Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɩɪɵɝɚɞɚɰɶ  ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜɚ Ʉɚɬɚ

ɡɧɚɤɚɦɿɬɚɝɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɵ  ɹɤɿ ʆ ɚɩɭ

ɛɥɿɤɚɜɚɧɚɣ ɭ  ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɪɚɰɵ «S ZLDGRPRĞü

narodowa w Polsce XV–XVII wieku» («ɇɚɰɵɹ

ɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ ɭ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ  XV–XVII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ʆ») ɩɿɫɚʆ

ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɦɟɠɚɯ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ  ɛɟɡ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɧɟɥɶɝɚ ɧɚɥɟɠ

ɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɡɚɪɵɟɧɬɚɜɚɰɰɚ ʆ ɬɵ ɦ ɹ ɤ ɪɚɡɭɦɟʆɫɹ ɡɦɟɫɬ ɧɚɰɵ 

ɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɿɞɷɿ  Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɜɟɞɚɟɦ ɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɵ ɡ

ɛɨɤɭ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹ ɧɊ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɧɹɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ

ɧɟ ɜɟɞɚɟɦ ɹɤɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɿ ɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɹ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ Ʌɿɬɜɵ…

ɉɚɜɨɞɥɟ ʆɪɵʆɤɚɜɚɝɚ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹ ɥɭ ɦɵ ɚɞɱɭɜɚɟɦ ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɩɵ

ɬɚɧɧɿ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɿ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɚɣ ɷɩɨɫɟ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ ɱɭɠɵ ɹª

Ⱥɞ ɬɵɯ ɞɚɬ ɧɚɜɭɤɚ ɩɚɫɭɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɧɚɩɟɪɚɞ ɍ ɤɪɚɿɧɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ

ɧɚɟ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɫɜ ɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ  ɧɚ ɫɬɵ ɤɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɿ

ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪ ɭɡɧɹʆ ɡɚʆɱɚɫɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɪɥɵ ɘɡɷɮ ɏɥɹ ɛɨʆɱɵɤ

 ɇɚ ɷɦ

ɿɝɪɚɰɵɿ ʆ Ʌɨɧɞɚɧɟ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɸ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɯ ȼɹ 

ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɡɚɣɦɚʆɫɹ  ɩɪɚɧɿɤɥɿɜ ɚ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɸɱɵ

ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɿ ɿ ɫɭɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɬɚɦ ɫɤɥɚɥɿɫɹ  ɍɥɚɞɵɫɥɚʆ ȼɹ ɥɶ 

ɝɨɪɫɤɿ

 ɚ ɞɚɩɨʆɧɿɥɚ ɹɝɨ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɐɷɡɚɪɵɹ Ȼɚɞɭɷɧ ɞɷ

Ʉɭɪɬɷɧɷəɧɞɪɚɟɜɿɱɚɜ ɚ  ɩɟɪɲ ɚɹ  ʆ ,, Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɠɚɧɱɵ

ɧɚ ² ɩɪɚɮɟɫɚɪ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚ ɫɩɹɪɲɚ ʆ ȼ ɿɥɶɧɿ  ɩɨɬɵɦ ɭ ɫɬɚ

ɥɿɰɵ

. ɍɪɷɲɰɟ, ɧɟɥɶɝɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɵɝɚɞɚɰɶ  ɬɭɬ ɋɬɷɮɚɧɚ Ʉɹɧɟɜɿɱɚ

(Stef an Kieniew icz ɿ ɹ ɝɨɧɚɝɚ ɪɷɮɟɪɚɬɚ «Rozw ój polskiej

sZ LDGRPRĞFL QDURGRZHM Z ;,; ZLHNX»

(«Ɋ ɚɡɜ ɿɰɰɺ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ

ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ʆ XIX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɿ  ɧɚ ; ɍɫɟɚɝɭɥɶɧɵɦ

Ɂ¶ ɟɡɞɡɟ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɯ Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ ɭ  ɝ

ɒɦɚɬɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɹɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ

ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ

ɧɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɪɭɫɤɿɯɡɟɦɥɹɯɊɷɱɵɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ

ʆ;9,,±;;ɫɬ

293

ɉɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɲ ɦɚɬɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜ ɚɫɰɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜ ɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ

ɹ  ɯɚɱɭ ɬɭɬ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜɿɰɶ ɭ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵ ɦ ɤɚɧɬɷɤɫɰɟ  ɭ ɩɚɞɜɚɥɿ

ɧɚɯ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɥɹ ɠɵɰɶ ɲɦɚɬɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚ

ɥɿɬɚɟ Ⱥɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɹ ɤɚɹ ɫɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧ

ɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ  ɝ ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɭ ɺɣ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɨɥɟɣ ɡɚ ɞɜɚ

Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɿ ɫɚɤɪɚɬɚɪ ɩɪɵ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɰɟ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɰɟ ɚ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɚɪ

ɯɿɛɿɫɤɭɩɥɶɜɨʆɫɤɿ əɧ Ⱦɵɦɿɬɪ ɋɚɥɿɤɨʆɫɤɿ Jan Dymitr Solikowski),

ɛɟɪɭɱɵ ɫɥɨɜɚ ʆ ɩɚɪɭ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɜɨɥɶɧɚɣ ɷɥɟɤɰɵɿ  ɩɿɫɚʆ  ©Ʉɚɥɿ ʆ

ɚɞɧɨɣ Ɋ ɷɱɵ  ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɿ ʆ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɵ ɦ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɟ ɫɹ ɞɡɹɰɶ

ɉɚɥɹɤ Ʌɿɬɜɿɧ ɉɪɭɫɚɤ Ɋɭɫɚɤ Ɇɚɡɭɪ ɀɦɭɞɡɿɧ ȱɧɮɥɹɧɬ  ɉɚɞ

ɥɹ ɲɚɧɿɧ ȼ ɚɥɵɧɱɵɤ Ʉɿɹʆɥɹɧɿɧ ɧɟ ɛɚɱɭ ɧɿɹ ɤɚɝɚ ɲɥɹɯɭ  ɤɚɛ

ɹɧɵ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɚɛɪɚɰɶ ɩɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚª

  ɋɚɥɿɤɨʆɫɤɿ ɚɤɰɷɧ

ɬɚɜɚʆ ɪɷɝɿɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɹ  ɩɚɞɡɟɥɵ  ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ  ɿɯ ɩɚɪɬɵɤɭɥɹ

ɪɵɡɦ ɿ ɩɪɚɹ ɜɵ ɧɟɞɚɜɟɪɭ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɧɟɩɪɵɹ ɡɿ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɚɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ɱɚɫɚ

ɦɿ ɜɵ ɧɿɤɚɥɿ  Ⱥɥɟ ɧɟ ɹ ɧɵ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿ ɜɚɥɿ ɧɚɣɜ ɚɠɧɟɣɲɵɹ  ɧɚ ɬɨɣ

ɱɚɫ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɵ  ɉɚɧɹɰɰɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɰɟɫɧɚ ɡɜ ɹɡɚɧɚɟ ɡ ɩɚɧɹɰ

ɰɟɦ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ  Ɍ ɚɦɭ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɣɧɭɸ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɭ  ɹɤɚɹ  ɩɚʆɫɬɚ

ɥɚ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɪɷɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɭɧɿɿɄɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɿ Ɋɷɱɱɭ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ Ⱥɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɇɚ

ɪɨɞɚʆ Ƚɷɬɚ ɜ ɵɹʆɥɹɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɯ ɝɷɬɤɚɸ ɛɵ ɥɚ ɿ ɩɚɧɭ

ɸɱɚɹ  ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ  ɲ ɥɹ ɯɬɵ  Ɍ ɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɵ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɛɵʆ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ

ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɦ ɍ ɹ ɝɨɧɵ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɭɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹ ɧɟ

ɹɤɿɹ ɱɵɧɧɚ ʆɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɱɚɥɿ ʆ ɩɚɥɿ ɬɵɱɧɵɦɠɵɰɰɿ ɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ  ɲɥɹɯ

ɬɚ Ɍ ɚɦɭ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚɦ ɛɵʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹ ɧɿɧ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɹ ɤ ɡ ɷɬɧɿ ɱɧɚ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɯ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ ɚɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚɦ ɛɵʆ ɲɥɹ

ɯɟɰɤɿ ©ɬɭɛɵɥɟɰª  ɚɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɡ ɤɪɵɧɿɰ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ  ɧɟ

ɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ ɹɝɨ ɷɬɧɿ ɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ  ɿ ɦɨɜ ɵ  ɹɤɭɸ ɺɧ ɭɠɵ

ɜɚʆ

Ƚɷɬɚ ɧɟ ɚɡɧɚɱɚɟ ɛɵɰɰɚɦ ɭ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ

ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ² ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ² ɧɟ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿ ɜɚɥɿ ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ

ɰɿ  ɥɿɬɜ ɿɧɚʆ ɚɞ ɪɭɫɿɧɚʆ Ⱥɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɜ ɵɪɚɡɧɵɹ ɹɤ ɭ ɦɨʆ

ɧɚɣ ɬɚɤ ɿ ʆ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɚɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɍ  ɝ ɭ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɟ ɩɪɵɦɚɸ

ɱɵ ɞɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɟ ɞɚ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɜɚɥɵɧɫɤɚɹ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ɚɝɚɜɚɪɵɥɚ ɫɚɛɟ

ɿ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵ ɥɨ ʆɩɿɫɚɧɚ ʆ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɣɧɵ ɚɤɬ ɲɬɨ ʆɫɟ ɩɚɩɟɪɵ  ɿ

ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ  ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɿ ɚɞɪɚɫɚɜɚɧɵɹ ɞɚ ɜ ɚɥɵɧɫɤɿɯ ɡɹɦɹɧɚʆ

ɝɷɬɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɵ ɪɷɝɿɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɵ ɬɷɪɦɿ ɧ ɡ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɚɟ

ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵ ɿ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ ɩɿɫɚɰɰɚ ɪɭɫɤɚɸ ɦɨɜ ɚɸ ɿ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɦ ɪɭɫɤɿɦ

ɩɿɫɚɪɚɦ ɉɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɡɝɚɞɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɹ ɪɚɡ ɿ ʆ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ;9,, ɫɬ

ɉɚɫɥɹ Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ ɝ  ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɹ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ

ɡ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɚɧɰɿɧɚɦ Ⱥɫɬɪɨɠɫɤɿɦ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɭ © ɫɬɚ

ɪɚɠɵɬɧɚɣ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɿ ɝɪɷɰɤɚɣª 

ɒɦ ɚɬɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɹɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɹɫɜɹɞɨɦ ɚɫɰɶ

294

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɇɚɞ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɦɿ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɩɟɪɚɜ ɚɠɚɥɚ ɫɚɫɥɨʆɧɚɹ  ɫɚɥɿ

ɞɚɪɧɚɫɰɶ  əɟ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɵ ɜɚɛɧɚɫɰɶ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɿɯ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɹʆ

ɡ ɹ ɤɿɯ ɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚɪɨʆɧɿ ɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɰɿ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɣ  ə ɲ ɱɷ ɩɟɪɚɞ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɹɣ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ Ⱥɠɚɯɨʆɫɤɿ

(6WDQLVáDZ 2U]HFKRZVNL ɭ ɩɪɚɞɦɨɜ ɟ ɩɚɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɸ «Ad equites

Polonos Stanislai Orichovii Ruthenus» (©ɒɥɹɯɰɟ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɚɞ

ɋɬɚɧɿ ɫɥɚɜɚ Ⱥɠɚɯɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɪɭɫɿɧɚª) ɞɚ ɤɧɿɝɿ ə ɤɭɛɚ ɉɲɵɥɭɫɤɚɝɚ

(-DNXE 3U]\áXVNL) «L eges seu statuta Regni Poloniae» (©Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ,

ɚɥɶɛɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɵ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚª)  ɩɿɫɚʆ  ɡɜɹ ɪɬɚ

ɸɱɵɫɹ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɲ ɬɨ ɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɞɚɥɭɱɵ ɥɿɫɹ ɞɚ

Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɦ ɡɛɪɨɿ  ɤɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɦ

ɫɜ ɚɛɨɞɵ ©ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɜ ɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ ɬɚɤ ɭɥɚɫɰɿɜɚɹ ȼɚɲɚɦɭ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɿ

ɪɨɞɭ ɿ  ɬɚɤɚɹ ɜ ɹɥɿɤɚɹ  ɲ ɬɨ ɜɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɭ ɩɚ

ɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɺɸ ɡɞɚɥɚɫɹ ɛ ɧɹɜɨɥɹɸ ɉɪɵɰɹ ɝɧɭɬɵɹ ɫɥɨɞɵɱɱɭ

ɝɷɬɚɟ ɜɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɡɚɯɚɩɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɺɸ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɱɵɦ ɡɛɪɨɹɣ  ɲ ɦɚɬ

ɥɿɤɿɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɿɧɰɵɿ ɞɚɥɿ ɫɹɛɟ ɩɪɵɥɭɱɵɰɶ  ɞɚ ȼɚɲɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵª

Ⱦɚ ɿ ɯ, ɪɚɛɿʆ ɜɵɫɧɨɜɭ Ⱥɠɚɯɨʆɫɤɿ,  ɧɚɥɟɠɵɰɶ ɿ Ɋ ɭɫɶ  ɥɸɞɧɟɣ

ɲɚɹ ɿ ɬɷɪɵɬɚɪɵɹ ɥɶɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɪɚɡɥɟɝɥɚɹ  ɡɚ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɭ ©əɤɚɹ ɠ

ɹɧɚ >ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɚ@ ɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ʆ ɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɜɟɥɿɱɵɧɺɣ Ɋɭɫɿ ɿ ɤɨɥɶ

ɤɚɫɰɸ ɧɚɲ ɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ gentisª  ² ɞɚɞɚɜɚʆ ɺɧ

  ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɸ

ɱɵ ɜɚɝɭ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɝɪɭɩɵ ɡ ɹɤɨɸ ɺɧ ɫɹ ɛɟ ɚɬɚɹɫɚɦɥɿ ɜɚʆ

Ɂ ɰɹɝɚɦ ɱɚɫɭ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɹ ɝɭ ;9,, ɫɬ ɩɪɚɝɪɷɫɚɜɚɥɚ

ɦɨʆɧɚɹ ɿ  ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɹ ɤ ɪɭɫɤɚɣ  ɬɚɤ ɿ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ

ɲɥɹɯɬɵ Ɂɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɫɜ ɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ

ɧɚɣ ɚɞɦɟɬɧɚɫɰɿ  ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɣ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɿ ɿ ɝɿɫɬɨ

ɪɵɿ ɚɥɟ  ɿ ɧɚɪɷɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɯ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɿ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ ɉɪɵɜɹɞɡɟɦ ɥɿɫɬ əɧɭɲɚ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿɥɚ , ɹɤɿ ɩɿɫɚʆ ɭ 

ɝɨɞɡɟ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɫɵ ɧɚ ɝɟɬɦɚɧɚ ɩɚɥɹɜ ɨɝɚ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ Ʉɪɵɲɬɚ

ɮɚ  © ɏɨɰɶ ɫɚɦ ɹ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚɦ ɧɚɪɚɞɡɿʆɫɹ  ɿ  ɥɿ ɬɜɿɧɚɦ ɞɚɜɹɞɡɟɰɰɚ

ɦɧɟ ɩɚɦɟɪɰɿ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɭ ɧɚɲɚɣ ɚɣɱɵ ɧɟ ɦɭɫɿɦ ɭɠɵɜ ɚɰɶ idioma

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚª

ɉɚɥɚɧɿ ɡɚɰɵɹ ɩɟɪɚɜ ɚɠɧɚɟ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɚɫɰɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɿ ɛɟɥɚ

ɪɭɫɤɚɣ  ɚ ɧɚ Ʉɚɪɨɧɧɚɣ Ɋɭɫɿ ² ɭɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ² ɩɪɚɝɪɷ

ɫɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɬɵɯɿ ɣɧɚ ɩɪɚɡ ɩɟɪɚɣɦɚɧɧɟ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɯ ɿɞɷɹ ʆ  ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪ

ɧɵɯ ɭɡɨɪɚʆ ɿɦɨɜɵ ɲ ɥɹɯɟɰɤɿɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ Ⱥɛɨɞ

ɜɭɯ ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆ  ɇɚɞɚɥɟɣ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɡɚɯɨʆɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ  ʆɫɜ ɟɞɚɦɥɟɧɧɟ ɩɚɥ

ɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɚɞɚɫɨɛɥɟɧɚɫɰɿ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɚʆ  ɡɥɭɱɚɧɵɯ ² ɹ ɤ

ɝɷɬɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɿ ² © ɫɜɹ ɬɵɦɿ ɩɨɜ ɹɡɚɦɿ ɭɧɿɿª  ɉɪɚɧɿɤɥɿɜɵ ɞɚɫɥɟɞ

ɱɵɤ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɦɿɧɭʆɲɱɵɧɵ Ⱥɞɨɥɶɮɚɫ ɒɚɩɨɤɚ Adolfas Šapoka)

ɬɚɤ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵ ɡɚɜɚʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɹ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɿ ɩɚɫɥɹ Ʌɸɛ

295

ɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿ ɿ ©ɒɥɹɯɟɰɤɿɹ  ɩɪɚɜɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ

ɿ ɬɚɦɭ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɥɿɬɜ ɿɧɵ ɧɚɡɵ ɜɚɥɿ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɟ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɵ

ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɸ ɚ ɿɯ ɜɵ ɪɚɲɚɥɶɧɵ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿ  ɫɥɨɣ ² ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɦ ɧɚ

ɪɨɞɚɦ  Ⱥɞɧɚɤ  ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɹ  ɿ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɚɹ  ɫɭ

ɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɶ  ɉɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɞɡɜɟ ɯɨɰɶ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɡ¶ɹ ɞɧɚɧɵɹ

ɚɞɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹɣ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɹ  ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ  ɹɤɿɹ ɫɚɦɿ

ɞɛɚɥɿ ɩɪɚ ɫɜɚɟ ʆɥɚɫɧɵɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɵª

 ɍ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɚɝɚɯ Ⱥ ɒɚɩɨ

ɤɚ ɫɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɩɚɧɭɸɱɵɦ ɫɚɫɥɨʆɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱ

ɧɚɣ ɞɜɭɯɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɫɰɿ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɱɭɰɰɹ

ɒɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɵ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɰɶ ɲɬɨ,  ɩɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ ɡ ;9,,ɫɬ,

ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɜ ɚɥɿɫɹ  ɜɭɡɟɣɲɚɹ  ɚɣɱɵɧɚ ² Ʌɿɬɜɚ ² ɿ ɲɵɪɷɣɲɚɹ  Ɋɷɱ

ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿ ɬɚɹ  ɹɤɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɸ əɤ ɝɪɚ

ɦɚɞɡɹɧɟ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɬɚɤ ɿ ɥɿɬɜ ɿɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɚ

ɧɹɰɰɹʆ ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦɿ  Ƚɷɬɚɟ ɩɚɧɹ ɰɰɟ ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɦɟɥɚ ɬɚɞɵ  ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱ

ɧɵ  ɚ ɧɟ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ Ƚɷɬɤɿ ɠ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɦɟɥɚ

ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɧɟ ©ɥɿɬɜɿɧª ȱɦ ɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɚ  ɹɤɚɹ ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɹɤ

ɡ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɬɚɤ ɿ ɡ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ əɤ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚ ɹɧɚ

ɛɵɥɚ ɞɡɜɸɯɦɨʆɧɚɸ  ɍ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɤɿɯ ɩɚɥɚɰɚɯ ɿ ɡɹɦɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɞɜɚɪɚɯ

ɝɚɜɚɪɵ ɥɿ ɩɚɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɭ  ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɿ  ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭɸ

ɦɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɧɬɚɤɬɚʆ ɡ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ Ɂɚɬɨɟɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ² ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɹ ʆ ɀɦɭɞɡɿ  ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ² ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɝɚɜɚɪɵɥɚ

ɞɨɦɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭ ɰɿ  ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭ  ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜ ɟ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɜɭɱɵ

ɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɩɚɞ ɱɚɫ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɧɚ ɩɚɧɫɤɿ ɦ ɞɜɚɪɵ ɭ ɜɨɣɫɤɭ

ȼɭɱɵɥɿ ɫɹ  ɬɵ ɦ ɚɯɜɨɬɧɟɣ ɲɬɨ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɜɚ ɦɟɥɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ

ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɤɚ ɹ ɤɿ ɫɜ ɟɞɱɵʆ ɚɛ ɩɪɵ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ  ɞɚ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɝɪɚ

ɦɚɞɫɤɚɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɚɝɚ ɤɨɥɚ

Ʉɚɥɿ ʆ  ɝ ,,, ɋɬɚɬɭɬ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɛɵʆ ɚɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɜɚɧɵ ɤɥɨ

ɩɚɬɚɦ ɩɚɞɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ Ʌ ɶɜ ɚ ɋɚɩɟɝɿ ɧɚ ©ɪɭɫɤɚɣª  ɫɬɚ

ɪɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜ ɟ   ɬɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɹ ɜɵɞɚɧɧɿ ɩɚɱɵ ɧɚɸɱɵ ɚɞ

 ɝ. ɞɪɭɤɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɫɬɚɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɿ ɩɪɵɝɨɠɚɸ ɦɨɜ ɚɸ ɩɿɫɚɧɵɦ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɦ ɩɟɪɚɤɥɚɞɡɟ  ɒɬɨ ɞɚɥɟɣ ɬɨ ɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɩɚɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɭ ɫɤɥɚ

ɞɚɥɿɫɹ ɿ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɵɹ ɚɤɬɵ ɹɤɿɹ ʆɩɿɫɜɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɫɭɞɨɜɵɹ  ɤɧɿɝɿ ɡ

ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɿɧɬɵɬɭɥɹ ɰɵɹ ʆ ɩɚɤɭɥɶ ɭ  ɝɨɞɡɟ

ɫɨɣɦɚɜɚɹ  ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɥɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɜɭ ɡɚ ɚɮɿ 

ɰɵ ɣɧɭɸ ɦɨɜɭ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ  ɇɚ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɚɣ Ʌɿɬɜ ɟ ɚɞ

ɧɚɤ  ɩɟɞɚɧɬɵɱɧɚ ɩɪɵɬɪɵ ɦɥɿɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵ ɣɧɵɯ ɚɞɪɨɡ

ɧɟɧɧɹʆ ɿ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɣ  ɭɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ  ɩɪɚɜɚ

Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ ɜ ɵɪɚɡɧɚ ɩɚɱɭɰɰɺ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɣ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ ɲɥɹɯ

ɬɵ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɚɛɚɡɧɚɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɞ ɱɚɫ ɑɚɬɵɪɨɯɝɚɞɨɜɚɝɚ

ɋɨɣɦɭ  ɹ ɤɿ  ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚʆ ɩɚɞ ɜɭɡɥɨɦ ɞɡɜɸɯ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɹʆ ɤɚ

ɒɦ ɚɬɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɹɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɹɫɜɹɞɨɦ ɚɫɰɶ

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ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɪɨɧɧɚɟ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɫɚ ɋ ɬɚɧɿ ɫɥɚɜɚɦ Ɇɚɥɚɯɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɩɚɞ

ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ Ʉ ɚɡɿɦɿɪɚ ɇɟɫɬɚɪɚ ɋ ɚɩɟɝɿ ɉɥɺɧɚɦ ɑɚɬɵɪɨɯɝɚ

ɞɨɜɚɝɚ ɫɨɣɦɭ ɛɵ ɥɚ  ɹɤ ɜɹɞɨɦɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɭɧɿɬɚɪɧɚɹ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭ

ɰɵ ɹ  ɦɚɹ ɝ  ɚɥɟ ɿ ɩɚɩɪɚʆɤɚ ɞɚ ɹɟ ² ɍɡɚɟɦɧɵɹ  Ɂɚɪɭɱɵ

ɧɵ Ⱥɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɚɞ  ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɚ ɬɚɝɨ ɠ ɝɨɞɚ ɹɤɚɹ

ɭɦɚɰɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ ɩɨɜɹ ɡɿ ʆ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɜɚɣɫɤɨɜ ɚɣ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɿ ɫɤɚɪ

ɛɭ  ɝɚɪɚɧɬɚɜɚɥɚ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɚɟ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɯ

ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚʆ  ɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɫɭɞɨɜɵ ɥɚɞ ɿ ʆɥɚɫɧɭɸ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ⱦɥɹ

ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹ ɧ Ʌ ɿɬɜɵ ɡɚɛɹ ɫɩɟɱɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɩɚɥɨɜɚ ɦɟɫɰɚʆ ɭ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ 

ɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɯ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ

  Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɧɚɝɨɞɵ  Ʉɚɡɿɦɿɪ

ɇɟɫɬɚɪ ɋ ɚɩɟɝɚ ɤɚɡɚʆ ©ɉɚɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɸ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚ ɧɚ

ɪɨɞɵ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɧɵɹ  ɭɧɿɹɣ  ɉɚɧɚɜɚɧɧɸ ɋɬɚɧɿ ɫɥɚɜɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚ ɛɭ

ɞɭɰɶ  ɚɛɚɜ ɹ ɡɚɧɵ ɹ  ɹ ɲ ɱɷ ɦɚɰɧɟɣɲɵɦ ɹ ɟ ɹ ɞɧɚɧɧɟɦ ɡ ɚɡɧɚɱɷɧ

ɧɟɦ ɫɜɚɟ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿ (XG]LHOQRĞFL)»

Ɂɛɥɿ ɠɷɧɧɟ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɚɛɥɿɱɱɚɦ

ɡɧɚɞɜɨɪɧɚɟ ɧɟɛɹɫɩɟɤɿ ɧɚ ɫɯɿɥɟ;9,,,ɫɬ  ɿɲɥɨ ʆ ɩɚɪɵ ɡ ɡɚɯɚ

ɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵ ɣɧɚɟ ɦɚɞɷɥɿ Ɋ ɷɱɵ  ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ Ⱥɛɨɞɜ ɭɯ ɇɚ

ɪɨɞɚʆ  Ƚ ɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɭ ɞɷɦɚɧɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ ɞɜɭɯɭɡɪɨʆɧɟ

ɜɚɣ  ɚ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɿ  ɬɪɨɯɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜ ɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ

Ɇɨɰɧɚ ɜ ɵɹ ʆɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɹɧɚ ɿ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɭɠɨ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɚʆ ɭ ɦɨ

ɦɚɧɬɵ ɩɚɬɪɵɹɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɭɡɞɵɦɚʆ ɿ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹʆ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹ ɱɵ  ɮɨɪɦɭ  ɹɤɚɹ  ɥɭɱɵɥɚ ɩɚɱɭɰɰɺ ɩɚɥɿ ɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɟɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɡ

ɭɫɜ ɟɞɚɦɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ ɠɵ ɯɚɪɨʆ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜɵ  Ɍ ɚɤ

ɩɚɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɞ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ Ʉɚɫɰɸɲ ɤɿ ɇɚɣɜ ɵ ɲ ɷɣ

ɲɚɹ ɇɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɹ Ɋ ɚɞɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ʆ ɦɚɧ

ɿɮɟɫɰɟ ɚɞ  ɬɪɚʆɧɹ   ɝ  ɬɚɤ ɚɩɟɥɹɜ ɚɥɚɞɚ ɩɚɬɪɵɹɬɵ ɱɧɵɯ

ɩɚɱɭɰɰɹʆ ɹɝɨ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ

©Ƚɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɿɧ «ɍɫɟɦɚɝɭɬɧɵ Ȼɨɝ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɹɸɱɵ ɇɚɪɨɞ

ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ ɡ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɚɝɚ ɹ ɪɦɚ ɧɹɜ ɨɥɿ ɭɱɵɧɿʆ ɤɪɚɤɚʆɫɤɭɸ ɡɹɦɥɸ

ɤɚɥɵɫɤɚɸ ɧɨɜ ɚɟ ɜ ɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚʆ ɿ ɜ ɨɫɶ ɫɩɚɫɥɚʆ ɧɚ ɬɭɸ

ɫɜ ɹɬɭɸ ɡɹ ɦɥɸ ɧɚɲɚɝɚ ɫɭɪɨɞɡɿɱɚ  ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɿɧɚɅɿɬɜɵ« ɑ ɚɥɚ

ɜɟɤ ɬɨɣ« ɭɞɵɯɧɭʆ ɩɚɪɵʆ ɫɜ ɚɺɣ ɚɞɜɚɝɿ ʆ ɞɭɲɵ ɡɦɚɝɚɪɧɵ ɯ

ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ  əɦɭ ɦɵ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɧɵɹ ɧɚɲ ɚɣ Ⱥɣɱɵ ɧɚɣ ə ɦɭ ɦɵ ɚɛɚɜ ɹ

ɡɚɧɵɹ  ɜ ɹɪɬɚɧɧɟɦ ɧɚɲɚɟ ɫɥɚɜɵ ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆª

ɇɟ ɿɧɚɤɲ ɛɚɱɵʆ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ ©ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵ ² ɩɚɥɹ ɤɿª ɿ ɩɪɚɞ

ɫɬɚʆɧɿɤ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɚɪɵɫɬɚɤɪɚɬɵɿ ɤɧɹɡɶ  Ɇɿ ɯɚɥ Ʉ Ⱥɝɿɧɫɤɿ ɹɤɿ

ɿɦɤɧɭʆɫɹ ɞɚ ɚɞɛɭɞɨɜɵ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɡ ɚɩɨ

ɪɚɣɧɚ Ɋ ɚɫɿɸ ɍ ɦɟɦɚɪɵɹɥɟ ɚɞ  ɫɧɟɠɧɹ  ɝ  ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɵɦ

ɞɚ ɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɚɪɚ Ⱥɥɹ ɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ, ɺɧ ɩɿɫɚʆ

297

©Ʉɚɥɿ ʆ ɬɪɚʆɧɿɛɹɝɭɱɚɝɚ ɝɨɞɚ ɹ ɞɚɡɜɨɥɿʆ ɫɚɛɟ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜɿɰɶ

ȼɚɲ ɚɣ ȱɦɩɟɪɚɬɚɪɫɤɚɣ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɫɰɿ ɥɚɞ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  ɬɨ

ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜ ɚʆ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɧɚ ʆɩɷʆɧɟɧɚɫɰɿ« ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɚɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚ

ɰɵɹ  ɩɚɫɥɭɠɵɰɶ ɡɚ ʆɡɨɪ ɞɚ ɚɞɛɭɞɨɜɵ ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɵ  ɩɚ ɡɥɭɱɷɧɧɿ

ȼɚɪɲɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɡ Ʌɿɬɜ ɨɸª

ɍ ɫɜ ɚɿ ɯ ɞɡɺɧɧɿɤɚɯ  ɩɿɫɚɧɵɯ ɩɚɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɭ ɹɤɿɹ  ɚɯɨɩɥɿ

ɜɚɸɰɶ ± ɝ Ⱥɝɿɧɫɤɿɬɚɤ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɡɚɜɚʆ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ

©ɉɚɫɥɹ ɭɧɿɿ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɸ Ʌɿɬɜɿɧɵ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɪɚʆɧɿɜɚ

ɩɿ ɥɶ ɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɞɚʆɧɿɯ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɿ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɿɦ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɚ

ɜɚʆ ɚɤɬ ɭɧɿɿ  ɚɥɟ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɝɚɬɨɜɵɹ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɵɹ ɚɯɜɹ ɪɵ ɤɚɥɿ

ɬɚɝɨ ɚɞ ɿɯ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɚ ɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɞɚɛɪɨ Ⱥɣɱɵɧɵª

ɍ ɱɚɫɵ  ȼɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ Ʉɚɧɝɪɷɫɭ ɫɚɦ Ɍ Ʉɚɫɰɸɲɤɚ ɡɜɹɪɧɭʆɫɹ

ɞɚ ɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɚɪɚ Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɡ ɥɿɫɬɨɦ ɭ ɹ ɤɿɦ ɱɵɬɚɟɦ

©ɇɚɪɚɞɡɿʆɫɹ ɹ Ʌɿɬɜɿɧɚɦ« « Ɂɚɫɥɨɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɱɵ ɧɿ ɩɚɤɪɵ

ɜɚɟ ɹɲ ɱɷ ɥɺɫɵ ɦɚɺɣ ɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ ɿ ɲ ɦɚɬ ɿ ɧɲɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɚɤ ɦɚɺɣ

ɚɣɱɵɧɵ« ɀɚɞɚɧɧɟ  ɹɤɨɟ ɦɧɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɥɨɫɹ   ɝ  ɡɧ  ɤɚɛ ɫɵɫɰɿ ʆ

ɦɚɝɿɥɭ ɡ ɫɭɩɚɤɨɣɥɿɜɚɣ ɩɷʆɧɚɫɰɸ ɲɬɨ ʆɫɟ ɩɚɞɞɚɧɵɹ ȼ   ȱɦɩ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɥɹɤɿ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɵɹ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɰɰɚ ɡɌɜɚɿɯ ɇɚɣɹɫ

ɧɟɣɲɵ ɉɚɧɟ  ɞɚɛɪɚɞɡɟɣɫɬɜɚʆª

ɋɜɟɞɱɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɱɚɫɨʆ ɋɬɭɞɡɟɧɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ  > ɝ @  ɤɪɚ

ɫɚɦɨʆɧɚ ɫɜ ɟɞɱɚɰɶ ɩɪɚ ɚɞɦɟɧɭ ɡɦɟɫɬɭ ɲɦɚɬɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜ ɚɣ ɧɚɰɵ

ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ȼɨɫɶ  ɠɚ ȼɵɤɚɧɚʆɱɵ Ⱥɞɞɡɟɥ ɞɥɹ ɉɪɚ

ɜɿɧɰɵɿ Ʌ ɿɬɜɵ ɜɵɞɚʆ  ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ  ɝ  ɦɚɧɿ ɮɟɫɬ  ɭ ɹɤɿɦ ɱɵɬɚ

ɟɦ

©ɋɭɪɨɞɡɿ ɱɵ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɿ  ɧɚɪɨɞ ɩɚʆɫɬɚʆ  ɤɚɛ ɫɤɿɧɭɰɶ ɝɚɧɟɛ

ɧɚɟ ɹ ɪɦɨ… « ȼɵɤɚɧɚʆɱɵ Ⱥɞɞɡɟɥ ɞɥɹ ɉɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɞɡɟɣ

ɧɿɱɚɸɱɵ  ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɚ ɇɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ȸɪɚɞɚ  ɡɚɤɥɿɤɚɟ

ɧɚɲɵɯ ɛɪɚɬɨʆ ɥɿɬɜ ɿɧɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɰɶ ɡ

ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɸ ɧɟɩɚɞɡɟɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɰɷɥɚɟ ɞɚ ɡ¶ ɹɞɧɚɧɧɹ ʆɫɿɯ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶ

ɧɵ ɯ ɫɿɥ ɜɚɤɨɥ ɫɰɹɝɚ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ Ⱥɞɧɚ ɦɷɬɚ ɹɞɧɚɟ ɧɚɫ ɭɫɿɯ

ɜɵɡɜ ɚɥɟɧɧɟ Ⱥɣɱɵ ɧɵ  ɋ ɭɪɨɞɡɿɱɵ ʆɫɿɯ ɜɵɡɧɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɿ ɤɥɚɫɚʆ

ɛɪɚɬɵ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ..  Ⱦ ɚ ʆɫɿɯ  ɭ ɤɿɦ ɛ¶ɟɰɰɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɟ ɫɷɪ

ɰɚ ɤɥɿɱɚɦ ɧɚɩɟɪɚɞ, ɩɚɞ ɲɬɚɧɞɚɪ Ȼɟɥɚɝɚ Ⱥɪɥɚ ɿ ɉɚɝɨɧɿª

Ɂɜɹ ɪɬɚɟ ɧɚ ɫɹ ɛɟ ʆɜɚɝɭ ɫɭɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɤɪɵ ɬɷɪɵ

ɹʆ Ɂ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ, ɦɨɰɧɚ ɚɤɰɷɧɬɭɟɰɰɚ ɚɩɟɥɹ ɰɵɹ ɞɚ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɯ

ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɹʆ ² ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɹʆ ©ɧɚɲɵɯ ɛɪɚɬɨʆ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ ɿ

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆª ɚɥɟ  ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ  ɚɞɧɨɥɶ ɤɚɜɚ ɦɨɰɧɚ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫ

ɥɿɜ ɚɟɰɰɚ ɧɟɩɚɞɡɟɥɶɧɚɹ  ɟɞɧɚɫɰɶ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɸ  ɉɚʆɫɬɚɧ

ɰɚʆ ɡɚɤɥɿɤɚɥɿ ɩɚɞ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɵ ɡɧɚɤ Ȼɟɥɚɝɚ Ⱥɪɥɚ ɿ  ɉɚɝɨɧɿ Ƚɷɬɚ

ɒɦ ɚɬɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɹɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɹɫɜɹɞɨɦ ɚɫɰɶ

298

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɫɬɚɥɚɫɹ ² ɞɚɞɚɦɨ ² ɭɠɨ ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɬɚɝɨ ɹɤ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧ

ɧɟɦ ɭɡɹ ɥɿ ɧɚ ɫɹɛɟ ɛɟɥɵɹ   ɇɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ©ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɵɡɦª

² ɹɤ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɜ ɚʆ ɹɝɨ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɤ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ² ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ

ɦɚɰɧɟɣ ɍ ɡɦɨʆɧɿɰɤɿɦ ɪɭɯɭ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɜɵɛɭɯɚɦ ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ

ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ  ɹɤɚɹ  ɞɡɟɣɧɿ ɱɚɥɚ ʆ Ʌɿɬɜ ɟ  ɭɜɨɝɭɥɟ ɚɞ

ɦɚʆɥɹ ɥɚɫɹ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɰɶ ɜɵɲɷɣɲɚɫɰɶ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɇɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ 

ɧɚɝɚ Ʉɚɦɿɬɷɬɚ ɐɇɄ Ɋɨɛɹɱɵ ɡɚɯɚɞɵ ɩɚ ɤɚɚɪɞɵɧɚɰɵɿ ɫɜɚɺɣ

ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɡ ©ɩɚɪɬɵɹ ɣ ɪɭɯɭª  ʆ Ʉ ɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɟ  ɉɪɚɜɿɧɰɵ ɣɧɵ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ Ʉɚɦɿɬɷɬ ɿ ɦɤɧɭʆɫɹ ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɰɶ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣɧɭɸ ɚɞɚɫɨɛ

ɥɟɧɚɫɰɶ  ɿ ɪɨʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɡ ɐɇɄ Ɋ ɚɫɩɚɜ ɹɞɚɸɱɵ ɩɪɚ ɯɨɞ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɜ ɚʆ

ɩɚɫɥɚɧɰɚ ɉɪɚɜɿɧɰɵ ɣɧɚɝɚ Ʌ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ Ʉɚɦɿ ɬɷɬɚ ɗ ɞɦɭɧɞɚ ȼɹ 

ɪɵɝɿ (GPXQG :HU\Kɚ) ɭ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ  ɋ ɬɷɮɚɧ Ʉɹ ɧɟɜɿɱ ɡɚʆɜɚɠɚʆ

©Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɵɡɦ anno  ɦɨɠɚ ɬɥɭɦɚɱɵɰɰɚ ʆ ɤɚɬɷɝɨ

ɪɵɹɯ ɞɚ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɚʆ  ɹɤ ɪɷɯɚ ɞɚʆɧɿɯ ɫɩɪɷɱɚɤ Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ ɡ Ʉɚɪɨɧɚɸ

ɩɪɚ ɚɝɚɜɨɪɚɧɭɸ ʆ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɭɧɿɿ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɶ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚª

ɋɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɧɟ ɡɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɞɚ ɬɪɚɞɵ ɰɵɿ  ɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ

ɚɩɨɪɭ ɿ ʆ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ ɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɟ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɦɚɥɚɞɨɣ ɿɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɰɵɿ ɝɚ

ɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɟɰɤɚɟ ɡɧɚɞ ɇɺɦɚɧɚ ɋɺɟɬɨɟ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɚɦ

ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ ɩɪɚ ɿɯ ɧɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɞɡɺɧɧɿɤɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɡɚɮɿɤɫɚɜɚɥɿ ɩɚɡɿ

ɰɵ ɿ ɫɬɭɞɷɧɰɤɚɟ ɦɨɥɚɞɡɿ ɡ ɬɷɪɵ ɬɨɪɵɹ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌ ɿɬɜ ɵ 

Ʉɚɲ ɬɨʆɧɚɣ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɣ ɡ¶ ɹʆɥɹɸɰɰɚ ʆɫɩɚɦɿɧɵ  Ȼɚɥɹɫɥɚɜɚ Ʌɿɦɚ

ɧɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ± ȱɯ ɚʆɬɚɪ ɹɤɿ ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ ȱɧɮɥɹɧ

ɬɚʆ  ɚɛɜɹ ɲɱɚʆ ɫɹɛɟ ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ ɿɧɮɥɹ ɧɬɰɚɦ ɚɥɟ ʆɠɨ ʆ ɫɬɭɞɷɧɰ

ɤɿɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɿ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚɦ

Ⱥɩɿɫɜɚɸɱɵ ɫɬɚɧ ɪɨɡɭɦɚʆ ɧɚ ɫɯɿɥɟ ɩɹɰɿɞɡɟɫɹɬɵ ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ

Ȼɚɥɹ ɫɥɚʆ Ʌɿɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɿ  ɩɿɲɚ

Ʌɿɬɜɵ  ɿɲɥɨɫɹ  ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɚɛ ɬɨɟ  ɤɚɛ Ʌɿɬɜ ɚ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɵɥɚ ɫɜɚɟ

ɪɭɯɿ ɡ ɪɭɯɚɦɿ Ʉɚɧɝɪɷɫɚɜ ɚɣ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ« Ƚɷɬɵɹ  ɧɚɲ ɵɹ  ɧɚɦɚ

ɝɚɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɚɛ¶ ɹɞɧɚɧɧɹ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ ɡ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɸ  ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɩɚ

ɦɵɥɤɨɜɚ ɚɰɷɧɶ ɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɹ ɤ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɿ ɰɤɚɟ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿɫɬɵ ɱɧɚɟ

ɿɦɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ  ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ 

Ɇɵ  ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɵ ɩɪɚɝɧɭɥɿ ɜ ɹɪɬɚɧɧɹ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ʆ ɹɟ ɞɚʆɧɿɯ

ɦɟɠɚɯ  ɚɥɟ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɩɟɪɚɤɚɧɚɧɧɹʆ ɦɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵ ɦɿ

ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɧɰɚɦɿ ɿ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɯɚɰɟɥɿ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɵɰɶ ɩɪɚɜɵ ʆɫɿɦ

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɹɦ  ɲɬɨ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ  ʆ ɹ ɟ ɫɤɥɚɞ  ɚɥɟ,  ɹ ɤ

ɩɪɵ ɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɥɿ ɩɚɱɭɰɰɺ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ

ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿ  ɹ ɤɨɟ ɚɛɭɞɠɚɥɚɫɹ  ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚ

ɪɨɞɚ  Ʉɚɠɭɱɵ ©ɦɵª  ɦɚɸ ɧɚʆɜɟɰɟ ɦɨɥɚɞɡɶ  ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚ ɫɜɹɞɨ

ɦɭɸ ɿ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɭɸ ɇɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɱɚɫɬɵɦ ɩɪɚɞ

299

ɦɟɬɚɦ ɫɩɪɷɱɚɤ ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɰɤɚɟ ɦɨɥɚɞɡɿ ɿ ɛɵɥɨ ʆ ɧɚɲɵɦ

ɩɟɪɚɤɚɧɚɧɧɿ ɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɚ ɚɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɚª

Ʌɿ ɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɿ ɦɟʆ ɬɭɬ ɧɚ ɞɭɦɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ ɉɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ

ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ ɹ ɝɨɧɚɟ ɚɩɿɫɚɧɧɟ ɹ ɤ  ɟɞɭɱɵ  ʆ ɝ  ɭ Ⱦɷɪɩɬ  ɺɧ

ɭɩɟɪɲɵɧɸ ɫɩɚɬɤɚʆɫɹ ʆ Ɋɵɡɟ ɡ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚɦɿ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɥɿ ɫɜ ɚɸ

ɝɚ ɍɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚ« ɇɚ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ ɦɵ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɥɿ ɡ ɚɛɭɪɷɧɧɟɦ ɚɥɟ

ɹɧɵ ɡɥɚɝɚɞɧɟɥɿ ɿ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɬɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɩɨʆɧɚɣ ɡɝɨɞɡɟª

ɍɫɩɚɦɿɧɚɸɱɵ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɿ ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɥɿ ʆ Ɇɚɫɤɜɟ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɫɬɭ

ɞɷɧɰɤɚɟ ɦɨɥɚɞɡɿ  ɲɬɨ ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿ ɥɚ ɡ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ ɞɚʆɧɹɟ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚ

ɦɚ ʆ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ɩɹɰɿɞɡɟɫɹ ɬɵɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ;,; ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ  Ɍ ɚɞɷ

ɜɭɲ Ʉɨɠɚɧ Tadeusz Korzon ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɜɚʆ ɥɿɬɜ ɿɧɚʆ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɿ

ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ

2 3

  Ⱥʆɬɚɪɤɚ ɦɚɧɚɝɪɚɮɿ ɿ  ɩɪɵ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɚɟ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɵɦ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɦ ɩɚɬɪɵɹ ɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹɦ Ɍɚɦɚɪɚ Ɏɹ ɞɨɫɚɜɚ ɬɚɤ

ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɟ ɞɵɫɤɭɫɿɿ  ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵɹ ɡ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟɦ

ɩɚɦɿɠ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɦɿ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɝɪɭɩɚɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɩɪɷɱ

ɤɚ ɩɪɚ ɦɟɫɰɚ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɣ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵª

ɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚª  ɝ  ɡɧ ɩɪɚ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɭɸ Ʌɿɬɜɭ

ɍ ɱɚɫɵ  ɩɚɫɥɹ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ Ʌɿɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɿ ɧɚɡɵɜɚʆ ɫɹ ɛɟ ɩɚɥɹ

ɤɚɦ ɚɥɟ ɩɚɝɚɞɠɚʆ ɝɷɬɚ ɡ ɩɪɵɜɹ ɡɚɧɚɫɰɸ ɞɚ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ ɿ ɪɨɞɧɵɯ

ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɯ ȱɧɮɥɹ ɧɬɚʆ  Ɍɭɬ  ɛɚɞɚɣ ɲɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɧɚɡɿɪɚɰɶ ɬɪɨɯɭɡ

ɪɨʆɧɟɜɭɸ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɜ ɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ  ɦɚɥɚɹ  ɚɣɱɵɧɚ ²

ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɹ  ȱɧɮɥɹ ɧɬɵ  ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ  ² Ʌɿɬɜɚ ɿ ɧɚɣɲɵ ɪɷɣɲɚɹ ²

ɲɦɚɬɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɚ  Ʌɿɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɿ  ʆ  ɝ  ɧɚɩɿɫɚʆ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɷɦɿɝɪɚɰɵɿ «Zelmuo» ɭ ɹɤɿɦ ɚɤɬɵʆ

ɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɚɞɵɝɪɵɜɚʆ ɹɝɨɧɵ  ɫɹɛɚɪ ɞɪ Ƚɟɧɪɵɤ Ƚɟɪɲɵɧɶ ɫɤɿ

(+HQU\N *LHUV]\ĔVNL ² ɥɟɤɚɪ  ɪɚɞɵɤɚɥɶɧɵ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ

ɞɡɟɹ ɱ ɚʆɬɚɪ ɛɪɚɲ ɭɪɵ «W kw estii polsko-l itewskiej » (« Ⱦɚ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚɩɵɬɚɧɧɹ») (ɑɵɤɚɝɚ,  ɉɪɚɡ ɞɜɚɰɰɚɰɶ

ɞɜɚ ɝɚɞɵ ɺɧ ɜɵɞɚʆ ɩɚɲɵɪɚɧɵɹ  ɿ ɩɟɪɚɪɨɛɥɟɧɵɹ  «Dzieje L itw y»

(« Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ª Ȼɭɞɭɱɵ ɧɸ Ʌɿɬɜɵ Ʌɿ ɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɿ ɛɚɱɵʆ ɭ

ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ ɡ Ʌɚɬɜ ɿɹɣ ɞɚʆɧɿɦɿ  ȱɧɮɥɹ ɧɬɚɦɿ Ⱥɛɟɞɡɜɟ ɦɟɥɿ ɛɵɰɶ

ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵɹ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɚɸ  ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɜ ɵɡɧɚɟ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɵ  ɪɨʆɧɚɫɰɿ

Ʉɚɠɭɱɵ ɩɪɚ ɛɭɞɭɱɵ ɧɸ Ʌɿɬɜɵ  ɺɧ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ  ɲ ɬɨ ɡɵɯɨɞ

ɧɵ ɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ɛɵɰɶ  ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩ

ɒɦ ɚɬɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɹɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɹɫɜɹɞɨɦ ɚɫɰɶ

300

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɭɥɚɫɧɚɝɚ ɫɚɦɚɜɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ ɿ ʆɜ ɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ  ʆ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɜ ɵɝɚɞ

ɧɵɹ  ɞɥɹ  ɹɝɨ ɫɚɸɡɵ

ɋɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ Ȼ Ʌ ɿɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɯɨɰɶ ɺɧ ɭ ɩɚɡɧɟɣɲɵɹ ɝɚɞɵ

ɫɜ ɚɣɝɨ ɞɨʆɝɚɝɚ ɠɵɰɰɹ ɡɞɚɜɚʆ ɫɚɛɟ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɭ ɡ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɭ ɧɚɰɵ

ɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɭɯɚʆ ɭ Ʌɿ ɬɜɟ  Ʌɚɬɜ ɿɿ ɞɵ  Ȼ ɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɿ ɪɚɡɭɦɟʆ ɩɚɞɚ

ɩɥɺɤɭ ɿ ɯɧɿɯ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɹ ʆ  ɜɵ ɡɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ  ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿ ɹ ɣ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ

ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ;,; ɫɬ  ɤɚɥɿ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɵ ɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɦ ɦɚɧɿɮɟɫɬɚɰɵ

ɹ ʆ ɭ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɛɵ ɥɨ ɫɩɹɜɚɧɧɟ ɝɿɦɧɭ «%RĪH FRĞ 3RO VNĊª ɫɩɹ ɜɚɥɿ

ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ² ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭ ² «Jeszcze Polska…»; ɭɪɚɱɵɫɬɚ ɚɞ

ɡɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɝɚɞɚɜɿɧɚ Ʌ ɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿ ɿ Ƚɷɬɚ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɩɟɪɵ

ɹ ɞ  ɤɚɥɿ ɩɿɫɚʆ ɷɩɿɝɨɧ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɪɚɦɚɧɬɵɡɦɭ ȸɥɚ

ɞɵɫɥɚʆ ɋɵɪɚɤɨɦɥɹ   ɚ ɪɚɞɵ ɤɚɥ Ʉɚɫɬɭɫɶ  Ʉɚɥɿɧɨʆɫɤɿ  ɜɵɞɚɜɚʆ

Ʉ  Ʉ ɚɥɿɧɨʆɫɤɿ  ɹɤɨɝɚ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿ ɤ ɛɟɥɵɯ ɭ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɡɚɜɚʆ

ɜɟɦɨ ɧɚ ɡɹɦɥɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ  ɦɵ ɉɚɥɹɤɿ ɡ ɜɟɤɨʆ ɜɟɱɧɵɯª

Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɲ ɦɚɬɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɫɰɶ  ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɡɧɚ

ɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɚɩɨɪɭ ʆ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɟ ɪɚɦɚɧɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɥɿɬɚ

ɪɚɬɭɪɵ  ɭ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɿ ɮɿɥɚɦɚɬɚʆ ɿ  ɮɿɥɚɪɷɬɚʆ Ɂɜɟɪɧɟɦɫɹ ɿ ɞɚ ɹɟ

² ɯɨɰɶ ɛɵ ɧɚɣɤɚɪɚɰɟɣ ² ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚɸɱɵɫɹ  ɹ ɤ ɠɚ ɿɧɚɱɚɣ ɧɚ

Ⱥɞɚɦɚ Ɇɿɰɤɟɜ ɿɱɚ

² ɛɪɚɬɵ  ɰɿ ɠ ɫɜɚɪɚɰɰɚ ɛɪɚɬɵ  ɡɚ ɬɨɟ  ɲ ɬɨ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɡɚɜ ɭɰɶ

ɍɥɚɞɵɫɥɚʆ ɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ — ȼɿɬɚʆɬ" ɉɪɨɡɜɿɲɱɚ ʆ ɿɯ ɚɞɧɨ  ɩɪɨ

ɡɜɿɲ ɱɚ ɉɚɥɹ ɤɚʆª  ɉɪɵ ɬɚɤɿɦ ɩɚɞɵɯɨɞɡɟ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵ ɿ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɹ

ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɹɤɿɯ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɥɭɱɵ ɰɶ ɹɲɱɷ ɦɚɥɚɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ  ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚ

ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ ɿ ɧɚɣɛɥɿɠɷɣɲɵɯ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɦɚɡɭɪɨʆ ɛɵɥɿ ʆɫɟ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɩɚɥɹ

ɤɚɦɿ ² ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɚɦɿ ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɟ Ɋɷɱɵ  ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ  ɚ

ɩɨɬɵɦ ɭ ɱɚɫɵ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɚʆ  ɠɵɯɚɪɚɦɿ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ ɡ ɹɤɿɯ ɹɧɚ ɧɟɤɚɥɿ

ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚɫɹ  Ɍ ɭɬ ɦɵ ɦɚɟɦ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɟ ɡ ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɟɦ ɬɷɪɦɿɧɚ

ɚɫɿɦɿɥɹ ɰɵɣɧɵ ʆɩɥɵ ʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɵ ɿ ɩɪɚ ɠɵɰɰɹɡɞɨɥɶ 

ɧɚɫɰɶ  ɩɚɥɿ ɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɿɞɷɿ ɹɤɚɹ ɡɥɭɱɚɥɚ Ʉɚɪɨɧɭ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɭ Ƚɷɬɭɸ

ɲɦɚɬɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɫɰɶ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɰɶ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɸ

ɦɚɫɰɶ  ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ  ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟɦ ɡ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵ ɿ ɛɵɥɨɝɚ ȼɹɥɿ

ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ ɷɬɧɿ ɱɧɚɟ ɩɪɵɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɤɭɥɶ

301

ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ ɹɧɚ ɛɵɥɚɬɜ ɨɪɚɦ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɹɤɚɹ ɡɜɹɡɚɥɚ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɟ ɞɡɹɪ

ɠɚɜɵ ɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ɹɤɿɹ ʆ ɿɯ ɠɵɥɿ

Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ  ɚɞɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɚɞ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɣ ɧɚ

ɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ  ɛɵɥɚ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɠɵɜɭɱɚɸ

 Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɦɟɪ

ɤɚɜɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɚɞɧɨɸ ɡ ɩɪɵ ɱɵ ɧ ɞɨʆɝɚɣ ɬɪɵɜ ɚɥɚɫɰɿ ɲɦɚɬɭɡɪɨʆ

ɧɟɜɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɫɜ ɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɛɵʆ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɵ ʆɰɿɫɤ  ɹ ɤɿ

ɡɚɡɧɚɜɚɥɿ ʆɫɟ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ  ɲɬɨ ɧɚɫɹ ɥɹ ɥɿ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵ ɸ ɝɿɫɬɚ

ɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌ ɿɬɜ ɵ  ɍɡɦɚɰɧɟɧɧɟ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ʆɰɿ ɫɤɭ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɬɷɪɚɪɵɫ

ɬɵ ɱɧɚɟ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ Ɇɭɪɚʆɺɜɚ ʆ Ʌɿɬɜɟ  ɦɭɫɿɥɚ ² ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɡɚɤɨ

ɧɭ ɪɷɚɤɰɵɿ ² ɩɪɚɞɨʆɠɵɰɶ  ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɲɦɚɬɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɟ

ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ  ɭɠɨ ɚɧɚɯɪɚɧɿɱɧɚɣ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ;,; ɫɬ  Ƚɷɬɚ

ɛɵɥɨ ɿ ɫɬɨɬɧɚɣ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɚɣ ɞɡɟɥɹ  ɹ ɤɨɟ ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɯ

ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ² ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ²

ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɫɚ ɫɩɚɡɧɟɧɧɟɦ Ȼ ɨɥɶɲ  ɡɚ ɬɨɟ  ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɵɦ ɿɯ ɷɬɚɩɟ

ʆɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɧɟ ɪɨɥɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚʆ  ɚɞɱɭɜɚɥɶ 

ɧɚɟ ʆ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ² ɩɪɚɞɦɟɰɟ ɧɚɲɚɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɿ >ɚɞ

ɤɭɥɶ ɦɵ ɛɹɪɷɦ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɵ@ ² ɿɲɥɨ ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɭɧɿ ɣ

ɧɚɣ ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɿ ɹɤɚɹ ɥɹ ɠɚɥɚ ʆ ɩɚɞɜɚɥɿɧɚɯ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɲ ɦɚɬɭɡɪɨʆɧɟ

ɜɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ ɫɜ ɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ  ȼɚɪɬɚ ɩɪɚɫɚɱɵɰɶ ɝɷɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɵ

ɪɷɩɪɷɡɟɧɬɚɬɵʆɧɵɯ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɚʆ

ɉɟɪɲɵɦ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɡɝɚɞɚɧɵ ʆɠɨ ȸɥɚɞɵɫɥɚʆ ɋ ɵɪɚɤɨɦɥɹ  Ȭɧ

ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɡ Ɇɟɧɲ ɱɵ ɧɵ ɡ ɞɪɨɛɧɚɲɥɹ ɯɟɰɤɚɟ ɫɹɦ¶ɿ ɿ ɲ ɬɨ ɞɚ

ɹ ɝɨɧɚɣ ɧɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɛɵʆ ɿ ɡɚɫɬɚɟɰɰɚ ɩɪɚɞɦɟ

ɬɚɦɚɠɵʆɥɟɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɷɱɚɤ  Ʉɪɚɺʆɰɵ ɩɪɚ ɿ ɯ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɝɚɜɨɪɤɚ ɧɿɠɷɣ

ɛɚɱɵɥɿ ʆ ɿɦ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɧɵ ʆɡɨɪ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɚɣ ɿɦɿ ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɿ

ɉɚɥɟɦɿɡɭɸɱɵ ɫɚ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜɚɦ ɐɵɜɿɧɶɫɤɿɦ  ɹ ɤɿ ɡ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ 

ɧɚɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɵ ɯ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹʆ ɚɞɦɚʆɥɹ ʆ ɋɵɪɚɤɨɦɥɸʆ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɧɿ

ɝɚɜɨɪɵɰɶ  ɧɚ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ  ɚɥɟ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ ɬɚɝɨ  ɹ ɤɭɸ

ɦɨɜɭ ʆɠɵɜɚɟ  ɤɨɠɧɚɝɚ ɫɵɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɹɟ ɞɨɛɪɚɫɭɦɥɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɝɪɚ

ɦɚɞɡɹ ɧɿɧɚ Ⱥ ɹɤɪɚɡ ɬɚɤɿ ɦ ɛɵʆ ɋɵ ɪɚɤɨɦɥɹª

 Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɝɷɬɚɣ

ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ ɣ ɝɭɱɚʆ ɝɨɥɚɫ ɜɭɱɨɧɚɝɚ ɚ ʆ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɰɵ  ɤɚɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɚɪɚ

ɩɪɚɮɟɫɚɪɚ Ɇɚɪ¶ɹ ɧɚ Ɂɞɡɹ ɯɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ Marian Z dziechow ski) Ⱦɥɹ

ɭɜɚɫɚɛɥɟɧɧɹʆ ɞɭɯɭ Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɟ Ɋɭɫɿ  ʆ ɧɚɲɚɣ ɩɚɷɡɿɿ« ȱɦɹ

ɹɝɨ ² ɩɿɫɚʆ Ɂɞɡɹɯɨʆɫɤɿ² ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵʆɧɚ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɚɟ ɡ ȼ ɿɥɶɧɹ ɸ  ɚ

ɧɚɬɯɧɟɧɧɟɦ ɹɝɨɧɵɦ ɚɞ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɚɟ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɛɵɥɚ

ɥɸɛɚɹ ɹɦɭ Ʌɿɬɜɚ« ɋ ɵɪɚɤɨɦɥɹ ɱɭʆɫɹ  ɫɵɧɚɦ ɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɿɧɚɦ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚª

ɒɦ ɚɬɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɹɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɹɫɜɹɞɨɦ ɚɫɰɶ