Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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222

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɚɤɬɚ ɚɞ  ɝ ɞɡɟɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɡɚɛɚɪɚɧɹʆ ɭɦɟɲɜɚɰɰɚɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɵɦ ɭɫɿɦ

ɩɚɧɚɦɭɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɹɫɩɪɚɜɵɭɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɹɫɭɞɵɿɿɯɞɚɯɨɞɵ

119

ɍɫɜɚɸɱɚɪɝɭ,

ɦɵɜɟɞɚɟɦɥɿɫɬɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ,ɞɚɤɧɹɝɿɧɿȺɥɟɧɵɋɥɭɰɤɚɟɞɚɬɚɜɚɧɵɝ

ɞɡɟɿɞɡɟɰɰɚɩɪɚɬɨɟɲɬɨɹɟɫɥɭɰɤɿɿɤɚɩɵɥɶɫɤɿɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɿ©ɦɭɠɨɜɫɠɨ

ɧɚɦɢɪɨɡɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɢɪɨɡɩɭɫɬɵɛɟɪɭɬª ɉɪɚɡɞɡɟɫɹɰɶ ɡɥɿɲɧɿɦ ɝɚɞɨʆ

ɩɚɫɥɹ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɩɚʆɬɚɪɵʆ ɬɨɣ ɫɚɦɵ ɡɚɤɿɞ ɧɚ ɚɞɪɚɫ ɹɟ ɫɵɧɚ²

ɤɧɹɡɹɘɪɵɹɋɥɭɰɤɚɝɚ

120

ɋɬɭɩɟɧɶ  ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɚ ɜɵɲɷɣɲ ɚɸ ʆ ɲɥɹ ɯ

ɬɵ  ɿ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧ  Ɍɭɬ ɯɚɩɚɥɚ ɜɵɤɚɡɜɚɧɧɹ  ɜɨɥɿ ɛɚɤɨʆ  ɭɱɵɧɟɧɚɝɚ ʆ

ɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ  Ȼɨɥɶ ɲ ɚɸ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ ɫɹɥɹ ɧ ɛɨ ɬɭɬ

ɪɚɡɜ ɨɞ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚʆ ɩɚɰɜ ɟɪɞɠɚɧɧɹ  ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɟ ɞɚɦɿɧɿ ɹ ɥɶɧɚɟ

ʆɥɚɞɵ ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɹɧɚ ɧɟ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ʆ meritum >ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ @

ɫɩɪɚɜɵ  ² ɪɷɱ ɚɛɦɹɠɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɜ ɵɩɥɚɬɚɸ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵ ɫɰɶ ɡɚɦɤɚ

ɍ ɩɚɞɨɛɧɚɣ ɞɚ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɚɟ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɫɹ  ɠɵɯɚɪɵ ɦɟɫ

ɬɚ Ʉɨɛɪɵɧɚ ʆ  ɝ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ oppidum Bar >ɦɟɫɬɚ

Ȼɚɪ@ ɹ ɤɨɟ ʆ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ ;9, ɫɬ ɹɲ ɱɷ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ

ɩɪɚɜɚ

ȼɭɫɧɚɟ ɜɵɤɚɡɜɚɧɧɟ ɫɜɚɟ ɜɨɥɿ ɭɩɿɫɚɧɚɟ ² ɤɚɥɿ ɝɚɜɨɪɤɚ

ɩɪɚ ɲɥɹɯɬɭ ɿ ɦɹ ɲɱɚɧ ² ɜɚ ʆɪɚɞɚɜɵɹ ɤɧɿɝɿ ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɥɚɫɹ ɜɚ

ʆɫɿɯ ɫɬɚɧɚɯ ɚɥɟ ɪɚɡɜɨɞ  ɞɡɟ ɡɚɹ ɜɚ ɩɪɚ ɜɨɥɸ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɲɥɹ

ɯɚɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɵ ɜ ɚɬɧɵɯ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ  ɛɵʆ ɮɨɪɦɚɸ ɧɟɫɭɦ

ɧɟɧɧɚ ɩɚɡɧɟɣɲɚɣ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɲɭɸ ɿ ʆɠɵ ɜɚʆɫɹ  ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚ ɭ ɲɥɹ

ɯɟɰɤɿɦ ɚ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɿ ʆ ɤɚɡɚɰɤɿɦ ɚɫɹɪɨɞɞɡɿ Ɍɭɬ ɭɦɨɜɚ ɩɪɚ ɪɚɡɜɹ

ɡɚɧɧɟ ɲɥɸɛɭ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɚɤɬɚʆ ɜɵɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɵɯ ɛɚ

ɤɚɦɿ ɉɚɞɩɿɫɜɚɥɿ ɿɯ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɵ ɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɞɚ ɿɯ ɩɹɱɚɬɤɿ ɩɪɵ ʆɞɡɟɥɟ

ɫɜ ɟɞɤɚʆ ɱɵɟ ɩɨɞɩɿɫɵ ɿɩɹɱɚɬɤɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɿɯ ɚɤɬɚɯ

Ƚɷɬɵɹ © ɥɿɫɬɵª ɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɦɿ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɿ ɚ ɿɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɿ

ʆɡɚɟɦɧɚɟ ʆɪɭɱɷɧɧɟ ɛɚɤɚɦɿ ɚɞɧɨ ɚɞɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɪɚɲ ɚɥɚ ɚɛ ɪɚɡɜɨ

ɞɡɟ Ʉɚɥɿ ʆ ɝ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿ  ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚɤ ȼɚɫɿɥɶ  Ɂɚɝɚɪɨʆɫɤɿ

ɩɚɡɧɟɣɲɵ ɛɪɚɰɥɚʆɫɤɿ ɤɚɲɬɚɥɹɧ ɿ Ɇɚɪɭɲɚ ɤɧɹɠɧɚ Ɂɛɚɪɚɫ

ɤɚɹ ɩɚɪɚɡɭɦɟɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿɞɚ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɭ ² ɜɵɫɬɚɜɿɥɿ ɧɚ ɬɨɟ

©ɥɢɫɬɵ ɪɨɡɜɨɞɧɵɟª

1 21

  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɩɚɞɩɿɫɚɥɿ  ɚ ʆɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɿɦɿ ɫɜɟɞɤɿ

ɩɪɵɤɥɚɥɿ ɫɜɚɟ ɩɹɱɚɬɤɿ

12 2

 Ɍ ɵɹ ɚɤɬɵ  ɩɪɚɹɤɿɹ ɿɞɡɟɰɰɚ ʆ ɞɚɥɟɣ

ɲɵɦ ɩɪɚɰɹ ɝɥɵɦ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɟ ɭɜɨɝɭɥɟ ɧɟ ɚɛɥɚɬɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɿ  ɩɟɪɚɞ

ɹɤɿɦ ɭɪɚɞɚɦ ɐɹɠɤɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɰɿ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɚ ɍ ɤɨɠ

ɧɵ ɦ ɪɚɡɟ ɦɵ ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɟɦɿ  ©ɥɢɫɬɵª ɹɤɿɹ ɛɚɤɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɸɰɶ

ɞɚ ʆɩɿɫɚɧɧɹ Ɍ ɚɤ ɭ  ɝ ɭɪɨɞɠɚɧɵ əɧ ȼɚɥɿɰɤɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜɿʆ

ɝɪɨɞɫɤɚɦɭ ʆɪɚɞɭ ʆ Ʌɭɰɤɭ ɞɚ ʆɩɿɫɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɤɧɿɝɿ ɚɤɬ  ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɿɦ

ɡɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɩɹɱɚɬɤɚɣ ɿ ɩɹɱɚɬɤɚɦɿɫɜɟɞɤɚʆ ɫɜ ɚɺɣ ɠɨɧɰɵ Ɍɷɚɞɨ

ɪɵ Ƚɚɥɹɜɿɧɫɤɚɣ ©ɧɚ ɜɵɡɜɨɥɟɧɟ ɡɟ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɦɚɥɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ  ɚ ɬɨ

223

ɞɥɹ ɯɨɪɨɛɵ ɟɟª ɡɚɦɚɰɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ ɝɷɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦ ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ

ɐɿɦɚɮɟɣȽɚɥɹɜɿɧɫɤɿɡɪɚɛɿʆ©ɡɚɩɢɫɫɟɫɬɪɵɫɜɨɟɟɩɨɞɩɟɱɚɬɶɸɟɟɢɩɨɞ

ɩɟɱɚɬɦɢɢɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɦɢɥɸɞɟɣɡɚɰɧɵɯɛɵɜɲɨɦɭɦɚɥɠɨɧɤɭɟɟɩɚɧɭəɧɭ

ȼɨɥɢɰɤɨɦɭɞɚɧɵɣɜɵɡɜɚɥɹɸɱɢɟɝɨɡɦɚɥɠɟɧɫɬɜɚɫɜɨɟɝɨɜɟɱɧɵɦɢɱɚɫɵ

«ɚɛɵɛɵɥɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɜɤɧɢɝɢɝɪɨɞɫɤɢɟɭɩɢɫɚɧª

123

ɇɚɫɯɿɥɟ;9,,ɫɬɭɨʆɪɭɰɤɿɦɩɚɜɟɰɟʆɚɫɹɪɨɞɞɡɿɜɚɤɨɥɿɱɧɚɟɡɚɫ

ɰɹɧɤɨɜɚɟɲɥɹɯɬɵɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɪɚɡɜɨɞɩɚɦɿɠɎɺɞɚɪɚɦɒɤɿɪɵɩɚɦɿɹɝɨ

ɧɚɸ ɠɨɧɤɚɣ Ⱥɪɵɲɤɚɸ ɹɤɿ ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ ʆ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜɵɞɚɱɵ ɚɞɧɨɚɞɧɨɦɭ

ɪɚɡɜɚɞɧɵɯɥɿɫɬɨʆɋɥɟɞɩɪɚɿɯɡɚɯɚɜɚʆɫɹɛɨɩɪɚɡɞɜɚɝɚɞɵɩɚɫɥɹɫɤɥɚɞɚɧ

ɧɹɝɷɬɵɯɥɿɫɬɨʆɒɤɿɪɵɩɚ²ɧɟɜɹɞɨɦɚɡɹɤɿɯɦɚɬɵɜɚʆ²ɚɛɥɚɬɚɜɚʆɚɬ

ɪɵɦɚɧɵɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɭɨʆɪɭɰɤɿɯɝɪɨɞɫɤɿɯɤɧɿɝɚɯ

124

ɑɚɫɚɦ ɚɛɥɚɬɭɚɛɥɹɝ

ɱɚɥɿɩɪɨɫɹɱɵɫɬɚɰɶɚɞɧɵɦɫɚɫɜɟɞɤɚʆɜɨɡɧɚɝɚ²ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚɜɚɹɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ

ɹɤɿ ɩɚɡɧɟɣɭɧɨɫɿʆ ɚɤɬɞɚɦɨɜɵ ɜɚʆɪɚɞɚɜɵɹ ɤɧɿɝɿ

125

 Ƚɷɬɚɧɟ ɡɦɹɧɹɥɚ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɭ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɧɚɝɚ ɥɿ ɫɬɚ ɹɤɿ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚʆɫɹ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɦ

ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ

Ɋ ɚɡɜɨɞ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɡɝɨɞɵ ɛɚɤɨʆ ɚɞɛɵɜɚʆɫɹ ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɩɪɵ

ʆɞɡɟɥɟ ɚɪɛɿɬɪɚʆ ² ɹɤɿɦ ɭ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɧɟ «SU]\M DFL yá

obopolnych»  əɧɵ ɝɪɚɥɿ ɧɟɦɚɥɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ʆ ɩɚɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ

ɛɚɤɚɦɿ ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɭ  ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɲɬɨ ɞɚ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɧɵɯ ɭɦɨɜɚʆ

Ɍɚɤ ɩɪɵ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɡɟ ɋ ɹɦɺɧɚ ɏɪɚɩɬɨɜɿɱɚ ɿ Ɋ ɚɿɧɵ Ɋɭɫɿɧɚʆɧɵ  ©ɡɚ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧɟ ɢ ɭɝɨɞɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɹ  ɩɪɨɦ ɟɠɤɭ ɧɚɫ « ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɥɚɫɧɭɸ

ɨɫɨɛɭ « ɤɧɹɡɹ Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜɢɱɚ Ʉɨɪɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɵ ɥɭɰɤɨɝɨ ɛɪɚɰ

ɥɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ  ɢ ɜɢɧɢɰɤɨɝɨ «ɤɧɹɡɹ Ɉɫɬɚɮɮɚ ɋɨɤɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɫɭɞ

ɤɚ ɡɟɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɭɰɤɨɝɨ ɚ « ɩɚɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɚ Ʉɨɪɨɬɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɚɪɚ

ɡɟɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɭɰɤɨɝɨ « ɩɪɢɹɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɡɨɛɚɩɨɥɶɧɵɯª

12 6

Ʉɚɥɿ ɝɷɬɚɹ ɞɚɦɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɤɚɧɚɧɚ  ɏɪɚɩɬɨɜ ɿɱ ɭɝɚɜɚ

ɪɵʆ Ɋ ɚɿɧɭ ɤɚɛ ɬɚɹ ɩɚɟɯɚɥɚ ɡ ɿɦ ɧɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵ ɫɟɣɦɿɤ ɜ ɚɥɵɧ

ɫɤɚɟ ɡɹɦɥɿ ɞɡɟ ©ɨ ɬɨɦ ɹɤɨɛɵ ɫɟ ɡɨ ɦ ɧɨɸ ɪɨɡɜɟɥª ² ɩɚɤɚɡɜɚɟ

ɩɨɬɵɦ Ɋɚɿɧɚ ² ©ɡ ɩɪɢɹɬɟɥɢ ɦɨɢɦɢ ɧɚɦ ɨɜɢɬɢ ɦɟɥª

12 7

ɉɪɚ ɪɨɥɸ ɚɪɛɿɬɪɚʆ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ  ɿ ɩɚɤɚɡɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɧɚɣ

ɫɩɪɚɜɟ Ɂɚɝɚɪɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  ɞɡɟ ɝɚɜ ɨɪɵɰɰɚ ɲɬɨ ©ɥɢɫɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɟ

ɧɟ ɩɪɢɹɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟª ɛɵʆ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɩɪɵ ɱɵ ɧɧɵɦ ɭɞɡɟɥɟ ɝɷɬɵɯ

©ɩɪɵ ɹɰɟɥɹʆª ² ©ɟɞɧɚɱɨʆª ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɚʆ ɜ ɟɞɚɦɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ

12 8

ɍɫɟ ɹɧɵ ɩɚɤɚɡɜɚɸɰɶ  ɧɚ ɜɹɥɿɤɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɚɪɛɿɬɪɚɠɭ ʆ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɚɯ

ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ʆɡɚɟɦɧɚɟ ɡɝɨɞɵ

ȼɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɟ ʆ ɪɨɥɿ ɚɪɛɿɬɪɚʆ ɡɟɦɫɤɿɯ ɞɚɫɬɨɣɧɿɤɚʆ ɫɜ ɟɞ

ɱɵɰɶ  ɲ ɬɨ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɟɰɤɚɟ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹ ʆ ɥɿɱɵ ɥɚ ɝɷɬ

ɤɚɟ ɪɚɡɜ ɹɡɚɧɧɟ ɲɥɸɛɭ ɪɷɱɱɭ ɹɤɚɹ ɧɟ ɚɛɪɚɠɚɟ ɝɨɧɚɪɭ ɧɿ ɜɨɞ

ɧɚɝɚ ɡ ɛɚɤɨʆ ɧɚɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɸ ɭɞɡɟɥ ɭ ɹɟ ɡɞɡɹɣɫɧɟɧɧɿ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ

ɧɟ ɞɚɜ ɚʆ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜ ɚʆ ɞɥɹ  ɡɧɹɜɚɝɿ  ² ɞɚ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɡɚɩɪɚ

Ɂɜɵɱɚɺɜɚ ɟɲɥɸɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɭɫɿ ɧɚʆ

224

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɲɚɥɿ ɹɤ ɭɜɨɝɭɥɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɥɸ ɚɪɛɿɬɪɚʆ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɩɚɜɚɠɚɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ

Ⱥɤɬɵʆɧɵ ʆɞɡɟɥ ɭ ɚɠɵɰɰɹʆɥɟɧɧɿɪɚɡɜɨɞɭ ɹɤ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɰɶ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹ

ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɵɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚɛɪɚɥɿɛɚɰɶɤɿɛɚɰɶɤɚɚɥɶɛɨɦɚɰɿʆɞɚɜɚɇɹɪɚɡɿ

ɞɚɥɟɣɲɵɹɤɪɷʆɧɵɹɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɿɬɪɚɰɟɣɫɤɿɦɿɫɭɞɞɡɹɦɿɚɥɶɛɨɡɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɥɿ

ɡɞɡɟɣɫɧɟɧɵɪɚɡɜɨɞ

129

ɉɪɵɱɵɧɚɣɪɚɡɜɨɞɭɧɚɣɱɚɫɰɟɣɛɵɜɚɥɚɧɹɡɝɨɞɧɚɟ

ɫɭɠɵɰɰɺ

130

ɹɤɨɟɧɹɪɚɡɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɥɚɫɹɫɩɪɷɱɤɚɦɿɩɚɦɿɠɡɹɰɟɦɿɠɨɧɱɵɧɚɸ

ɫɹɦ¶ɺɸ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɤɟɩɫɤɚɟ ɚɛɵɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɡ ɠɨɧɤɚɸ ɹɤɨɟ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɥɚ ɹɟ

ɜɹɪɬɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɛɚɰɶɤɨʆɫɤɿ  ɞɨɦ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɱɚɝɨ ɹɟ ɫɹɦ¶ɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ ɡ

ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɟɦɪɚɡɜɨɞɭ ɹɤɩɪɚɜɿɥɚ ɩɚɫɩɹɯɨɜɚɇɚ ɩɚɧɭɸɱɵɹʆ ɝɷɬɚɣ

ɫɮɟɪɵɡɜɵɱɚɿɤɿɞɚɟɫɜɹɬɥɨɫɤɚɪɝɚɹɤɭɸʆɧɺɫɭɝɡɹɦɹɧɿɧȼɚɫɿɥɶ

ɏɚɥɚɧɟʆɫɤɿʆɥɭɰɤɿɹɝɪɨɞɫɤɿɹɤɧɿɝɿȬɧɩɚɞɚɟɲɬɨɠɨɧɤɚɡɹɤɨɸɺɧɠɵʆ

ɭɧɹɡɝɨɞɡɟɭɰɹɤɥɚɞɚɰɟɲɱɵɚɤɚɥɿɺɧɫɬɚʆɧɚɦɚɝɚɰɰɚɤɚɛɹɧɚɞɚɹɝɨ

ɜɹɪɧɭɥɚɫɹɰɟɲɱɚ ɤɚɡɚɥɚɩɟɪɚɞɚɰɶ ɹɦɭ©ə ɞɟɣɤ ɧɟɦɭɠɨɧɵɟɝɨɧɟ

ɩɨɲɥɸɚɥɟɟɦɭɪɚɠɭɢɠɛɵ«ɟɟɜɵɡɜɨɥɢɥɡɦɚɥɠɟɧɶɫɬɜɚɚɨɧɚɟɝɨ

ɛɨ ɜɨɡɶɦɟɬ ɫɨɛɟ ɧɟ ɠɨɧɭ ɨɞɧɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɟɥɹª ɍ ɜ ɵɧɿɤɭ ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ

ɪɚɡɜɨɞ

131

Ɂɝɨɞɧɵ ɪɚɡɜ ɨɞ ɚɞɛɵɜɚʆɫɹ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɡ ɩɪɵ ɱɵɧɵ ɯɜɚɪɨɛɵ

ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɡ ɫɭɠɨɧɤɚʆ ɤɚɥɿ ɯɜɨɪɵ ɫɭɠɨɧɚɤ ɩɪɚɫɿʆ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɿɰɶ ɹɝɨ

ɡ ɫɭɠɨɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɚɸɡɭ ȱ ʆ ɝɷɬɵ ɦ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɧɵ  ɚɤɬ ɦɟʆ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɞɜ ɭɯɛɚɤɨɜ ɚɟ ɡɚɹɜɵ ɛɨ ɡɦɹ ɲɱɚʆ ɿ ɡɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɨɞ

ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɫɭɠɨɧɤɚ

1 32

Ɂɞɚɪɚʆɫɹ  ɡɝɨɞɧɵ ɪɚɡɜɨɞ ɿ ɬɚɞɵ ɤɚɥɿ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɡ ɛɚɤɨʆ ɚɞɱɭ

ɜɚʆ ɡɚ ɫɚɛɨɸ ɜ ɿɧɭ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɚɥ ɫɹ ɦ¶ɿ Ɍɚɤ ɭ ɰɵɬɚɜɚɧɵɦ ɭɠɨ ɧɚɦɿ

ɚɤɰɟ ɪɚɡɜ ɨɞɭ ɩɚɦɿ ɠ Ɏɺɞɚɪɚɦ ɒɤɿ ɪɵɩɚɦ ɿ ɹ ɝɨɧɚɸ ɠɨɧɤɚɸ

Ⱥɪɵɲɤɚɸ  ɝɷɬɚɹ  ɚɩɨɲɧɹɹ  ɫɰɜɟɪɞɡɿɥɚ ɲɬɨ ɡ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɵ  ɫɜɚɿɯ

ɩɪɚɜɿɧɚʆ ɫɬɪɚɰɿɥɚ ɥɸɛɨʆ ɦɭɠɚ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɞɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɨɞ

13 3

 ɐɿɤɚɜɵɦ

ɧɚ ɫɬɨ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɪɚɧɟɣɲɵɦ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɚɦ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɭ ex consensu, ɧɹ 

ɝɥɟɞɡɹ ɱɵ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦɚʆ  ɞɚ

ɜɚɥɿ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɭ ɞɥɹ  ɤɪɵɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɭ ɡ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɵɜɚɣ ɤɚɪɵ

ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ɞɥɹ  ɜɿɧɚɜɚɬɚɟ ɠɨɧɤɿ ɫɥɭɠɵɰɶ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɤ ɹɤɿ ɦɟʆ ɦɟɫɰɚ

ʆ  ɝ  ɜɚ ȸɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɵ ȼɚɥɵ ɧɫɤɿɦ  ɇɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞ ɬɚɦɬɷɣɲ ɚɝɚ

ɝɪɨɞɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɭɞɚ ɬɪɚɩɿ ɥɚ ɞɚɦɨɜɚ ɩɪɚ ɪɚɡɜɹ ɡɚɧɧɟ ɲɥɸɛɭ ɩɚɦɿ ɠ

əɧɭɲɚɦ Ƚɥɿɧɫɤɿɦ ɫɥɭɝɨɸ ɰɿ ɛɚɹɪɵɧɚɦ ɤɧɹɡɹ Ʉɚɧɫɬɚɧɰɿɧɚ

Ⱥɫɬɪɨɠɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɹɝɨɧɚɸ ɠɨɧɤɚɸ Ʉɚɬɚɪɵɧɚɸ Ʉɪɵɤ ɏɚɪɚɤɬɷɪ

ɧɵ ɦɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɤɚɥɿɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɿɱɚɥɿ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɸ ɞɚɦɨ

ɜɵ ɩɪɚ ɪɚɡɜ ɨɞ ɧɟʆɡɚɛɚɜɟ ɩɚ ɜɵ ɯɚɞɡɟ ɡɚɦɭɠ Ʉ ɚɬɚɪɵɧɚ ɤɿɧɭ

ɥɚ ɦɭɠɚ ɿ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ ɠɵɰɶ ɡ ɧɟɣɤɿɦ ə ɧɚɦ ɒɱɚɭɪɫɤɿ ɦ Ʉ ɿɧɭɬɵ

ɦɭɠ ɡ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɚɣ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɚɜɵɯ ɩɚɯɨɥɤɚʆ ɡɧɹ ɜɨɥɿ ʆ ɠɨɧɤɭ ɚ ɡɚ

ɱɭɠɚɥɨɠɫɬɜɚ ɺɣ ɿ ɤɚɯɚɧɤɭ ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɥɚ ɤɚɪɚ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɩɚ

ɩɪɨɫɶɛɟ ɠɨɧɤɿ ɿ ©ɟɞɧɚɱɨʆª ² ɩɪɵɹɰɟɥɹʆ ² Ƚɥɿɧɫɤɿ ɡɝɚɞɡɿʆɫɹ

225

ɧɚɪɚɡɜɨɞȼɨɫɶɠɚɚɛɨɟɫɬɚɥɿɩɟɪɚɞɩɚɞɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɚɦɿɝɪɨɞɫɤɿɦɫɭɞɞɡɺɸɭ

ɱɵɺɣɩɪɵɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿȽɥɿɧɫɤɿɡɚɹɜɿʆɛɚɱɚɱɵɲɬɨɠɨɧɤɚɹɝɨɧɟɤɚɯɚɟɺɧ

ɜɵɡɜɚɥɿʆɹɟɡɫɭɠɨɧɫɤɚɝɚɫɬɚɧɭɿɧɿɹɤɿɯɩɪɚɜɨʆɚɞɝɷɬɭɥɶɧɚɹɟɦɟɰɶɧɟ

ɛɭɞɡɟəɧɚɦɨɠɚɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶɠɵɰɶɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚ«]W\PPĊĪHPNWyUHJRWHUD]

PD² ] -DQHP6]F]DXUVNLP MDNR ZáDVQ\P ĞOXEQ\P»>©ɡɬɵɦ ɦɭɠɚɦ

ɹɤɨɝɚɦɚɟɰɹɩɟɪ²ɡəɧɚɦ ɒɱɚɭɪɫɤɿɦɹɤɭɥɚɫɧɵɦɲɥɸɛɧɵɦª@ɚɩɚ

ɹɝɨɧɚɣɫɦɟɪɰɿɜɵɣɫɰɿɧɚɧɚɜɚɡɚɦɭɠɡɚɤɚɝɨɡɚɯɨɱɚɚɛɵɬɨɣɦɭɠɧɟɛɵʆ

«QDFMLF\JDĔVNLHM»>©ɰɵɝɚɧɫɤɚɟ ɧɚɰɵɿª@Ʉɚɬɚɪɵɧɚ ʆɡɚɟɦɧɚɜɵɡɜɚɥɿɥɚ

ɦɭɠɚɡɫɭɠɨɧɫɤɿɯɜɭɡɚʆɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɸɱɵɹɦɭɧɨɜɵɲɥɸɛ

134

Ɂɚʆɜɚɠɵɦ

ɲɬɨɤɚɥɿɡɚɱɭɠɚɥɨɠɫɬɜɚɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɥɚɤɚɪɚɫɦɟɪɰɿ

135

ɚɤɚɧɚɧɿɱɧɚɟɩɪɚɜɚ

ɤɚɬɷɝɚɪɵɱɧɚ ɡɚɛɚɪɚɧɹɥɚɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɲɥɸɛ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɱɭɠɚɥɨɠɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɞɵɤ

ɬɭɬɹɤɭɪɚɞɬɚɤɿɫɭɠɨɧɤɿɿɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɹɞɭɦɤɚ©ɩɪɵɹɰɟɥɿªɡɱɵɿɦɩɚɫɹ

ɪɷɞɧɿɰɬɜɚɦɚɞɛɵʆɫɹɝɷɬɵɚɤɬɫɬɚɹɥɿɧɚɩɚɡɿɰɵɿɲɬɨɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɚɡɝɨɞɵ

ɛɚɤɨʆɧɚɪɚɡɜɹɡɚɧɧɟɫɬɚɪɨɝɚɲɥɸɛɭɤɚɛɩɪɵɡɧɚɰɶɱɭɠɚɥɨɠɧɵɫɬɚɫɭɧɚɤ

ɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɵɦɩɚɜɨɞɥɟɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɟɞɭɦɤɿɫɭɠɨɧɫɤɿɦɫɚɸɡɚɦ

136

ɉɪɚɡɤɨɥɶɤɿɞɡɟɫɹɬɤɚʆɝɚɞɨʆɭɆɚɝɿɥɺɜɟɠɨɧɤɚɦɚɝɿɥɺʆɫɤɚɝɚɦɟɲ

ɱɚɧɿɧɚȻɚɝɞɚɧɚɅɭɤ¶ɹɧɚɜɿɱɚȸɥɿɬɚɱɭɠɚɥɨɠɧɿɱɚɥɚɡɤɚɡɚɤɚɦɿɹɤɿɹɩɟɪɚ

ɛɵɜɚɥɿʆɹɝɨʆɞɨɦɟ²ɩɪɚɲɬɨɬɵɹɫɚɦɿɫɤɚɡɚɥɿɦɭɠɭ²ɿɫɵɲɥɚɡɿɦɿ

Ʉɚɥɿɠɜɹɪɧɭɥɚɫɹɦɭɠɩɚɤɥɿɤɚʆɹɟʆɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɫɭɞɚɪɰɵɛɿɫɤɭɩɚɩɨɥɚɰɤɚɝɚ

ɹɤɿɞɚʆɹɦɭɪɚɡɜɨɞɡɠɨɧɱɵɧɚɟɜɿɧɵȺɞɧɚɤɩɪɚɡɩɚɪɭɦɟɫɹɰɚʆɪɚɡɜɟɞ

ɡɟɧɵɹ ʆɠɨ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɦ ɭɪɚɞɚɦ

ɡɚɹʆɥɹɸɱɵɲɬɨ©ʆɡɹɥɿʆɝɨɞɭªɩɪɚʆɡɚɟɦɧɚɟɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɟɫɚɲɥɸɛɭȱ

ɬɭɬɡɚɦɟɫɬɤɚɪɵ ɦɚɟɦ ɩɚɝɚɞɧɟɧɧɟɭ ɹɤɿɦ ɩɚɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɱɚɥɿɩɪɵɹɰɟɥɿ ²

©ɟɞɧɚɱɵª²ɿɛɚɰɶɤɚɥɺɝɤɚɞɭɦɧɚɟɠɚɧɱɵɧɵ

137

Ⱥɧɿʆɩɟɪɲɵɦɚɧɿʆɞɪɭɝɿɦɜɵɩɚɞɤɭɧɿɯɬɨʆɜɨɝɭɥɟɧɟɛɪɚʆɩɚɞ

ɭɜɚɝɭɧɿɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚɧɿɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚɩɪɚɜɚɍɞɪɭɝɿɦɜɵɩɚɞɤɭɲɬɨɩɪɚʆ

ɞɵɫɩɪɚɜɚɜɹɥɚɫɹɩɟɪɚɞɚɪɰɵɛɿɫɤɭɩɫɤɿɦɫɭɞɨɦɚɥɟɛɚɤɿ²ɞɵɣɚɬɚɱɷɧɧɟ

² ɚɞɞɚɥɿ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɝɭ ɞɚɦɨɜɟ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɜɚɧɚɣɭɠɨ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɜɵɞɚɱɵ ɜɵɪɚɤɭ

ɚɪɰɵɛɿɫɤɭɩɚɦɹɤɿɩɚɜɨɞɥɟɥɨɝɿɤɿɩɚɜɿɧɟɧɛɵʆɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚɜɵɪɚɲɵɰɶ

ɫɩɪɚɜɭ

Ɍɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɚ ² ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɡɝɨɞɵ ɛɚɤɨʆ ² ɤɚɫɚɜɚ

ɥɚ ɫɭɪɨɜɵɹ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɵ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɹ ɡɝɨɞɧɵɹ ɡ ɸɪɵ

ɞɵɱɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɸ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ

13 8

  ɡɚɦɹɧɹɸɱɵ  ɿ ɯ ɥɿɛɟɪɚɥɶ

ɧɟɣɲɵɦ ɡɜɵɱɚɺɜɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɹ ɡɧɚɣɲɥɚ ɜ ɵɪɚɡ

ɭ ɚɤɰɟ ɚɞ  ɝ Ƚɚɣɞɭɤ ɝɟɬɦɚɧɚ ɏɚɞɤɟɜɿɱɚ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɜɹɪɬɚɧɧɹ ɡ

ɧɹɜɨɥɿɡɚɹɜɿʆɩɟɪɚɞɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɚɦɦɟɫɬɚɆɚɝɿɥɺɜɚɲɬɨɞɚɦɨɜɿʆɫɹɫɚɫɜɚɺɣ

ɠɨɧɤɚɸɹɤɚɹɩɚɤɭɥɶɺɧɛɵʆɭɧɹɜɨɥɿɜɵɣɲɥɚɡɚɦɭɠɡɚɞɪɭɝɨɝɚɆɭɠ

ɡɚɦɟɫɬɬɚɝɨɤɚɛɩɚɰɹɝɧɭɰɶɹɟɞɚɚɞɤɚɡɧɚɫɰɿɡɚɛɿɝɚɦɿɸɹɤɚɹɛɵɥɚɰɹɠɤɿɦ

ɡɥɚɱɵɧɫɬɜɚɦɜɵɡɜɚɥɿʆɹɟɚɞɲɥɸɛɭɀɨɧɤɚʆɡɚɟɦɧɚɚɞɰɭɪɚɥɚɫɹʆɫɹɥɹɤɿɯ

ɩɪɷɬɷɧɡɿɹʆɞɚɹɝɨ

139

Ɂɜɵɱɚɺɜɚ ɟɲɥɸɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɭɫɿ ɧɚʆ

226

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

Ɂɝɨɞɧɚɟɩɚɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɟɞɚɜɹɥɨɬɚɤɫɚɦɚʆɝɞɚɪɚɡɜɨɞɭɡɠɨɧɤɚɸ

əɤɚɜɚɋɚɩɨɰɶɤɚɜɿɱɚɡɆɚɝɿɥɺɜɚɹɤɿɯɚɰɟʆɩɚɣɫɰɿ©ɧɚɩɨɤɭɬɭɞɨɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɹ

ɧɚɩɨɪɚɬɨɜɚɧɟɞɭɲɢª

140

ɍ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚɚɝɚɜ ɨɪɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɲ ɬɨ ɛɚɤɿ ɦɨ

ɝɭɰɶ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɰɶ ɭ ɧɨɜɵɹ ɲɥɸɛɧɵɹ ɫɚɸɡɵ ɛɟɡ ɧɿɹɤɚɟ ɩɟɪɚɲɤɨɞɵ

ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɪɚɡɜ ɟɞɡɟɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɠɨɧɤɚ  Ɍɚɤ  ɡɧɚɺɦɚɹ ʆɠɨ ɧɚɦ Ɇɚɪɵɹ

Ȼɨɪɡɚɛɚɝɚɬɚɹ ɡɚɹɜɿɥɚ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɭɪɚɞɚɦ ©ɉɨɡɜɚɥɹɦ  ɩɚɧɭ əɰɤɭ ɤɨɝɨ

ɯɨɬɹɩɨɧɹɬɢ ɚ ɦɧɟ ɬɟɠɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɩɨɣɬɢª

141

 ȱ ɩɪɚʆ

ɞɚ  ɭɠɨ ɩɪɚɡ ɬɪɵ ɦɟɫɹɰɵ ɹɧɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɿɥɚ ɹɤ ɠɨɧɤɚ ȼɚɫɿɥɹ Ɋɚɝɚ

ɡɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ Ʉɥɚʆɡɭɥɚ ɩɪɚ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɭ ɧɨɜ ɚɝɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɹ  ɫɭɠɨɧɫɤɚɝɚ

ɫɚɸɡɭ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɦɚɥɶ  ɲɬɨ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɧɚɸ

14 2

əɧɚ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɤɥɚʆɡɭɥɚɸ ɚɞɦɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ Ⱥɩɨɲɧɹɹ ɡɦɹɲ

ɱɚɥɚ ɚɞɰɭɪɚɧɧɟ ɛɚɤɨʆ ɚɞ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɠɚɞɚɰɶ  ɭɡɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɡɜɹɡɚɧɚɝɚ

ɫɬɚɧɭ ɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚ Ƚɷɬɚɣ ɤɥɚʆɡɭɥɟ ɧɚɞɚɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ

ɬɚɦɭ ɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɟɦ ɹɟ ʆ ɪɚɡɜ ɨɞɧɵɯɚɤɬɚɯ ɹɤ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɬɚɤ

ɿ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧ

14 3

 Ⱦɥɹʆɦɚɰɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɤɥɚʆɡɭɥɵ ɹ ɤɚɹ ɜɵɪɚɲɚɥɚ

ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɭɸ ɩɷʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɡɞɡɟɣɫɧɟɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɭ  ɭɠɵɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɫɩɨɫɚ

ɛɵ  ɜɹɞɨɦɵɹ ɩɪɵ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɿ ʆɦɨɜɚʆɭ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɇɚɣ

ɱɚɫɰɟɣɲ ɵɦ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɿɯ ɛɵʆ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɇɚ ɹɝɨ ɪɨɥɸ ɜɚ ʆɦɚɰɚɜ ɚɧɧɿ

ɚɞɦɚʆɥɟɧɱɚɟ ɤɥɚʆɡɭɥɵ ɩɚɤɚɡɜɚɸɰɶ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹ ɚɤɬɵ  ɋɜɟɞɱɚɱɵ

ɩɪɚ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɚ ɚɤɬɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɚɝɚ ɤɧɹ ɠɧɨɸ Ɇɚɪɭɲɚɣ

Ɂɛɚɪɚɫɤɚɸ  ɩɪɵ ɺɪ Ʌɹɫɤɨʆɫɤɿ  ɫɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɲɬɨ ©ɛɵɥ ɬɟɧ ɥɢɫɬ

ɩɨɞ ɡɚɪɭɤɚɦɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɚɛɵɫɟ ɬɨɟ ɜɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɵ ɧɟ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚ

ɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɠɚɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɬɚɤɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɦ ɹɤɨ ɢ ɫɜɟɰɤɢɦª

144

 ɇɚɣ

ɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɫɬɚɜɿʆɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ Ɍ ɚɤ ɩɪɵ ɪɚɡ

ɜɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɦɿɠ ə ɧɚɦ ȼɚɥɿɰɤɿɦ ɿ Ɏɹ ɞɨɪɚɣ Ƚɚɥɚɜɿɧɫɤɚɸ ɩɟɪɲɵ ɡɚ

ɛɚɜɹɡɚʆɫɹ ɲ ɬɨ ɤɚɥɿ  ɛ ©ɩɪɟɩɨɦɧɢɜɲɢ ɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɭ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶ ɧɨɝɨ

ɡɚɩɢɫɚ ɦɨɟɝɨ« ɟɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɞɨ ɦɚɥɠɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɬɟɝɚɥ  ɬɨɝ

ɞɵ ɦɚɸ« ɡɚɪɭɤɭɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɬɨɦɭɜ ɤɨɝɨ ɫɟɣ ɥɢɫɬ² ɡɚɩɢɫ

ɦɨɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɢɬɢ ɬɵɫɟɱɭ ɤ ɨɩ ɝɪɨɲɟɣ ɥɢɬɨɜɫɤɢɯª

14 5

ɋɬɚɜɿʆɫɹ ɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ Ɍ ɚɤ ɛɵ ɥɨ ʆ ɪɚɡ

ɜɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɦɿɠ ȱɜ ɚɧɚɦ Ɍɚɪɭɫɚɦ ɿ  ɹ ɝɨɧɚɸ ɠɨɧɤɚɣ Ɇɚɪɵɧɚɣ

1 46

Ɇɚɪɵɹ  Ȼɨɪɡɚɛɚɝɚɬɚɹ ɡ ə ɰɤɚɦ Ⱦɚɛɪɚɱɵɥɶɫɤɿɦ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɜɚɸɰɰɚ

ɤɨɸɟɝɨɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɟɦɢɥɨɫɬɢɩɹɬɢɫɨɬɤɨɩɚɦɢɝɪɨɲɟɣª

147

ɇɹɪɚɡɡɚɤɥɚɞ

ɧɚɤɚɪɵɫɰɶɞɪɭɝɨɝɚɛɨɤɭɫɩɚɥɭɱɚʆɫɹɡɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɧɚɤɚɪɵɫɰɶɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ

ɑɚɫɚɦɤɚɥɿɚɝɚɜɨɪɜɚɥɿɫɹɩɷʆɧɵɹɞɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɵɹɛɨɥɶɲɤɚɧɤɪɷɬɧɵɹ

ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɵɹɧɵɩɚɞɦɚɰɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹʆɦɨʆɧɵɦɫɦɹɪɨɬɧɵɦɩɚɤɚɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɍ

ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭɪɚɡɜɨɞɭɄɚɬɚɪɵɧɵɄɪɵɤɡəɧɭɲɚɦȽɥɿɧɫɤɿɦɛɚɤɿɩɚɞɦɚɰɚɜɚɥɿ

ɞɚɦɨɜɭʆɡɚɟɦɧɵɦɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɩɚɞɡɜɟɫɰɟɤɨɩɝɪɨɲɚɣɿɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɭɬɵɦɠɚ

227

ɩɚɦɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ Ɂɜɵɲ ɬɚɝɨ Ʉɚɬɚɪɵɧɚ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɞ

ɩɚɝɪɨɡɚɸɤɚɪɵɫɦɟɪɰɿɧɟɜɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶɡɚɦɭɠ²ɩɚɫɥɹɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɟɫɦɟɪɰɿ

ɰɹɩɟɪɚɲɧɹɝɚɦɭɠɚ²ɡɚɰɵɝɚɧɚɉɚɞɨɛɧɭɸʆɦɨʆɧɭɸɤɚɪɭɩɪɵɧɹʆɧɚ

ɫɹɛɟ ɜɭɝɨɪɚɰ əɧɭɲ ɇɚɞɡɶ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɜɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɭ ɩɚɤɿɧɭɰɶ

ȼɚɥɵɧɶɿɧɟɬɭɪɛɚɜɚɰɶɛɵɥɨɟɠɨɧɤɿɿɹɟɛɚɰɶɤɿ

148

ɍɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɦɩɪɚɜɟɦɵ

ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɟɦɫɹɡɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɧɚɤɚɪɵɫɰɶɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɚ

149

ɍ ɚɤɬɚɯ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɬɵ ɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɪɚɡɜ ɨɞɚʆ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ʆɡɚɟɦɧɚɟ

ɡɝɨɞɵ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ ɪɨʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɥɚʆ  ɿ ɤɚɥɿ ɿɲɥɨɫɹ

ɩɪɚ ɿɧɿɰɵɹɬɵɜɭ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɭ ɿ ɤɚɥɿ ² ɩɪɚ ɡɝɨɞɭ ɞɚɰɶ ɹɝɨ Ⱥɛɵ

ɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɡ ɱɭɠɚɥɨɠɧɚɸ ɠɨɧɤɚɸ  ɥɚɝɚɞɧɟɣɲɚɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵ

ɰɵ  ɱɵɦɫɹ ʆ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ  ɫɜ ɟɞɱɵ ɰɶ ɲɬɨ ʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɣ

ɞɭɦɰɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɠɚɧɱɵɧɵ  ʆɫɩɪɵɦɚɥɚɫɹ  ɹ ɤ ɛɨɥɶ ɲ ɪɚʆɧɚ

ɩɪɚʆɧɚɟ ɱɵ ɦɫɹ ʆ ɩɪɚɜɟ Ⱥɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɚɥɺɤɚ ɞɚ ɿɞɵɥɿɿ

ɹɤɭɸ ɥɸɛɿɥɚ ɩɚɤɚɡɜɚɰɶ ɞɚʆɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ  Ⱥɩɨɲ ɧɹɹ ɩɚɞ

ɬɪɵ ɦɥɿɜɚɥɚ ɩɨɝɥɹ ɞ ɲ ɬɨ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ ɧɚ ȸɤɪɚɿɧɟ  © ɠɚɧɱɵɧɚ ʆ

;9, ɿ ;9,,ɫɬ  ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɥɚɫɹ ɲ ɵɪɨɤɿɦ ɚɛɫɹɝɚɦ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɚʆ ɿ ɩɪɚ

ɜɨʆ  ɚɦɚɥɶ ɧɟ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɚɸɱɵ ɦɭɠɱɵɧɭ ʆ ɩɚʆɧɚɰɟ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɫɤɿɯ

ɩɪɚɜɨʆª

15 0

  ɇɚɦ ɜɹ ɞɨɦɵɹ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɿ ɝɜɚɥɬɨʆɧɚɝɚ ʆɡɹ ɰɰɹ  ɠɚɧ

ɱɵɧ ɡɚɦɭɠ ɤɚɥɿ ɡ ɿɯɧɚɣ ɜɨɥɹɸ ɧɟ ɥɿɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɿ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɚɞɦɵ

ɫɥɨɜ ɚɹ  ɪɚɲ ɭɱɚɫɰɶ  ɿ  ɫɩɪɵɹ ɥɶɧɵɹ ɚɤɚɥɿɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɞɚɡɜ ɚɥɹɥɿ ɧɟɤɚ

ɬɨɪɵ ɦ ɹɤɪɚɡ ɬɚɦɭ ɦɵ  ɩɪɚ ɿɯ ɿ ɜɟɞɚɟɦ ɜ ɵɡɜɚɥɿɰɰɚ ɡ ɩɪɵɦɭ

ɫɨɜɚɝɚ ɲɥɸɛɭ ɿ ɞɚɦɚɝɱɵɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɭ

15 1

Ɋ ɚɡɜɨɞ ɡ ɭɡɚɟɦɧɚɟ ɡɝɨɞɵ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɛɵʆ ɫɚɩ

ɪɚʆɞɵ ɞɨɛɪɚɚɯɜ ɨɬɧɵ  ɯɨɰɶ ɦɨɦɚɧɬ ɞɚɛɪɚɜɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɡɚɹ ɜɚɯ

ɛɚɤɨʆ ɪɷɝɭɥɹɪɧɚ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆɫɹ ɍ  ɝ ɡɹ ɦɹɧɤɚ Ɇɚɪɵɹ

Ɇɹɥɟɲ ɤɚɜɚ ɚɩɿ ɫɜɚɟ ʆ ɥɿɫɰɟ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɵ ɦ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɚɜɚɦɭ

ʆɪɚɞɭ  ɩɚɞɪɚɛɹɡɧɵ ɹ ɫɰɷɧɵ ɡɞɡɟɤɭ ɿ ɤɚɬɚɜɚɧɧɹʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɡɚɡɧɚɜɚ

ɥɚ ɚɞ ɦɭɠɚ ɉɪɚɤɨɩɚ ȼɨʆɱɤɚɀɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  ɹ ɤɿ  ɩɨɬɵɦ ©ɩɪɢ

ɦɭɫɢɜɲɢ ɦɟɧɟ ɩɨ ɞɜɚɤɪɨɬ ɞɨ ɭɪɚɞɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ȼɨɥɨɞɵ

ɦɢɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɨɱ ɢ ɦɟɧɟ ɜɨɡɢɥ ɢ ɜɨɞɢɥ ɢ ɡ ɩɪɢɦɭɲɟɧɟɦ ɪɨɡɤɚɡɨ

ɜɚɥ ɦɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɹɞɟ ɡɟɡɧɚɧɟ ɱɢɧɢɬɢ  ɚɛɵɯ ɹ ɟɝɨ ɡ ɦɚɥɠɟɧɫɬɜɚ

ɜɨɥɶɧɵɦɭɱɢɧɢɥɚª

152

əɤɱɚɫɬɚɬɚɤɨɟɡɞɚɪɚɥɚɫɹɦɵɧɟɜɟɞɚɟɦɿɦɚɛɵɰɶ

ɧɟɞɚɜɟɞɚɟɦɫɹɧɿɤɨɥɿ

Ⱥɥɟ ɩɷʆɧɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɿɲɱɚ ɠɚɧɱɵɧɵ ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ Ɋɭɫɿ

² ɯɨɰɶ ɿ ɞɚɥɺɤɚɟ ɚɞ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɿɲɱɚ ɦɭɠɱɵ ɧɵ  ² ɡɚɫɬɚɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ

ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɵɦ Ƚɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɿ ʆ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚɯ ɠɚɧɱɵɧɵɲɥɹɯɰɹɧɤɿ ɹɤɿɹ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ ɺɣ ɩɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚʆ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɯ ɿ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿ ɜɚɥɚ ɹɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲ ɱɚ ɚɞ

ɛɹɫɩɪɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɧɚ Ɇɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɚɣ Ɋ ɭɫɿ

15 3

  ɇɚ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɯ Ɂɚɯɨɞ

ɧɹ ɟ Ɋɭɫɿ ɩɟɪɚɜ ɚɠɚʆ ɪɚɡɜ ɨɞ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɡɝɨɞɵ ɛɚɤɨʆ ɞɡɟ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ

Ɂɜɵɱɚɺɜɚ ɟɲɥɸɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɭɫɿ ɧɚʆ

228

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯɛɚɤɨʆɛɵɥɿɮɚɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɪɨʆɧɵɹɚʆɜɵɩɚɞɤɭɚɞɧɚɛɚɤɨɜɚɝɚɪɚɡ

ɜɨɞɭɿɧɿɰɵɹɬɵɜɚɦɚɝɥɚɫɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶɹɤɚɞɦɭɠɚɬɚɤɿɚɞɠɨɧɤɿɬɵɦɱɚɫɚɦ

ɹɤɭɦɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɚɣɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɟɝɷɬɚɟɪɚɲɷɧɧɟɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚʆɪɭɤɚɯ

ɦɭɠɱɵɧɵȺɞɝɷɬɭɥɶɞɨɫɵɰɶɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɚɸɮɨɪɦɚɣɪɚɡɜɨɞɭɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ

ɫɹɪɨɞɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɯɫɥɚɺʆɧɚɆɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɚɣɊɭɫɿɛɵɥɿɩɪɵɦɭɫɨɜɵɹde facto

ɩɚɫɬɪɵɠɵɧɵɠɨɧɤɿɆɭɠɡɞɚɜɨɥɿʆɲɵɫɹɠɨɧɤɚɸɚɞɞɚɜɚʆɹɟ²ɧɹɪɚɡ

ɭɠɵɜɚɸɱɵɧɚɜɚɬɮɿɡɿɱɧɵɩɪɵɦɭɫ²ɭɦɚɧɚɫɬɵɪɚɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɵɩɪɚɡɹɟ

ɦɚɧɚɫɤɿɹɚɛɟɬɵɚɞɩɭɬɚʆɫɬɚɪɨɝɚɲɥɸɛɭɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚɡɚɤɥɸɱɚʆɧɨɜɵ

154

ɇɚɡɟɦɥɹɯɹɤɿɹɫɬɚɥɿɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɚɦɧɚɲɚɝɚɞɨɫɥɟɞɭɬɚɤɿɹɮɚɤɬɵɧɟ

ɡɞɚɪɚɥɿɫɹɆɚɛɵɰɶɝɷɬɚɛɵɥɨɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɧɚɬɵɦɲɬɨɬɭɬɞɡɟɚɞɞɚɥɟɧɚɹɿɧɟ

ɜɟɥɶɦɿɦɨɰɧɚɹɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹʆɥɚɞɚɧɟɪɚɛɿɥɚɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚʆɩɥɵɜɭɧɚɝɪɚɦɚɞ

ɫɤɚɟɠɵɰɰɺɿɦɨɠɧɚɛɵɥɨɚɞɧɨɫɧɚɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚɤɭɥɶɬɵɜɚɜɚɰɶɞɚʆɧɿɹɡɜɵɱɚɿ

ɞɚʆɧɿɹɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɿɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹɞɚʆɠɷɣ

155

Ʉɚɥɿɫɹɪɨɞɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɯɿɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɯ

ɫɥɚɺʆɡɚɯɨɞɧɟɪɭɫɤɚɝɚɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚɫɜɚɛɨɞɚɪɚɡɜɨɞɚʆɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚɜɵɪɚɡɭ

ɪɚɡɪɵɜɟɲɥɸɛɭɫɚɡɝɨɞɵɛɚɤɨʆɭɮɨɪɦɟɞɜɭɯɛɚɤɨɜɚɟʆɦɨɜɵɩɿɫɶɦɨɜɚɟ

ɚɥɶɛɨʆɧɟɫɟɧɚɟɜɚʆɪɚɞɚɜɵɹɤɧɿɝɿɬɨɫɹɪɨɞɥɸɞɭɫɜɚɛɨɞɚɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ

ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹɆɚɝɱɵɦɚɹɧɚɛɵɥɚɜɨɞɝɭɤɚɦɪɚɧɟɣɲɚɝɚɫɬɚɧɭɤɚɥɿɫɜɚɛɨɞɚ

ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ ɲɥɸɛɭ ɿɲɥɚ ɬɚɤɞɚɥɺɤɚ ɲɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɝɷɬɚɝɚɯɚɩɚɥɚ ɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɚ

ɜɵɤɚɡɚɧɚɝɚɠɚɞɚɧɧɹɚɞɧɚɝɨɡɫɭɠɨɧɤɚʆȽɷɬɚɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶɜɵɪɚɡɭɰɵɬɚ

ɜɚɧɵɯɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɵɹɯɭɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɿɯɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɜɚʆɚɞɝɍɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɵɿɛɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ

ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɜɚɱɵɬɚɟɦ «5R]ZRG\$ NWyU\WHĪ FKFHĪRQĊ RSXĞFLüDOER ĪRQD

PĊĪDGDZDWHQNWRSU]\F]\QĊGDGRWHJRJU]\ZLHQWU]\»>©ɊɚɡɜɨɞɵȺ

ɤɚɥɿɯɬɨɯɨɱɚɠɨɧɤɭɤɿɧɭɰɶɚɥɶɛɨɠɨɧɤɚɦɭɠɚɬɨɣɯɬɨɩɚɞɚɫɰɶɞɥɹ

ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɭ  ɞɚɟ ɬɪɵ  ɝɪɵʆɧɵª @

156

 ɚ ɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɵɹ  ɪɚɬɧɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ

ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɜɚɬɥɭɦɚɱɵɰɶ«5R]ZRG\²WRMHVWJG\VLĊNWyUHPXPĊĪRZLĪRQD

QLHSRGREDáDDOER PąĪĪRQLH»>©Ɋɚɡɜɨɞɵ ²ɝɷɬɚɡɧɚɱɵɰɶɤɚɥɿ ɹɤɨɦɭ

ɦɭɠɭɠɨɧɤɚɧɟɩɚɞɚɛɚɥɚɫɹɚɥɶɛɨɦɭɠɠɨɧɰɵª@

157

ɍɫɭɫɟɞɧɹɣȽɚɥɿɰɤɚɣ

Ɋɭɫɿ ɥɸɫɬɪɚɬɚɪɤɚɥɚɦɵɣɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɜɚɡɚɩɿɫɚʆ«Rozpusty — jako w

RQ\PNUDMX5XĞVZDZROQD]ODGDSU]\F]\Q\]ĪRQąPLHV]NDüQLHFKFHDER

WDNĪHĪRQD]PĊĪHP»>©Ɋɚɡɜɨɞɵ²ɹɤɭɬɵɦɤɪɚɿɫɜɚɜɨɥɶɧɚɹɊɭɫɶɡɚɛɵ

ɹɤɨɟɩɪɵɱɵɧɵɧɟ ɯɨɱɚ ɠɵɰɶɡ ɠɨɧɤɚɸ ɚɛɨ ɠɨɧɤɚɡɦɭɠɚɦª@

158

 ɍ

ɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ Ƚɚɥɿɰɤɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɜɚ ɱɵɬɚɟɦ «Rozwody, gdy który Rusin

VZDZROQ\ FKFH VLĊ ] ĪRQąUR]ZLHĞüDOER WHĪĪRQD ] PĊĪHPFKRüE\ WR

VáXV]QLH NDUDü F]\P LQV]\PD ZV]DNRĪ ZHGáXJ RE\F]DMX GDZQR ]áHJR

ELRUąRGWDNRZ\FK]DPNRZ\FKZLQSRWU]\JU]\ZQ\»>©Ɋɚɡɜɨɞɵɤɚɥɿɹɤɿ

ɫɜɚɜɨɥɶɧɵɪɭɫɿɧɯɨɱɚɪɚɡɜɟɫɰɿɫɹɡɠɨɧɤɚɸɚɥɶɛɨɠɨɧɤɚɡɦɭɠɚɦɯɨɰɶ

ɝɷɬɚɜɚɪɬɚɤɚɪɚɰɶɱɵɦɿɧɲɵɦɚɥɟɩɚɜɨɞɥɟɞɚʆɧɹɝɚɥɿɯɨɝɚɡɜɵɱɚɸɡɬɚɤɿɯ

ɛɹɪɭɰɶ ɡɚɦɤɚɜɵɯ ɜɿɧ ɩɚ ɬɪɵ ɝɪɵʆɧɵª@

159

 ɉɚɞɨɛɧɚ ʆ ɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ

Ʌɸɛɚɱɷʆɫɤɚɝɚɩɚɜɟɬɭ«5R]ZRG\EH]ERĪQHWHĪWDPGRW\FKF]DVyZMHV]F]H

229

ɛɨɠɧɵɹɪɚɡɜɨɞɵɬɚɤɫɚɦɚɬɚɦɹɲɱɷɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶɬɪɵɜɚɸɰɶɡɚɲɬɨɬɨɣɯɬɨ

ɩɪɵɱɵɧɚɣɪɚɡɜɨɞɭɞɚɟɬɪɵɝɪɵʆɧɵª@

160

Ɂ ɩɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɯ ɡɝɚɞɚɤ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ  ɥɺɝɤɚɫɰɶ  ɪɚɡɜɨɞɚʆ ɫɹ 

ɪɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɜ ɹɫɤɨɜɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿ ɰɬɜɚ  ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɟ ɲ ɬɨ

ɞɚ ɿ ɧɿɰɵ ɹɬɵɜɵ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ ɲɥɸɛɭ  ɡ ɹ ɤɨɸ ɦɨɠɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɰɶ  ɹ ɤ

ɦɭɠ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ɠɨɧɤɚ   ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɡ ɞɜɭɯɛɚɤɨɜɚɟ

ɡɝɨɞɵ  ɡ ɿɧɿɰɵɹ ɬɵɜɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ  ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɡ ɫɭɠɨɧɤɚʆ ɒɬɨ ɚɞɧɚɛɚ

ɤɨɜɚɟ ɜɨɥɿ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ ɲ ɥɸɛɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɚ  ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ  ɰɵɬɚ

ɜɚɧɵ ɜɵɲɷɣ ɩɪɵ ɤɥɚɞ ɫɹɥɹ ɧɤɿ Ɇɚɪɤɿ  ɹɤɚɹ  ɫɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ʆɰɹ ɤɥɚ

ɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɧɚ ɹɟ ɦɭɠɚ

ɋɹɪɨɞ ɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɯ ɫɥɚɺʆ ɭ ɫɜɟɰɤɿɯ ɫɭɞɚɯ ɬɚɤɿɯ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɚʆ

ɦɵ ɧɟ ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɟɦ ɒɬɨɩɪɚʆɞɵ  ɏɪɚɩɬɨɜɿɱ ɦɨɝ ɡɧɭɞɡɿʆɲɵɫɹ

ɰɹɠɤɿɦɿ  ɿ ɞɨʆɝɿɦɿ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɜ ɚɦɿ ɩɪɚ ɪɚɡɜɨɞ ɡ Ɋ ɚɿɧɚɸ Ɋ ɭɫɿɧɚʆ

ɧɚɣ ɩɚɤɿɧɭɰɶ ɹɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɣɦɿɤɭ ɜɚɥɵɧɫɤɚɟ ɡɹɦɥɿ  ʆ Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɟɱɤɭ  ɚ

ɦɚɥɠɟɧɫɬɜɟ ɦ ɟɲɤɚɬɢ ɧɟ ɯɨɱɭª ɿ ʆɫɺ ɠ ɜɨɥɹ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ

ɛɨɤɭ ² ɭ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɚɞ ɬɚɝɨ  ɹ ɤ ɜɹɥɨɫɹ  ɦɿɠ ɫɹɥɹ ɧ ² ɬɭɬ

ɡɭɫɿɦ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɚɸ Ɋ ɚɡɜɨɞ ɦɟʆ ɞɜɭɯɛɚɤɨɜɵ ɯɚɪɚɤ

ɬɚɪ  ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɞɡɟɥɹ  ɬɚɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɺɧ ɪɚɡɭɦɟʆɫɹ  ɹ ɤ ɞɚɦɨɜ ɚ ɩɪɚ

ɫɩɵɧɟɧɧɟ ɲɥɸɛɭ  ɡ ɹ ɤɨɸ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɚɫɹ ʆɡɝɚɞɧɟɧɧɟ ɦɚɺɦɚɫ

ɧɵɯ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɹ ʆ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵ ɣɧɵɦ ɚɤɬɚɦ ɬɭɬ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɝɨɞɧɚɹ

ɜɨɥɹ  ɛɚɤɨʆ ɬɵɦ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɹɤ ɩɪɵ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɞɞɚɧɵ ɯ ɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɚ

ɛɵɥɨ ɜɨɥɿ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ  ɹɤɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɚɸ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ ɩɚɧɚ

ɚɥɶɛɨɹɝɨʆɪɚɞɧɿɤɚɞɚɰɶɪɚɡɜɨɞɍɝɷɬɵɦɞɪɭɝɿɦɜɵɩɚɞɤɭɧɨɜɵɸɪɵ

ɞɵɱɧɵɫɬɚɧɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɬɨɥɶɤɿɡɝɨɞɚɧɚɱɚɥɶɫɬɜɚ

ɉɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɸɱɵ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɚʆ ɡ ɭɡɚɟɦɧɚɟ ɡɝɨɞɵ

ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵ ɤɿ ɞɚʆɧɨ ʆɠɨ ɡɚʆɜɚɠɵɥɿ ɲɬɨ ʆ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɵɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ

ɛɹɫɩɟɤɿª  ɞɥɹ  ɫɭɬɵɱɚɤ ɭ ɫɹɦɟɣɧɵɦ ɠɵɰɰɿ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɿɧɚɤɲ ɧɹɪɚɡ

ɜɹɥɿ ɛ ɞɚ ɤɪɵɜɚɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɮɥɿ ɤɬɚʆ

16 1

ɉɪɵɯɿɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ ɞɚ ɞɚʆɧɟɣɲɵɯ ɡɜɵɱɚɹ ʆ  ɤɚɪɵɫɧɚɫɰɶ ɹɤɿɯ

ɞɥɹ  ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜ ɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɚɸ  ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɚɸ ɬɚɝɨ

ɲɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹɯ  ɤɭɞɵ ʆɩɥɵɜɵ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɟ ɿ

ɫɜɟɰɤɚɟ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɞɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɡ ɰɹɠɤɚɫɰɸ ɿ ɫɚ ɫɩɚɡɧɟɧɧɟɦ  ɚɩɿɫɚ

ɧɵ ɹ ɜ ɵɲɷɣ ɡɜɵɱɚɿ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɹ ɲɱɷ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɭ ;9,,,ɫɬ Ɍɚɤ ɧɚ

ɥɟɜɚɛɹ ɪɷɠɧɚɣ  ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɚɣ ɋ ɥɚɛɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɟ  ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɚɣ

ɤɚɡɚɤɚɦɿ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ;9,,,ɫɬ ɭ ɜ ɚɤɨɥɿɰɚɯ ɏɚɪɤɚɜɚ ɬɚɦ

ɬɷɣɲɵ ɹ ɠɵɯɚɪɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɫɚɛɟ ɩɿɫɶɦɨɜɵɹ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɿ ɫɚ ɲɥɸ

Ɂɜɵɱɚɺɜɚ ɟɲɥɸɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɭɫɿ ɧɚʆ

230

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɛɭɡɩɪɚɜɚɦɛɟɫɩɟɪɚɲɤɨɞɧɚɝɚɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɹɧɨɜɚɝɚɲɥɸɛɧɚɝɚɫɚɸɡɭɍɪɭ

ɚɬɚɦɚɧɚɫɥɚɛɚɞɵɚɥɶɛɨɫɜɹɬɚɪɚɿɫɜɟɞɤɚʆ

162

Ⱦɭɯɨʆɧɵɹɠɭɥɚɞɵʆɠɨɧɟ

ɩɪɵɦɚɥɿɬɚɤɨɝɚɫɬɚɧɭɪɷɱɚʆɿɧɚɤɥɚɞɚɥɿɧɚɜɿɧɚɜɚɬɵɯɤɚɪɵɧɟɞɚɩɭɫɤɚɸ

ɱɵɞɚɪɚɡɜɨɞɭ

163

ȼɚɪɬɚ ɡɚʆɜɚɠɵɰɶ  ɲ ɬɨ ʆ ɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɵɯ ɫɥɚɜɹ ɧ ɪɚɡɜɨɞ ɡ ɭɡɚ

ɟɦɧɚɟ ɡɝɨɞɵ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚʆɫɹ  ʆ ɲ ɦɚɬ ɹɤɿ ɯ ɦɹɫɰɿɧɚɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɸ ɡɜɵ

ɱɚɺɜɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɹ ɲɱɷ ɭ ;,; ɫɬ əɦɭ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɿɱɚɥɚɞɚɦɨɜɚ ɩɚɦɿɠ

ɫɟɦ¶ ɹ ɦɿ  ɫɭɠɨɧɤɚʆ ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɫɚɦɿɦɿ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵɦɿ  ɚɫɨɛɚɦɿ  ɺɧ

ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚʆɫɹ  ɡ ɪɨɡɧɵɦɿ ɫɿɦɜɚɥɿɱɧɵɦɿ ɚɛɪɚɞɚɦɿ  ɧɚɩɪ   ɪɚɡɪɵ 

ɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɦɭɠɚɦ ɹ ɤɨɣɧɟɛɭɞɡɶ ɪɷɱɵ  ɯɭɫɬɤɿ ɲɚɥɹ  ɹ ɤɚɹ ɧɚɥɟ

ɠɚɥɚ ɠɨɧɰɵ  ɩɟɪɚɞ ɫɜ ɹ ɬɚɪɨɦ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɫɭɞɨɦ  ɉɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɹ

ɰɚɪɤɜɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵ ɰɵ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɿ ɫɧɭɸɱɚɟ ɡɜɵ 

ɱɚɺɜɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɚɝɚɞɠɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɧɚ ʆɞɡɟɥ ɫɜɹɬɚɪɨʆ ɭ ɪɚɡ

ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɚɛɪɚɞɚɯ  əɤ ɡɚʆɜ ɚɠɚɟ Ȼ Ȼɨɝɿɲ ɵɱ  ɬɷɚɪɷɬɵɱɧɚ ɦɭɠ

ɫɚɦ ɦɨɝ ɩɪɚɝɧɚɰɶ ɠɨɧɤɭ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɸɱɵ ɬɵɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɲɥɸɛ Ⱥɥɟ

ɤɚɥɿ ɺɧ ɪɚɛɿ ʆ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɫɭɪ¶ɺɡɧɚɟ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɵ ɹ ɝɨ ɱɚɤɚɥɚ ɤɪɵɜɚ

ɜɚɹ  ɩɨɦɫɬɚ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɠɨɧɱɵɧɚɝɚ ɪɨɞɭ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɫɥɭɠɵɥɚ ɞɡɟɣɫɧɚɣ

ɩɟɪɚɲɤɨɞɚɣ ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ ɡɥɨʆɠɵ ɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɝɷɬɵ ɦ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɦ

1 64

ɇɚɞɚʆɧɹɟ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟɫɜɚɛɨɞɵ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɚʆɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ divortium ex

consensu ɩɚɤɚɡɜɚɟ ɿɯ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɚɫɰɶ ɭ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɹɪɷɞɧɹɜɟɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɚ

ɦɚɞɫɬɜɚɯȺɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɪɚɧɧɹɟɡɚɯɨɞɧɹɟ ɋɹɪɷɞɧɹɜɟɱɱɚɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɟɧɚɦɭ

ɝɷɬɵɦɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿɜɨɛɪɚɡɛɥɿɡɤɿɞɚɜɹɞɨɦɚɝɚɧɚɦɡɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɹʆɧɚɅɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɣɊɭɫɿəɤɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɟ«LexRomana Burgundionum»: «Consensu partis

ɩɭɫɰɿɰɶ ɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚª @ tit. XXI De divort iis,

DUW).

ɉɚɞɨɛɧɭɸɩɚɡɿɰɵɸɡɚɣɦɚɥɚɿ ɮɪɚɧɤɫɤɚɟɩɪɚɜɚɊɚɡɜɨɞɧɵɹɮɨɪ

ɦɭɥɵ ɦɵɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɟɦ ɭ ɮɚɪɦɭɥɹɪɚɯ 9,,±9,,, ɫɬ ɉɪɚ ȼɿɡɚɧɬɵɸ ʆɠɨ

ɝɚɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹɜɵɲɷɣɚɥɟɿʆȱɬɚɥɿɿɮɨɪɦɭɥɵɤɚɡɚɥɿ«dedivortiis bona gratia

165

ɉɟɪɲɵɩɪɚɥɨɦ

ɬɭɬɚɞɛɵʆɫɹɡɚɄɚɪɥɚȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚɹɤɿɚɛɜɹɫɰɿʆɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɧɟɪɚɡɪɵʆɧɚɫɰɿ

ɲɥɸɛɭ

166

ɍɬɵɦɠɚɤɿɪɭɧɤɭɪɚɡɜɿɜɚʆɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɵɸȽɿɧɤɦɚɪɫɥɚɜɭɬɵ

ɚɪɰɵɛɿɫɤɭɩ Ɋɷɣɦɫɤɿ ± ɹɤɿ ɩɪɵɫɜɹɰɿʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɚʆ

ɚɞɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ

167

ɍɿɦɺɧɜɵɤɚɡɜɚʆɫɹʆɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɟɡɚɧɟɪɚɡɥɭɱɧɚɫɰɶ

ɲɥɸɛɭ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɸɱɵ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɿɧɚɩɪ ɭ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɪɚɫɩɭɫɬɵ

ɠɨɧɤɿɲɬɨɿɧɚɞɭɦɤɭɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɿɫɬɚʆɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɭɞɥɹɪɚɡɜɨɞɭ

168

Ⱥɛ

ɩɪɚɰɹɝɥɵɦɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɿɧɚɁɚɯɚɞɡɟɮɨɪɦɚʆɹɤɿɹɚɞɩɚɜɹɞɚɥɿɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɦɝɪɚ

ɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɜ ɟɞɱɵɰɶɮɚɤɬ ɲɬɨ ɹɲɱɷ ʆ ;,,,±;,9 ɫɬ ɤɚɥɿ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɵ

231

ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩ ɧɟɪɚɡɥɭɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɲɥɸɛɭ ʆɠɨ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɝ ɫɜɟɰɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɚ

ɧɚɫɭɩɟɪɚɤɤɚɧɚɧɿɱɧɚɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭɩɪɵɡɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɰɵɸ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɡɝɨɞɵ

ɛɚɤɨʆɍɎɪɚɧɰɵɿɚɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚʆȱɬɚɥɿɿȱɫɩɚɧɿɿɿɇɹɦɟɱɱɵɧɟɞɚɦɨɜɚɩɪɚ

ɫɟɩɚɪɚɰɵɸɩɚɜɨɞɥɟɡɝɨɞɵɫɭɠɨɧɤɚʆ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɚɫɹɲɥɹɯɚɦɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɚɝɚ

ɚɤɬɚɭɡɦɨɰɧɟɧɚɝɚɩɪɵɫɹɝɚɸɛɚɤɨʆəɧɚɩɪɵɦɚɥɚɮɨɪɦɭɚɤɬɚɚɞɰɭɪɚɧɧɹ

ɚɞ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɿ ɜɹɪɬɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɫɭɠɨɧɫɤɿ ɫɬɚɧ ɉɚɤɬɵ ɚɛ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɰɵ ɿ

ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɵɹ ɜɚʆɫɿɯ ɝɪɭɩɚʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɭ ʆ

ɫɜɟɰɤɚɣɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿɹɤɚɹɩɪɵɫɜɨɿɥɚɫɚɛɟɩɪɚɜɚɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɭɫɩɪɚɜɚʆɚɛ

ɫɟɩɚɪɚɰɵɿɛɟɡɜɨɡɿɪɤɭɧɚɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɚɟɩɪɚɜɚ

169

ɏɨɰɶɦɵɝɪɭɧɬɭɟɦɫɹɬɨɥɶɤɿɧɚɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɦɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɟɚɞɧɚɤ

ɥɭɰɤɚɹɿʆɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɫɤɚɹɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɹɤɧɿɝɿɡȼɚɥɵɧɿɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɹɤɧɿɝɿɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ

Ɇɚɝɿɥɺɜɚ ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ ɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ ʆɤɪɚɿɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɜɚʆ ɞɚɩɨʆɧɟɧɵɹ

ɿɧɲɵɦɿ  ʆɪɵ ʆɤɚɜɵɦɿ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɚɦɿ ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɸɰɶ ɧɚɦ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɚɰɶ

ɩɚɧɭɸɱɵ ʆ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɝɥɹɞ ɚɛ ɡɧɚɱɧɵɦɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɧɿ ɫɜɟɰɤɿɯ

ɪɚɡɜɨɞɚʆɧɚɡɟɦɥɹɯɅɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟɊɭɫɿɿȸɤɪɚɿɧɵ

170

Ȭɧɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶɩɚɰɜɟɪ

ɞɠɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɹɯɿɧɲɚɡɟɦɰɚʆ ɩɪɚ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɭɡɜɵɱɚɹʆ ɿ ɥɺɝɤɚɫɰɶ

ɪɚɡɜɨɞɚʆɧɚɅɿɬɜɟɧɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ;9,,ɫɬɲɬɨɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɛɵɥɨɤɿɞɚɰɰɚʆɜɨɱɵ

ɩɚɛɨɱɧɵɦɧɚɡɿɪɚɥɶɧɿɤɚɦ

171

ɉɪɚɝɷɬɚɞɨɤɚɡɧɚɫɜɟɞɱɚɰɶɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹɚɤɬɵ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɨʆɹɤɿɹɬɵɱɚɰɰɚɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿʆɝɷɬɚɣɫɮɟɪɵ

ɇɚɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟɝɷɬɚɝɚɦɚɬɷɪɵ ɹɥɭɡɞɚɟɰɰɚɧɚɦɭɞɚɥɨɫɹɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ

ɞɡɜɟɪɷɱɵ

 ɇɚɣɱɚɫɰɟɣɲ ɵ ɦ ɜɿɞɚɦ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɭ ʆ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɿɦ ɿ ɦɹɲ 

ɱɚɧɫɤɿɦ ɚɫɹɪɨɞɞɡɿ ɛɵ ʆ ɪɚɡɜɨɞ ɡ ɭɡɚɟɦɧɚɟ ɡɝɨɞɵ  divortium

ex consensu  ɉɪɵ  ɬɚɤɿɦ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɡɟ  ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ ɹ ɝɨɧɚɟ ɩɪɵ

ɱɵɧɵ ɧɹɡɝɨɞɚ ʆ ɫɹ ɦɟɣɧɵɦ ɠɵɰɰɿ  ɩɪɵ ɦɭɫ ɩɪɵ  ɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɿ

ɲɥɸɛɭ ɜ ɿɧɚ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɡ ɫɭɠɨɧɤɚʆ ɯɜɚɪɨɛɚ ɿ ɝ ɞ   ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɚɸ

ɧɚɟ ʆɦɨɜɵ Ɍɚɦɭ ɹɧɨ ɡɦɹɲɱɚɥɚ ɲɷɪɚɝ ɤɥɚʆɡɭɥɚʆ  ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɠ

ɤɥɚʆɡɭɥɭ ɚɞɦɨɜɵ ɚɞ ɜɹɪɬɚɧɧɹ  ʆ ɫɭɠɨɧɫɤɿɫɬɚɧ ɿ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ  ɹɤɚɹ

ɞɚɡɜ ɚɥɹ ɥɚ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟ ɲɥɸɛɭ ɤɨɠɧɚɝɚ ɡ ɪɚɡɜɟ

ɞɡɟɧɵɯ ɫɭɠɨɧɤɚʆ  ɉɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɵ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɞɚɦɨɜɵ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɭɦɚ

ɰɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦ  ɡɪɷɞɤɭ ɚɛɚɜɹ ɡɚɧɧɟɦ sub servitute >ɥɿɬɚ

ɚɫɚɛɿɫɬɚɣ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɚɸ@ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɝɨɪɥɚɦ ɬɚɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ  ɹɤɿ ɛɪɚʆ ɧɚ

ɫɹ ɛɟ ɚɛɚɜ ɹ ɡɚɧɧɟ

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɬɵʆɧɵɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿɤɚɦ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɭ ɡ ɭɡɚɟɦɧɚɟ ɡɝɨ

ɞɵʆɩɪɵɧɰɵ ɩɟɛɵɥɚɡɝɨɞɧɚɹɜɨɥɹɛɚɤɨʆəɧɵɦɚɝɥɿɜɵɤɚɡɚɰɶɹɟɩɪɚɡ

ɜɭɫɧɵɹ  ɡɚɹɜɵ ɹɤɿɹ ɡɚɧɨɫɿɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɤɧɿɝɿ ɚɥɶɛɨ ʆ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɯ

Ɂɜɵɱɚɺɜɚ ɟɲɥɸɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɭɫɿ ɧɚʆ