Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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a Rzeczp osp oli ta Pol ska,s. 109 –120 ,13 7, 1 45–1 48.

243

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ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɟɜɫɬɭɩɨɜɚɬɢɫɹɧɟɦɚɸɬɶɩɨɞɡɚɤɥɚɞɟɦɡɚɪɭɤɢɧɚɧɚɫɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ

ɬɪɟɯɬɵɫɹɱɤɨɩɥɢɬɨɜ ɫɤɢɯªɉɚɪȺɪɯɟɨɝɪɋɛɨɪɧɢɤɬ9,ʋɫ

244

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SRND]XMHLĪJUHFNDFHUNLHZ]áDFLĔVNąPDE\ü]MHGQRF]RQD:LOQRV

ɉɚɪ(/LNRZVNL8QLD%U]HVND3R]QDĔVɏɨɰɶɄɪɷʆɡɚɩɿɫɚʆɫɜɚɸ

ɩɪɚɰɭɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ²ɹɤɜɵɧɿɤɚɟɡɬɵɬɭɥɚ²ɩɚɬɪɷɛɭɭɧɿɿɦɿɠɿɧɲɵɦ

ɞɡɟɥɹʆɡɞɵɦɭɚʆɬɚɪɵɬɷɬɭɐɚɪɤɜɵɰɵɬɚɜɚɧɚɟɚɩɿɫɚɧɧɟɦɚɟɤɚɲɬɨʆɧɚɫɰɶɹɤ

ɫɜɟɞɱɚɧɧɟɜɿɞɚɜɨɱɰɵ

245

Ɇȼɥɚɞɢ ɦɢɪɫɤɢɣȻɭ ɞɚɧɨ ɜɐ ɟɪ ɤɨ ɜɧɵɟ ɢɦɭ ɳɟ ɫɬ ɜɚ ɫ 

ɈɅɟɜɢɰɤɢɣȺ ɤɬɵɨ ɰɟɪ ɤɨ ɜɧɨɪɟɥ ɢɝ ɢɨ ɡɧ ɵɯɨ ɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɍ

©ɋɭɞɧ ɚɣɝɪɚɦ ɚ ɰɟªɦɿ ɬɪɚɩɚɥ ɿɬɚɋɨ ɥɬɚɧɚ ɚɞ ɝ ɱɵɬɚɟɦ ©«ɨɛ ɦ ɨ

ɜɢ ɲɢ ɬɭɸɪɟɱɶ ɜ ɧ ɚɲɨ ɦ ɞ ɭɯɨ ɜɧɨ ɦ ɩɪɚ ɜɟ ɡɧ ɚɲɢ ɦ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧ ɵɦɢ ɢ

ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪ ɵɦɢ ɫɜɟɬ ɫɤɢɦ ɢɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɧɚɲ ɢɦ ɢɬɚɤɟɫɦ ɨɜɱɢɧɢɥ ɢªɇ ɚ

ɫɚɦɪɷɱɭ ɫɤɥ ɚɞɡ ɟɫɭɞɚ ɩɨɪ ɭɱɡ ɞɭ ɯɨʆɧɵɦɿ ɫɹɞɡɟɥɿ ɡɹɦɹɧɚʆȺɪɯɟ

ɨɝɪɋɛɨɪɧ ɢɤɬ9,ʋ ȽɥɬɚɤɫɚɦɚȺ ɁɊɬ,,, ʋɝɞɡ ɟʆ

ɫɤɥɚɞɡ ɟ ɫɭɞɚɚɪɰɵɛɿ ɫɤɭɩɚ ɩɨ ɥɚɰɤɚɝɚȽɟɪ ɦɚɧɚɏɪɚɩ ɬɨ ɜɿ ɱɚɩ ɨɪ ɭɱ ɡ

ɞɭ ɯɨʆɧɵɦɿ ɡɚɫɹɞɚɥɚ  ɝɚɫɩɚɞ ɚɪɫɤɿɯɛ ɚɹɪ ɚʆɄɋɚɯɚɧɟɜɿɱ RS FLW  V

 ɜɵɡ ɧɚɱ ɵʆɲɬ ɨ ʆɫɹɪɷɞɡɿ ɧɟ;9ɫɬ ɧɚ Ƚɚɥ ɿɰɤɚɣ Ɋɭ ɫɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɵɹɧɚ

ɜɚʆ ɦɹɲɚɧɵɞ ɭɯɨʆɧɚɫɜɟɰɤɿ ɫɭ ɞ ɩɚʆɧɚɦ ɨɰɬɜɵ ɹɤɨɦ ɭ ɞɷ ɥɟɝɚɜɚɥɿ ɫɹ

ɦɿɬɪɚɩɚɥɿɬɚɦ

246

Ⱥ  Ʌɹɜɿɰ ɤɿ Ⱥ ɤɬɵ ɨ ɰɟɪ ɤɨ ɜɧɨ ɪ ɟɥɢ ɝɢɨ ɡɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɧɨɲ ɟ ɧɢɹɯ

ɫ ɩɿ ɫɚʆ ɩɪɚɀɵɝɿɦ ɨɧɬɚ,ɲɬɨɝɷɬɚɛɵʆ© ɪ ɚɡɭɦɧɵɿ ɰɚɥɤɚɦɬɚɥɟ

ɪɚɧɬ ɧɵ ɦɚɧ ɚɪ ɯ ɹɤɿ ɡ ɪɚɛ ɿʆɛɚɝɚɬɚ ɩɚɫɥɭɝ ɚʆɡɚɯɨ ɞɧɟɪɭɫɤɚɣɰ ɚɪɤɜɟª 

ȺȽɚɥɟɰɤɿ']LHMH XQLL NRĞFL HOQHM Z:L HONLP.VLĊVWZLH/LWHZVNLPGR

U3DPLĊWQLN9,3RZV]HFKQHJR=MD]GX+LVWRU\NyZ3ROVNLFKZ:LOQLH,

Lwów, 1935,s. 318)ɩɿɫɚʆɡɧɨɬɚɣɠɚɥɸ© Ɂɞɚɟɰɰɚɧɿɰɶɧɟɩɚɪɵʆɧɚɫɰɿɩɚɦɿɠ

ɮɥɚɪɷɧɰɿɣɫɤɚɣɿɛɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɚɣɭɧɿɹɦɿɩɟɪɚɪɵɜɚɟɰɰɚɩɪɵɞɜɭɯɚɩɨɲɧɿɯəɝɟɥɨɧɚɯ

ɩɪɵɱɵɦɹɤɪɚɡɭȼɹɥɿɤɿɦɄɧɹɫɬɜɟɅɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦª 

247

O.P.Backus.Motives of West Russian nobles in desertingLithuania for

Moscow 1377–1514,/DZUHQFH±.DQVDVɪ±

248

Ʉɪɵɯɭɫɯɟɦɚɬɵɱ ɧɵɦ ɡɞɚɟɰɰɚɩɨ ɝɥɹɞɁ ɄɚɩɵɫɤɚɝɚRS FLW 

ɫ ɹɤɿɦɹɪɤɭɟɲɬɨ© ɫɹɪ ɨɞɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɯ ɩɪɵɱɵɧ«ɧɟɥɶɝ ɚɡɚɛɵɜɚɰɶ

ɩɪ ɚɪ ɨɥɸ ɹɤɭɸ ɚɞ ɵɝɪ ɚɥɚɪɷɥɿɝ ɿɣɧɚɟɡɦ ɚɝɚɧɧɟʆ ɩɚɪ ɭɩ ɪɵɜɿɰɰɹɤɚ

ɬɚɥɿɰɵɡɦɭȽɷɬɚɟɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɟɩ ɟɪɚɲɤɨɞ ɡɿɥ ɚɚɪ ɝɚɧ ɿɡɚɰ ɵɣɧɚɣɤɚɧɫɚɥɿɞ ɚ

ɰɵɿɩɪɚɜɚɫɥ ɚʆɧ ɚɟ ɰɚɪ ɤɜɵɁ ɞɪ ɭɝɨ ɝɚɛɨ ɤɭɿɦ ɤɧɟɧɧɟɤɨ ɠɧɚɟɰ ɚɪɤɜɵ

ɞɚɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɥɸɛ ɨɸ ɰɚɧɨɸ ɫɜɚɣɝ ɨ ʆɩɥ ɵɜɭ ɿ ɩɚɜɟɥ ɿɱɷɧɧɹɤɨ ɥɶɤɚɫɰɿ

ɫɜɚɿ ɯ ɩɪ ɚɡɟɥɿ ɬɚʆ ɩɪɵɦɭ ɲɚɥɚɚɛ ɟɞ ɡɶɜɟ ɰɚɪɤɜɵɬɚɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɚ ɫɬ ɚɜɿɰ ɰɚ

ɞɚɩɟɪ ɵɮɟɪɵɣɧɵɯ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹʆ ɿ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɭɫɿɦ ɚɬɚɤɚɜɚɰɶɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɹɪ ɷɥ ɿ

ɝɿ ɣɧ ɵɹ ɩɪ ɵɧɰ ɵɩɵɿ ɧɲɚɝ ɚɜɵɡ ɧɚɧ ɧɹª 

ɉɚɩɟɪ ɲɚɟ ɪɚɡɝ ɥɹɞ ɚɧɚɹɬɭɬ ɩɪ ɚɹɜɚ ɚɞ ɧɨ ɫɿ ɥɚɫɹ ɧɟɞɚɚɛɟɞɡ ɶ

273

ɜɸɯɰɷɪɤɜɚʆɚɥɟɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚɞɚɜɵɡɧɚɧɧɿɤɚʆɭɫɯɨɞɧɹɟɰɚɪɤɜɵȺɤɪɚɦɹɬɚɝɨ

ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚɩɪɚɡɟɥɿɬɵɡɦɭɜɵɹɜɿɥɚɫɹɬɨɥɶɤɿɧɚɩɪɵɤɚɧɰɵ;9,ɫɬɚɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɚɹ

ɡ¶ɹɜɚɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɚɿʆɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɿɹɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɿɌɪɷɛɚɚɞɧɚɤɡɝɚɞɡɿɰɰɚɡɪɷɰɷɧɡɟɧɬɚɦ

ɤɚɥɿɬɨɣɩɿɲɚɲɬɨ© ɰɚɪɤɜɚ>ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɹ²ɡɚʆɜɚʆɬ@ɛɵɥɚɡɦɭɲɚɧɚɹɞɚ

ɚɫɰɹɪɨɠɧɚɫɰɿɿɬɚɦɭɹɲɱɷɲɬɨɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɱɵɤɥɚɫɭɩɚɪɬɚɬɪɵɦɚʆɫɹɧɨɪɦɚʆ

ɡɜɵɱɚɺɜɚɝɚɩɪɚɜɚʆɫɩɪɚɜɚɯɲɥɸɛɭɿɪɚɡɜɨɞɭª əɤɪɚɡɝɷɬɭɸɬɷɡɭɹɩɪɚɜɨɞɠɭ

²ɹɤɡɚʆɜɚɠɵʆɱɵɬɚɱ²ɜɚʆɫɺɣɩɪɚɰɵ

249

3'DXGHWɈSFLWɪ$(VPHLQɈSFLWɪȾɚ,;ɫɬɭɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ

ɹɤɿɹɬɵɱɵɥɿɫɹɲɥɸɛɭɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɪɚɡɜɨɞɚʆɜɵɪɚɲɚɥɿɫɜɟɰɤɿɹʆɥɚɞɵɁɤɚɧɰɚ

9,,,ɫɬɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɟɰɰɚʆɞɡɟɥɫɜɹɬɚɪɨʆɭɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɡɟɪɚɡɜɨɞɧɵɯɫɩɪɚɜɚʆɇɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ

ɫɜɹɬɚɪɨɦɛɵʆɚɞɡɿɧɡɞɜɭɯmissi dominici >ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɯɩɚɫɥɚɧɧɿɤɚʆ@ɞɪɭɝɿɛɵʆ

ɫɜɟɰɤɿɦɹɤɿɹɪɚɡɚɦɜɵɧɨɫɿɥɿɩɪɵɫɭɞɭɪɚɡɜɨɞɧɵɯɫɩɪɚɜɚɯȽɷɬɵɫɭɞɛɵʆ

ɚɞɧɚɤɫɭɞɨɦɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɦɛɨɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚʆɩɚɜɨɞɥɟɦɚɧɚɪɲɚɝɚʆɩɚʆɧɚɜɚɠɚɧɧɹ

Ɍɨɥɶɤɿɡɜɵɥɭɱɷɧɧɟɦɭ,;ɫɬɚɫɨɛɧɚɣɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿɛɿɫɤɭɩɚʆɭɪɚɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ

ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯɦɨɠɧɚɤɚɡɚɰɶɩɪɚɬɨɟɲɬɨ ʆɲɥɸɛɧɵɯɫɩɪɚɜɚɯɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɮɨɪɭɦ

ɫɭɩɟɪɧɿɱɚɟɡɫɜɟɰɤɿɦ3'DXGHWɈSFLWɪ

250

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;9,L ;9,,Z  :LDGRPRĞFL6WXG LX P+ LVW RUL L3 UDZ D/ LWHZVN LHJ R ,

Wilno, 1938, s. 331–367ɞɡɟɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɵɦɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɰɰɚɩɚɪ ɚɥɟɥɶɩɚɦɿɠ

Ɇɚɝ ɿɥ ɺɜɚɦɿ ȼɿɰ ɟɛ ɫɤɚɦ  ɭ ɹɤɿɯ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɿɹɩ ɚɞ ɞɚɧɵɹ ɿ ɞɭ ɯɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ

ɫɤɥɚɞ ɚɥ ɿɛ ɚɥɶɲɵɧɸɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰ ɬɜɚɦɟɫɬ ɚ

251

ɉɚɪɁ ɄɨɩɵɫɫɤɢɣɈ S FLW ɫ  ɇɟɞ ɚɤɥɚɞɧɚɚɞ ɧɚɤɤɚɥɿ

ɿɞ ɡɟɰɰɚɩ ɪɚɞ ɚɫɥ ɟɞ ɚɜɚɧɵɹ ɡ¶ ɹɜɿ ɲɱ ɵ ɰɜɟɪ ɞɡɿ ɰɶ ɲɬɨ ɹɧɵ© ɧɚɣ ɱɚɫ

ɰɟɣ«ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ ʆɦɹɲɱɚɧɫɤɿ ɦɚɫɹɪɨɞɞɡ ɿɆɚɝɿɥɺɜɚª ɛɨɡɟɦɫɤɿ ɹɚɤɬɵ

ʆ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɞ ɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɧɚɲɦ ɚɬɛɚɝɚɰɟɣɲɵɹ

252

ɉɚɞɝ ɷɬɵɦɩ ɚɧɹɰɰɟɦɩɪɵɧ ɹɬɚ ɪ ɚɡɭ ɦɟɰɶɸ ɪɵɞ ɵɱɧ ɭɸ ɩɪɚɤ

ɬɵɤɭɹɤɚɹɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɡɭɟ²ɡɝɨɞɧɚɡɤɥɚɫɿɱɧɵɦɜɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟɦ²diuturnus

usus, uniformitas, publicitas >ɞɨʆɝɚɬɪɵɜɚɥɵɡɜɵɱɚɣ@,ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟapprobatio a

iudiciis >ɭɯɜɚɥɭɫɭɞɞɡɹɦɿ@ɝɥ))OXPHQH/DFRQVXHWXGLQHQHOVXRYDORUHJLXULGLFR

6DVVDULɪ±ɍɝɷɬɵɦɜɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɿɥɶɝɚɛɵɥɨɛɚɫɩɪɷɱɵɰɶdiuturnus

usus,ɛɨɧɟɩɪɚɰɹɝɥɚɫɰɶɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɿɚɹɟɩɚʆɬɚɪɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɶɫɬɚɥɚɫɰɶɭɠɵɜɚɧɧɹ

ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɿɹɤɿɹɡɞɡɹɣɫɧɹɸɰɶɩɪɚɜɚɫɬɜɚɪɚɟɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɹɩɪɚɜɚɲɬɨ

ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɰɰɚopinioiuris seunecessitatis >ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɟɦɩɪɚɜɚɰɿɧɟɚɛ

ɯɨɞɧɚɫɰɿ@;ɩɚɪɎɅɟɨɧɬɨɜɢɱɁɚɦɟɬɤɢɨɪɨɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟɨɛɵɱɧɚɝɨɩɪɚɜɚɀɆɇɉ

  ɫ  Ⱥ ɥɟɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲɭ ɸɜɚɠ ɧɚɫɰɶ ɞɥɹɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɷ ɧɧɹ

ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɝɚɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɭɤɨɠɧɚɝɚɡɜɵɱɚɸɦɚɟɹɝɨapprobatio a iudiciisɲɬɨ

ɧɚɞɚɟɹɦɭɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɩɪɚɜɚɍɩɵɬɚɧɧɿɹɤɨɟɧɚɫɰɿɤɚɜɿɰɶɝɷɬɚɟapprobatio

ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɜɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɚɿɧɟɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɚ

253

ɉɪ ɚɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɟɪɚɠ ɵɬɤɚʆɝɿ ɫɬɨ ɪɵɿ  ɩɪɚɜɚɝ ɥɆɄɨ ɜɚɥɟɜɫ

ɤɢ ɣɂ ɫɬ ɨɪ ɢɤɨɫɪ ɚɜɧɢɬ ɟɥ ɶɧɵɣɦɟɬ ɨɞ ɜɸ ɪɢɫɩɪ ɭɞ ɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪ ɢɟɦɵ

ɢɡ ɭɱɟɧɢɹɢɫɬɨɪ ɢɢɩ ɪɚɜɚ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ  ɫ ± ɿ SDV VLPɉ ɚɪɬɚɤ

ɫɚɦɚȽ Ʉɚɪɫɚɜɢɧɚ Ʉ ɜɨ ɩɪ ɨɫɭ ɨɫɭɳɧɨ ɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɬɤɨ ɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ

ɨɛ ɳɟɫɬ ɜɟɧɧ ɨɷɤɨɧ ɨɦ ɢɱ ɟɫɤɢ ɯ ɮɨ ɪɦ ɚɰ ɢɣ   ȼɟɫɬɧɢ ɤ Ɇɨ ɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝ ɨ

ɍɧ ɢɜɟɪɫɢɬ ɟɬɚ ʋ ɫ ± 

Ɂɜɵɱɚɺɜɚ ɟɲɥɸɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɭɫɿ ɧɚʆ

274

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

254

ɌɚɦɭɰɹɠɤɚɩɪɵɧɹɰɶɡɚɤɿɞɁɄɚɩɵɫɤɚɝɚɲɬɨɦɵɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚɟɦɞɚɫɥɟ

ɞɚɜɚɧɵɹɫɜɟɰɤɿɹɲɥɸɛɵɿɪɚɡɜɨɞɹɤ© ɧɟɤɪɚɧɭɬɭɸɛɟɝɚɦɱɚɫɭɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɸ

ɚɫɜɟɱɚɧɵɜɹɤɚɦɿɡɚɫɬɵɥɵɡɜɵɱɚɣª ɍɜɟɫɶɯɨɞɧɚɲɵɯɪɚɡɜɚɝɚʆɛɵʆɫɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɵ

ɧɚɬɨɟɤɚɛɩɚɤɚɡɚɰɶɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɭɸɞɵɧɚɦɿɤɭɿɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɭɸɚɛɭɦɨʆɥɟɧɚɫɰɶɪɚɡ

ɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɵɯɡ¶ɹɜɿɲɱɚʆȺɩɚɫɪɨɞɤɚɜɚɧɚɝɷɬɚɩɪɵɡɧɚɟɿɫɚɦɪɷɰɷɧɡɟɧɬɩɿɲɭɱɵ

ɤɪɵɯɭɞɚɥɟɣ© Ⱥɛɚɩɿɪɚɸɱɵɫɹɧɚɦɟɬɚɞɤɚɧɤɪɷɬɧɚɝɚɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɝɚɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɚʆɬɚɪ

ɪɷɰɷɧɡɚɜɚɧɚɟɧɚɦɿɩɪɚɰɵ ɬɥɭɦɚɱɵɰɶɩɪɵɱɵɧɵɡ¶ɹʆɥɟɧɧɹɪɵɫɲɥɸɛɧɚ

ɫɹɦɟɣɧɵɯɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆɇɟɥɶɝɚɧɟɩɚɝɚɞɡɿɰɰɚɡɚʆɬɚɪɚɦɲɬɨɫɥɚɛɚɹɩɚɡɿɰɵɹɜɹɪ

ɯɨʆɧɚɟʆɥɚɞɵʆɤɪɚɿɧɟɞɷɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɹɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɟɰɚɪɤɜɵɩɪɚɜɚʆɦɹɲɚɧ

ɧɹɫɜɟɰɤɿɯɮɟɚɞɚɥɚʆɭɫɩɪɚɜɵɰɚɪɤɜɵɿɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɭɸɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɸɿɮɿɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɹ

ɩɪɵɛɵɬɤɿɲɬɨʆɡɪɚɫɬɚɥɿɡɩɚɜɟɥɿɱɷɧɧɟɦɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹɝɪɚɲɨɜɚɟɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿɹɤɿɹ

ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹʆȼɹɥɿɤɿɦɄɧɹɫɬɜɟɅɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦɫɩɪɵɱɵɧɿɥɿɫɹɞɚʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹɩɪɵɧ

ɰɵɩɭɫɜɟɰɤɚɝɚɲɥɸɛɭɛɟɡɜɹɧɱɚɧɧɹª RSFLWɫ

255

Ⱥɩɿɫɚɧɧɟɬɷɨɪɵɿ© ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɝɚɩɪɚɜɚª ɞɚʆȽɭɪɜɿɱ**XUYLWFK/¶LGHH

dudroit social,Paris, 1932.

256

Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɩ ɚɡ ɿɰ ɵɹ ɡ ɧɚɣɲɥɚ ɩ ɪɵɡɧɚɧ ɧɟʆ ɧ ɚɜɭɰ ɵ Ƚ Ʌɟ Ȼɪɚɫ

5+')( ;/,,,ʋ  ɪ ɩɿ ɫɚʆɭ  ɝ «B ard ach co nclut avec

raison que des etudes locales… nous eclairent sur la pratique coutumiere,

souvent contraire au droit ecrit de l’Eglise et de l’Etat. Nous ne cessons

de recommander ces monographies, particulierement pour la connaissance

du veritable etat des p ersonnes dans la famille et dans la societe» .

275

Ɂɜɵɱɚɺɜɚ ɟɲɥɸɛɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɭɫɿ ɧɚʆ

276

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɷɫɰɶ  ɡ ɩɚɥɨɜ ɚɣ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɬɚɦɭ ɬɭɬɫɚɦɚ  ɭ

Ɋ ɵɦɟ ɧɚ Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɤɚɥɨɤɜ ɿɭɦɟ © De

communi s radicibus christianis nationum

europearum»  ɹ ɦɟʆ ɧɚɝɨɞɭ ɡɚɤɪɚɧɭɰɶ ɩɵ

ɬɚɧɧɿ ɤɚɧɬɚɤɬɚʆ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɣ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɣ ɰɷɪɤɜɚʆ ɧɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɿɯ

ɚɛɲɚɪɚɯ Ʉ ɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɝɚ ʆ ɏȱV±ɏVȱ ɫɬ

 ɐɹɩɟɪ ɹ  ɯɚɰɟʆ ɛɵ  ɡɜɹ ɪɧɭɰɶ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ

ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ  ɩɚɦɿɠ ɦɿɪɚɧɚɦɿ — ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚɦɿ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵ ɦɿ ɚ

ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɡ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɵ XVI ɫɬ  ɩɪɚɬɷɫɬɚɧɬɚɦɿ  ɭ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ ɤɚɥɶ

ɜɿɧɿɫɬɚɦɿ  ɭ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ Ʌ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ Ⱥɩɨɲɧɹɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɚɤ

ɫɚɦɚ ɹɤ ɿ Ʉ ɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜ ɚ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ  ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɚɦ ɲ ɦɚɬɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɣ

ɧɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜ ɚ  ɹ ɤɨɟ ɚɛ¶ɹ ɞɧɨʆɜ ɚɥɚ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɜɟɪɚɜɵɡ

ɧɚɧɧɹʆ  ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜ ɚ ɞɚɜɨɥɿ  ɪɷɞɤɚɝɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɹɤɨɟ ɦɵ ɩɚɫ

ɩɪɚɛɭɟɦ ɫɺɧɧɹ  ɪɚɡɝɥɟɞɡɟɰɶ  ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚʆɲɵɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɚ ɜɵ 

ɩɚɞɤɚɦ Ʌɿɬɜɵ

Ɇɵ  ɩɚɱɧɟɦ ɡ ɯɪɵɲɱɷɧɧɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ  ɹɤɿɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɩɚ

ɝɚɧɰɚɦɿ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ ;,9 ɫɬ   ɚ ɫɤɨɧɱɵɦ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɦ ɬɷɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɚʆ

ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵɯ ɭ XVI–XVIII ɫɬ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɚɞɥɸɫɬɪɨʆɜɚɸɰɶ ɫɬɚɧ ɫɜɹ

ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɲ ɬɨ ʆɫɬɚɥɹɜɚʆɫɹ ʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɟ ɡ XVI ɫɬ  ɜɵɪɚɲɚɥɶ

ɧɚɝɚ ɡ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚɲɚɝɚ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɭ

1. ɍ 1387 ɝ ɭ ɹɤɚɫɰɿ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɚɣ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ

Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɵɥɨ ʆɜ ɟɞɡɟɧɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɬɜɚ ɍɥɚɞɵɫɥɚʆ əɝɚɣɥɚ  ɤɚ

ɪɨɥɶ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ ɿ ɜ ɹɥɿɤɿ ɤɧɹɡɶ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ  ɿ ɦɤɧɭɱɵɫɹ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɰɶ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲ ɱɚ ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ  ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɡ ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ

ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɫɬɜɚ  ɜ ɵɞɚʆ ɷɞɵɤɬɵ ɲ ɬɨ ɞɵɫɤɪɵɦɿɧɚɜɚɥɿ

ɪɭɫɿɧɚʆ  ɲɦɚɬɜ ɹɤɨɜɵ ɯ ɜɟɪɧɿɤɚʆ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɣ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ  ɹ ɤɿɹ

Ⱦɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿɩɚɦɿɠɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚɦɿɿ

ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɦɿ

ʆȼɹɥɿɤɿɦɄɧɹɫɬɜɟɅɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ

ɤɚɧɟɰɏȱ9±;9,,ɫɬ

277

ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɹɤ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɟɣ 80% ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ ɲ ɬɨ

ɚɯɚɩɥɹ ɥɚ ɹɤ ɦɵ ɜɟɞɚɟɦ ɜɟɥɿɡɚɪɧɵɹ  ɚɛɲɚɪɵ  ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɵɹ ɪɭ

ɫɿɧɚɦɿ — ɩɪɨɞɤɚɦɿ ʆɤɪɚɿɧɰɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ Ʉɨɥɶ ɤɚɫɧɚɹ ɬɚɤɫɚ

ɦɚ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɝɚ ɪɭɫɿɧɚʆ  ɭɥɿɱɜɚɸɱɵ ɬɨɟ  ɲ ɬɨ ɪɭɫɿɧ

ɫɤɚɹ  ɦɨɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɮɿ ɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɭ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜ ɟ ɩɚɞɲɬɭɪɯɧɭɥɚ

ȸɥɚɞɵɫɥɚɜɚ ə ɝɚɣɥɭ ɿ ɹɝɨɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿɯ ɧɚɬɯɧɹ ɥɶ ɧɿɤɚʆ ɡɚɛɚ

ɪɚɧɿɰɶ  ɡɦɟɲɚɧɵ ɹ ɲɥɸɛɵ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚɦɿ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɦɿ

ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɚɛɭɞɨɜɭ ɧɨɜ ɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɰɷɪɤɜɚʆ

 Ɇɨɠɧɚ

ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɚɦ ɤɚɛ ɝɥɵɛɨɤɚ

ʆɤɚɪɷɧɟɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɩɚɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɧɚɞ ɦɚɥɚɞɵɦ ɤɚɬɚɥɿ

ɰɵ ɡɦɚɦ

Ɋ ɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹɦɿ  ɧɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɦɿ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚɦ

ɝɷɬɵɹ ɡɚɯɚɞɵɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɥɿ ɚɧɬɚɝɚɧɿɡɦɵ ɹɤɿɹ ʆ ɬɪɵ ɰɰɚɬɵɹ ɝɚɞɵ

XV ɫɬ  ɩɪɵɜɹ ɥɿ  ɧɚɜɚɬ ɞɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɫɤɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ  ɍ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɟ

ɛɪɚɬ ɍɥɚɞɵ ɫɥɚɜɚ ə ɝɚɣɥɵ ɋ ɜɿɞɪɵɝɚɣɥɚ  ɫɚɦ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤ  ɫɬɚʆ ɧɚ

ɱɚɥɟ ɩɚɪɬɵ ɿ  ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɡɦɚɝɚɥɚɫɹ ɡɚ ɪɨʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ Ʉɚɧɮɥɿɤɬ ɫɭɰɿɯ ɞɡɹɤɭɸɱɵɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɸ ʆ 1434 ɝ  ɛɨɥɶ

ɲɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹʆ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɤɧɹ ɡɺʆ ɿ  ɛɚɹɪɚʆ  ɯɨɰɶ  ɹ ɧɵ

ɦɭɫɿɥɿ ɱɚɤɚɰɶ ɩɨʆɧɚɣ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɞɚ 1563 ɝ

 Ɍɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ

ɭɠɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɰɹ ɝɥɵ ɦ ɤɧɹɠɚɧɧɟɦ ɭ Ʌɿ ɬɜɟ Ʉ ɚɡɿ ɦɿɪɚ ə ɝɚɣɥɚɜɿɱɚ

(1440–1492), ɩɚɦɿɠ ɜɟɪɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣ ɲɬɨ ɫɭɿɫɧɚ

ɜɚɥɿ ʆ ɚɞɧɨɣ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɟ ɭɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɡɝɨɞɚ Ɇɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ

ɤɚ ɬɪɨɯ ɚɩɨɲ ɧɿɯ əɝɚɣɥɚɜɿ ɱɚʆ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɡɦɹ ɤɱɵɥɚ ɧɚɩɪɭɠɚɧɚɫɰɶ

ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɹ ʆ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɹɦɿ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɿɹ ɤɧɹɡɿɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɹ Ⱥɥɹɤ

ɫɚɧɞɪ (1492–1506),  ɀɵɝɿ ɦɨɧɬ I ?± ɿ ɀɵ ɝɿɦɨɧɬ

Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬ (1530–1572), ɫɚɦɿ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɿ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɚɛɚ

ɪɨɧɰɚɦɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɣ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ  ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɟ

 ɍ 1499 ɝ

Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ © ɋɜɿɬɚɤ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɚª  ɲɬɨ ɡɦɹɲɱɚʆ ɜɨɥɶ

ɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɵ ɹ ɩɪɷɪɚɝɚɬɵɜɵ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ

 Ⱥɫɚɛɥ

ɿɜ ɚɣ ɭɜɚɝɿ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɨʆɜɚɟ ɩɟɪɲɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɋɬɚɬɭɬ 1529 ɝ  ɭ ɹɤɿɦ

ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ  I ɩɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɚʆ ɭɫɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɵ ɿ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ  © ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɵɹ

ɹɤ ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ɝɪɷɰɤɚɝɚ ɚɛɪɚɞɭª  ɭɡɦɚɰɧɿʆɲɵ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɩɚ

ɰɜɹ ɪɞɠɷɧɧɟ ɩɪɵ ɫɹ ɝɚɸ ɧɚ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɥɿ

  Ɋ ɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɵ ɩɚɞɵɯɨɞ

ɞɚ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɣ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆɫɹ ʆ ɞɪɭɝɿɦ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɋɬɚ

ɬɭɰɟ 1566 ɝ

 Ȭɧ ɛɵʆ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɤɚɦɿɫɿɹɣ ɭ ɹ ɤɭɸ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ

Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɵʆ ɭ 1551 ɝ ©ɩɹɰɶ ɚɫɨɛ ɜɟɪɵ ɪɵɦɫɤɚɣ ɿ ɩɹɰɶ

ɚɫɨɛ ɜɟɪɵ ɝɪɷɰɤɚɣª   Ɍ ɚɤɚɹ ɪɨʆɧɚɫɰɶ  ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɿɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɵ ɜɿ

ɥɟɸ 1563 ɝ ɹɤɿ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜ ɚ ʆɪɚʆɧɹʆ ɿɯɧɿɹ ɩɪɚɜɵ

 Ƚɷɬɵ ɞɚɤɭ

ɦɟɧɬ — ɩɚɤɚɡɧɿɤ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɵɯ ɿ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɞɚ

ɱɵɧɟɧɧɹʆ ɭ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɿ ɦ Ʉ ɧɹ ɫɬɜɟ ɩɚɞ ɱɚɫ ɚɩɨɲɧɿɯ əɝɚɣɥɚɜɿɱɚʆ

Ⱦɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿɩɚɦ ɿɠɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚɦɿɿɩɪɚɜɚɫɥ ɚʆɧɵɦ ɿ

278

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

2.  ȼ ɚ ʆɦɨɜ ɚɯ  ɭɥɚɫɰɿ ɜɵɯ ɞɵɧɚɫɬɵ ɱɧɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɡ

ɉɨɥɶ ɲ ɱɚɸ  ɩɥɵ ɧɿ  ɲɬɨ ɞɚɦɿ ɧɚɜɚɥɿ  ʆ ɠɵɰɰɿ  Ʉ ɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ

ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ  ɡɜ ɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɧɚɝɚ Ʉɚɪɨɧɚɣ ɭ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɚɞ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ  ɭɩɥɵɜɚɥɿ ɧɚɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ʆ ɫɚɦɨɣ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɟ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ Ⱥɠɚɯɨʆɫɤɿ ɩɚɩɭɥɹɪɧɵ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿ ɩɭɛɥɿ

ɰɵɫɬ ɫɹ ɪɷɞɡɿɧɵ XVI ɫɬ  ɡ ɩɚɜɚɝɚɸ ɝɚɜɚɪɵʆ ɩɪɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆ

ɧɭɸ ɰɚɪɤɜɭ ɚ ʆ ɛɪɚɲɭɪɵ Baptismus Ruthenorum (1544) ɫɰɜɹ ɪ

ɞɠɚʆ  ɲɬɨ ɜɵɡɧɚʆɰɵ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɣ ɜɟɪɵ ɞɨɛɪɵɹ  ɯɪɵ ɫɰɿɹ ɧɟ

ɿ ɬɚɦɭ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɩɚʆɬɨɪɧɚɝɚ ɯɪɵɲ ɱɷɧɧɹ ʆ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɟɪɚ

ɯɨɞɭ ʆ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɚɩɪɚʆɞɚɧɚɟ ɍ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɺɧ ɩɚ

ɞɚɜɚʆ ɫɹɛɟ ɹɤ gente Ruthenus ɚɛɨ Roxolanus) natione Polonus

ȼɚɪɬɚ ɞɚɞɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ʆ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɦ Ʉ ɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɟ  ɭ ɹɤɨɟ ɡ XIV ɫɬ

ɭɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ Ƚɚɥɿɰɤɚɹ Ɋɭɫɶ ɪɨʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ ɪɷ

ɥɿɝɿɣɧɚɣ ɩɪɵɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɛɵɥɚ ʆɫɬɚɥɹ ɜɚɧɚɹ ʆ 1434 ɝ ɡ ɩɚɲɵ

ɪɷɧɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɚɪɵɫɬɚɤɪɚɬɵɸ ɪɭɫɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞ

ɠɚɧɧɹ  ɋɭɩɚɞɡɟɧɧɟ ɞɚɬɚʆ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹʆ ɭ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ

ɧɟ ɩɚɜɿ ɧɧɚ ɩɪɚɣɫɰɿ ɦɿɦɚ ɧɚɲɚɣ ɭɜɚɝɿ Ɍɪɨɯɿ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɡɚ Ⱥɠɚ

ɯɨʆɫɤɚɝɚɩɟɪɲɵ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ Ɇɚɰɟɣ ɋɬɪɵɣɤɨʆɫɤɿ ɤɚɧɨɧɿɤ

ɀɚɦɨɣɰɤɚɣ ɤɚɩɿɬɭɥɵ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɡɚɫɜ ɟɞɱɵʆ ɫɜɚɺ ɩɚɡɿ ɬɵʆɧɚɟ

ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɣ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ

1 0

  ɍɫɺ ɝɷɬɚ ɧɟ ɦɚɝɥɨ ɧɟ

ʆɩɥɵ ɜɚɰɶ ɧɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɡɦɹɤɱɚɸɱɵ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɵɹ  ɪɚ

ɡɵɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɿ

3.  ɗɜ ɚɥɸɰɵɹ  ɲ ɬɨ ɜɹ ɥɚ ɚɞ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɚɣ ɬɚɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɚɫɰɿ

ɞɚ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɵ  ɜɟɪɚɜ ɵɡɧɚɧɧɹʆ ɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɞɚ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɜɟɪɧɿ

ɤɚʆ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɪɷɥɿ ɝɿɣ ɦɟɥɚ ɝɥɵɛɨɤɿɹ ɤɚɪɚɧɿ ɜɚ ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɨ

ɪɵɿ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ  ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɇɚ ɦɨɦɚɧɬ ɡ¶ɹ ʆɥɟɧɧɹ  ɪɷɮɚɪɦɿɫɰɤɚɣ

ɜɟɪɵ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɹ ɿ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɚ ɦɟɥɚ ʆɠɨ ɞɨɛɪɚ ʆɫɬɚɥɹɜ ɚ

ɧɚɟ ɩɟɪɚɤɚɧɚɧɧɟ ɲɬɨ ɪɨɡɧɚɫɰɶ  ɯɪɵɫɰɿɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɜɟɪɚʆ ɧɟ ɫɬɜɚ

ɪɚɟ ɩɟɪɚɲ ɤɨɞɞɥɹ  ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɵɦɿ ɿ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɦɿ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚɦɿ Ƚ ɷɬɚɟ ɩɟɪɚɤɚɧɚɧɧɟ  ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɚɟ ɧɚ ɪɷɥɿ ɝɿɣɧɵɦ ɞɭɚɥɿɡɦɟ

ɥɺɝɤɚ ɩɚɲ ɵɪɚɥɚɫɹ ɿ  ɧɚ ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ Ɋɷɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɿ  ȼ ɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɚ

ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞ ɚɞ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɚɝɚ ɞɭɚɥɿɡɦɭ ɞɚ ɩɥɸɪɚɥɿɡɦɭ ʆ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɵɦ

ɫɷɧɫɟ ɛɵʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɥɹɝɱɷɣɲ ɵ  ɱɵɦ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞ ɚɞ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɿ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɡ ɚɞɡɿɧɚɣɪɷɥɿɝɿɹɣ ɞɚ ɩɥɸɪɚɥɿ ɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɦɚɞɷɥɿ

ɉɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɹ  ɫɜɚɛɨɞɵ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɬɵɹ  ʆ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ

ɹɤɿɹ ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɚɞ ɹ ɟ ʆɩɥɵɜɚɦ ɭ Ʌɿɬɜɟ  ɛɵ ɥɿ ɹɲ ɱɷ

ɚɞɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɲɬɨ ɫɩɪɵɹʆ ɭɡɦɚɰɧɟɧɧɸ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɚɝɚ ɩɥɸ

ɪɚɥɿɡɦɭ  ɉɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɟ ɿ ɯ ɧɚ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɿ ɩɪɵɦɚɥɚɫɹ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ

ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɚɣ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɵ  ɲɬɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɥɚɫɹ ɜ ɟɪɧɚɹ  ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɬɜɭ

ȼɚɪɲ ɚʆɫɤɚɹ  ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɹ  ʆ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ  ɚɛɜɟɲɱɚɧɚɹ  ʆ ɫɬɭ

279

ɞɡɟɧɿ 1573 ɝ  ɿ ɜɹɞɨɦɚɹ ɹ ɤ Pax inter dissidents in regione ɫɬɚɥɚ

ɡɚɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɱɚɣ ɩɪɚɹɜɚɣ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɚɝɚ ɩɥɸɪɚɥɿɡɦɭ

Ɇɵ  ɡɨɣɦɟɦɫɹ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɚɤɬɚɦ  ɛɨ ɺɧ ɛɵʆ ɜɟɥɶ ɦɿ ɯɭɬɤɚ ɩɪɵ

ɧɹɬɵ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚɦɿ ɋ ɚɩɪɚʆɞɵ ɭɠɨ ʆ ɬɪɚʆɧɿ 1573 ɝ ɩɚɞ ɝɷɬɵɦ

ɚɤɬɚɦ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɵɹ 206 ɩɹ ɱɚɬɚɤ ɚɪɵɫɬɚɤɪɚɬɚʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ  ɲ ɬɨ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ ɩɪɚ ɦɚɫɚɜɭɸ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɭ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚ

ɰɵ ɿ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚɦɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵ ɦɿ ɿ  ɩɪɚɬɷɫɬɚɧɬɚɦɿ  ɇɚɜ ɚɬ ɤɚɬɚɥɿ

ɰɤɿɹ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɵ Ʌɿɬɜɵ  ɡɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɛɵɥɿ ɧɚ ɹɟ ɡɝɨɞɧɵɹ ɉɪɵɧɚɦɫɿ

ɹ ɤ ɤɚɧɫɬɚɬɭɟ Ɍɚɞɷɜɭɲ ȼɚɫɿɥɟʆɫɤɿ  ɧɟ ɜ ɹɞɨɦɚ ɧɿɜɨɞɧɚɝɚ ɜɵ

ɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɚɬɷɫɬɭ ɡ ɿɯɧɹɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ Ⱥɤɬ ɤɚɧ

ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵ ɿ  ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɵ  ɜ ɚɥɶɧɵ ɦ ɫɨɣɦɚɦ ɭ ȼ ɿɥɶɧɿ  ɫɤɥɿɤɚ

ɧɵɦ ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ  ɋɬɷɮɚɧɚ Ȼɚɬɨɪɵɹ  ʆ 1587 ɝ  ɛɵ ʆ

ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɞɚɫɥɨʆɧɚ ʆɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ ʆ ,,, ɋɬɚɬɭɬ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ 1588 ɝ ɫɥɚɜ ɭ

ɬɵ  ɡɛɨɪ ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ ɬɚɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ

Ƚɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɹɝɪɚɮɿɹ ʆ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ ɩɚɞɚɟ  ɲɬɨ ȼɚɪɲɚʆɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɧ

ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɹ  ɞɚɬɵɱɵɥɚ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɿɫɰɤɚɣ ɜɟɪɵ Ⱥɥɟ ɡ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɬɷɤ

ɫɬɭ 1573 ɝ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɚ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɲɬɨ ɹɧɚ ɞɚɬɵɱɵɥɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ Ƚɷɬɚ ɧɟɞɜɭɯɫɷɧɫɨʆɧɚ ɩɚɰɜɹ ɪɞɠɚɟɰɰɚ ʆɪɵʆɤɚɦ ɞɡɟ

ɦɵ ɱɵɬɚɟɦ ɲɬɨ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɿ ɹ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɧɵ ɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɣ

ɰɚɪɤɜɟ benef icia iuris patronatus Regii ɦɨɝɭɰɶ ɛɵɰɶ ɞɚɪɚɜɚ

ɧɵ ɹ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿɦ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɦ ɚɫɨɛɚɦ indigenis Polonis,

ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɹ  ɥɸɞɡɹɦ ɝɪɷɰɤɚɣ ɜɟɪɵª

. Ⱥɩɪɚɱɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɣ ɜɟɪɵ

ɱɵɦ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɚ ɹɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɿɲɱɚ ʆ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɟ ȼɚ ʆɫɿɯ ɚɫɬɚɬɧɿɯ

ɜɵɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɝɚɜɨɪɤɚ ɿɞɡɟ ɩɪɚ dissidents in religione, — ɬɷɪɦɿɧ

ɹ ɤɿ  ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚʆ ɭɫɟ ɧɟɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿɹ ɯɪɵɫɰɿɹ ɧɫɤɿɹ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɿ  ȼ ɚɪɬɚ

ɞɚɞɚɰɶ ɲɬɨ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶ ɧɿɤɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ  ɩɚɫɬɚɜɿɥɿ  ɫɜɚɟ ɩɹɱɚɬɤɿ

ɩɚɞ ɚɤɬɚɦ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ  ɛɵɥɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɚɫɨɛɵ ɩɪɵɧɚɥɟɠɧɵɹ

ɞɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɟ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ ȱɯɧɿ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɵ ʆɞɡɟɥ ɭ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ

ɫɜ ɟɞɱɵɰɶ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɪɚ ʆɞɡɟɥ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɭ ɜɵɩɪɚɰɨʆɰɵ ɝɷ

ɬɚɝɚ ɚɤɬɚ

ɇɟɞɚɬɚɜ ɚɧɵ  ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɚɤɬɚ ɷɤɡɟɤɭɰɵɿ ȼɚɪɲɚʆɫɤɚɣ ɤɚɧɮɟ

ɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ  ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɜɵɞɚʆɰɚ ɭ 1587 ɝ

, ɫɜ ɟɞɱɵɰɶ

ɲɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɪɷɥɿ ɝɿɣɧɚɝɚ ɩɥɸɪɚɥɿɡɦɭ ɷɩɨɯɿ Ɋɷɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɿ ʆ

ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɫɭɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɞɡɜɸɯ ɰɷɪɤɜ ɚʆ ɿ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚɫɥɚʆɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɞɧɵɦ ɡ ɤɭɬɧɿɯ ɤɚɦɹɧɺʆ ȼ ɚɪɲɚʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷ

ɪɚɰɵɿ Ɍ ɭɬ ɤɚɪɵɫɧɚ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɰɶ ɲɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɚɩɪɚʆɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɵ ɡ

ɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɬɷɫɬɚɧɰɤɿɯ ɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɣ ɜɵɲɷɣɩɚɦɹ ɧɺɧɵ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɡɝɚɞ

Ⱦɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿɩɚɦ ɿɠɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚɦɿɿɩɪɚɜɚɫɥ ɚʆɧɵɦ ɿ

280

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɩɪɵɱɵɧɵ  ɲɬɨ ɡ ɱɚɫɨʆ ɧɚɲɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɤɚʆ ɜɚ ʆɫɿɯ ɫɬɚɧɚɯ Ʉ ɚɪɨ

ɧɵ ɺɫɰɶ ɥɸɞɡɿ ɪɭɫɿɧɫɤɚɟ ɜɟɪɵ — ɝɪɷɰɤɚɣ ɿ ɚɪɦɹɧɫɤɚɣ  ɹ ɤɿɹ

ɡɞɚʆɧɚ ɠɵɜɭɰɶ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɧɚɦɿ  ɿ ɦɵ ɦɚɟɦ ɡ ɿɦɿ  re ipsa ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷ

ɪɚɰɵɸ  ɦɵ ɩɚɤɿɞɚɟɦ ɿɯ ɭ ɦɿɪɵ ɡ ɿ ɯɧɹɸ ɜɟɪɚɣ ɞɵ ɿɯɧɿɦɿ ɰɷɪɤ

ɜɚɦɿ ɞɵ ɿɯɧɿ ɦɚɛɪɚɞɚɦ ɦɵ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɟɦɫɹ ɡ ɿɦɿ  ɚ ɹɧɵ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚ

ɸɰɰɚ ɡ ɧɚɦɿ ɚɞɧɵɦ ɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɦª

 Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɦɚɞɷɥɶ ɦɟɥɚ

ɫɥɭɠɵ ɰɶ ɩɚɞɦɭɪɤɚɦ ɩɪɵ ɦɹɧɟɧɧɹ  ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ 1573 ɝ ɞɚ

ɪɷɮɚɪɦɿɫɰɤɿɯ ɤɚɧɮɟɫɿ ɣ

4. ɉɵɬɚɧɧɟ ʆɞɡɟɥɭ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɭ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵ ɿ 1573 ɝ

ɡɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɡ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɹ ɹɟ ɩɪɵ ɦɹɧɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶ

ɧɚɝɚ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ɩɨɝɥɹ ɞɭ  Ƚɚɜɨɪɤɚ ɿɞɡɟ  ɭ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɚ ɬɨɟ

ɤɚɛ ɞɚɜɟɞɚɰɰɚ ɰɿɹ ɧɚ ɬɵɱɵɥɚɫɹ  ɚɞɧɨ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɰɿ ɩɚɲ ɵɪɚɥɚɫɹ

ɿ ɧɚ ɩɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɵ  ɥɸɞ ɭ ɩɪɵ ɜɚɬɧɚɫɰɿ ɧɚ ɫɹ ɥɹ ɧɫɤɚɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰ

ɬɜɚ Ƚɷɬɚɟ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɚɦ ɠɜɚɜɚɣ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɚɣ ɞɵɫ

ɤɭɫɿɿ   Ɋ ɷɱ ɭ ɬɵɦ ɲɬɨ ɬɷɤɫɬ ɡɦɹɲɱɚɟ ɚɝɚɜ ɨɪɤɭ  ɚ ɦɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ

ɲɬɨ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɹ ɧɟ ɦɚɟ ɚɛɦɹɠɨʆɜ ɚɰɶ  ɧɚɣɜ ɵɲɷɣɲɭɸ ʆɥɚ

ɦɚɟ ɦɟɫɰɚ sub pratextu religionis  ɤɨɠɧɵ ʆɥɚɞɚɪ ɹɤ ɡɚʆɠɞɵ

ɬɚɤ ɿ ɰɹɩɟɪ ɛɭɞɡɟɜ ɨɥɶɧɵ ɤɚɪɚɰɶ ɹɤ ɧɚɥɟɠɵ ɰɶ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɧɟɩɚ

ɤɨɪɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɭɥɚɞɧɚɝɚ tam in spiritualibus». ɉɚɤɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɬɷɤɫɬ ɧɟ

ɛɵʆ ɡɪɚɡɭɦɟɥɵ  ɞɵɤ ɋɚɧɞɚɦɿɪɫɤɿ  ɫɨɣɦɿɤ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚɜ ɚʆ ɝɷɬɤɭɸ

ɧɟɩɚɤɨɪɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɭɥɚɞɧɚɝɚ« ɬɪɷɛɚ ɞɚɞɚɰɶ  in boni s spiritualibus

ɹɤ ɿ in saecularibus ɚ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɜɟɪɭª In bonis ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶɜɚ ʆɥɚɞɚɧ

ɧɹ ɯ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɯ ɿ ɫɜɟɰɤɿɯ ɭɥɚɞɚɪɨʆ ɚ ɧɟ in rebus  ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ ɭ

ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ

Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɧɟ ʆɞɚɥɨɫɹ  ɩɪɵɧɹɰɶ  ɝɷɬɭɸ ɩɚɩɪɚʆɤɭ  ɹɤɚɹ ʆ ɥɿɛɟ

ɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɭɯɭ ɦɹ ɧɹɥɚ ɜɵɲ ɷɣɡɝɚɞɚɧɵɹ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɿ ȼɚɪɲɚʆɫɤɚɣ

ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ Ɍɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ  ɧɹɦɚ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɧɧɹʆ ɩɪɵɦɭɫɭ  ɹ ɤɿ

ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿɹ  ʆɥɚɞɚɪɵ  ɦɚɝɥɿ ɛ ɭɱɵɧɹɰɶ ɧɚɞ ɫɜɚɿ ɦɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆ

ɧɵ ɦɿ ɩɚɞɭɥɚɞɧɵɦɿ ʆ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɚɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ  ȱɧɲɚɸ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɚɣ ɛɵʆ

ɬɨɣ ɮɚɤɬ  ɲ ɬɨ ʆɥɚɞɚ ɡɟɦɥɟʆɥɚɫɧɿɤɚ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɦ ɫɜɹɬɚ

ɪɨɦ ɛɵ ɥɚ ɧɟɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɛɨɥɶ ɲɚɹ  ɱɵɦ ɧɚɞ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿɦ ɇɚ

ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ XVII ɫɬ  ɭɧɿ ɹɰɤɿ ɩɿɫɶ ɦɟɧɧɿ ɤ Ʌɟʆ Ʉ ɪɷʆɡɚ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɚʆ

ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ  ɩɚɦɿɠ ɭɥɚɞɚɪɨɦ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆ

ɪɚɬɚɪ ɧɚ Ɇɚɫɤɜɟ ɫɚɦ ȼɹɥɿɤɿ ɤɧɹɡɶ  ɚ ʆ ɧɚɲɵɯ ɤɪɚɹɯ ɤɨɠɧɵ

ɲɥɹɯɰɿɱ  ɲɬɨ ɦɚɟ ɩɚɩɚ ɭɥɚɞɚɪɵɰɶ ɧɚɞ ɿɦ ɹɤ ɭɡɞɭɦɚɟª

ɏɨɰɶ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɹ  ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɥɿ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɧɭɸ

ɩɟɪɚɜɚɝɭ ɿ ɫɜɚɸ ʆɥɚɫɧɭɸ ɦɿɬɪɚɩɨɥɿɸ ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɹɤ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɟ

281

ɿ ɠɚɦɨɣɰɤɚɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿɹ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɫɬɜɵ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ ɚɞ Ƚɧɟɡɧɟɧɫɤɚɣ

ɦɿɬɪɚɩɨɥɿɿ  ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹ ɣ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɥɚɛɟɣɲɚɟ

ɋɥɚɛɨɟ ɛɵ ɥɨ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɦɿɬɪɚɩɚɥɿɬɚ

ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ʆɥɚɞɵɤɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɛɵ ɥɿ ɚɞ ɹ ɝɨ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠ

ɧɵɹ  ɋɚ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ  ɞɭɯɚɜ ɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɿɠɷɣɲɚɝɚ ʆɡɪɨʆɧɸ ɡɚɥɟ

ɠɚɥɚ ɛɨɥɟɣ ɚɞ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɚ  ɱɵɦ ɚɞ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ʆɥɚɞɵɤɿ Ⱥɞ

ɫɸɥɶ ɫɥɚɛɚɹ ɞɵɫɰɵɩɥɿɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɞɭɯɚɜ ɟɧɫɬɜɚ ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɹɤ ɞɚɪɷɱɵ ɿʆ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ

5. ɋ ɥɚɛɚɫɰɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲ ɱɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɫɜɟɰ

ɤɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɚɞɥɸɫɬɪɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɵɦ  ɭ ɞɨʆɝɿɦ ɩɚɧɚ

ɜɚɧɧɿ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɡɜɵɱɚɺɜ ɚɝɚ ɦɚɬɪɵ 

ɦɚɧɿɹɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ  ɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹ ɱɵ  ɧɚ ɹ ɝɨ ɧɟɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɫɰɶ  ɤɚɧɚ

ɧɿ ɱɧɚɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹ ɣ ɰɚɪɤɜ ɵ ɍ XV ɿ XVI ɫɬ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆ

ɲɥɸɛɵª  ɲɬɨ ɚɡɧɚɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɛɥɚɫɥɚɜɺɧɵɹ  ɰɚɪɤɜɨɸ ɞɡɟ ɩɚɞ ɱɚɫ

ɲɥɸɛɧɚɣ ɰɵ ɪɵ ɦɨɧɿɿ ɧɚɞ ɝɚɥɨɜ ɚɦɿ  ɦɚɥɚɞɵɯ ɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɜɹɧɤɿ

Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜ ɚ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɪɚɡɜɨɞɵ ɹɤɿɹ  ɞɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɫɜɟɰɤɿɦɿ ɫɭ

ɞɚɦɿ

 ɑɚɫɬɚ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɵ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ʆɡɚɟɦɧɚɣ ɡɝɨɞɵ

ɫɭɠɷɧɰɚʆ  ɋɜɟɰɤɿɹ ɫɭɞɵ ɦɟɥɿ ɩɪɵ ɛɵɬɤɿ ɡ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɚʆ  ɫɩɚɝɚɧɹ

ɧɵɯ ɫɚ ɫɩɪɚʆ ɚɛ ɪɚɡɜ ɨɞɡɟ  ɚɞɫɸɥɶ  ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɚ  ɚɛɚɪɨɧɚ ɝɷɬɚɣ

ɥɿɛɟɪɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɵ ɤɿ ɞɵ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɚɩɨɪ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɱɵ ɝɷɬɵ ɯ

ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹʆ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɫɤɿɦ ɬɪɵ ɛɭɧɚɥɚɦ  ɞɚ ɹ ɤɿ ɯ ɹɧɵ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɥɿɫɹ ʆ

ɦɨɰ ɤɚɧɚɧɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɉɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɹ  ɰɚɪɤɜɚ ɞɨʆɝɚ ɦɭɫɿɥɚ

ɦɿɪɵɰɰɚ ɡ ɬɚɤɿɦ ɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɦ ɪɷɱɚʆ

Ⱥɪɯɿɜɵ ɜ ɵɹʆɥɹɸɰɶ  ɧɚɦ ɹɲ ɱɷ ɚɞɧɭ ɧɟɱɚɤɚɧɭɸ ɡ¶ ɹ ɜɭ

ɲɥɸɛɵ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ  ɫɜɹɬɤɚɜɚɧɵɹ ʆ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɰɷɪɤɜɚɯ  ɲɬɨ

ɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɜɚɧɚɝɚ  ɹ ɤ ɜɹɞɨɦɚ ɭɫɯɨɞ

ɧɹɣ ɰɚɪɤɜɨɸ  Ʉ ɚɪɨɥɶ  ɋɬɷɮɚɧ Ȼ ɚɬɨɪɵ ɣ ɭ 1579 ɝ  ɡɚɛɚɪɚɧɿʆ

ɩɚɞɨɛɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɭ ɩɚɞ ɫɬɪɚɯɚɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɣ ɝɪɚɲɨɜɚɣ ɤɚɪɵ

Ⱥɥɟ ɿɯɧɹ ɟ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɥɚ ɚɛ ɩɪɚɡɪɵɫɬɚɫɰɿ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɵɯ

ɦɟɠɚʆ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚɦɿ ɿ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɦɿ ʆ ȼɹɥɿ ɤɿ ɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ

Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ

ɍ ɡɦɹ ɲɚɧɵɯ ɲɥɸɛɚɯ  ɩɚɲɵɪɚɧɵɯ ɜɚ ʆɫɿɯ ɫɥɚɹɯ ɝɪɚɦɚɞ

ɫɬɜɚ  ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɲɥɹɯɬɚɸ  ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚɦ ɛɵɥɨ ʆɡɚɟɦɧɚɟ ɲɚ

ɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɚɛɨɞɜ ɭɦɚ ɛɚɤɚɦɿ ɿɯɧɿɯ ɜɟɪɚɜɵɡɧɚɧɧɹ ʆ  ɇɚɣɱɚɫɰɟɣ

ɫɵɧɵ ɩɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɜɟɪɭ ɛɚɰɶɤɿ ɚ ɞɨɱɤɿ — ɜɟɪɭ ɦɚɰɿ  ɑɚɫɚɦ  ɚɫɚɛ

ɥɿɜɚ ɤɚɥɿ ɞɚɱɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɞɡɿɧɚɸ ɫɩɚɞɤɚɟɦɿɰɚɣ ɹɧɚ ɩɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɜɟɪɭ

ɛɚɰɶ ɤɿ  ɉɪɵɱɵɧɚɸ ɧɟɩɚɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɹ ʆ ɭ ɡɦɟɲ ɚɧɵɯ ɫɟɦ¶ɹ ɯ ɛɵɥɿ

ɧɚɣɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɝɷɬɤɿɹ ɮɚɤɬɵ   ɹ ɤ ɪɚɡɵ ɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɝɪɵɝɚɪɵ

ɹɧɫɤɿɦ ɿ ɸɥɿɹɧɫɤɿɦ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɚɦɿ  ɚ ɧɟ ɞɚɝɦɚɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɪɚɡɵ ɯɨɞ

Ⱦɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿɩɚɦ ɿɠɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚɦɿɿɩɪɚɜɚɫɥ ɚʆɧɵɦ ɿ