ ɛɟɡ ɧɿɹɤɚɟ ɜɿɧɵ ɡ ɹɟ ɛɨɤɭ ɇɚ ɝɷɬɚ əɰɷɤ ɚɞɤɚɡɚʆ  ɲɬɨ ɺɧ

ɹɟ ©ɫɨɛɟ ɡɚ ɠɨɧɭ ɜɡɹ ɥ ɧɢɠɥɢɦ  ɫɹ ɡ ɧɟɸ ɧɟɜɟɧɱɚɥ ɚ ɹɦ ɟɟ ɧɟ

ɨɬɝɚɧɹɥ ɧɢɠɥɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɨɬ ɦɟɧɟ ɛɟɝɚɟɬɶ ɢ ɜɨɥɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɭɠɵɜɚ

ɟɬɶ ɚ ɤɝɞɢɠɶ ɟɫɬɶ  ɬɚɤ ɫɜɨɜɨɥɶɧɚ ɹ ɜɠɨ ɟɟ ɡɚ ɠɨɧɭ ɦ ɟɬɢ ɧɟ

ɯɨɱɭª ©ɭɡɹʆ ɫɚɛɟ ɡɚ ɠɨɧɤɭ  ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɡ ɺɸ ɧɟ ɜɹ ɧɱɚʆɫɹ  ɚ ɹ ɹɟ

ɧɟ ɩɪɚɝɚɧɹʆ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɹɧɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɚɞ ɦɹɧɟ ɛɟɝɚɟ ɿ ɜɨɥɿ  ɫɜɚɺɣ ɭɠɵ

ɜɚɟ ɚ ɤɚɥɿ ɹɧɚ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɜɚɜɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɹ ʆɠɨ ɹɟ ɡɚ ɠɨɧɤɭ ɦɟɰɶ ɧɟ

ɯɚɱɭª  ɇɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɫɭɞɞɡɹ  ɚɞɪɷɚɝɚɜɚʆ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ©Ⱥ ɬɚɤ

ɹ« ɛɚɱɚɱɢ ɢɠɶ ɬɨɬ əɰɤɨ ɡɠɨɧɨɸ ɫɜɨɟɸ ɫɹ ɧɟ ɜɟɧɴɱɚɥ  ɭɱɢ

ɧɢɥ ɟɫɦɢ ɬɨɝɨ əɰɤɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ ɜɨɥɶɧɵɦ ª

 ɋɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚ  ɧɟ ɚɫɜ ɟ

ɱɚɧɚɟ ɰɚɪɤɜɨɸ ɦɟɥɚ ɜɚɪɬɚɫɰɶ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɭ ɜɚɱɚɯ ɤɥɿɪɭ

ɉɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ  ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɦɚɝɿɥɺʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɚ  ɭ ɹ ɤɿ ɦ

ɛɵʆ ɚɛɥɚɬɚɜɚɧɵ ©ɥɢɫɬ ɪɨɫɩɭɫɬɧɵɣª ɦɚɝɿɥɺʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɦɟɲɱɚɧɿɧɚ

205

Ⱥɩɚɧɚɫɚ Ƚɪɵɞɤɨɜɿɱɚ ɿ ɹɝɨ ɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɟ ɠɨɧɤɿ  Ƚɷɬɵ  ɥɿɫɬ ɫɤɥɚʆ

ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵ ɫɜɹɬɚɪ Ȭɧ ɯɚɰɟʆ ɞɚɰɶ ɝɷɬɚɣɩɚɪɵ  ɲɥɸɛ ɿ ɝɷɬɤɿɦ

ɱɵɧɚɦ ɫɚɧɤɰɵ ɹɧɚɜɚɰɶ  ɩɟɪɚɞ ɐɚɪɤɜ ɨɸ ɿ ɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɿɲɱɚ  ɹ ɤɨɟ

ɫɚɦ ɺɧ ɧɚɡɵ ɜɚɟ © ɚɛɥɭɞɧɵɦª ɚɞ ɫɥɨɜ ɚ ©ɛɥɭɞª ɚɥɟ ɹɧɵ ɧɟ

ɯɚɰɟɥɿ ɞɚɥɟɣ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɰɰɚ ɪɚɡɚɦ Ɍɚɦɭ ɫɜɹɬɚɪ ɫɤɥɚʆ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɧɵ

ɥɿɫɬ  ɞɡɟ ɦɵ ɱɵ ɬɚɟɦ ɲɬɨ ©ɨɞɢɧ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɡ ɦɚɥɠɟɧɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɡ

ɜɨɥɢɜɲɵ  ɢ ɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɵɧɢɜɲɵ  ɨɞɢɧ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɠɟɧɢɬɢ ɫɟ ɢ

ɡɚɦɭɠ ɢɬɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢª

 əɤ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ  ɿ ɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɟ ɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚ

² ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɟ ɞɭɦɤɿ ² ɜɵɦɚɝɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɭ ɤɚɛ ɦɨɠ

ɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɵɰɶ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɫɭɠɨɧɫɤɿ ɫɚɸɡ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɧɟ

ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚɦ ɛɨ ɡ ɿɧɲ ɚɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ɦɵ ɜɟɞɚɟɦ ɮɚɤɬɵ  ɤɚɥɿ ɪɚ

ɡɚɪɜɚɧɧɟ ɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɛɟɡ ɧɿɹɤɿɯ ɮɚɪ

ɦɚɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɩɚɤɿɞɚɧɧɹ ɚɞɧɵɦ ɡɫɭɠɨɧɤɚʆ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ

Ⱥɞɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ ɲɥɸɛɭ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɲ ɤɚɞɠɚɥɚ ʆɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɸ ɩɚɦɿɠ

ɫɭɠɨɧɤɚɦɿ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ ɫɚ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɲɥɸɛɧɚɝɚ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɬɚɤɿ ɯ  ɹɤ ɜ ɵɞɡɹɥɟɧɧɟ ɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɣ ɠɨɧɰɵ  ɩɚɫɚɝɭ ɿ ʆɡɚɟɦɧɵ

ɡɚɩɿɫ ɜ ɟɧɚ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɦɭɠɚ  ɉɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɫɜ ɟɞɱɵɰɶ  ɫɩɪɷɱɤɚ  ɹ ɤɚɹ

ʆɡɧɿɤɥɚ ʆ  ɝ  ɩɚɦɿɠ ɜ ɚɥɵɧɫɤɿɦ ɡɹɦɹ ɧɿɧɚɦ Ɏɺɞɚɪɚɦ ɏɚ

ɦɹɤɋɦɚɪɞɨʆɫɤɿ ɦ ɹɤɿ ɜɵɫɬɚɜ ɿʆ ɫɜɚɸ ɠɨɧɤɭ  ɞɚ ɬɚɝɨ ɠ ɰɹ 

ɠɚɪɧɭɸ  ɡ ɞɨɦɭ  ɿ ɹ ɟ ɤɪɷʆɧɵɦ  ɲɥɹɯɰɿɰɚɦ ȼ ɨɣɰɟɯɚɦ Ʉɪɚ

ɫɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɹɤɿ  ɜɵ ɫɬɭɩɿʆ ɭ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɭ ɩɚɤɪɵʆɞɠɚɧɚɟ Ʉɚɥɿ Ʉ ɪɚ

ɫɨʆɫɤɿ ɭɡɹʆɲɵ ɡ ɫɚɛɨɸ ɡ ɭɪɚɞɭ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɵɛɵʆ ɞɚ ɏɚɦɹɤɚ

ɫɥɭɝɚ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɚɩɨɲɧɹ ɝɚ ɧɟ ʆɩɭɫɰɿʆ ɿɯ ɭ ɞɨɦ ɡɚɹɜɿʆɲ ɵ ©ɉɚɧ

ɦɨɣ ɧɟ ɦ ɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɛɟ ɠɟɧɵ ɨɞɧɨ ɞɟɣ ɫɟɛɟ ɤ ɭɯɚɪɤɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɢɥ  ɢ

ɬɚɦ ɟɟ ɨɬɨɫɥɚɥɝɞɟ ɛɵɥ ɜɡɹɥª

  ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɦɭɠ ɠɚɞɚ

ɸɱɵ ɪɚɡɵɫɰɿɫɹ ɡ ɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɣ ɠɨɧɤɚɸ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɚʆ ɚɞɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ

ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɲɥɸɛɭ ɤɚɛ ɪɚɡɚɪɜ ɚɰɶ  ɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɩɚɩɪɨɫɬɭ ɚɞɚɫ

ɥɚʆ ɠɨɧɤɭ ɞɚ ɫɜ ɚɹ ɤɨʆ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɚɞɦɨɜɿʆɲɵ ɺɣ ɭ  ɫɬɚɬɭɫɟ

ɫɭɠɨɧɤɿ ² ɧɹ ɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɟ  ɲɬɨ ɪɚɧɟɣɺɧ ɚɬɪɵ ɦɚʆ ɡɚ ɺɸ

ɩɚɫɚɝ ɿ ɡɚɩɿɫɚʆ ɺɣ ɜɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɷɰɹɣ ɱɚɫɬɰɵ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚ ɍ

ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɫɭɠɵ ɯɚɪɤɿ ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ  ɺɧ ɛɵ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɧɟ ɡɪɚɛɿʆ

ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɤ ɦɵ ɜɟɞɚɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɵ ɤɚɧɰɵ ;9,ɫɬ ɭ ɚɫɹɪɨɞɞɡɿ

ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɟ ɚɪɵɫɬɚɤɪɚɬɵɿ  Ʉɧɹɡɶ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ ȼɚɪɚɧɟɰɤɿ ɲɦɚɬ

ɝɚɞɨʆ ɩɪɚɠɵʆ ɡ Ɇɚɪɵɧɚɸ Ƚɭɥɟɜ ɿɱɚʆɧɚɸɋɦɚɥɿɝɨʆɫɤɚɣ  ɡɪɚɛɿʆ

ɺɣ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɞɚɪɱɵɯ ɡɚɩɿɫɚʆ  ɬɵɬɭɥɭɸɱɵ ɹɟ ɜ ɚ ʆɫɿɯ ɚɤɬɚɯ ©ɫɜɚɺɸ

ɦɿɥɚɸ ɫɭɠɨɧɤɚɸ ɤɧɹɠɧɨɸ ɋɬɚɧɿ ɫɥɚɜɚɜɚɣ ȼɚɪɚɧɟɰɤɚɸª 

ɉɚɡɧɟɣ  ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɩɚɦɿɠ ɫɭɠɨɧɤɚɦɿ ʆɡɧɿɤɥɿ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ ȱ ɜɨɫɶ ɭ

ɝ ɤɧɹɡɶ  ȼɚɪɚɧɟɰɤɿ ɡɚɹɜɿʆ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɝɪɨɞɫɤɿɦ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɭ Ʌɭɰɤɭ

©ɉɚɧɢ Ɇɚɪɵɧɚ Ƚ ɭɥɟɜɢɱɭɜɧɚ ɤɚɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɟ ɦɟɧɢɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɠɨɧɨɸ

ɦɨɟɸ ɚ ɧɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɛɨɦ ɲɥɸɛɭ ɡ ɧɟɸ ɧɟ ɛɪɚɥª

 ɉɚɤɚɡɚɥɶɧɚ ɲɬɨ

Ɂɜɵɱɚɺɜɚ ɟɲɥɸɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɭɫɿ ɧɚʆ

206

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɫɵ ɧ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɋɬɚɧɿ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ  ɛɵʆ ɠɚɧɚɬɵ ɡ ɞɚɱ

ɤɨɸ ɩɚɧɿ Ɇɚɪɵɧɵ ɚɞ ɩɟɪɲɚɝɚ ɲɥɸɛɭ ɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ ɛɵ ʆ ɡɹɰɟɦ

ɫɜɚɺɣ ɦɚɱɵɯɿ Ɍɪɷɛɚ ɡɚʆɜɚɠɵɰɶ ɲɬɨ ɫɭɞ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɹɤɿɦ ɿɞɡɟ ɫɩɪɚ

ɜɚ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɬɵ ɬɭɥɭɟ ɩɚɧɿ Ɇɚɪɵɧɭ ɤɧɹɠɧɨɸ ȼɚɪɚɧɟɰɤɚɸ ɯɨɰɶ

ɿ ɜɵ ɡɧɚɱɚɟ ɹɟ ʆ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɹɤ ©ɠɨɧɭ ɧɟɲɥɸɛɧɨɸª ɉɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɸɱɵ

ɫɩɪɷɱɤɭ ɩɪɚɡ ɲɷɫɰɶ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɤɧɹɡɶ ɫɚɦ ɤɚɠɚ ɩɪɚ ɩɚɧɿ Ɇɚɪɵ ɧɭ

ɹɤ ɩɪɚ ɫɜɚɸ ɠɨɧɤɭ

 ɯɨɰɶ ɿ ɧɟ ɚɞɦɨɜɿʆɫɹ ɚɞ ɡɚɤɿɞɭ ɲɬɨ ɹ ɧɚ

©ɧɹɲ ɥɸɛɧɚɹ  ɠɨɧɤɚª  Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɦɵ ɜɟɞɚɟɦ ɲɬɨ ɤɚɥɿ  ɞɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ

ɞɚ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɦ ɫɭɞɨɦ  ɬɨɣ ɭɜ ɨɝɭɥɟ ɚɞɦɚʆɥɹ ʆ

ɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɣ ɠɨɧɰɵ ʆ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɹ ɤɿɦɿ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɥɚɫɹ  ɠɨɧɤɚ ɲɥɸɛ

ɧɚɹ

ɋɭɞɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɚ  ɤɚɥɿ ɿ ɲɥɨɫɹ  ɩɪɚ ɛɚɹɪɚʆɲɥɹɯɬɭ ɫɬɚ

ɹɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɿ  ɲɬɨ ɧɿ ɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɹ ɠɨɧɤɚ ɧɿ ɹɟ ɞɡɟɰɿ ɧɟ

ɦɚɸɰɶ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɧɚ ɦɚɺɧɬɚɤ ɩɚ ɦɭɠɭ ɿ ɛɚɰɶɤɭ

 Ⱥɥɟ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ

ɛɨɤɭ  ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɡ ɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɹ ɥɚ

ɩɪɵ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɞɚ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹ ɜɚɧɚɝɚ ɫɥɨɸ ɛɚɹɪɚʆ Ɍ ɚɤɭɸ ɜ ɵɫ

ɧɨɜ ɭ ɥɶɝɚ ɡɪɚɛɿɰɶ ɡ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɡɟɧɫɤɿ ɦ ɫɭɞɡɟ ɹ ɤɿ ʆ  ɝ

ɩɪɵ ɫɭɞɡɿʆ ɡɹɦɥɸ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɚɹɪɵɧɚ Ɇɿɬɤɚ ɞɚɪɷɱɵ  ɩɚ

ɜɟɲɚɧɚɝɚ ɡɚ ɤɪɚɞɡɟɠ ɹ ɝɨɧɵɦ ɞɡɹ ɞɡɶ ɤɚɦ ɩɚ ɛɚɰɶɤɭ  ɚɞɯɿɥɹ

ɸɱɵ ɚɞ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɵ ɹɝɨɧɵɯ ɫɵɧɨʆ ² ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɯ ɛɚɹɪɚʆ ɋɚɤɚ

ɿ ɐɿɦɨɲɚ Ɇɿɬɤɨɜɿɱɚʆ ɱɵɹ  ɦɚɰɿ  ɩɟɪɚɞ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɫɚɦɚ ©ɡɧɚɥɚ ɫɹ

ɢɠ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟɜɟɧɱ ɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɬɰɭ ɢɯª

 əɤ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ ɫɵɧɵ  ɜɚɥɨɞɚɥɿ

ɩɪɚɜɚɦɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɚɧɿɦɿɸ ɩɚ ɛɚɰɶ ɤɭ ɿ ɩɟɪɚɣɦɚɥɿ ɚɞ ɹɝɨ ʆ ɫɩɚɞɱɵ

ɧɭ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲ ɱɚ  ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɡɹɦɥɸ  ɏɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚ  ɲɬɨ

ɜɵɪɚɤ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɧɚɫɭɩɟɪɚɤ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɦ ɉɟɪɲɚɝɚ ɋ ɬɚɬɭ

ɬɚ  ɝ  ɹɤɿ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɚʆɥɹʆ ɲɬɨ ɞɡɟɰɿ  ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɯɨɞɡɹ ɰɶ ɡ ɧɟ

ɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜ ɚ  ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɥɿɱɵ ɰɰɚ ɛɚɣɫɬɪɭɤɚɦɿ

  ɚ ɡɧɚ

ɱɵɰɶ ɧɟ ɦɚɸɰɶ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɚɧɿɦɿɸ ɩɚ ɛɚɰɶɤɭ ɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɪɵ

ɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ  ɞɚ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹɜ ɚɧɚɝɚ ɤɥɚɫɚ  ȼɿɞɚɰɶ  ɲ ɬɨ ɫɭɞɚɜ ɨɞ

ɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ  ɤɿɪɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɿ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɚ ɡɜɵɱɚɺ

ɜɵɦ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɦ  ɹɤɨɟ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɚ ɩɚɫɹ ɪɷɞɧɹɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲ ɱɚ ɩɚɦɿɠ

ɞɚʆɧɿɦ ɡɜɵɱɚɟɦ ɹɤɿ ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɜ ɚʆ ɪɨʆɧɚɫɰɶ  ɞɡɹɰɟɣ ɡ ɜɹ ɧɱɚɧɵɯ

ɿ ɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɵɯ ɲ ɥɸɛɚʆ  ɿ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɦɿ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɨɜɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ

Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɦ ɲɥɸɛɭ ɫɥɭɠɵɥɿ ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɩɚɤɚɡɚɧɧɧɿɫɜɟɞɤɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ

ɧɚɿɦ ɩɪɵɫɭɬɧɿɱɚɥɿ  ɚɥɶɛɨ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɧɧɟ ɫɜɹɬɚɪɚ ɹɤɿ ɞɚɜɚʆ ɲɥɸɛ

ɍ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɹ ɫɭɞɵ ɚɯɜɨɬɧɚ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɵ ɠɨɧɤɿ

ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɹɤɨɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɷʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɹ ɹɧɚ ɰɿ ɧɟ Ɍ ɚɤ  ɤɚɥɿ

ɩɚɫɥɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɚɹ ɪɵ ɧɚ ɹɝɨɧɵ ɹ  ɛɪɚɬɵ ɚɛɜɿ ɧɚ

ɜɚɰɿ ɥɿ ɠɨɧɤɭ ɧɹ ɛɨɠɱɵɤɚ ɉɚɥɚɧɿɸ Ɉɧɞɪɚɲ ɤɚʆɧɭ ɲɬɨ ɹɧɚ ɩɚ

ɫɦɟɪɰɿ  ɛɪɚɬɚ ɡɚɧɹɥɚ ɹɝɨɧɵ ɦɚɺɧɬɚɤ  ©ɛɭɞɭɱ ɢ ɟɦ ɭ ɧɟ ɜɟɧɱɚɥɶ 

207

ɧɨɸ ɠɨɧɨɸª ɩɚɡɜɚɧɚɹ ɡɚɹ ɜɿɥɚ ɲɬɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɲɥɸɛɧɚɸ ɠɨɧɤɚɸ

ɚ ɞɚɜɟɫɰɿ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɚ ɛɨ ɩɥɹ ɛɚɧ ɹɤɿ  ɞɚɜɚʆ ɿɦ ɲɥɸɛ ɩɚ

ɦɺɪ  Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɩɪɚɞ¶ ɹɜɿɥɚ ɦɭɠɚʆ ɬɷɫɬɚɦɟɧɬ  ɹ ɤɿ ɡɚɩɿɫɜɚʆ ɦɚɺɧɬɚɤ

ɿɯɧɚɣ ɞɚɱɰɷ ɚ ɚɩɟɤɭ ɞɚɪɭɱɚʆ ɺɣ ɹɤ ɠɨɧɰɵ ɋ ɭɞ ɩɪɵɡɧɚʆ ɬɨɟ

ɲɬɨ ʆ ɬɚɫɬɚɦɚɧɰɟ ɧɹ ɛɨɠɱɵɤ ɹ ɟ ©ɜɥɚɫɬɧɨɸ ɠɨɧɨɸ ɫɜɨɟɸ

ɨɩɢɫɚɥª ɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɵɦ ɞɨɜɚɞɚɦ ɿ ɚɞɯɿɥɿʆ ɫɩɚɝɨɧ

3 9

ɉɚɤɚɡɚɥɶ ɧɚ ɲɬɨ ɿ ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɞɭɯɚɜ ɟɧɫɬɜ ɚ

ɛɵɜɚɥɿ ɫɜɹɬɚɪɵ  ɹɤɿɹ ɠɵɥɿ ʆ ɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɵ ɦ ɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɟ ɚ ɲɥɸɛ

in facie ecclesiae ɛɪɚɥɿ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɬɚɞɵ  ɤɚɥɿ ɦɟɥɿɫɹ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɰɶ ɜ ɵ

ɲɷɣɲɵɹ ɜɵ ɫɜɹɱɷɧɧɿ ɇɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɡɜɹɪɧɭʆ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɩɚɬɪɵ ɹɪɯ Ⱥɧɬɵ

ɹɯɿɣɫɤɿ əʆɯɿɦ ɧɚɜ ɟɞɜɚɸɱɵ ʆ ɝ ɥɶɜɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɞɵɹɰɷɡɿ ɸ  ɿ

ɫɭɪɨɜɚ ɡɝɚɧɿʆ ɡɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɦɹ ɫɰɨɜɚɝɚ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɚ

4 0

Ⱥɞɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɹ ʆɡɧɿɤɚɥɚ ɤɚɥɿ ɦɭɠ ɤɿɧɭʆɲɵ ɲɥɸɛ

ɧɭɸ ɠɨɧɤɭ ɩɚɱɵɧɚʆ ɠɵɰɶ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɸ  ɧɹ ɲɥɸɛɧɚɸ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɧɟ

ɛɵɥɨ ɞɜɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚɦ ɡɚ ɹɤɨɟ ɫɭɞ ɤɚɪɚʆ ɝɨɪɥɚɦ ɬɚɤ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɚʆ

ɥɹʆ ,,,ɋɬɚɬɭɬ  ɬ 9 ɫ    ɛɨ ɞɪɭɝɿ ɫɭɠɨɧɫɤɿ  ɫɚɸɡ ɧɟ ɛɵʆ

ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɵ ɮɚɪɦɚɥɶ ɧɚ  Ɍɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɡɞɚɪɚɥɚɫɹ  ɲɬɨ ɬɚɤɿɯ

ɦɭɠɨʆ ɤɥɿɤɚɥɿ  ʆ ɫɭɞ ɹɤɿ  ʆ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ² ɞɡɟɣɧɿ ɱɚɸɱɵ ɩɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ

ɡɜɵɱɚɺɜɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ² ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɚɛɦɹɠɨʆɜɚʆɫɹ ɜɹɪɬɚɧɧɟɦ st atus

quo ante >ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɹ ɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɭ@ ɡɚɝɚɞɜɚɸɱɵ ɦɭɠɭ ɜɹɪɧɭɰɰɚ ɞɚ

ɫɭɠɨɧɤɿ ɡ ɹɤɨɸ ɛɵʆ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɵ ɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɵ ɲɥɸɛ  Ʉɚɥɿ ʆ ɝ

ɛɪɚɬ ɤɿɧɭɬɚɟ ɠɨɧɤɿ ɩɚɫɬɚɜɿ ʆ ɫɜɟɞɤɚʆ  ɲ ɬɨ ɩɚɡɜɚɧɵ Ɇɚɰɟɣ

ɇɟɫɬɚɪɨɜɿɱ ɛɪɚʆ ɲɥɸɛ ɡ ɹɝɨɧɚɣ ɫɹɫɬɪɨɸ ɫɭɞɞɡɹ  ɡɚɝɚɞɚʆ ɹɦɭ

©ɚɛɵ ɨɧ ɡ ɩɟɪɜɲɨɸ ɠɨɧɨɸ ɫɜɨɟɟ ɜɟɧɱɚɥɶ ɧɨɸ ɦ ɟɲɤ ɚɥª

 ɉɚ

ɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɭ ;9,, ɫɬ  ɩɟɪɚɞ ɦɟɫɬɚɜɵɦ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿɦ ɫɭɞɨɦ

ɧɟɣɤɿ əɤɿɦ Ʉɚɡɥɟɧɤɚ  ɩɚɡɜɚɧɵ ɡɚ ɬɨɟ  ɲɬɨ ɤɿɧɭʆ ɠɨɧɤɭ ɡɚ

ɹ ɜɿʆ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɫɭɞɨɦ  ɲɬɨ ɤɿɧɭʆ ɠɨɧɤɭ  ɛɨ ɬɚɹ ɧɟ ɯɚɰɟɥɚ ɿɫɰɿ

ɠɵɰɶ ɡ ɿɦ ɧɚ ɜ ɺɫɤɭ ɿ  ɞɚɞɚɟ  ɲɬɨ ɬɚɞɵ ɺɧ ©ɜɡɹɥ ɢɧɲɭɸ ɠɨɧɭ

ɧɟɲɥɸɛɧɭɸ ɢ ɦ ɟɲɤɚɥɨɦ ɡ ɧɟɸ ɢ ɹɦ ɝɨɬɨɜ ɬɭɸ ɧɟɲɥɸɛɧɭɸ

ɨɬ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɨɱ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɯɚɣ ɠɨɧɚ ɦɨɹ  ɲɥɸɛɧɚɹ

ɢɞɟɬɶ ɫɨ ɦɧɨɸ ɧɚ ɦɟɲɤɚɧɶ ɟ ɚ ɬɭ ɡ ɧɟɸ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɦɟɲɤɚɬɢ ɛɨ

ɧɟ ɦɚɸ ɱɵɦ ɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɟª

 ɋɭɞ ɪɚɫɩɚɪɚɞɡɿʆɫɹ ɞɚɜɟɞɚɰɰɚ ʆ ɜɺɫ

ɰɵ  ɰɿ  ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɵ ɩɚɡɜɚɧɵ ɦɚɟ ɬɚɦ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɭ ɿ ɲ ɥɸɛɧɚɹ ɬɚɹ

² ɹ ɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɠɨɧɤɚ ɰɿ ɧɟ ɿ ɞɚɫɬɚɜɿɰɶ  ɚɛ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɩɿɫɶɦɨɜɭɸ

ɞɚɜɟɞɤɭ ɚɬɷɫɬɚɰɵɸ ɚɞ ɩɚɧɫɤɚɝɚ ʆɪɚɞɧɿɤɚ  ə ɤ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ ɭ ɜɵ

ɩɚɞɤɭ ɤɚɥɿɡɿɿ  ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɹɤ ɫɭɞ ɬɚɤ ɿ ɫɚɦ ɩɚɡɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɜɚʆ

ɛɨɥɶɲ ɵɹ  ɩɪɚɜɵ ɡɚ ɲ ɥɸɛɧɚɸ ɠɨɧɤɚɣ ɹɤɚɹ  ɜɵɪɚɡɧɚ ɞɚɦɿɧɚ

ɜɚɥɚ ɧɚɞ ɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɸ

ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ  ɧɟɜ ɹɧɱɚɧɵɹ  ɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɜ ɟɞɚɦɵɹ ɜɚ ʆɫɿɯ

ɫɥɚɹɯ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ

. Casus >ɜɵɩɚɞɚɤ@ ɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɟ

Ɂɜɵɱɚɺɜɚ ɟɲɥɸɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɭɫɿ ɧɚʆ

208

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɠɨɧɤɿɫɭɞɬɪɚɤɬɚɜɚʆɹɤɲɬɨɫɶɰɿɧɚɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɟɄɚɥɿʆɚɤɬɚɯɬɚɤɿɹɡɝɚɞɤɿ

ɯɨɰɶɿɧɹɪɷɞɤɿɹɧɟɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɸɰɰɚɱɚɫɰɟɣɬɨɧɚɧɚɲɭɸɞɭɦɤɭɬɚɦɭɲɬɨ

ɝɷɬɚɛɵʆɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɵɫɬɚɧɹɤɿɹɤɩɪɚɜɿɥɚɧɟɩɚɤɿɞɚʆɫɥɟɞɭʆɚɤɬɚɯɇɚɦ

ɜɹɞɨɦɵɹɬɨɥɶɤɿɬɵɹɜɵɩɚɞɤɿɤɚɥɿɩɚɦɿɠɫɭɠɨɧɤɚɦɿʆɡɧɿɤɚɥɿɫɩɪɷɱɤɿɿ

ɫɩɪɚɜɚɬɪɚɩɥɹɥɚʆɫɭɞɁɪɷɲɬɵɭ ɫɭɞɨɜɵɯɚɤɬɚɯɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦɱɵɧɚɦ²

ɯɨɰɶɿɧɟɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚ²ɡɚɮɿɤɫɚɜɚɧɵɜɵɩɚɞɤɿɹɤɿɹɬɵɱɵɥɿɫɹɜɹɪɯɭɲɤɿ

ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚɄɚɥɿɿɞɡɟɰɰɚɩɪɚɫɹɥɹɧ ɞɡɟɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɵɹɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɵɛɵɥɿ

ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹɬɨɹɧɵɩɚɤɿɧɭɥɿɩɚɫɚɛɟɫɥɟɞɭɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɵɹɯɭɤ

ɪɚɿɧɫɤɿɯɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɜɚʆɡɝ

ɋɹɪɨɞɞɚɯɨɞɚʆɛɚɪɫɤɚɝɚɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɜɚɡɝɚɞɜɚɟɰɰɚɦɿɠɿɧɲɵɦɩɚɟɦ

ɲɱɵɧɚɅɸɫɬɪɚɬɚɪɬɥɭɦɚɱɵɰɶɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɚɚɩɥɚɬɚ«NLHG\NWyU\F]á RZLHN

RE\F]DMHPSRJUDQLF]Q\P VZDZ ROQ\PZHĨPLHVRELHF]\Mą G]LHZNĊDOER

ZGRZĊ DOER RSXV]F]RQą ]D ĪRQNĊLĪ ] QLą FKFHPLHV]NDü GDZ D WU]\

grzywny na zamek»>©ɤɚɥɿɤɚɬɨɪɵɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɩɚɦɟɠɧɵɦɫɜɚɜɨɥɶɧɵɦɡɜɵ

ɱɚɟɦɜɨɡɶɦɟɫɚɛɟ ɱɵɸɞɡɟʆɤɭɚɥɶɛɨʆɞɚɜɭɚɥɶɛɨɤɿɧɭɬɭɸɡɚ ɠɨɧɤɭ

ɞɵɤɡɚɬɨɟɲɬɨɯɨɱɚɡɺɸɠɵɰɶɞɚɟɬɪɵɝɪɵʆɧɵɧɚɡɚɦɚɤª@

Ƚɷɬɵɹ

©ɰɵɜɿɥɶɧɵɹɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɵªɹɤɿɹɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɹɰɹɪɩɟɥɚʆɡɚɦɟɧɡɚɚɩɥɚ

ɬɭɚɥɟɹɤɿɹ ʆɠɨɩɪɨɰɿɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɹɥɿɫɹ©ɫɬɚɬɷ ɱɧɵɦªɫɬɚɥɵɦ ɫɭɠɨɧ

ɫɬɜɚɦɞɚɛɪɚɫɥɚʆɥɟɧɵɦɭɰɚɪɤɜɟ

ɧɟɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚɟɪɵɫɵɩɚ

ɦɟɠɧɚɝɚ ɛɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɜɚ ȱ ʆ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɱɚɧɵɦ ɞɚɥɟɣ ɚɞ ɦɹɠɵ ɪɚɬ

ɧɟɧɫɤɿɦɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɜɟɧɚȼɚɥɵɧɿɿɫɧɚɜɚʆɭ;9,ɝɞɚɯɨɞɹɤɿɮɿɝɭɪɚɜɚʆɩɚɞ

ɧɚɡɜɚɸ ɩɚɱɚɪɷʆɲɱɵɧɵ  Ʌɸɫɬɪɚɬɚɪ ɬɚɤ ɬɥɭɦɚɱɵɰɶ ɹɝɨ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ

«3RF]HUHZV]F]\]QD DOLDVJG\ NWyU\F]áRZLHN WDP MDNR QD SRJUDQLF]X

OLWHZVNLPWDN QDZLDUĊ ]ZGRZą DO ER]G]LHZNąFKFLDáPLHV]NDü WHG\

RED V]OL QD ]DPHN L GDZDOL SHZQą VXPĊ SLHQLĊG]\ ĪHE\ LP WHJR

GRSXV]F]RQRLLQQ\FKZ\P\VáyZQLHSRERĪQ\FKE\áRGRV\ü$OHLĪWDNRZH

U]HF]\VąSU]HFLZQH3DQX%RJXLNXVNDĪHQLXRE\F]DMyZGREU\FKSU]HWR

MHJRPRĞüSDQ 6WDQLVáDZ0LVNRZVNLZRMHZRGD NUDNRZVNL D VWDURVWD

PLHMVFD WHJRVURG]H]DND]Dá XU]ĊGQLNRPVZ\P DE\WDNLFK U]HF]\QLH

EUDOLLRZV]HPDE\NDUDOLVZDZROQHZLHĪąLJDUGáHPMDNRĪWDNF]\QLą

-DNRĪWRU]HF]VĪXV]QąXF]\QLüUDF]\áJG\ĪMHVWVWUyĪHP]DNRQX%RĪHJR»

>©ɉɚɱɚɪɷʆɲɱɵɧɚɿɧɚɤɲɤɚɠɭɱɵɤɚɥɿɹɤɿɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɬɚɦɹɤɧɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ

ɩɚɦɟɠɠɵɩɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɜɟɪɭɯɚɰɟʆɠɵɰɶ ɡ ɭɞɚɜɨɣɚɛɨɡɞɡɟʆɤɚɸɬɚɞɵ

ɚɛɨɟɿɲɥɿɧɚɡɚɦɚɤɿɞɚɜɚɥɿɩɷʆɧɭɸ ɫɭɦɭɝɪɨɲɚɣɤɚɛɿɦɝɷɬɚɞɚɡɜɨɥɿɥɿ

ɿɿɧɲɵɯɧɟɩɚɛɨɠɧɵɯɜɵɞɭɦɚɤɛɵɥɨɞɨɫɵɰɶȺɥɟɩɚɤɨɥɶɤɿɬɚɤɿɹɪɷɱɵ

ɩɪɚɰɿʆɧɵɹɉɚɧɭȻɨɝɭɿɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɵɹɧɚɫɤɚɠɷɧɧɟɞɨɛɪɵɯɡɜɵɱɚɹʆɬɨ

ɹɝɨɦɚɫɰɶɩɚɧɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆɆɿɫɤɨʆɫɤɿɤɪɚɤɚʆɫɤɿɜɚɹɜɨɞɚɿɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɚɝɷɬɚɝɚ

ɦɟɫɰɚɫɭɪɨɜɚɡɚɛɚɪɚɧɿʆɫɜɚɿɦɭɪɚɞɧɿɤɚɦɛɪɚɰɶɬɚɤɿɹɪɷɱɵɿɡɚɝɚɞɚʆ

ɤɚɛɤɚɪɚɥɿ ɫɜɚɜɨɥɶɧɵɯɜɟɠɚɣɿɝɨɪɥɚɦɪɚɡɬɚɤ ɪɨɛɹɰɶȱɝɷɬɚ ɺɧɦɟʆ

ɥɚɫɤɭʆɱɵɧɿɰɶɫɥɭɲɧɭɸɪɷɱɛɨɺɧɫɬɨɪɚɠɡɚɤɨɧɭȻɨɠɚɝɚª@

Ɍɭɬɦɵ

209

Ɂɜɵɱɚɺɜɚ ɟɲɥɸɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɭɫɿ ɧɚʆ

ɧɚɡɿɪɚɟɦɡɧɹɫɥɚʆɥɟɧɧɟɞɚʆɧɹɝɚɡɜɵɱɚɸɹɤɿɞɡɟɥɹɮɿɫɤɚɥɶɧɚɝɚɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɭ

ʆɪɚɞɚɞɨʆɝɚɰɹɪɩɟɥɿɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵɧɚ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɶɹɝɨɡɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɚɦɿ

ɡɜɵɱɚɟɦªɿʆɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟ²ɡ ɭɠɵɰɰɺɦɫɭɪɨɜɵɯɫɪɨɞɤɚʆɩɪɵɦɭɫɭ²

ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɵɯɧɨɪɦɚʆɡɝɨɞɧɵɯɡ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɹɦɿɤɚɫɰɺɥɶɧɚɝɚɩɪɚɜɚɍ

Ƚɚɥɿɰɤɚɟ Ɋɭɫɿ ɹɤɿɹ ɞɚʆɠɷɣ ɿ ɫɭɪɨɜɟɣɩɚɞɥɹɝɚɥɿ ʆɥɚɞɡɟ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɿɯ

ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ;9, ɫɬ ɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɚɩɥɚɬɭ ɡɚ ɲɥɸɛ ɩɚɞɞɚɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɝɚ

ɜɟɪɚɜɵɡɧɚɧɧɹɹɤɚɹɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚɞɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɵɰɹɠɚɪɭɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɿɡɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿɦ

ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ

Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɚɞɧɚɤɞɚɩɭɫɤɚɰɶ ɲɬɨɩɟɪɲɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɹɧɚ

ɦɟɥɚɬɨɟɫɚɦɚɟɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟɹɤɨɟɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɚʆɩɚɦɟɠɧɵɦɛɚɪɫɤɿɦɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɜɟ

ɞɡɟ  ɩɚɞɨɛɧɚ ɹɤ ɭ ɪɚɬɧɟɧɫɤɿɦ ɞɚʆɧɿɹ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɿ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲ

ɠɵɜɭɱɵɦɿ

ɞɥɹ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɥɿɱɵɰɶ ɪɭɞɵɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɣɩɪɚɹɜɚɸ ɪɚɛ

ɫɬɜɚª

Ƚɷɬɵɩɨɝɥɹɞɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚʆɫɹɧɚɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɿɲɥɸɛɧɵɯɚɩɥɚɬɚʆɹɤɿɹ

ɧɚɪɭɫɤɿɯɡɟɦɥɹɯɩɚɞɞɚɧɵɹɫɩɥɨɱɜɚɥɿʆɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟɲɥɸɛɧɚɟɤɭɧɿɰɵɚɥɶɛɨ

ɥɸɱɚɧɵin facie ecclesiae,²ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚʆɺɧ²ɧɟɥɶɝɚɛɵɥɨɿɩɚɞɭɦɚɰɶ

ɛɨ ɜɵɪɚɲɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɨɦɚɧɬɚɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɿɧɞɵɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɥɹ ɩɚɧɚ ɚ ɧɟ

ɜɵɹʆɥɟɧɧɟɜɨɥɿɡɛɨɤɭɪɚɛɚª

Ɋɚɡɛɹ ɪɨɦɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɫɰɶ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɒɬɨ ɞɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɭ

ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵɤɭɧɿɰɵʆɡɚɦɟɧɧɚɞɚɡɜɨɥɧɚɲɥɸɛɞɵɤɧɚɞɭɦɤɭȼȺɛɪɚɝɚɦɚ

ɤɧɹɡɿɚɞɫɬɭɩɿɥɿɛɚɹɪɚɦɭɿɯɧɵɯɦɚɺɧɬɤɚɯª

Ʉɚɥɿɛɦɵɧɚɜɚɬɧɟɩɚɝɚɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ

ɡ ȼ Ⱥɛɪɚɝɚɦɚɦ  ɲɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɵɱɧɚ ɤɭɧɿɰɭ ɥɶɝɚ ɚɞɧɟɫɰɿ ɞɚ ; ɫɬ

  ɚ

ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɥɿɫɹɩɟɪɵɹɞɚɦɤɚɥɿɹɧɚɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟʆɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɯɝɡɧɩɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ

ɚɞ;9ɫɬɚɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɹɛɲɬɨɹɧɚɧɟɦɚɟɧɿɱɨɝɚɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɝɚɡɪɚɛɫɬɜɚɦɛɨ

ɝɷɬɚɛɵɥɚ ɞɚɧɿɧɚɩɪɚɞɵɤɬɚɜɚɧɚɹ ɮɿɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɿɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɦɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ

ʆɥɚɞɵ ɉɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɦɨɝɭɰɶ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ ɡɝɚɞɤɿ ɩɪɚ ʆɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟ ɤɭɧɿɰɵ

ʆɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿɞɥɹɦɟɫɬɚ ȼɵɫɨɤɚɝɚʆɝ

ɇɟʆɡɚɛɚɜɟʆ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿɞɥɹ

ɹɤɭɸɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɡɩɚɧɚɦɿɪɚɞɚɣɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚʆɬɨɥɶɤɿɬɵɦɿɜɵɩɚɞɤɚɦɿɤɚɥɿ

ɞɡɟʆɱɵɧɚɜɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶɩɚɡɚɦɟɠɵɜɨɥɚɫɰɿ

Ɇɵɡɜɹɡɜɚɥɿɛɝɷɬɚɡɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺɦ

ɮɿɫɤɚɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ ɚ ɧɟ ɡ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ

ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚɧɚʆɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɿɯɡɟɦɥɹɯɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɥɚɫɹ²ɹɤɜɹɞɨɦɚ²ɧɚɲɦɚɬ

ɛɨɥɶɲɚɣɫɜɚɛɨɞɚɸɱɵɦɞɡɟɹɲɱɷ ɉɪɚʆɞɚɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣɞɥɹɫɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɚɟ

ɡɹɦɥɿɚɞɝɤɚɡɚʆɩɪɚɲɥɸɛɧɭɸɤɭɧɿɰɭɹɤɚɹɛɪɚɥɚɫɹɚɞɭɫɹɝɨɧɚ

210

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ

ɉɨɝɥɹɞ ɋɚɯɚɧɟɜɿɱɚ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɹɤɿɦ ɲɥɸɛɧɚɹ ɤɭɧɿɰɚ ɡɜɹɡɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɡ

ɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɵɦ ɲɥɸɛɚɦɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɵɰɶ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɦ əɤɦɵɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɥɿ ɜɵɲɷɣ

ɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɵɹ ɝ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɚ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɜɚɥɚ ɤɭɧɿɰɭ ɹɤɚɹ ɩɥɚɰɿɥɚɫɹ ɩɪɵ

ɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɟɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɧɵɦɡɤɚɫɰɺɥɶɧɵɦɲɥɸɛɚɦɚɞɬɚɤɿɯɚɩɥɚɬɹɤɩɚɟɦɲ

ɱɵɧɚ ɭ ɛɚɪɫɤɿɦ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɜɟ ɰɿ ɩɚɱɚɪɷʆɲɱɵ ɧɚ ɭ ɪɚɬɧɟɧɫɤɿɦ  ɹɤɿɹ

ɫɩɥɨɱɜɚɥɿɫɹɩɪɵɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɵɯɫɚɸɡɚɯɇɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɵɹɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɵɛɵɥɿɜɹɞɨɦɵɹ

ɜɚʆɫɿɯɫɥɚɹɯɡɚɯɨɞɧɟɪɭɫɤɚɝɚɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚɱɚɝɨɧɟɛɵɥɨɛɤɚɥɿɛɬɚɤɿɹɫɭɠɨɧ

ɫɬɜɵɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɿɫɹɫɚɫɬɚɧɚɦɧɹɜɨɥɿɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɚɝɚɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚɹɤɨɝɚɹɤɠɵɜɨɝɚ

ɡ¶ɹɜɿɲɱɚɧɚɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɚɣɍɤɪɚɿɧɟɧɟɜɿɞɚɰɶɚɥɶɛɨɜɵɜɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹɡɹɝɨɝɟɧɟɬɵɱɧɚ

Ɍɚɦɭɦɵɦɭɫɿɦɚɞɤɿɧɭɰɶɭɫɸɋɚɯɚɧɟɜɿɱɚɜɭɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɵɸ

ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ ɦɵ ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɟ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɵɯ

ɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚʆ ɭɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɫɥɚɹɯ ɩɪɵɬɵɦɲɬɨɧɚɣɱɚɫɰɟɣɹɧɵ

ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɿɫɹɫɹɪɨɞ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɝɚ ɥɸɞɭ

 ɍɡɧɿɤɚɥɿ ɹɧɵ ɩɪɚɡ ɪɚɫɩɚɱɵɧɚɧɧɟ

ɬɪɵɜɚɥɚɝɚɫɭɠɵɰɰɹɿɥɿɱɵɥɿɫɹʆɜɚɱɚɯɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɵɦɿɛɟɡɧɿɹɤɿɯ

ɞɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɵɯɮɚɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɭɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɫɜɟɰɤɚɝɚɜɹɫɟɥɥɹ ɚɛɨɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɚɝɚ

ɲɥɸɛɭ

Ɏɚɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɟɩɪɚɜɚɹɤɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɚɟɬɚɤɿɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɟɚɞɦɚʆɥɹɥɚʆɬɨɣ

ɱɚɫɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɵɦɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚɦɭɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɚɝɚɫɚɸɡɭɚɞɧɚɤɫɭɞɨɜɚɹ

ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɚɧɟɩɪɵɧɹɥɚɝɷɬɚɟɩɚɡɿɰɵɿɿ²ɧɹɪɚɡɡɜɚɝɚɧɧɹɦɿ²ɬɪɚɤɬɚɜɚɥɚɿɯɹɤ

ɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɵɚɥɟɞɪɭɝɚɪɚɞɧɵɹɝɨɪɲɵɹɡɚɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɟɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚɚɥɟɥɟɩɲɵɹ

ɡɚɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɤɚɧɤɭɛɿɧɚɬ

ɇɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɵɹɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɵɤɚɫɚɜɚɥɿɫɹɜɟɥɶɦɿɥɺɝɤɚɱɚɫɬɚɞɥɹɝɷɬɚɝɚ

ɯɚɩɚɥɚɩɪɨɫɬɚɤɿɧɭɰɶɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɚ

ɏɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚɸ ɪɵɫɚɸɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɵɯ ɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚʆɛɵɥɨ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɟ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚʆɿɯɠɚɧɱɵɧɵɹɤɚɹʆɫɬɭɩɚɥɚʆɝɷɬɵɫɚɸɡɧɚɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟʆɥɚɫ

ɧɚɝɚɪɚɲɷɧɧɹɯɨɰɶɧɟɥɶɝɚɚɛɦɿɧɭɰɶɿʆɞɡɟɥɭɫɜɚɹɤɨʆɭɩɚɞɨɛɧɵɯɫɚɸ

ɡɚɯɿɫɚɦɚɦɚɝɥɚɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɰɶɹɝɨɪɚɡɪɵʆɇɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɟɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚɭɹʆɥɹɥɚɫɹ

ɡɝɨɞɧɚɡɭɥɚɫɧɚɣɚɯɜɨɬɚɣɿɹɤɚɹɬɪɵɜɚɟɩɚɬɭɥɶɩɚɤɭɥɶɚɛɨɞɜɚɛɚɤɿɬɚɝɨ

ɠɚɞɚɸɰɶª

Ɍɭɬɩɪɵɫɭɬɧɿɱɚɟɚɞɱɭɜɚɥɶɧɚɹɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɹɞɚɿɞɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ

ɛɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚɠɚɧɱɵɧɵʆɬɵɹɱɚɫɵ²ɹɤɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟɬɚɤɿɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɟ

² ɛɵɥɨ ɞɚɥɺɤɿɦɚɞ ɪɨʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɡ ɦɭɠɱɵɧɚɦ ɿ ɬɵɦɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ

ɫɜɚɛɨɞɵɛɵʆɬɭɬɚɞɧɨɫɧɚɦɨɰɧɵɲɬɨɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚɜɵɪɚɡ²ɿɪɷɚɤɰɵɸ²

ɭɰɵɬɚɜɚɧɵɯɜɵɲɷɣɚɰɷɧɤɚɯɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯɥɸɫɬɪɚɬɚɪɚʆ

ɍɠɨʆ;9,ɫɬɚɬɵɦɛɨɥɶɲɭ;9,,ɫɬɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɟɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚɛɵɥɨ

ɪɚɞɡɟɣɲɚɸ ɮɨɪɦɚɸɹɤɚɹ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɚɦɟɫɰɚ ɲɥɸɛɭɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɚɦɭɩɪɵ

ʆɞɡɟɥɟɫɜɹɬɚɪɚɁɨɣɦɟɦɫɹɭɫɜɚɸɱɚɪɝɭɝɷɬɚɣɞɪɭɝɨɣɛɨɥɶɲɩɚʆɫɸɞ

ɧɚɸ ɮɨɪɦɚɸɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɹ ɲɥɸɛɭ

211

Ȼ Ɋɨɥɹɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɚɝɚɲɥɸɛɭʆɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɿɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚ. ɇɟɬɨɥɶɤɿ

ɩɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɥɸɞ ɚɥɟ ɿ ɜɹɪɯɭɲɤɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɤɚɫɰɺɥɶɧɚɦɭ

ɲɥɸɛɭ ɜɵɪɚɲɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ əɝɨɪɨɥɹ ʆ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɿ ɫɭɠɨɧɫɤɚɝɚ

ɫɚɸɡɭɦɟɥɚɩɚɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿɞɪɭɝɚɪɚɞɧɵɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɉɪɚɝɷɬɚɫɜɟɞɱɚɰɶɲɦɚɬ

ɥɿɤɿɹɤɪɵɧɿɰɵɡ;9,ɿ;9,,ɫɬɌɚɤɭɝɤɧɹɡɶəɤɭɛɑɚɬɜɹɪɬɵɧɫɤɿ

ɩɪɵɡɧɚʆɩɟɪɚɞɥɭɰɤɿɦɝɪɨɞɫɤɿɦɫɭɞɨɦɲɬɨɡɝɚɜɚɪɵʆɞɚɱɤɭɩɚɧɿȻɚɝɞɚ

ɧɵȽɚɪɚɿɧɚɜɚɣɩɚɧɧɭȽɚɧɧɭɡɚɪɭɱɵʆɫɹɡɺɸɿɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɵʆɞɚɬɭɜɹɫɟɥɥɹ

ɦɚɥɠɟɧɶɫɬɜɨɜɵɞɚɬɢɧɟɯɨɬɟɥªɦɟʆɫɹɩɥɚɰɿɰɶɡɚɤɥɚɞɭɤɨɩɝɪɨ

ɲɚʆȺɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚɿɩɚɧɿȽɚɪɚɿɧɚɜɚɦɟɥɚɫɹɚɞɤɚɡɜɚɰɶɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɶɧɚɤɚɥɿɛ

ɫɜɚɸɞɚɱɤɭɡɚɹɝɨɡɚɦɭɠ

ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵɹɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɿɚɞɥɸɫɬɪɨʆɜɚʆɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵɦɚɪɲɚɥ

ɟɫɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɲɥɸɛɢɥ ɜ ɫɬɚɞɥɨ ɦɚɥɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɡɚ ɫɟɛɟɤɧɹɠɧɭ Ʉɚɬɟɪɢɧɭ

>Ɂɚɫɥɚʆɫɤɭɸ@ɢ ɪɨɤɩɟɜɧɵɣɨɧɨɦɭ ɜɟɫɟɥɸɧɚ ɨɞɞɚɧɟ ɞɟɜɤɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɜ

ɫɬɚɧɦɚɥɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɡɥɨɠɢɥɢ«Ⱥɟɫɬɥɢɛɵɹ ɧɚɬɨɬɪɨɤ ɤɪɨɦɹɞɜɨɯ

ɩɪɢɱɢɧɯɨɪɨɛɵɫɜɨɟɟɢɫɥɭɠɛɵɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɤɨɟɡɟɦɫɤɨɟɡɩɪɢɹɬɟɥɶɦɢ

ɫɜɨɢɦɢɩɪɢɟɯɚɬɢɢɨɧɨɝɨɜɟɫɟɥɹɤɨɧɱɢɬɢɧɟɯɨɬɟɥɢ«ɤɧɹɠɧɵɄɚɬɟ

ɪɢɧɵɜɦɚɥɠɟɧɫɬɜɨɡɚɫɟɛɟɧɟɜɡɹɥɦɚɸɢɩɨɜɢɧɟɧɛɭɞɭɡɚɪɭɤɢɡɚɩɥɚ

ɬɢɬɢɬɪɢɬɵɫɹɱɢɤɨɩɝɪɨɲɟɣɚɲɤɨɞɵɢɧɚɤɥɚɞɵª

ȼɨɫɶɠɚɡɚɪɭɱɵɧɵɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɧɵɹɡɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɵɦɲɥɸɛɚɦɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ

²ɹɤɜɵɧɿɤɚɟɡɩɪɵɜɟɞɡɟɧɚɝɚɬɷɤɫɬɭ²ɬɨɥɶɤɿʆɫɬɭɩɧɵɹɚɤɬɵʆɫɩɪɚɜɟ

ɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɹɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚȼɵɪɚɲɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɦɟɥɚɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɜɹɫɟɥɥɟ

ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɚɟ ɧɚ ɩɷʆɧɵɬɷɪɦɿɧ Ⱥ ɩɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɡɚɪɭɱɵɧɵɹɤ ɿ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɵ

ɲɥɸɛɹɲɱɷɧɟɫɩɚɪɚɞɠɚɥɿɡɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚɚɞ

ɹɤɨɝɚ ɛɚɤɿ ɦɚɝɥɿɚɞɫɬɭɩɿɰɶ ɜ ɵɫɨɤɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɡɚɪɭɤɚɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ɛɵʆ

ɝɚɪɚɧɬɚɜɚɰɶɲɬɨɠɚɧɿɯɩɪɵɛɭɞɡɟʆɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɵɬɷɪɦɿɧɪɨɤɿɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚ

ɡɚɤɥɸɱɵɰɶɫɭɠɨɧɫɤɿɫɚɸɡ

ɍɝɭɫɜɚɸɱɚɪɝɭɜɚɥɵɧɫɤɚɹɡɹɦɹɧɤɚȺɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪɚɐɹɬɤɨʆɫ

ɤɚɹ ɡɛɪɚɬɚɦɿɚɩɟɤɭɧɚɦɿ ɹɟɞɚɱɤɿ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɫɤɿɦ ɝɪɨɞɫɤɿɦ

ɢɩɨɲɥɸɛɢɥɢɢɜɨɞɥɟɨɛɵɱɚɸɧɚɲɟɝɨɯɪɟɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɝɨɡɜɟɧɱɚɬɢɞɚɥɢª

ɡɩɚɧɚɦɎɺɞɚɪɚɦɒɵɲɤɚɦɌɨɥɶɤɿɩɚɫɥɹɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɚɝɚɲɥɸɛɭɚɩɟɤɭɧɵ

ɡɜɹɪɧɭɥɿɫɹɡɩɪɨɫɶɛɚɸɤɚɛɭɪɚɞ ɞɚʆɡɝɨɞɭ ɧɚɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚ

ɍɪɚɞ ɧɟ

ɡɧɚɣɲɨʆɭɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɚɫɥɹɞɨʆɧɚɫɰɿɧɿɱɨɝɚɧɟɞɚɪɷɱɧɚɝɚ

Ȭɧɫɩɪɚʆɞɡɿʆ²ɡɝɨɞɧɚɫɚɋɬɚɬɭɬɚɦ²ɰɿɦɚɟɧɹɜɟɫɬɚɫɩɪɚʆɧɵɹ

ɝɚɞɵɿɰɿɠɚɞɚɟɜɵɣɫɰɿɡɚɩɚɧɚɒɵɲɤɭȺɬɪɵɦɚʆɲɵɚɞɹɟɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɭɸ

ɡɚɹɜɭɫɭɞɜɵɞɚʆɠɚɞɚɧɵɞɚɡɜɨɥɧɚɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚɿɝɧɚɪɭɸɱɵ

ɬɨɣɮɚɤɬ ɲɬɨɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɵ ɲɥɸɛ ɭɠɨ ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ ȼɿɞɚɰɶɺɧɧɟɧɚɞɚɜɚʆ

ɝɷɬɚɦɭɜɹɥɿɤɚɟɜɚɝɿɩɚɤɨɥɶɤɿɲɥɸɛɧɟɛɵʆɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɧɵɡɜɹɫɟɥɥɟɦ

Ɂɜɵɱɚɺɜɚ ɟɲɥɸɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɭɫɿ ɧɚʆ