Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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242

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɹɤɨɝɚ ɞɷɥɟɝɚɜɚʆ ɛɿɫɤɭɩ ɋɜɹɬɚɪɝɷɬɵ ɩɪɵɫɭɬɧɿɱɚʆ ɩɪɵ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɡɟ

ɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɚʆɞɚɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɝɚ ɹɤɿɚɛɨɞɜɚ ɛɚɤɿɡɞɡɟɣɫɧɿɥɿ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɿɦ

ɫɚɦɿ

224

ɇɚɥɟɜɚɛɹɪɷɠɧɚɣɍɤɪɚɿɧɟɬɚɤɭɸɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɭɦɵɧɚɡɿɪɚɟɦɹɲɱɷʆ

;9,,,ɫɬ

225

ɉɪɚɹɟɜɵɝɨɞɧɚɫɰɶɞɥɹɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶɮɚɤɬɲɬɨɞɚ

ɪɚɡɜɨɞɚʆ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɦɿ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɦɿ ɡɜɹɪɬɚɥɿɫɹ ɿ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɿ

ɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɭɥɚɞɚʆ ɿ  ɩɚɝɪɨɡɭ ɫɭɪɨɜɵɯ

ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧɧɹʆ

226

ɉɪɚɤɬɵ ɤɚ ɚɛɜɹ ɲ ɱɷɧɧɹ ɪɚɡɜ ɨɞɚʆ ɫɜɹɬɚɪɚɦɿ  ɧɿɠɷɣɲɚɟ

ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ  ɹɤɿɯ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɵ ɧɟ ʆɩɚʆɧɚɜɚɠɜɚɥɿ ɡɞɡɹ ɣɫɧɹ ɰɶ ɪɚɡɜ ɨɞɵ

ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɯɿɥɟ ;9,, ɫɬ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɱɚɫɬɚɸ  Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜ ɚɰɶ  ɲ ɬɨ

ɹɧɚɡɚɦɹɧɹɥɚ ɫɜɟɰɤɿɹ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɵ ɿ >ɫɭɞɵ ² ɉɟɪ@ ɞɚɦɿɧɿɹ ɥɶɧɵɯ

ɩɚɧɨʆ  Ƚɷɬɭɸ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɭɸ ɡ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɧɹ  ɤɚɧɚɧɿ ɱɧɚɝɚ

ɩɪɚɜɚɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɸɧɿɠɷɣɲɚɝɚɤɥɿɪɭɚɬɚɱɚɥɿɚɩɟɤɚɸɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɹɫɜɟɰɤɿɹ

ʆɥɚɞɵɿɩɚɧɵɜɚɥɚɫɰɟɣɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚɧɟɞɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɱɵɞɚɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿɚɛ¶ɟɤ

ɬɵʆɧɚ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɭɸ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɫɤɭɸ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɸ ɑɚɦɭ" Ⱥɞɤɚɡ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ

ɩɪɵɧɨɫɹɰɶpetita >ɩɪɨɫɶɛɵ@ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɟɟɪɚɪɯɿɿɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɵɹɤɚɪɚɥɸ

ʆɫɭɜɹɡɿɡɩɚɞɪɵɯɬɨʆɤɚɸɞɚȻɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɚɣɭɧɿɿȻɿɫɤɭɩɵɞɚɸɰɶɭɿɯɦɚ

ɥɹʆɧɿɱɵ ɚɛɪɚɡ ɬɚɝɨ  ɹɤɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɹ ɫɜɹɬɚɪɵ ɫɚɦɚɜ ɨɥɶɧɚ ɞɚɜɚɥɿ

ɪɚɡɜɨɞɵ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɸɱɵɩɚɞ ɩɪɚɬɷɤɰɵɹɣɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɚʆɭɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɲɱɵɧɚɯ ɿ

ɩɚɧɨʆɭɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɯɦɚɺɧɬɤɚɯɌɵɹɦɚɸɱɵɞɨɥɸʆɞɚɯɨɞɚɯɹɤɿɹɩɥɵɥɿɡ

ɝɷɬɵɯɪɚɡɜɨɞɚʆɧɟɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɥɿɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɦɭɥɚɞɚɦɫɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɰɶɿɤɚɪɚɰɶ

ɫɜɹɬɚɪɨʆɜɿɧɚɜɚɬɵɯɭɝɷɬɵɯɡɥɨʆɠɵɜɚɧɧɹɯɡɥɨʆɠɵɜɚɧɧɹɯɛɨɪɚɡɜɨɞ

ɧɵɹɫɩɪɚɜɵɩɚɞɥɹɝɚɥɿɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚɤɚɦɩɟɬɷɧɰɵɿɛɿɫɤɭɩɫɤɚɝɚɫɭɞɚ

227

Ƚɷɬɚ

ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɥɚɿɚɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɜɚɧɚɹʆ ɬɵɦɠɚ ɝɨɞɡɟɭɯɜɚɥɚ ʆɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɫɤɚɝɚ

ɛɿɫɤɭɩɚ ȱɩɚɰɿɹ ɉɚɰɟɹ ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɚɹɪɚɡɚɦ ɡɤɚɩɿɬɭɥɚɦ ɹɤɚɹ ɚɛɜɹɲɱɚɥɚ

ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚɟɩɪɚɜɚɛɿɫɤɭɩɫɤɚɣɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿʆɲɥɸɛɧɵɯɫɩɪɚɜɚɯɝɪɨɡɹɱɵ

ɚɞɥɭɱɷɧɧɟɦɚɞɰɚɪɤɜɵɿɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɟɧɧɟɦɫɜɹɬɚɪɫɤɚɝɚɫɚɧɭʆɫɿɦɫɜɹɬɚɪɚɦ

ɹɤɿɹɛɩɚɫɦɟɥɿɞɚɜɚɰɶɪɚɡɜɨɞɛɟɡɜɟɞɚɦɚɛɿɫɤɭɩɚ

228

ɋɜɹɬɚɪɵɹɤɿɹɞɚɜɚɥɿɪɚɡɜɨɞɵɛɟɡɡɝɨɞɵɛɿɫɤɭɩɚɧɚɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵʆ

ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯɡɜɹɡɚɧɵɯɫɚɲɥɸɛɚɦɿɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɿɧɿɛɵɬɚʆɪɨɥɿɫɭɞɨɜɚɝɚɨɪɝɚɧɚ

ɞɚɦɿɧɿɹɥɶɧɵɯɩɚɧɨʆȺɞɝɷɬɭɥɶɚɩɟɤɚɿɚɯɨɜɚɹɤɭɸɹɧɵɦɟɥɿɚɞɝɷɬɵɯ

ɚɩɨɲɧɿɯɇɚɁɚɞɧɹɩɪɨʆɿɩɚɞɨɛɧɵɹɡɜɵɱɚɿɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹɞɨʆɝɚɁɚɩɚɪɨɠɫɤɿ

ɝɟɬɦɚɧȱɜɚɧȻɪɭɯɚɜɟɰɤɿ ɩɿɫɚʆɰɚɪɭʆɝ ɲɬɨɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹɫɜɹɬɚɪɵ

ɚɛɥɹɝɱɚɸɰɶɪɚɡɜɨɞɵɿɫɩɚɞɡɹɜɚʆɫɹɫɩɵɧɿɰɶɝɷɬɭɸɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɭɞɚɦɨɝɲɵɫɹ

ɡɚɩɚʆɧɟɧɧɹɜɚɤɚɧɬɧɚɝɚɩɚɫɚɞɭɤɿɟʆɫɤɚɟɦɿɬɪɚɩɨɥɿɿ

229

ɋɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɿɩɚɦɿɠɫɜɟɰɤɚɣɿɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɣɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɹɣɭɫɮɟɪɵ

ɲɥɸɛɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɚʆ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɧɚɡɿɪɚɰɶ ɧɚɩɪɵɤɚɧɰɵ ;9,ɫɬ ɿ ʆ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ

ɩɚɥɨɜɟ;9,, ɫɬɭɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɦɚɝɿɥɺʆɫɤɚɝɚɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɚɑɚɫɚɦɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬ

ɫɚɦɩɪɵɦɚʆɡɚɹɜɭɛɚɤɨʆɚɛɪɚɡɜɨɞɡɟɛɟɡɧɿɹɤɿɯɩɹɪɷɱɚɧɧɹʆ

230

ɚɱɚɫɚɦ

ɩɪɵɡɧɚɸɱɵɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɚɫɰɶ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɭɧɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟɡɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɡɚɹɜɚʆɛɚɤɨʆ

243

ɚɝɚɜɨɪɜɚʆɚɞɧɚɤɲɬɨ ʆɜɵɩɚɞɤɭɧɨɜɚɝɚɲɥɸɛɭ ɧɚɥɟɠɵɰɶɚɬɪɵɦɚɰɶ

ɞɚɡɜɨɥɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɟʆɥɚɞɵ

231

ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟɭɫɭɦɧɟʆɧɵɯɿɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɵɯɜɵɩɚɞ

ɤɚɯ ɫɚɦɚɞɫɵɥɚʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɭʆ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɵ ɫɭɞ

232

 Ƚɷɬɚɟ ʆɡɚɟɦɚɩɪɚɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɟ

ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɹʆ ɪɷɥɶɟɮɧɚ ɜɵɹɜɿɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɧɚɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ

ɦɚɝɿɥɺʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɦɟɲɱɚɧɿɧɚəɰɤɚ Ʉɚɧɚɲɷɜɿɱɚɿ ɹɝɨɧɚɟ ɠɨɧɤɿ Ɇɚɪɵɿ ɍ

ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɿɝɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɫɭɞɞɡɟɫɹɰɿɥɶɧɿɤɚɩɪɵɫɭɞɡɿʆɿɦɪɚɡɜɨɞɧɚɬɨɣ

ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟɲɬɨɆɚɪɵɹɯɨɱɚɿɫɰɿʆɦɚɧɚɫɬɵɪɆɭɠɚɩɟɥɹɜɚʆɧɚɝɷɬɵɜɵɪɚɤ

ɭɦɟɫɬɚɜɵɫɭɞɹɤɿɩɚɫɬɚɧɚɜɿʆɭɠɨɩɚɫɥɹɡɞɡɹɣɫɧɟɧɧɹɪɚɡɜɨɞɭɞɭɯɨʆ

ɧɵɦɫɭɞɨɦɲɬɨɠɨɧɤɚɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɞɜɚɝɚɞɵɩɪɚɠɵɰɶɭɛɚɰɶɤɿɿɡɚɝɷɬɵɱɚɫ

ɧɚɞɭɦɚɰɶɰɿɠɚɞɚɟɹɧɚɿɫɰɿʆɦɚɧɚɫɬɵɪɰɿɜɹɪɧɭɰɰɚɞɚɦɭɠɚɉɪɚɡɞɜɚ

ɝɚɞɵ ɛɚɤɿ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ  ɡɧɨʆɤɭ ɫɬɚɰɶ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɦ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɹɤɿ ɦɚɟ

ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɡɚɮɿɤɫɚɜɚɰɶ ɿɯɧɸɸ ɜɨɥɸ Ɍɵɦ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɧɚɫɭɩɟɪɚɤ ɝɷɬɚɣ

ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɤɚɥɿɹɲɱɷɞɜɚɝɚɞɵɧɟɦɿɧɭɥɿɫɹ²ɭɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɭɝ²

ɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɫɭɞɞɡɟɫɹɰɿɥɶɧɿɤɚɜɵɞɚʆɧɨɜɵɩɪɵɫɭɞɚɛɪɚɡɜɨɞɡɟɧɚɲɬɨɦɭɠ

ɡɧɨʆɤɭɩɚɞɚʆɫɤɚɪɝɭʆɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɌɨɣɩɟɪɚɞɚʆɫɩɪɚɜɭɧɚɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɩɨɥɚɰ

ɤɚɦɭɚɪɯɿɛɿɫɤɭɩɭɹɤɿ©ɬɨɬɪɨɡɜɨɞɫɭɞɭɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨɩɨɞɥɭɝȻɨɝɚɢɩɢɫɦɚ

ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɦɚɟɬª

233

ȼɨɫɶ  ɠɚ  ɦɟɫɬɚɜ ɵ ɫɭɞ ɧɟ ɡɚɝɥɵ ɛɥɹɸɱɵɫɹ  ʆ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ

ɫɩɪɚɜɵ  ɹ ɤ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɟ ɞɚ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɟ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ ɥɿɱɵʆ ɲɬɨ

ɦɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɤɚɫɚɜ ɚɰɶ ɪɚɡɜ ɨɞ ɩɪɵɫɭɞ ɩɪɚ ɹ ɤɿ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ

ɫɭɞɨɦ ɞɡɟɫɹɰɿɥɶɧɿɤɚ ɿ ɡɚɦɹɧɿɰɶ ɹɝɨ ɞɜɭɯɝɚɞɨɜɚɸ ɪɚɡɥɭɤɚɸ

ɫɥɟɞɚɦ ɡɚ ɹɤɨɣɦɭɫɿ ʆ ɚɞɛɵɰɰɚ ɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɵɫɭɞ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɞɚ

23 4

Ƚɷɬɵ ɚɩɨɲɧɿ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɜ ɚʆ ɤɚɦɩɟɬɷɧɰɵ ɸ ɦɟɫɬɚɜɚɝɚ ɫɭɞɚ ɞɨɤɚ

ɡɚɦ ɱɚɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɵ ɰɶ ɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɵɫɭɞ ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɬɪɵ ɦɚʆɫɹ  ɜ ɵɡɧɚɱɚ

ɧɚɝɚ ɬɷɪɦɿɧɭ  ɍ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɿ ɦɟɫɬɚɜɵ ɫɭɞ ɩɟɪɚɞɚʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ

ɧɚ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚɟ ɜ ɵɪɚɲ ɷɧɧɟ ɫɭɞɚ ɚɪɰɵɛɿɫɤɭɩɚ

Ƚɷɬɵ ɹ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɿ  ɚɞɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ ɫɬɚɥɚɟ ɥɿɧɿɿ ʆ ɩɪɚɤɬɵ ɰɵ

ɛɵɥɿ ɪɵɫɚɦɿ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞɧɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɭ ɹ ɤɿ  ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵʆ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜ ɵ

ɡɚɧɹɩɚɞ ɫɜɟɰɤɚɟ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵ ɿ ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ  ɹɤɿɹ ɬɵɱɵ ɥɿɫɹ  ɫɤɚ

ɫɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɲɥɸɛɭ Ⱥɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲ ɱɚ ɦɟɥɚ ɦɟɫɰɚ ʆ Ɂɚɯɨɞ

ɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ ɤɚɪɚɥɿɧɝɫɤɿɯ ɱɚɫɨʆ ɤɚɥɿ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɹ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɹ

ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɚ ʆ ,; ɫɬ  ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɡ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ ɿ  ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɩɨɬɵɦ

ɡɞɚɛɵɥɚ ɜɵ ɤɥɸɱɧɚɫɰɶ  ɭ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ

23 5

  Ⱦ ɥɹ  ɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɿ ɹ ɤɚɹ

ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɬɭɬ  ɡ ɤɚɧɰɚ ;9, ɫɬ  ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚɸ ɛɵɥɚ ɿ  ɩɪɚɤɬɵ

ɤɚ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɱɵ ɪɚɲ ɷɧɧɹ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɧɵ ɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɚʆ ² ɹ ɤ ɛɵ ʆ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ

ɞɚɦɿɧɿɹɥɶɧɚɟ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵ ɿ ² ɩɪɨɛɚɲ ɱɚɦ ɩɪɚ ɹ ɤɭɸ ɿɲɥɨɫɹ

ɜɵɲ ɷɣ ɏɨɰɶ  ɹɧɵ  ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɿ ɡ ɩɚɪɭɲɷɧɧɟɦ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɝɚ ɤɚɧɚɧɿ

ɱɧɚɝɚɩɪɚɜɚɿɜɵɧɨɫɿɥɿɩɪɵɫɭɞɵɩɚɜɨɞɥɟɡɜɵɱɚɺɜɚɟɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɿɩɪɵɤɦɟɬɵ

ɡɦɟɧɚʆ ɧɟɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɵɹ  ɋɿɧɤɪɷɬɵɡɦ ɮɨɪɦɚʆ ɹɤɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿʆɜɵɪɚɡ ɭ

ɪɚɡɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɹɜɚɯ ɩɪɚ ɹɤɿɹɛɵɥɚ ɝɚɜɨɪɤɚ ɜɵɲɷɣ ɚɞɥɸɫɬɪɨʆɜɚʆ

ɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɸɫɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɭɸɞɚɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚɧɧɹɲɥɸɛɧɚɟɫɮɟɪɵɡɚɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɱɚɣɿ

Ɂɜɵɱɚɺɜɚ ɟɲɥɸɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɭɫɿ ɧɚʆ

244

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɤɚɦɩɟɬɷɧɰɵɹɣɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɟ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ

Ƚɷɬɵ ɹ ɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɵ ɩɚɫɤɨɪɚɧɵɹ Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿ ɹɣ ɧɟ ʆɫɸɞɵ

ɡɚɜɹɪɲɵɥɿɫɹʆɩɟɪɲɚɣɩɚɥɨɜɟ;9,,ɫɬȾɚʆɧɿɹɡɜɵɱɚɿɯɨɰɶɡɛɨɥɶɲɚɝɚ

ɪɭɞɵɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ Ɂɚɞɧɹɩɪɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɟ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɤɚɡɚɤɨʆ

ɡɚɩɚɪɨɠɫɤɚɝɚɜɨɣɫɤɚɹɲɱɷʆ;9,,,ɫɬ

236

ɇɚɜɭɤɚɫɰɜɟɪɞɡɿɥɚɿɯɩɚʆɫɸɞɧɚɟ

ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟɬɚɦɧɚɜɚɬɭ;,;ɫɬ²ɜɨɫɶɠɚɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɿɧɚɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹɯɛɵɥɨɝɚ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚɄɧɹɫɬɜɚɅɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ²ɞɡɟɡɞɨɥɟʆɡɚɯɚɜɚɰɰɚɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɡɜɵɱɚɣ

ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɡ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɵ ɩɟɪɵɮɟɪɵɣɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɲ ɱɚɧɧɹ ɝɷɬɵɯ

ɚɛɲɚɪɚʆ

237

ɒɬɨɠɞɚȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚɄɧɹɫɬɜɚɅɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚɚɩɿɫɚɧɵɫɬɚɧɜɵɪɚɡɧɚ

ɫɜ ɟɞɱɵɰɶ  ɚɛ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɫɥɚɛɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɟ ɰɚɪɤɜ ɵ əɟ

ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ² ɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɭ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ ²ɛɵɥɨ ɧɹɡɞɚɬɧɚ

ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɰɶɲɥɸɛɧɵɹɫɩɪɚɜɵɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɣɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿɯɨɰɶɩɪɚɜɚ

²ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɟʆɬɵɦɥɿɤɭ²ɰɚɥɤɚɦɭɩɚʆɧɚɜɚɠɜɚɥɚɹɟɧɚɝɷɬɚɉɵɬɚɧɧɟ

ɦɟɥɚɚɝɭɥɶɧɵɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɊɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɚɹɞɵɫɰɵɩɥɿɧɚɜɚʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɣɐɚɪɤɜɟɧɚ

Ʌɿɬɜɟɿȸɤɪɚɿɧɟɛɵɥɚʆɰɷɥɵɦɫɥɚɛɚɹɇɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹɦɿɬɪɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɚɞɱɭɜɚɸ

ɱɵʆɥɚɫɧɚɟɛɹɫɫɿɥɥɟɩɚɝɚɞɠɚɥɿɫɹɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚɦɹɤɨɟɡɚɫɬɚɥɿɧɿɱɨɝɚɧɟ

ɪɨɛɹɱɵɤɚɛɹɝɨɡɦɹɧɿɰɶɍɝɷɬɵɦɫɷɧɫɟɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɵɚɮɿɰɵɣɧɵɥɿɫɬɚɞ

ɥɸɬɚɝɚɝɭɹɤɿɦɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬȺʆɝɭɫɬɡɜɹɪɬɚʆɫɹɞɚɤɿɟʆɫɤɚɝɚɦɿɬɪɚɩɚɥɿɬɚ

Ɇɚɤɚɪɵɹɩɪɚɩɚɧɭɸɱɵɫɤɥɿɤɚɰɶɭȼɿɥɶɧɿɫɚɛɨɪɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɟɰɚɪɤɜɵ

ɤɚɛ ɫɬɪɵɦɚɰɶ ɪɚɫɤɥɚɞ ɡɜɵɱɚɹʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɜɵɡɧɚʆɰɚʆ

ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɹɿɫɭɩɪɚɰɶɹɤɿɯɦɿɬɪɚɩɚɥɿɬɧɿɱɨɝɚɧɟɪɚɛɿʆ

238

Ɇɚɧɚɪɯɧɚɤɚɡɜɚʆ,

ɤɚɛɬɵɯɯɬɨɩɚɪɭɲɚɟɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɵɹɧɨɪɦɵɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚʆɲɥɸɛɧɵɯɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ

ɛɿɫɤɭɩɵ ɩɪɵɰɹɝɜɚɥɿ ɞɚ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɞɚ ɿ ɤɚɪɚɥɿ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɿ

ɤɚɧɚɧɿɱɧɚɝɚɩɪɚɜɚ

239

 ɍɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɯ ɡɚɛɟɫɩɹɱɷɧɧɹɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɪɚɞɤɭ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɛɜɹɫɰɿʆɩɪɚɝɚɬɨʆɧɚɫɰɶɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɟʆɥɚɞɵɞɚɩɚɦɚɝɱɵʆɝɷɬɵɦ

ɰɚɪɤɜɟ

240

Ⱥɞɧɚɤɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵɧɚɧɚɦɚɝɚɧɧɿɹɤɿɹɱɚɫɚɞɱɚɫɭʆɡɧɚʆɥɹɥɿɫɹ

ɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɣ ɟɪɚɪɯɿɹɣ ɬɨ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɨɦɝɷɬɵ ɫɬɚɧ ɞɨʆɝɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚʆɫɹ

ɧɹɡɦɟɧɧɵɦ

Ƚɷɬɚ ɚɛɭɦɨʆɥɿɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ ɮɚɤɬɚɦ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ

ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɞɭɯɚɜɟɧɫɬɜ ɚ ɫɜɟɰɤɿɦ ɩɚɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵɦ

ɜɚ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɚʆɬɚɪɵɬɷɬɭ ɞɭɯɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ əɧɵ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚɥɿ  ɰɚɪ

ɤɨʆɧɵɹ ɿ ɧɫɬɵɬɭɬɵ ɹ ɤ ɩɪɵɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ  ɫɜɚɿɯ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚʆ

24 1

  ɲ ɬɨ

ɜɵɹʆɥɹ ɥɚɫɹ  ʆ ɩɪɚɜɟ ©ɩɚɞɚɜɚɧɧɹª  ɝ ɡɧ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɜɟɰɤɿɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ

ɪɚɫɩɚɪɚɞɠɚɰɰɚ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɵɦɿ ɩɚɫɚɞɚɦɿ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɜɨɥɿ  ɿ ʆ

ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜ ɚɧɧɿ ɿɦ ɞɭɯɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ

2 42

 Ⱥɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɡɧɚɦɹɧɚɥɶɧɵ

ɩɪɵ ɜ ɿɥɟɣ ɀɵ ɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ , ɛɿɫɤɭɩɭ ɬɭɪɚʆɫɤɚɦɭ ɿ ɩɿɧɫɤɚɦɭ ɚɞ

ɝɭɹɤɿɦɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɩɚɞɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɧɚɫɜɚɸɤɚɪɵɫɰɶɡɚɛɚɪɚɧɹʆɩɚɧɚɦ

ɿɛɚɹɪɚɦɭɦɟɲɜɚɰɰɚʆɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɹɩɪɚɜɵʆɥɚɞɵɤɿȽɷɬɚɬɵɱɵɥɚɫɹɦɿɠ

ɿɧɲɵɦɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɹɰɷɪɤɜɚʆɿɤɥɹɲɬɚɪɚʆɛɟɡɡɝɨɞɵɛɿɫɤɭɩɚɿɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ

ɩɚɩɨʆɫɜɚɺɣ ɭɥɚɞɚɣ©ɜɵɣɦɭɸɱɢɢɯ ɡɩɨɫɥɭɲɟɧɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɥɚɞɵɱɧɨɝɨª

243

245

ɌɚɤɿɫɬɚɧɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɟɿɅɹɜɨɧɄɪɷʆɡɚɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿɭɧɿɹɰɤɿɚɪɯɿɦɚɧɞɪɵɬɧɚ

ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ;9,,ɫɬ«W Konstantynopolu sam cesarz, w Moskwie sam wielki

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niego co czyni, tym samym wagi nie ma to co czyni» >©ɍɄɚɧɫɬɚɧɰɿɧɨɩɚɥɿ

ɫɚɦ ɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɚɪɭɆɚɫɤɜɟ ɫɚɦɜɹɥɿɤɿ ɤɧɹɡɶ ɚ ʆɧɚɲɵɯ ɤɪɚɹɯ ɤɨɠɧɵ

ɲɥɹɯɰɿɰɹɤɿɦɚɟɩɚɩɚɤɿɪɭɟɿɦɹɤɯɨɱɚɱɚɫɚɦɤɚɠɚɹɦɭɿɫɰɿɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɭ

ɚʆɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɯɿɬɚɤɚɹɛɹɡɛɨɠɧɚɹɫɦɟɥɚɫɰɶɲɬɨɩɚɤɚɪɚɟɹɝɨɤɚɥɿʆɱɵɦ

ɧɟɩɚɫɥɭɯɚɟɰɰɚȺʆɪɷɱɚɯɲɬɨɬɵɱɚɰɰɚɧɚɛɚɠɷɧɫɬɜɚɤɚɠɚɬɨɥɶɤɿɫɹɛɟ

ɫɥɭɯɚɰɶɚɤɚɥɿɲɬɨɛɟɡɹɝɨɪɨɛɿɰɰɚɬɵɦɫɚɦɵɦɬɨɟɲɬɨɪɨɛɿɰɰɚɜɚɝɿɧɟ

ɦɚɟª@

244

ɋɬɭɩɟɧɶ  ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜ ɚɧɚɫɰɿ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹ ɟ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ ɫɜɟɰɤɿɦ

ɱɵɧɧɿɤɚɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɟɥɶ ɦɿ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɸ  ȼ ɵɪɚɡɚɦ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɛɵʆ ɿ  ɬɪɵɜɚ

ɥɵ ʆɞɡɟɥ ɫɜɟɰɤɚɝɚɱɵɧɧɿɤɚ ʆ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɚɯ

24 5

ɇɟɦɚɥɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɚɞɵɝɪɵɜɚɥɚ ɿ  ɦɨɰɧɚɹ  ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ  ɞɷɰɷɧɬɪɚ

ɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ʆ ɚɪɝɚɧɿ ɡɚɰɵɿ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɟ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ ʆ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɟ

Ȼɿɫɤɭɩɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɵɹ ɚɞ ɦɿɬɪɚɩɚɥɿɬɚ ɱɵɹ ʆɥɚɞɚ

ʆ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɿɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɜ ɟɥɶ ɦɿ ɫɥɚɛɨɸ  ɋɚɛɨɪɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɪɷɞɤɿɹ ɿ

ɧɟ ɦɟɥɿ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ  Ⱥɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɫɩɪɨɛɵ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ

ɡɪɚɛɿʆ ɫɚɛɨɪ  ɝ  ɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɚʆ ɡɚɫɬɚɥɿɫɹ ɷɩɿɡɨɞɚɦ

ɛɟɡ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜɚʆ

ɋɥɚɛɚɫɰɶ  ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɟ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ ʆ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜ ɟ

Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɭ ;9, ɫɬ ɚɛɭɦɨʆɥɿɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ ɫɭɩɥɺɬɚɦ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɯ ɩɪɵ

ɱɵɧ  Ⱦɚ ɿɯ ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɧɚɥɟɠɚʆ ɮɚɤɬ  ɲɬɨ ɩɚɧɭɸɱɚɣ ɰɚɪɤɜɨɸ

ɛɵɥɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɹ  ɝɷɬɚ ɫɬɚɜɿɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɭɸ ɟɪɚɪɯɿɸ ɿ ɤɥɿɪ ɭ

ɫɥɚɛɟɣɲɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ  ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ ɿɯ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɦɟɪɵ

ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɦ ɤɧɹɡɹɦ ɿ ɩɚɧɚɦ Ɍɚɤɨɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲ ɱɚ ɧɟ ɡɞɨɥɟɥɚ

ʆɪɚʆɧɚɜɚɠɵɰɶ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɨʆ ɡ ɞɵɧɚɫɬɵɿ əɝɟɥɨɧɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ

ɡ ɦɚɥɵɦɿ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɹɦɿ  ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɞɚ ʆɦɚɰɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ ʆ

ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɟ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ

2 46

  Ⱥɦɟɪɵ ɤɚɧɫɤɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ

ɩɪɚɜɚ Ɉ ɉ Ȼ ɚɤɭɫ ɧɚɝɚɞɜɚɟ ɲɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɭ ;9 ɿ ɧɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ

;9, ɫɬ  ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɟ ɰɚɪɤɜ ɵ ʆ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ

ɩɚɥɟɩɲɵɥɚɫɹ  ɡɚ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɚʆ ± ɿ

±ɝ Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɝ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɿ

ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ,ɿɲɥɚɩɚɥɿɧɿɿɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɿɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɟɰɚɪɤɜɵɦɨɠɚɬɚɦɭ

ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɭɩɥɵɜɚɦɿ Ɇɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɛɵɥɚ

ɛɨɥɶɲɩɥɺɧɧɚɸɱɵɦɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɚɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɬɜɚ

247

Ƚɷɬɚɰɚɥɤɚɦɡɝɚɞɠɚɟɰɰɚ

ɡ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɧɚɣ ɜɵɲɷɣɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɚɣ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɸ ʆɥɚɞɚɸ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɣ

Ɂɜɵɱɚɺɜɚ ɟɲɥɸɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɭɫɿ ɧɚʆ

246

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɟɪɚɪɯɿɿʆ ɹɟɿɦɤɧɟɧɧɿɫɩɚʆɧɹɰɶ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɭɸɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɸ ʆɲɥɸɛɧɵɯ

ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ

248

ɋɹɪɨɞ ɩɪɵɱɵɧ ɹɤɿɹ  ɫɯɿɥɹɥɿ ɞɚ ɭɧɿɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɝɚ

ɞɭɯɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚɛɵɥɨɿɠɚɞɚɧɧɟɜɵɡɜɚɥɿɰɰɚɡɩɚɞɩɟɪɚɜɚɝɿɫɜɟɰɤɿɯɩɚɧɨʆɿ

ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɰɶɭɧɭɬɪɵɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɭɸɞɵɫɰɵɩɥɿɧɭȺɞɧɵɦɡɹɟɫɤɥɚɞɧɿɤɚʆɛɵɥɨ

ʆɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ ʆ ɲɥɸɛɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ Ⱦɚ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɦɷɬɵ

ɞɭɯɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚɿɦɤɧɭɥɚɫɹɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɨʆɜɚɸɱɵɿɯɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ

ɛɿɫɤɭɩɚʆɞɚɱɵɺɣɤɚɦɩɟɬɷɧɰɵɿɡɝɨɞɧɚɡɤɚɧɚɧɿɱɧɵɦɩɪɚɜɚɦɝɷɬɵɹɫɩɪɚ

ɜɵɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ

Ɇɵ ɩɪɚɫɚɱɵɥɿ ɬɭɬ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬ ɞɡɜ ɸɯ ɫɭɿɫɧɭɸɱɵɯ ɿ ɫɭɩɹ 

ɪɷɱɧɵ ɯ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚʆ  Ⱥɞɧɚ ɡ ɿɯ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɭ

ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɧɵɦ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜ ɚɸ ɤɚɧɚɧɿɱɧɵ ɦ ɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɚɥɟ

ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɫɥɚɛɵ ɚɞɛɿɬɚɤɭ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɿɥɟɝɥɚɹ ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɭ

ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɟ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɧɚɦɭ  ɭɠɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɬɵɦ ɧɟ

ɦɟɧɲ  ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɦɿ ʆɥɚɞɚɦɿ ɿ ɫɜɟɰɤɿɦɿ ɩɚɧɚɦɿ ʆ ɞɚɦɿɧɿɹ ɥɶ ɧɵɯ

ɫɭɞɚɯ ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɩɪɚɡ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɫɜɹ ɬɚ

ɪɨʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɜ ɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ʆ ɪɨɥɿ  ɚɝɟɧɬɚʆ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɭ

ɫɮɟɪɵ  ɫɭɞɚɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ʆ ɲ ɥɸɛɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ  ɋ ɭɩɹ ɪɷɱɧɚɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɬ

ɧɵɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɡɜɵ ɱɚɺɜɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ  ɡ ɹɤɿɦ ɡɦɚɝɚʆɫɹ  ɦɿɬɪɚɩɚɥɿɬ ɿ

ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɟ ɟɪɚɪɯɿɿ ɿ  ɧɚ ɱɵɺɣ ɫɬɚɪɨɠɵ ɫɬɚɹɥɚ ʆɥɚɞɚ ɦɚ

ɧɚɪɯɚ  ɭ ɦɹɫɰɨɜ ɚɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɵ ɰɵ ɞɨʆɝɚ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɚ ɚɛɚɜ ɹ ɡɤɨɜɭɸ

ɫɿɥɭ

əɤ ɪɚɫɬɥɭɦɚɱɵɰɶ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɸ ɫɜɟɰɤɿ ɯ ɫɭɞɨʆ ² ɞɡɹɪ

ɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɿ ɞɚɦɿɧɿɹ ɥɶɧɵɯ ² ɭ ɲɥɸɛɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɭ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹ

ɫɬɜɟ Ʌ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɹ ɲɱɷ ʆ ;9,, ɫɬ  ɚ ɧɚ ȸɤɪɚɿɧɟ ɿ ɞɚʆɠɷɣ"  ɇɚ

ɧɚɲɭɸ ɞɭɦɤɭ  ɬɭɬ ɜɵ ɫɬɭɩɚɟ ɡɛɟɝ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿɯ ɩɪɵ ɱɵ ɧ

 ɍ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɪɷɱɚʆ ɛɵɥɿ  ɡɚɰɿ ɤɚʆɥɟɧɵɹ

ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɹ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɿ ɩɚɧɵ ɡ ɭɜɚɝɿ ɧɚ ɞɚɯɨɞɵ ɹɤɿɹ ɿɦ ɩɪɵɧɨɫɿɥɚ

ɸɪɵ ɫɞɵɤɰɵɹ ʆ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɚɯ

 Ɏɿɫɤɚɥɶɧɵ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫ ɬɭɬ ɡɝɚɞɠɚʆɫɹ ɫɚ ɡɜ ɵɱɚɹɦɿ ɲɬɨ

ɩɚɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿ ɰɬɜɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ  ȸɤɪɚɿɧɵ  Ƚɷɬɚɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ² ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɿ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹ

ɜɚɧɵɹ  ɫɥɚɿ ² ɥɿɱɵɥɚ ɲɥɸɛ ɫɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɭɦɨɜɚɣ ɹ ɤɚɹ  ʆ ɩɪɵɧɰɵ

ɩɟ ɦɚɝɥɚ ɛɵɰɶ ɫɤɚɫɚɜ ɚɧɚɹ  ɡ ɭɡɚɟɦɧɚɟ ɡɝɨɞɵ  Ɍ ɚɦɭ ɹɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ

ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɚ ʆ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɫɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵ ɿ  Ⱥɛ ɫɚɥɿɞɚɪɧɵ

ɮɪɨɧɬɫɩɪɚʆɰɚʆɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿɿɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚɪɚɡɛɿɜɚɥɿɫɹɧɚɦɚɝɚɧɧɿɱɚɫɬɤɿ

ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɟɟɪɚɪɯɿɿɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵɧɚɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɭɹɤɭɸɬɚɹɚɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɥɚ

ɡɛɨɤɭɦɚɧɚɪɯɚʆ

 Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚ ɿ ɞɡɹɤɭɸɱɵ ɬɚɦɭ  ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆ

ɧɵ  ɤɥɿɪ ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɟɩɿɫɤɚɩɚɬɭ ɡ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ ɡɜɹɡɚ

247

ɧɵʆɦɨɜɚɦɿɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɹɡɭɫɿɦɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚɦɡɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ²ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚ

ɧɵ ɩɚɧɚɦ ɿ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɿɦ ɭɪɚɞɧɿɤɚɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɟ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɜɚʆ ɥɿɧɿɿ

ɚɛɚɪɨɧɰɚɦɹɤɨɟɛɵɥɚɤɿɟʆɫɤɚɹɦɿɬɪɚɩɨɥɿɹɚɥɟɧɚɚɞɜɚɪɨɬɚɩɵɧɭʆɫɹɧɚ

ɛɚɤɭɫɿɥɹɤɿɹɛɚɪɚɧɿɥɿɞɚʆɧɿɹɡɜɵɱɚɿȺɚɩɨɲɧɿɹɚɤɚɡɚʆɲɵɫɹɜɟɥɶɦɿ

ɠɵɜɭɱɵɦɿ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɦɚɪɭɞɧɚ ɿ ɩɚɦɚɥɭ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɧɚɰɿ ɫɤɚɦ

ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆɧɵɯɿɦɫɿɥȾɚɝɷɬɵɯɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆɧɵɯɫɿɥɧɚɥɟɠɚʆɿɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿɤɚɫɰɺɥ

ɹɤɿʆɠɨʆ;ɫɬɞɚɦɨɝɫɹʆɁɚɯɨɞɧɹɣȿʆɪɨɩɟɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚɟɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿʆ

ɲɥɸɛɧɵɯɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ

249

ȼɨɫɶɠɚɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɚɹɭɧɿɹɧɚɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹɯɚɯɨɩɥɟɧɵɯ

ɺɸɩɪɵɧɟɫɥɚɯɭɬɤɿɡɚɧɹɩɚɞɡɜɵɱɚɺɜɚɝɚɩɪɚɜɚɹɤɨɟɞɨʆɝɚɹɲɱɷɜɵɤɚɡɜɚɥɚ

ɫɜɚɸɠɵɰɰɺɜɚɫɰɶɧɚɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹɯɞɡɟɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɟ

Ɂɚɫɜɟɞɱɚɧɚɹɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɦɿɠɵɰɰɺɜɚɫɰɶɫɜɟɰɤɚɝɚɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɭɲɥɸɛɭ

ɿ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɥɚɝɚ² ɭ ɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɿɡ ɿɧɲɵɦɿ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚɄɧɹɫɬɜɚ ²

ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɜɟɰɤɿɯ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɚʆɭ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺɜɟ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɧɚɧɚɲɭɸ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɡ

ɚɞɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ  ɞɡɟ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɟ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ² ɿ

ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɿ²ɡɧɚɱɧɭɸɫɬɭɩɟɧɶɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿʆɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿɞɚɲɥɹɯɬɵɿ

ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɟ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ

250

 Ⱦɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɛɵɰɶ ɮɚɤɬ

ɲɱɵɥɶɧɵɯɫɭɜɹɡɹʆɆɚɝɿɥɺɜɚɡɍɤɪɚɿɧɚɣɞɡɟɫɜɟɰɤɚɟɡɜɵɱɚɺɜɚɟɩɪɚɜɚ

ɛɵɥɨɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɚ

251

Ɂɜɵɱɚɺɜɚɟɰɿɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɟɩɪɚɜɚ"

Ɂɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɟɫɜɟɰɤɚɝɚɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɭɲɥɸɛɭɿɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɚɹɪɨɥɹɫɜɟɰɤɚɟ

ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿʆɲɥɸɛɧɵɯɫɩɪɚɜɚɯɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɝɚɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚɅɿɬɜɵɿ

ȸɤɪɚɿɧɵɫɥɭɠɵɰɶɰɿɤɚɜɵɦɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɚɦɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɭɩɚɦɿɠɤɚɧɚɧɿɱɧɵɦɿ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɦɩɪɚɜɚɦɡɚɞɧɚɝɨɛɨɤɭɿɠɵɜɵɦɡɜɵɱɚɺɜɵɦɩɪɚɜɚɦ²ɡ

ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ

252

əɧɨ ɩɚɤɚɡɜɚɟɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɹɤɧɟɛɹɫɩɟɱɧɚɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɰɶɝɿɫɬɨ

ɪɵɸ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɧɨɪɦɚʆ ɩɿɫɚɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɿ ɚɤɬɚʆ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɟ

ʆɥɚɞɵɧɟɫɭɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɹɸɱɵɿɯɡɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɸɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɸɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɚɣȽɷɬɚɹ

ɚɩɨɲɧɹɹ²ɹɤɦɵɫɰɜɟɪɞɡɿɥɿɜɵɲɷɣ²ɦɨɠɚɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɿɦɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɜɚɰɶ

ɭɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɵɹ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɹɤ ɭ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɵɯ ɲɥɸɛɚʆ ɚɥɟ ɿ ²

ɝɪɭɧɬɭɸɱɵɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɚʆɧɟɣɲɵɦ ɡɜɵɱɚɺɜɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ² ɡɚɧɹɰɶ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ

ɧɚʆɫɤɪɚɣ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɭɸɿɦ ɿɩɚɫɩɹɯɨɜɚ ɛɚɪɚɧɿɰɶɹɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɰɹɝɭɫɬɚɝɨɞ

ɞɡɹʆ

Ɍ ɭɬ ɜ ɵɫɬɭɩɚɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ

ɪɨɡɧɿ ɰɚ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɩɿɫɚɧɵ ɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɿ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɚɣ

ɉɪɚɤɬɵɤɚ ɹɤɚɹ  ɚɞɥɸɫɬɪɨʆɜɚɥɚ ɡɜɵɱɚɺɜɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɛɪɚɥɚ

ɜɟɪɯ ɧɚɞ ɤɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɜɚɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɭɠɵɜɚɧɧɟ ɹ ɤɨɝɚ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɩɚ

ɜɨɥɿ ɩɪɚɛɿɜɚɥɚ ɫɚɛɟ ɞɚɪɨɝɭ  ɚɞɫɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ  ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɿ ɩɥɚɧ ɦɹɫɰɨ

ɜɵɹ  ɡɜɵɱɚɿ ɿ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɿ ɹɤɿɹ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɥɿ ɡ ɞɚɦɨɜɵ ɚ ɬɵɹ ɡɜɵɱɚɿ ɿ

ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɿ ² ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɬɵɩɨɜɵɹ ɞɥɹ ɋɹɪɷɞɧɹ ɜɟɱɱɚ ² ɦɟɥɿ ɿ ʆ

Ɂɜɵɱɚɺɜɚ ɟɲɥɸɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɭɫɿ ɧɚʆ

248

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɧɚɲɵɦɜɵɩɚɞɤɭɧɟɦɚɥɨɟɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟɤɚɥɿɩɪɵɝɚɞɚɟɦɬɭɬɪɚɡɜɨɞɡɭɡɚɟɦɧɚɟ

ɡɝɨɞɵɛɚɤɨʆ

ɐɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɰɶ ɩɟɪɚɠɵɬɤɚɦ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɭ

;9, ɿ ɩɟɪɲ ɚɟ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ;9,,ɫɬ   ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟ ʆ ɰɵ ɬɚɜɚɧɵɯ

ɧɚɦɿ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɯ" ɐɿ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɹɧɚ ɞɡɹɤɭɸɱɵ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɦɭ ɤɚɧ

ɫɟɪɜɚɬɵɡɦɭ ɭ ɚɞɞɚɥɟɧɵɯ ɦɹɫɰɨɜ ɚɫɰɹɯ ɭɞɚɥɟɱɵɧɿ ɚɞ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪ

ɧɵ ɯ ɰɷɧɬɪɚʆ" ɐɿ  ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɱɵ ɹɤ mos maiorum >ɡɜɵɱɚɣ ɩɪɨɞ

ɤɚʆ@ ɬɚɪɦɚɡɿɥɚ ɧɨɜɵɹ  ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɹ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɿ"  ɐɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ʆɠɨ

ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɚɛɪɚɞɚɜɭɸ ɿ  ɡɜɵ ɱɚɺɜ ɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɠɵ ɜɵ ɡɦɟɫɬ ɹ ɤɨɟ ɚɞ

ɦɺɪ" Ȼɨ ɬɚɞɵ ɿ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɬɚɞɵ ɦɵ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɛ ɧɚɡɜɚɰɶ ɹɟ ɪɷɥɿɤɬɚɦ

25 3

Ʉɚɥɿ ɦɵ  ɩɪɚɞɷɦɚɧɫɬɪɚɜ ɚɥɿ  ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɚ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɲɬɨ ɹɤ ɡɜɵɱɚɺɜɵɹ

ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɹ ɲɥɸɛɭ ɬɚɤ ɿɫɜɟɰɤɿɹ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɵ  ʆ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚ

ɧɵ ɦ ɧɚɦɿ  ɩɟɪɵɹɞɡɟ ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɥɿ ɩɨʆɧɭɸ ɠɵɰɰɺɜɚɫɰɶ  ɫɥɭɠɚɱɵ ɹɤ

ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɚɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɬɚɤ ɿ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɦ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɯ

ɭɥɚɞɚʆ  ɬɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɛ ɤɚɡɚɰɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɚ ɩɟɪɚɠɵɬɚɤ ɚ ɩɪɚ ɿɧɫɬɵ

ɬɭɬ ɡɜ ɵɱɚɺɜɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɸ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɹɣ ɹɤɚɹ  ɞɨʆɝɚ ɿ ɞɚ

ɩɷʆɧɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɩɚɫɩɹɯɨɜɚ ɡɦɚɝɚɥɚɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɺ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ

2 54

Ⱥɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵ ɹ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɵ  ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɸɰɰɚ ʆ ɝɿ ɫɬɨɪɵ ɿ

ɫɹɪɷɞɧɹ ɜɟɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɥɭɠɚɰɶ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɿ ©ɝɪɚ

ɦɚɞɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚª  ɹɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɰɿɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ

Ɍɜɨɪɰɚɦɬɷɨɪɵɿ ©ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚª ɥɿɱɵɰɰɚɈ Ƚɿɪɤɟ ɹɤɿ ɩɪɚɜɭ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɩɪɨɰɿɩɚɫɬɚɜɿʆ ɚʆɬɚɧɨɦɧɵɹ  ɩɪɚɜɵ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɝɪɭ

ɩɚʆ Genossenschaftsrecht ɿ ɡɪɚɛɿʆ ɿɯ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɚɦ ɫɜ ɚɿɯ ɞɨɫɥɟ

ɞɚʆ Ƚɷɬɭɸ ɬɷɨɪɵɸ ɪɚɡɜɿʆɗ  ɗɪɥɿɯ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡɹ ɤɿɦ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ

ɩɪɚɜɚ ² ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɩɚɜɹɪɯɨʆɧɵ ɫɥɨɣ ɹɤɿ ɧɟ ɞɚɬɵɤɚɟɰɰɚ ɞɚ ʆɧɭ-

ɬɪɚɧɚɝɚ ɠɵɰɰɹ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿ ɯ ɝɪɭɩɚʆ ɚɩɨɲɧɿɹ ɠɵ ɜɭɰɶ  ɭɥɚɫɧɵɦ

ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɵɦ ɠɵɰɰɺɦ  ɹɤɨɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɟ ɧɚɣɝɥɵɛɟɣɲɭɸ ɪɷɱɚɿɫɧɚɫɰɶ

ɩɪɚɜɚ ɗ ɗɪɥɿɯ  ɚ ʆɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɿɦ ȽȽɭɪɜɿɱ  ɤɚɡɚɥɿ ɩɪɚ ©ɫɬɵɯɿɣɧɚɟ

ɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚª  ɹɤɨɟ ɧɟ ɦɚɟ ɧɿɱɨɝɚ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɡ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ

ɲɬɨ ʆɫɬɚɥɺʆɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɸ ɿ ɡɞɡɹɣɫɧɹ ɟɰɰɚ ɩɪɚɡ ɹ ɟ ɨɪɝɚ

ɧɵ

255

ɋɹɪɨɞɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɵɯɡ¶ɹɜɚʆɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɜɚɛɨɞɚɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɹɡɦɨɜɿɧ

ɫɚɧɤɰɵɹɧɚɜɚɧɵɯɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɵɦɲɥɸɛɚɦɿ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶɪɚɡɜɨɞɭɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ

ɡɝɨɞɵɛɚɤɨʆɩɪɵɡɧɚɜɚɥɿɫɹɹɤɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɿɫɜɟɰɤɚɟʆɥɚɞɵɹɤɿɹɩɪɵɦɚɥɿɡɚɩɿɫ

ɩɪɚɝɷɬɚʆɤɧɿɝɿɚɥɶɛɨɡɞɡɹɣɫɧɹɥɿɚɤɬɪɚɡɜɨɞɭɬɚɤɿɞɭɯɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚɦɭɰɷɥɵɦ

ɋɜɹɬɚɪɵɞɚɜɚɥɿɲɥɸɛɧɚɧɚɜɚɤɚɥɿɡɦɨʆɥɟɧɵɲɥɸɛɧɟɞɚɣɲɨʆɞɚɡɚɜɹɪ

ɲɷɧɧɹ ɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɟ ɲɬɨ ɲɥɸɛ ɭɠɨ ɪɚɡɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ

ɞɚɛɪɚɫɥɚʆɥɹɥɿɧɨɜɵɹ ɲɥɸɛɵɚɫɨɛɚʆɪɚɡɜɟɞɡɟɧɵɯ ɫɜɟɰɤɿɦɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɦ

Ɍɚɦɭ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɚɦ ɬɭɬ ɤɚɡɚɰɶ ɚɛ ɡɜɵɱɚɺɜɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ  ɹɤɨɟ ʆɠɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ

249

ɩɪɚɜɚªɛɨɥɸɛɨɟɩɪɚɜɚɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɡɭɟɰɰɚɫɚɧɤɰɵɹɣɡɛɨɤɭʆɥɚɞɵɹɤɚɹ

ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɚɬɭɬɜɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɵɦɱɵɧɚɦ

ɉɟɪɚɜɚɝɚɫɜɟɰɤɿɯɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚʆɭɡɜɵɱɚɺɜɵɦɲɥɸɛɧɵɦɩɪɚɜɟɷɩɨɯɿ

ɡ ɹɤɨɣ ɦɵ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɣɧɚ ɩɪɵ ɜɵɤɥɿ ɚɫɚɰɵɹɜɚɰɶ ɩɟɪɚɤɚɧɚɧɧɟ ɚɛ

ɭɫɹ ʆɥɚɞɧɵ ɦ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɨɪɦɚʆ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɿ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɟ

ɸɪɵ ɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɥɚɫɰɶ ɿɯ ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɵ ɧɚɹʆɧɚɫɰɿ

ɦɚɝɭɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɰɿʆɧɿɤɚʆ ² ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɜɚɪɬɚɟ ʆɜɚɝɿ ɹɧɨ ɦɚɟɲɵɪɷɣɲɚɟ

ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟȺɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɜɵɪɚɡɧɚɹɧɨɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɥɚɫɹʆɞɨɫɥɟɞɚɯɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿɩɪɚɜɚ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚɄɧɹɫɬɜɚɅɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚɿȸɤɪɚɿɧɵ

256

ɑɚɪɧɟɰɤɢɣɂɫɬɨɪ ɢɹ Ʌɢɬɨɜɫɤɨɝ ɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɚ 8 ,. ʋ 

ɫ 

Ɇ ȼɥ ɚɞ ɢɦɢɪ ɫɤɢɣ Ȼɭɞ ɚɧ ɨɜɈ ɬɱ ɟɬɨ ɛ ɢɫɬɨ ɪɢ ɤɨ ɸ ɪɢ ɞɢ ɱɟɫ

ɤɢɯɦ ɚɬɟɪ ɢɚɥɚɯ ȼɢɬɟɛɫɤɨ ɝɨ ɐ ɟɧ ɬɪ ɚɥ ɶɧɨɝ ɨ Ⱥɪ ɯɢɜɚ ɜɵɩ 9,,±9,,,

 8,. ʋ ɫ± 

Ɇ ȼɥ ɚɞ ɢɦɢɪɫɤɢ ɣȻɭ ɞɚɧɨɜ ɑɟɪɬɵɫɟɦ ɟɣ ɧɚɝɨ ɩɪ ɚɜɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞ

ɧɨ ɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢɜɩɨɥɨ ɜɢɧ ɟ ;9,ɜ  ɑɬɟɧɢɹɜɢ ɫɬɨ ɪɢɱ ɟɫɤɨɦ ɨ ɛɳɟɫɬ ɜɟ

ɇɟɫɬɨ ɪɚɅɟɬɨ ɩɢɫɰɚ 9,Ʉɢ ɟɜ   ɫ ± 

Ɍɚɦɫɚɦɚ ɫ 

ɉ ɟɪ ɲɵɦ ɯɪ ɚɧ ɚɥ ɚɝ ɿɱ ɧɚɛ ɵʆ ɚɪɬ ɵɤɭɥ  ɈɅɟɜɢɰɤɢɣɋɟɦɟɣ 

ɧɵɟɨ ɬɧɨɲɟɧ ɢɹɜɘɝɨ Ɂ ɚɩɚɞ ɧɨ ɣ Ɋɭ ɫɢɜ ;9,± ;9,,ɜɜ  Ɋɭ ɫɫɤɚɹ

ɋɬɚɪɢɧɚ ʋ  Ⱦɚɥɟɣɩɚɱɚɪ ɡɟ ɬɪɷɛ ɚɡɝ ɚɞɚɰ ɶɩ ɪɚɰɭɜɵɞɚɞɡ ɟ

ɧɭ ɸɩ ɚɞɩ ɫɟʆɞɚɧ ɿɦɚɦɅɟɜɤɨ Ɇɚɹɱɚɧɟɰ²ɉ ɪɨ ɲɥɸ ɛɧɚɊ ɭɫɢɍɤɪ ɚ

ɢɧ ɟ ɜ ;9,± ;9,, ɫɬ ɨɥ ɟɬɶɸ   Ɂɨɪ ɹʋ  ±   ɧɚɪɷ ɲɰ ɟ ɇ ɟɜɿɧ ɱɚɧɿ

ɲɥ ɸɛɢ ɧɚɍɤɪɚʀ ɧɿ ;9,±;9,,ɫɬ Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɍɤɪ ɚʀɧ ɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɇɚɭɤɌɨ ɜ

ɜɄɢ ʀɜɿɤɧ,,, ɫ± 

Ɉ  Ʌɟɜɢɰ ɤɢɣ  ɑɟɪ ɬɵɫɟɦɟɣɧɨ ɝɨ ɛɵɬɚ ɜ ɘɝɨ Ɂ ɚɩɚɞɧ ɨɣ Ɋɭ ɫɢ

;9,±;9,,ɜɜɍɫɬɭɩ ɞɚȺ ɪɯɘɁɊɨ ɫ9,,,ɱ ,,, Ⱥɤɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɱ ɧɨɦ

ɩɪ ɚɜɟ ɢɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɦ ɛɵɬɟɜɘɝɨɁɚɩɚɞɧɨɣɊɭ ɫɢɜ;9,±;9,,ɜɜɄɢɟɜ

ɫ±

ɆȽɪ ɭɲɟɜɫɶɤɢɣ ȱɫɬɨ ɪɿɹɍɤɪ ɚʀɧɢɊɭɫɢ 9, Ʉɢʀɜ±Ʌɶɜɿɜ 

ɫ 

ȺɁɚɝɨɪɨɜɫɤɢɣɈɪɚɡɜɨɞɟɩɨɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭɩɪɚɜɭɏɚɪɶɤɨɜɫ±

197.

3+;,,V±ɿ±;,,,V±±

ɿ ±  ɉɪɚ ɰɿɤɚɜɵɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɩɵɬɚɧ ɧɿɧ ɚɣɛɨ ɥɶɲ ɭɞɪ ɭɝɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɰɵ

ɚɪ ɬɵɤɭ ɥɚ

/6]DUDQLHZLF]5\VZHZQĊWU]Q\FKVWRVXQNyZ*DOLFMLZVFKRGQLHM

ZGUXJLHM SRáRZLH;9ZLHN X/ZyZ, 1869, s. 25.

:  $E UDKDP = G ]L HMy Z SUDZ D PDáĪHĔV NL HJ R Z 3R OV FH

=H]ZR OHQLHSDQ XMąFHJROX ESDQyZQ DPDáĪHĔV WZRSRGGDQ \FKLĞZL HFNLH

Ɂɜɵɱɚɺɜɚ ɟɲɥɸɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɭɫɿ ɧɚʆ

250

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

RSáDW\PDáĪHĔVNLH.VLĊJDSDPLąWNRZDNXF]FL%ROHVáDZD2U]HFKRZLF]D,/ZyZ

1916,s.10–16; P. 'ąENRZVNL3ROVNLHSUDZRSU\ZDWQH,/ZyZV±

/%LDáNRZVNL3RGROHZ;9,ZLHNX5\V\VSRáHF]QHLJRVSRGDUF]H,Warszawa,

1920, s. 24–27.

W. Sochaniewicz. Rozwody na Rusi Halickiej w XV i XVI wieku

// 3DPLĊWKLN +LVWR U\F]Q R3UDZ Q\9,,]/Z yZ, 19 29.

ɉ ɟɪ ɲɭ ɸ ɪɷ ɞɚɤɰ ɵɸ ɝ ɷɬɚɟɩɪɚɰ ɵɚɩɭ ɛɥ ɿɤɚɜɚɧɭɸ ʆ   ɝ

&3+W ;9 ]ɞ ɚɫɥɟɞ ɱɵɤɿ ɫɭɫɬɪɷ ɥɿ ɡ ɰɿɤɚɜɚɫɰ ɸ ȼɹɞɨɦ ɵɮɪɚɧ

ɰɭ ɡɫɤɿ ɫɚɰɵɺɥ ɚɝɩ ɪɚɜɚɿ ɡɧɚʆɰɚ ɤɚɧɚɧɿɱ ɧɚɝ ɚɩɪ ɚɜɚ Ƚɚɛ ɪɵɷɥ ɶɅɟȻɪ ɚɫ

ɩɪ ɵɫɜɹɰɿ ʆɺɣɪ ɷɰɷɧɡɿ ɸʆ5+ '();/,,, ʋ  V  Ⱦɪɭɝ ɚɹ

ɪɷɰɷɧɡɿɹ ɩɹɪɚɁ Ʉɚɩɵɫɤɚɝɚɡ Ɇɿɧɫɤɚɚɩɭ ɛɥɿɤɚɜɚɧɚɹʆ ɡɛɨɪɧɿ ɤɭ«Acta

Bal tico-S lavica»9,, V ± ɩɚɞ ɚɟɧɟɤɚɬɨɪ ɵɹɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɶ

ɧɵɹɞ ɚɩɚʆɧɟɧ ɧɿ ɡɚɪɯɿ ɜɚʆFɚɜɟɰɤɚɟ Ȼɟɥ ɚɪɭ ɫɿ ɿɡ ɚʆɜɚɝɿ ɫɜɚɟ ɚɞɧ ɨɫɿ ɧɵ

ɞɚɹɤɿɯɦ ɵ ɚɤɪ ɷɫɥɿɦ ɭ ɯɨ ɞɡ ɟ ɧɚɲɵɯɞɚɥɟɣɲɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɚɝɚʆ

ɉ ɚɪɆɅɸ ɛɚɜɫɤɢɣɅɢɬɨɜɫɤɨ ɪɭ ɫɫɤɢɣ ɫɟɣ ɦɆɨ ɫɤɜɚ  

ɫ ɞɡɟ ɰɵɬɭ ɟɰɰɚɫɤɚɪ ɝɚɫɬɚɧɚʆɧɚ ɛɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɿɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ ɝɚɛ

ɥɿ ɜɚ ɱɵɧɹɰɶª ɿ ɚɧɚɥɚɝ ɿɱɧɵɹɫɤɚɪ ɝɿ ɧɚ ɫɨɣɦɟ  ɝɹɤɿɹ ɜɵɤɥ ɿɤɚɥɿ

ɧɚɜɚɬɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɭ ɸɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɭɝ ɚɫɩ ɚɞɚɪɚ ɫ  

Ɇȼɥɚɞ ɢɦɢɪɫɤɢɣȻɭɞɚɧɨɜɑɟɪɬɵ ɫ  Ɉ Ʌɟɜɿɰɶɤɢɣ ɇ ɟ

ɜɿɧɱ ɚɧɿ ɲɥɸ ɛɢɫ  ɎɅɟɨ ɧɬɨ ɜɢɱɄ ɜɨ ɩɪɨ ɫɭ ɨ ɩɪ ɨɢɫɯɨ ɠɞ ɟɧɢɢ

ɫɟɦ ɶɢ ɜɨɨ ɛɳɟ ɢ ɨ ɟɟ ɨ ɪɝ ɚɧɢɡ ɚɰ ɢɢɩɨ ɞɪ ɟɜɧɟɦɭ ɪ ɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɭ ɩɪ ɚɜɭ

 ɀɭ ɪɧɚɥɆɢɧɢɫɬɟɪ ɫɬɜɚ ɘɫɬɢɰ ɢɢ   ʋ ±  ɫ ± 

Ɋɂ Ȼ,9V ɉ ɚɪȻɊɨɦ ɚɧɨɜɅɸɞɢɢɧɪ ɚɜɵ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɊɭ ɫɢ

ɂɫɬɨ ɪɢɤɨ ɛ ɵɬɨ ɜɵɟ ɨɱ ɟɪɤɢ ;,±;,,,ɜɜ Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪ ɚɞ   ɫ   

ɜɵɞ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ±Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ  

Ɋɂ Ȼ,9V  ɉ ɚɪ ȻɊɨ ɦɚɧɨ ɜɅɸɞɢɢɧɪɚɜɵ ɫ 

ɉɚɪ- 'DXYLO OLHUɿ &G H&OHUT/H PDULDJHHQ GURLW FDQRQL TXH

RUL HQWDO ɉɚɪ ɵɠ  ɿ& GH&O HUT 0DULDJHGDQVOHGURL WGH O¶HJO LVH

RUL HQWDO H' LFWLR QQDLUHGHG URLW FDQRQ LTXH ,9ɉ ɚɪɵɠɪ ±

 ɞ ɡɟ ɡɦɟɲɱɚɧ ɚɿ ɡɜɨɞ ɤɚ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬ ɭɪɵ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɭ

-'DXYLOOLHUɿ&GH&OHUTɈSFLWɪ&GH&OHUTɈSFLWɪȺ

ɉɟɬɪɨ ɜɫɤɢɣɄ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɪ ɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɨɛ ɪɹɞɨɜɨɣɫɬɨɪɨɧɵɱɢɧɚɜɟɧɱɚɧɢɹ

ɏɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɟɱɬɟɧɢɟ;,,ɫ±

 ȻɊ ɨɦ ɚɧɨɜRS  FL W ɫ  ɰɵɬɚɜɚʆɞ ɚɦ ɨɜɭ ɇɨ ʆɝ ɚɪ ɚɞ ɚ ɡ

ɧɟɦɰɚɦɿɚɞɝɹɤɚɹʆɡɦɚɰɧɹɥɚɚɛɚɪɨɧɭɲɥɸɛɧɚɟɠɨɧɤɿɦɭɠɟɫɤɚɠɟɧɚ)

ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟɤɪɵɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚɩɪɚɜɚ

ə ɓɚɩɨ ɜɇ ɨɜɵɣ ɩ ɚɦ ɹɬɧɢɤ ɪɭ ɫɫɤɨ ɝɨ ɩ ɪɚɜɚ;9 ɜɁɚɩɢ ɫɶ

ɧɟɜ ɟɧɱɚ ɧɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɧɚ ɫɦ ɭɠɟɦ  ɧɢɦɨ ɥɢɬɜ ɚɜɰ ɟɪɤɜ ɢɨɬ ɩɨɩɚ ɧɟ

ɦ ɨɜɥɟɧɚɚɩɨɯɨ>ɬ@ɹɬɪɨɡɥɭɱɢɬɢɫɹɢɥɢɦ ɭɠɨɬɠɟɧɵɢɥɢɠɟɧɚɨɬ

ɦ ɭɠɚɢɧɨ ɬɟɯɪ ɨɡɥɭɱɢɥ ɢ ɡɚɧ ɟɠɟɬɢ ɢɛ ɟɫ ɬɨɝɨ ɛɥ ɭɞɧ ɨɠɢ ɥɢȺ

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɟɧɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɥɢɩɨɩɜɰɟɪɤɜɢɛɥ ɚɝɨɫɥ ɨɜɢɥɦ ɨɥ ɢɬɜ ɵɦ ɨɥ

251

ɜɢɥɚɬɟɯɧɟɝɨɞɢɬɫɹɧɢɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɡɥɭɱɢɬɢªȾɚɥɟɣɿɞɡɟɩɟɪɚɥɿɤɩɪɵɱɵɧɤɚɥɿ

ɰɚɪɤɜɚɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɟɬɚɤɨɟɪɚɡɥɭɱɷɧɧɟ

ɧɚɹªɩ ɚɥɚɧ ɿɡɦ²Ⱥ ɪɯɘɁɊɨɫ9,,, ɱ ɫȺɪɯɟɨɝɪ ɫɛ ɨɪ

ɧɢ ɤ,ʋ 

3 ,,, ' ,,,  7,,,  Ⱥ Ɍɚʆɫɬɚɥɟɫɉ ɪɚɜɚɫɹɦɟɣɧɚɟ

ɩɚɜɨɞ ɥɟɅɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɫɬɚɬɭ ɬɚʆ Ɂ ɚɩɿ ɫɤɿ ɚɞɞɡ ɟɥɭ ɝɭɦɚɧɿɬɚɪ ɧɵɯɧɚɜɭ ɤ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭ ɫɤɚɹȺ ɤɚɞɷɦɿ ɹ ɇɚɜɭ ɤɉ ɪɚɰɵɤɥɹɫɵɝ ɿɫɬɨ ɪɵɿ ɬ,,,Ɇɟɧɫɤ

  ɫ ± ɫɜɟɰɤɿ ɦɲɥɸɛ ɚɦ ɧɟɡ ɚɰɿ ɤɚɜɿɥ ɚɫɹ Ɂɚɣɦɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɡɚɤ

ɥɸ ɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɿɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɟɦɲɥɸɛɭ ɫ ± ɹɧɚ ɩɪɚɞ ɫɬɚʆɥɹɟɹɝ ɨɜɵɤ

ɥɸ ɱɧ ɚ ʆ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɚɣ ɮɨɪ ɦɟ ɲɬɨɡ ɪɷɲɬɵɡ ɧɚɯɨɞ ɡɿ ɰɶɩ ɚɞ ɬɪ ɵɦ ɤɭ ʆ

ɬɷɤɫɰɟɋɬɚɬɭ ɬɚʆ

ȺɁɊɬ,,ʋ ɫ 

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r. 1548, Lw ów, 1913, ɞɚɞɚɬɚɤʋV.VL ĊJL=DSLVy Z0HWU\NL OLW

ks. 21, f. 39).

ɇ ɚɝɷɬɚɣ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟɄɋɚɯɚɧɟɜɿɱ.6RFKDQLHZLF]ɈS FL W V

 ɫɮɚɪɦ ɭɥɹɜɚʆɧɚɜɚɬ ɩɨɝɥɹɞ ɲɬɨɧ ɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɟ ɫɭɠ ɨɧɫɬɜɚɫɤɥ ɚɞɚɥɚ

ɩɪ ɵɜɿ ɥɟɹɜɚɧɭɸ ɮɨɪ ɦɭ ɫɭɠ ɨɧɫɬɜɚəɤ ɜɵɧ ɿɤɚɟɡ ɚɝ ɭɥɶɧɚɟɚɰɷɧɤɿɝ ɷ

ɬɚɟ ɮɨ ɪɦ ɵɫɭɠ ɨɧɫɬ ɜɚɚɫɚɛɥ ɿɜɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲ ɱɚɧɟɜɹɧɱ ɚɧ ɚɟɠɨ ɧɤɿ ɿ ɹɟ

ɞɡ ɹɰɟɣ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɬɷɡ ɚɞ ɥɹ ɩɟɪ ɵɹɞ ɭɹɤɿ ɦɵ ɪɚɡ ɝɥɹɞɚɟɦ ɧɟ ɜɵɬɪɵɦ ɥɿɜɚɟ

ɤɪɵɬɵɤɿ 

$/0ʋZ

ȺȼɄ;9,,ʋ V

 ɂ ɫɬɘɪ ɢɞ  Ɇɚɬɬ. 9,,,V   ɉ ɚɪ  Ɇȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɫɤɢ ɣ

ȻɭɞɚɧɨɜɈ ɬɱ ɟɬɫ 

Ⱥ ȼɄ;;,ʋ    ɝ²ɩɚɤɿɞ ɚɧ ɧɟ ɦɭɠ ɚ ɧɟɜɹɧɱ ɚɧɚɸ

ɠɨ ɧɤɚɸ  Ⱥɪ ɯ ɘɁɊ ɨɫ ɬ9,,, ɱ   ʋ   ɫ   ² ɚɞ ɫɵɥɚɧɧɟ

ɧɟɜɹɧɱ ɚɧɚɟɠ ɨɧ ɤɿ ɦ ɭɠ ɚɦ  Ⱥɪ ɯɟɨɝɪ  ɋɛ ɨɪ ɧɢ ɤɬ ,ʋ   ²ɩ ɚɤɿ

ɞɚɧɧɟɧɟɜɹɧɱɚɧɚɟɠɨɧɤɿɉɚɪɆȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɫɤɢɣȻɭɞɚɧɨɜɑɟɪɬɵɫ

ȺɪɯɘɁɊɨɫɬ9,,,ɱʋɫ

Ɍɚɦ ɫɚɦɚʋ  ɫ± 

ȼɨɪɨɧɟɰɤɢɣɨɛɬɟɠɥɢɜ ɟɭɫɤɚɪɠɚɥɫɹɢɨɩɨɜɟɞɚɥɧɚɫɵɧɚɫɜɨɟɝɨ«ɢɧɚɠɨɧɭ

ɫɜɨɸɆɚɪɢɧɭȽɭɥɟɜɢɱɨɜ ɧɭª.

ȺȼɄ;9,,ʋ V   ɝ ɰɟɫɰɶɚɛɜɿɧɚɜɚɰɿʆɝɚɫɩɚ

ɛɭɞɭɱɢɡ ɚɫɵɧɨ ɦ ɦ ɨɢɦ ɋɟɧɤɨ ɦɧ ɟɜ ɟɧɱɚɥɶɧɨɸɠɟɧɨɸɦ ɟɲɤɚ ɸɱɢ ɭ

ɞɨɦ ɭɦɨɟɦ ɬɨɩɚɤɞɟɣɬɨɬɫɵɧɦɨɣɡɦɟɪɚɨɧɚ«ɡɞɨɦ ɭɦ ɨɟɝɨɩɪɨɱɶ

ɢɬ ɢ ɧɟ ɯɨɱɟɬ ª ɋɭɞɜɵɞ ɚʆ ɜɵɪɚɤ ɡɝɨ ɞɧɵɡ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɟɦ ɫɩɚɝɚɧɹɬɚɝ ɚ

ɜɵɞɚɥɹɸɱ ɵ ɍɥ ɤɭ  ɡ ɫɵɧ ɚɦ  ɡ  ɦ ɚɺɧɬɤɭ ɹɤɿ ɡɚɫɬɚʆɫɹ ɩ ɚ ɧɹɛɨ ɠɱ ɵɤɭ

ɋɟɧɤɭɌɚɦ ɫɚɦɚ ;;,ʋ  V  ɝ ɍɫɩɪɷɱɰɵɚɛ ɫɩɚɞɱ ɵɧɟ

Ɂɜɵɱɚɺɜɚ ɟɲɥɸɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɭɫɿ ɧɚʆ