Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɪɵɯɭ ɧɟɱɚɤɚɧɚɹ  ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚ ɮɚɪɦɭɥɺʆɤɚ ɬɵɬɭ

ɥɭ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɜɵɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɚ ɿ ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚ ʆ ɞɚɥɟɣ

ɲɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɚɝɚɯ  ɉɚɱɚɰɶ ɧɚɥɟɠɵɰɶ ɡ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧ

ɧɹ ɬɷɪɵ ɬɚɪɵɹ ɥɶ ɧɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɚɛɫɹ ɝɭ ɧɚɲɵɯ

ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɧɹʆ  ɬɨ ɛɨɤ ɬɪɷɛɚ ʆɡɝɚɞɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɦɵ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɦ ɩɚɞ

ɩɚɧɹ ɰɰɟɦ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɚȸɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ

1. əɤ ɝɟɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɚɟ ɩɚɧɹɰɰɟ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚȸɫɯɨɞɧɹɹ  ȿʆ

ɪɨɩɚ ² ɝɷɬɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵ ɹ ɩɚɦɿɠ Ȼɚɥɬɵɤɚɣ ɿ ɑ ɨɪɧɵɦ ɞɵ Ⱥɞɪɵ

ɹɬɵɱɧɵ ɦ ɦɨɪɚɦɿ  ɹ ɤɚɹ ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚɟ ɲɵ ɪɨɤɿ ɩɨɹɫ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ ɩɚɦɿɠ

Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɚɣ ɿ ȿʆɪɨɩɚɣ ɍɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ  ɲɬɨ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɟɰɰɚ ɚɞ

ɍɪɚɥɭ  Ɂ ɝɟɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɝɥɟɞɡɿɲɱɚ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɚȸɫɯɨɞɧɹɹ  ȿʆ

ɪɨɩɚ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɚɞɚɜ ɨɥɿ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɚ  ɡ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɠ ɹ ɧɚ ʆɹʆɥɹɟ ɫɚ

ɛɨɸ ɲ ɦɚɬɤɚɥɹɪɨɜɭɸ ɦɚɡɚɿɤɭ ɗ ɬɧɿɱɧɵ  ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɚ

ȸɫɯɨɞɧɹ ɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ ɧɚɣɥɹ ɝɱɷɣ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɰɶ ɭ ɧɟɝɚɬɵʆɧɚɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ

Ⱦɚ ɹ ɟ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɰɶ  ɫɹ ɪɷɞɧɿɹ ɿ ɦɚɥɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ  ɲɬɨ ɧɚɫɹɥɹ ɸɰɶ

ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɱɚɧɵɹ  ɩɚɦɿ ɠ ɞɡɜɸɦɚ ɧɚɣɜɹɥɿɤɲɵɦɿ ʆ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɿ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɹɦɿ ² ɇɹɦɟɱɱɵɧɚɣ ɿ Ɋɚɫɿɹɣ ɚ ɧɚ

ɩɨʆɞɧɿ ² ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɧɚɞ ɹɤɿɦɿ ɧɟɤɚɥɿ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɥɚ Ⱥɬɚɦɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɉɨɪɬɚ

Ƚɟɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲ ɱɚ ɩɪɚɞɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɥɚ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵ  ɫɭ

ɩɨɥɶɧɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɹɤɿɦ ɜɹɤɚɦɿ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɞɥɹ ɿɯ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɚ ɞɡɹ ɪ

ɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɞ ɚɝɪɷɫɿ ɿ ɲ ɬɨ ɩɚ

ɝɪɚɠɚɥɚ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɇɹɦɟɱɱɵɧɵ ɿ Ɋ ɚɫɿɿ ɚ ɧɚ ɩɨʆɞɧɿ ² Ɍɭɪɰɵɿ

ɉɪɚ ɪɷɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɵ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɰɶ ɥɺɫɵ ɛɚɥɬɵɣɫɤɿɯ ɩɪɭ

ɫɚʆ ɿɫɥɚɜɹɧɚʆ ɡɧɚɞ ɗ ɥɶɛɵ  Ɂ ɿɧɲɚɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ  ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɹ ɪɭɫɿɮɿ

ɤɚɰɵɿ ɹɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɰɚɪɵɡɦɚɦ ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ ² ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɹ ʆɧɚ

ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɿɧɬɷɧɫɿ ʆɧɚ ² ɫɚɜ ɟɰɤɚɣ ɭɥɚɞɚɸ ɡ ɬɪɵɰɰɚɬɵɯ

ɝɚɞɨʆ ɚɠ ɞɚ ɚɩɨɲ ɧɹɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ  ɩɚɤɚɡɜɚɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɹɫɩɟɤɭ ɞɷɧɚɰɵɹ 

Ⱥɞɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯɞɚɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɯɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ

ɭɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚȸɫɯɨɞɧɹɣȿʆɪɨɩɟ

313

ɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ  ɫɬɪɚɬɵ  ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɬɨɟɫɧɚɫɰɿ ʆɤɪɚɿɧɰɚɦɿ ɛɟɥɚ

ɪɭɫɚɦɿ ɥɚɬɵɲɚɦɿ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɦɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦɿ  ɹɤɿɹ ɚɩɵɧɭɥɿɫɹ  ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ

ɡɟ ɋ ɚɜɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɋɚɸɡɭ

Ⱦɵɫɩɪɚɩɨɪɰɵɹ  ɫɿɥɚʆ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɩɚɚɫɨɛɧɵɦɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦɿ ɐɷɧɬ

ɪɚɥɶ ɧɚȸɫɯɨɞɧɹ ɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ  ɿ ɦɚɝɭɬɧɚɫɰɸ ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ  Ɋ ɵɦɫɤɚɣ

ȱɦɩɟɪɵɿ ɇɹɦɟɰɤɚɣ ɇɚɰɵ ɿ  ɩɨɬɵɦ Ⱥʆɫɬɪɵɣɫɤɚɣ ȱɦɩɟɪɵɿ ɿ

ɉɪɭɫɿɿ ɚ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ² Ɋ ɚɫɿɿ ɿ ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ Ⱥɬɚɦɚɧɫɤɚɟ ɉɨɪ

ɬɵ  ² ɛɵɥɚ ɬɚɤɨɸ  ɲɬɨ ʆɫɿɦ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɦ ɲɬɨ ɦɟɫɰɿɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɦɚɤ

ɪɚɪɷɝɿɺɧɟ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɚȸɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ  ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɵ ɰɿ ɦɟɧ

ɲɵ ɱɚɫ ɞɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɱɜɚɰɶ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɟ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ ɿɫɧɚ

ɜɚɧɧɟ

ȼɟɧɫɤɿ ɤɚɧɝɪɷɫ ± ɫɚɧɤɰɵɹ ɧɚɜ ɚʆ ɩɚɞɡɟɥ ɐɷɧɬ

ɪɚɥɶɧɚɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɬɪɵɦɚ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɿɦɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɚɦɿ ² Ɋɚɫɿɹ ɣ

Ⱥʆɫɬɪɵɹ ɣ ɿ ɉɪɭɫɿɹɣ ² ɧɚ ɰɷɥɚɟ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɟ Ƚɷɬɚɟ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɟ

ɰɹɝɚɦ ɹɤɨɝɚ ʆ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹ ɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ ɫɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɹ ɧɚ

ɪɨɞɵ   ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵ ɡɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ʆ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚȸɫɯɨɞɧɹ ɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ

ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɨɣ ɡɚ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɹ ɤɨɦɭ ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɥɚ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɿ ɡɚɰɵɣɧɚɹ ɿ

ɪɭɫɿɮɿɤɚɰɵ ɣɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɚʆɡɚɯɨɩɧɿɰ  Ɋ ɷɚɤɰɵɹ ɧɚ ɹɟ

ɡɧɚɣɲɥɚ  ɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɵɦ ɜ ɵɪɚɡ ɭ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɿɦɧɚɯ ©Jeszcze

3ROVND QLH]JLQĊáD SoNL  P\ Ī\MHP\ª, «ɓɟ ɧɟ ɜɦ ɟɪɥɚ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚª

ɚɛɨ ɩɪɚɡ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿ ɜɚɧɧɟ ʆɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɫɰɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɿɫɧɚ

ɜɚɧɧɹ  ɧɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ © ɄGH GRPɨY PɨMª  ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵ ɹ  ɝɿɫɬɚ

ɪɵɱɧɵɹ ɥɺɫɵ  ɚɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵɹ  ɿɦɤɧɟɧɧɿ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɿ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ ɥɺɫɭ

ɫɚɥɿɞɚɪɧɚɫɰɶ ɭ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɿ ©ɡɚ ɧɚɲɭ ɿ ɜ ɚɲɭ ɜ ɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɶª  ɹɤ ɝɭ

ɱɚʆ ɥɨɡɭɧɝ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ ɪɭɯɚʆ ɬɚɟ ɩɚɪɵ Ɋɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɬɵɦ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɤɨɠ

ɧɵ  ɡ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɦɚɟ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɟ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɚɛɥɿ ɱɱɚ  ɹ ɤɨɟ

ɚɛɨ ʆɠɨ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɚ  ɚɛɨ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɡ ɰɹ ɝɚɦ ɱɚɫɭ  ɒɭɤɚɸ

ɱɵ ɿɯ ɤɚɪɚɧɿ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɫɹɝɧɭɰɶ  ɞɚɥɺɤɚ ɧɚɡɚɞ ² ɚɠ ɞɚ ɋɹɪɷɞɧɹ

ɜɟɱɱɚ

 Ɏɚɪɦɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɫɹ ɪɷɞɧɹ ɜɟɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɚɞɛɵ ɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ

ɚɪɝɚɧɿɱɧɚɣ ɫɭɜ ɹɡɿ ɡ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺɦ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ  ɋ ɥɚ

ɜɭɬɵ ɦɟɞɵɹɜ ɿɫɬ Ƚɟɧɪɵɤ Ʌɚʆɦɹɧɶɫɤɿ ɪɚɡɭɦɟʆ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚ

ɜɭ ɹ ɤ ©ɧɟɩɚɪɵʆɧɵɹ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɧɚɣɜɵɲɷ ɣɲɚɣ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣɧɚɣ

ɮɨɪɦɵ  ɲɬɨ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɜɚɸɰɶ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɟ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɿ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ

ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤ ɚɣ ɝɪɭɩɵ ɹɤɚɹ ɷɦɚɧɭɟ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɭ ɿ ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚ

ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɟɰɰɚ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɵɦ ɷ ɬɧɿɱɧɵɦ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟɦ  ɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ

ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ ɦ ɿɧɭʆɲɱɵ ɧɚɣ ɿ  ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɣ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɚɣ

ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɦ ɨɜɚɸ  ɯɨɰɶ ɿ ɧɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵª

  Ȼɨ ɜɹɞɨɦɚ ɠ ɲɬɨ ʆ

ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜ ɚɯ ɪɚɧɧɹ ɝɚ ɋɹɪɷɞɧɹɜ ɟɱɱɚ ʆɥɚɞɭ ɡɞɚɛɵ 

ɜɚɥɿ ɝɪɭɩɵ  ɲɬɨ ɩɪɵɛɵɜɚɥɿ  ɡɜɨɧɤɭ  ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɚɝɭɥɶ

Ⱥɞ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɷɬ ɧɿɱɧɵɯɧɚɪɨ ɞɚʆ

314

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɧɚɜɹɞɨɦɚɹ  ɪɨɥɹ  ɝɟɪɦɚɧɰɚʆ  ɚ ɤɪɵɯɭ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ² ɧɚɪɦɚɧɚʆ

ɜɿɤɿɧɝɚʆ ɜɚɪɚɝɚʆ ɍɥɿɱɜɚɸɱɵ ɝɷɬɚ Ƚ Ʌɚʆɦɹɧɶɫɤɿ ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚʆ

ɲɬɨ ©ʆ ɤɨɠɧɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɟɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɟ ɹɤ causa efficiens ɧɚɰɵɹ

ɧɚɥɶ ɧɵ ɚɫɹ ɪɨɞɚɤ ɝɷɬɵ ɚɫɹɪɨɞɚɤ ² ɞɚɞɚɜɚʆ ɺɧ ² ɦɨɠɚ ɚɪ

ɝɚɧɿɡɚɜɚɰɶ ɿ ɡɚɯɨɩɧɿɰɤɚɹ  ɝɪɭɩɚ ɚɥɟ ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚ ɡ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɵɦ

ɷɬɧɿɱ ɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɚɦ ɭɪɷɲɰɟ ɹ ɧɚ ɚɫɿɦɿɥɸɟɰɰɚ ɚɫɹɪɨɞɞɡɟɦ

ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ² ɤ ɚɥɿ ɹɧɚ ɦ ɨɰɧɚɹ ² ɫɚɦɚ ɚɫɿɦɿɥɸɟ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵ ɫɭɛ

ɫɬɪɚɬª

Ⱥɞ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɹɪɷɞɧɹɜ ɟɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɫɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɷɬ

ɧɿ ɱɧɚɣ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɵ ɲ ɥɹɯ ɜ ɺʆ ɞɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɵɯ  ɞɵ

ɮɟɪɷɧɰɵɹ ɜɚɧɵɯ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɧɚ ɿ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ Ɍɭɬ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɜɵ

ɪɚɡɧɚɟ ɚɞɚɫɚɛɥɟɧɧɟ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɭ ɹ ɤɿ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɩɪɵ

ɜɿɥɟɹɜɚɧɵɹ  ɝɪɭɩɵ  ɚɛɨ ɫɥɚɿ ɲɬɨ ʆɞɡɟɥɶɧɿ ɱɚɥɿ ɜɚ ʆɥɚɞɡɟ  ɚɞ

ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ  ɹɤɨɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɩɚɡɚ ɫɮɟɪɚɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɝɚ

ɠɵɰɰɹ

 ɍ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɚɣ ɬɷɪɦɿɧɚɥɨɝɿɿ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɵ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ

ɧɚɪɨɞ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɰɰɚ pays légal ɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ʆ ɰɷɥɵ ɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɟ

pays réel.

 Ⱦɚʆɧɟɣɲɵɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ʆɡɧɿɤɚɥɿ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɜɵɥɭ

ɱɷɧɧɹ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɧɚɣ ɿ ʆɥɚɞɧɚɣ ɷɥɿɬɵ ɉɪɵɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ ɞɚɝɷɬɵɯ ɷɥɿ-

ɬɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ ɩɟɪɚɤɪɵɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɦɿɠ ɫɚɛɨɸ  ɝɪɭɧɬɚ

ɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɵɧɰɵ ɩɟ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɧɚɫɰɿ ɡɚ ɜɵ ɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟɦ  ɜ ɿɞɚɜɨɱ

ɧɚ ɞɭɯɚɜ ɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɉɪɵ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɥɚɞɡɟ ɧɚɣɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɹ ʆɡɪɨʆɧɿ

ʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɣ ɟɪɚɪɯɿɿ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɿ ʆɥɚɫɧɿɤɿ ɡɹɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɲɬɨ

ʆɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɱɚɥɿ ʆ ɚɠɵɰɰɹʆɥɟɧɧɿ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɧɨɫɶɛɿɬɚɦɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ

ɧɚɣ ɿɞɷɿ  ɍ ɛɚɥɶɲ ɵɧɿ  ɤɪɚɿɧ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ ɞɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ

ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ ɚɛɨ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɚ ɡɚɦɨɠɧɚɟ ɦɹɲ

ɱɚɧɫɬɜɚ ² ɛɚɝɚɬɵɹ ɤɭɩɰɵ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ ɩɚɬɪɵɰɵɹɬ ɍ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɣ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɞɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɜɵɤ

ɥɸɱɧɚ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɚ

ɉɚɫɥɹ ɜɹɤɨʆ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɿ ɡɦɭ ɡɦɟɧɵ ʆ ɤɿɪɭɧɤɭ ɤɚ-

ɩɿ ɬɚɥɿɡɦɭ ɜɹɥɿ ʆ ;,; ɫɬ ɭ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɚɣ ɛɚɥɶɲɵɧɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɟɟʆɪɚ

ɩɟɣɫɤɿɯ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɚʆ ɩɪɚɡ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚɟ ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɟ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ

ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɭ ɰɷɧɡɚɜɵ ɯ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɹɯ ɞɚ ɚɬɚɹɫɚɦɥɟɧɧɹ  ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱ

ɧɚɝɚ ɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɝɚ Ȼɨɥɶɲ ɩɚɤɪɭɱɚɫɬɵɦɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɞɚɪɨɝɿ ɹ ɤɿɹ

ɜɹɥɿ ɞɚ ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɭ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚȸɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ

ȿʆɪɨɩɟ ɇɚ ɿɯ ɯɚɩɚɥɚ ɹ ɦɿɧɚʆ ɿ ɩɚɫɬɚɤ ɹɤɿɹ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ

ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɥɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɝɿɛɟɥɥɸ ɉɟɪɚɠɵɬɵɹ  ɰɹ ɠɤɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɦɹɰɶ ɩɪɚ

ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɦɟɪɵ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɸɰɶ ² ɹɲɱɷ ɿ ɫɺɧɧɹ ² ɫɜ ɹɞɨ

ɦɚɫɰɶ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɭ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɟ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɬɵɯ ɹɤɿɹ

ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɧɹɞɚʆɧɚ ɫɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɥɿ ɫɜɚɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɬɨɟɫɧɚɫɰɶ

315

Ɋɷɱ ɭ ɬɵɦ  ɲɬɨ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ʆ ɦɿɧɭʆɲɱɵ ɧɟ ʆɜɨ

ɝɭɥɟ ɜɵ ɡɧɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ  ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɣ ɪɚɡɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɫɰɸ  ȱɯ ɭɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɚɞ

ɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɲɥɹ ɯɚɦ ɡɚɯɨɩɚʆ ² ɚɥɟ ɿ ɦɿ ɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɦɨɜɚʆ

Ⱥɞɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɣ ɿɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɣ ɛɵɥɿ  ɞɵɧɚɫɬɵɱɧɵɹ  ɭɧɿɿ  ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚ ʆ

ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɲ ɥɸɛɚʆ ɩɚɦɿ ɠ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚɦɿ  Ɍ ɚɤɿɹ ɞɵɧɚɫɬɵɱɧɵɹ  ɲ ɥɸ

ɛɵ ɥɹ ɠɚɥɿ ʆ ɩɚɞɜɚɥɿɧɚɯ ɲɦɚɬɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɚʆɫɬɪɚɜɟɧɝɟɪ

ɫɤɚɣ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɿ Ƚɚɛɫɛɭɪɝɚʆ ɹ ɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɞɚ  ɝ  ɚ ɬɚɤ

ɫɚɦɚ ɿɫɩɚɧɫɤɚɣ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɿ  ɹɤɚɹ  ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɚɠ ɞɚ ɫɺɧɧɹ ɧɹ 

ɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɛɟɠɧɵɹ  ɿɦɤɧɟɧɧɿ Ʉ ɚɬɚɥɨɧɿɿ ɿ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɤɿɹ

ɜɵɛɭɯɿ ɛɚɫɤɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɵɡɦɭ  Ʉ ɚɠɭɱɵ  ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ  ɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɚ

ɞɥɹ  ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɚɸ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɹ  ɚ ɧɟ ɷɬ

ɧɿ ɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɹɡɶ  Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɹɡɶ ɜɹɥɚ ɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɹ  ɩɟ

ɪɚɜɚɠɧɚ ɫɥɚɿ ʆ ɤɿ ɪɤɭɧɤɭ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɚɣ ɿɧɬɷɝɪɚɰɵɿ ɯɨɰɶ ɧɹɪɷɞ

ɤɚ ɩɪɵ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɿ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɱɭɰɰɺɪɷɝɿɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɚɞɦɟɬɧɚɫɰɿ

ɍɫɜɟɞɚɦɥɟɧɧɟ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɣ ɬɨɟɫɧɚɫɰɿ ɦɚɝɥɨ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɰɰɚ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɩɪɵ

ɫɬɪɚɰɟ ɦɨɜɵ ɹ ɤ ɫɜ ɟɞɱɵɰɶ ɩɪɵ ɤɥɚɞ ɒɚɬɥɚɧɞɵɿ ɚɥɟ ɦɚɝɥɨ ɿ

ɫɬɪɚɰɿɰɰɚ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɦɨʆɧɚɣ ɚɫɿɦɿɥɹ ɰɵ ɿ  ɧɹ ɝɥɟɞɡɹ

ɱɵ ɧɚ ɬɪɵɜɚɥɚɟ ɩɚɱɭɰɰɺ ɤɪɚɺɜɚɣ ɚɞɦɟɬɧɚɫɰɿ  ɹ ɤ ɝɷɬɚ ɦɟɥɚ

ɦɟɫɰɚ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɯ ȼɹ ɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ

Ɏɚɤɬ ɬɨɣ ɲɬɨ ʆ ɲɷɪɚɝɭ ɲɦɚɬɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɚʆ

ɫɥɚɛɟɣɲɵ ɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɚɫɿɦɿɥɹ ɰɵɿ ɫɬɪɚɰɿɥɿ ɫɜɚɟ ɜ ɵɲɷɣ

ɲɵɹ ɫɥɚɿ Ɍɚɤ ɚɞɛɵɥɚɫɹ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɱɷɲɫɤɚɣ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ ɿ ɚɪɵ

ɫɬɚɤɪɚɬɵɿ ɧɚɫɭɩɟɪɚɤɦɿɮɭ  ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɹ ɧɚ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ ɡɚɝɿɧɭ

ɥɚ ʆ ɛɿɬɜɟ ɩɚɞ Ȼɟɥɚɸ Ƚɚɪɨɸ  ɉɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɸ ɡɚɡɧɚɥɿ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɿɹ ɿ ɪɭɫɤɿɹ  ɤɧɹ ɡɿ  ɩɚɧɵ ɿ ɛɚɹ ɪɵ ʆ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ Ⱥɛɨɞɜɭɯ

ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɦɚɞɡɶɹ ɪɵɡɚɰɵɸ ² ɜ ɵɲɷɣɲɵɹ ɫɥɚɿ ʆ ɤɪɚɹ ɯ Ʉɚɪɨ

ɧɵ  ɫɜ  ɋ ɬɷɮɚɧɚ Ɇɨʆɧɭɸ ɿ  ɡɜɵ ɱɚɺɜ ɚɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɚɞɦɟɬɧɚɫɰɶ

ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɹ ɦɚɫɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɿ ɥɚɬɵ ɲɨʆ  ɪɭɫɿɧɚʆ (ɩɪɨɞ

ɤɚʆ ɭɤɪɚɿɧɰɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ) ɫɥɚɜɚɤɚʆ ɿ ɯɚɪɜɚɬɚʆ ɱɷɯɚʆ ɿ ɫɥɚ

ɜɟɧɰɚʆ  Ƚɷɬɵɹ  ɩɪɚɰɷɫɵ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɚɸ ɞɚɤɬɪɵɧɵ ɹɤɚɹ ɚɞ

ɪɨɡɧɿ ɜɚɥɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɹ ɚɞ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɧɟɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɯ

Ɋ ɚɫɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɧɚɹ ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ ɭ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɵ ɰɵ ɚʆɫɬ

ɪɚɜɟɧɝɟɪɫɤɚɣ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɿ  ɝɷɬɚɹ  ɞɚɤɬɪɵ ɧɚ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɜɚɥɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ

ɲɬɨ ɦɟɥɿ ʆɥɚɫɧɵ ɹ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɹ ɜɚɧɵɹ  ɫɥɚɿ  ² ɚɪɵɫɬɚɤɪɚɬɵ ɸ ɿ

ɲɥɹɯɬɭ ² ɚɞ ɬɵɯ ɲɬɨ ɿɯ ɫɬɪɚɰɿɥɿ ɚɛɨ ɧɟ ɡɞɨɥɟɥɿ ɫɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɰɶ

ɡ ɩɪɵ ɱɵɧɵ ɩɷʆɧɵ ɯ ɚɤɚɥɿ ɱɧɚɫɰɹ ʆ ɧɚɩɪɵ ɤɥɚɞ  ɡɚɯɨɩɭ ɿɯɧɹɝɚ

ɤɪɚɸ ɿɧɲ ɵɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ ɭ ɪɚɧɧɿɦ ɋɹ ɪɷɞɧɹɜɟɱɱɵ ɍ ɲɦɚɬɷɬɧɿɱ

ɧɚɣ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɟɪɲɵɹ ɛɵɥɿ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶ ɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɦ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚ

ɧɵ ɹ ɞɚ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɝɚ ʆɞɡɟɥɭ ɜɚ ʆɥɚɞɡɟ  Ɍ ɚɤ ɫɬɚɹɥɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɚɥɿ

ɤɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵɣɧɚɹ  ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɹ Ƚɚɛɫɛɭɪɝɚʆ ɩɟɪɚʆɬɜ ɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ  ʆ ɧɟ

Ⱥɞ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɷɬ ɧɿɱɧɵɯɧɚɪɨ ɞɚʆ

316

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɲɬɚ ɧɚɤɲɬɚɥɬ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɧɚɣ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɚɣ ɧɚ

ɜɟɪɯɧɿ ɦ ɭɡɪɨʆɧɿ ɡ ɞɭɚɥɿɫɬɵ ɱɧɚɣ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɿ Ⱥʆɫɬɪɵɣɫɤɚɣ ȱɦɩɟ

ɪɵɿ ɿ ȼ ɟɧɝɟɪɫɤɚɝɚ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ ɚ ɧɚ ɧɿɠɧɿɦ ɤɚɥɿ ɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɩɪɚ

ȱɦɩɟɪɵɸ — ɡ ɞɡɟɜ ɹɰɿ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ ɲɬɨ ɦɟɥɿ  ɹ ɤ Ʉɚɪɚ

ɥɟʆɫɬɜ ɚ Ƚɚɥɿɰɵɿ ɿ  Ʌɚɞɚɦɟɪɵɿ ɫɜɚɟ ɚʆɬɚɧɨɦɧɵɹ ɤɪɚɺɜɵɹ ʆɥɚ

ɞɵ  Ƚɷɬɤɿ  ɥɚɞ ɫɩɪɵ ɹʆ © ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦª   ɱɵɹ  ɧɚɰɵɹ

ɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɧɟɩɚɪɵ ʆɧɚ ɚɞ ɋɹɪɷɞɧɹ ɜɟɱɱɚ

ɩɪɚɡ ɧɨɜ ɵ ɱɚɫ ɚɠ ɞɚ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ ȼ ɨɫɶ ɠɚ  ɭ Ⱥʆɫɬɪɵɿ ɩɪɚɞ

ɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ  ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ ɤɚɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɚɪɚʆ ɭɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɱɚɥɿ  ɜ ɚ ʆɥɚɞɡɟ ɿ ɧɚ

ɜɚɬ ɫɬɚɧɚɜɿɥɿɫɹ  ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ʆɪɚɞɭ  ȼ ɚ ʆɦɨɜɚɯ ɩɚɝɥɵɛɥɟɧɧɹ  ɤɚɧ

ɮɥɿɤɬɭ ɡ ɭɤɪɚɿɧɰɚɦɿ  ɹɧɵ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɡɞɡɹɣɫɧɹɥɿ ʆɥɚɞɭ ʆ ɚʆɬɚ

ɧɨɦɧɚɣ Ƚɚɥɿɰɵɿ

4. ȱɧɚɱɚɣ ɫɬɚɹɥɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɡ ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɧɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ

ɫɜ ɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɧɟɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ  ɇɟ ɪɚɡ ɹɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɱɵɧɚ

ɥɚɫɹ  ɡ ɧɿ ɡɤɚɝɚ ʆɡɪɨʆɧɸ Ȼɵɜɚɥɚ  ɲ ɬɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɧɟ ʆɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ

ɡɧɚɣɫɰɿ  ɫɚɛɟ ɧɚɡɜɭ

. Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɞɨʆɝɿ ɱɚɫ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɿ

ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚɦɿ  ɩɚɦɹ ɬɚɸɱɵ ɜɹ ɤɿ ɿɯɧɹ ɝɚ ɠɵɰɰɹ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɇɟ ɪɚɡ ɞɥɹ  ɬɨɣ ɫɚɦɚɣ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ ʆɠɵ

ɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ  ɧɚɡɜɵ ɪɭɫɿɧɵ ɚɛɨ ʆɤɪɚɿɧɰɵ Ɂ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɡɜɹɡɜɚʆ

ɫɹ ɪɨɡɧɵ ɧɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵ  ɡɦɟɫɬ ɉɟɪɲɚɹ  ɧɚɡɜɚ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿ ɜɚɥɚ

ʆɫɯɨɞɧɟɫɥɚɜɹ ɧɫɤɭɸ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɶ  ɜ ɵɜɨɞɡɹ ɱɵ  ɚɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɱɚɫɚɦɿ

ɜɵɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɚ ɟɞɧɚɫɰɶ ɪɭɫɿɧɚʆ ɿ ɪɚɫɟɣɰɚʆ Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ  ɧɚɡɜɚ ²

ɭɤɪɚɿ ɧɰɵ ² ɡɜɹɡɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɡ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɣ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɣ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ

ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɸ  © ɇɟɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵª ʆ ɧɚɲɵɦ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɟ ȿʆ

ɪɨɩɵ  ʆɡɧɿ ɤɚɥɿ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɫɹɥɹ ɧɫɬɜɚ ɹ ɤɨɟ ɡɚɯɚ

ɜɚɥɚ ² ɫɬɪɚɰɿʆɲɵ ɜɵɲɷɣɲ ɵɹ ɫɥɚɿ ² ɦɨɜɭ  ɪɷɥɿɝɿɸ ɩɪɨɞɤɚʆ

ɡɜɵɱɚɿ  ɩɪɵɜɹɡɚɧɚɫɰɶ ɞɚ ɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɡɹ ɦɥɿ ɭɫɜɟɞɚɦɥɟɧɧɟ ɷɬɧɿɱ

ɧɚɣ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ ɒɭɤɚɸɱɵ ɫɜ ɚɟ ɤɚɪɚɧɿ  ɹ ɧɵ ɧɟ ɪɚɡ ɡɜ ɹɪɬɚ

ɥɿɫɹ ɞɚ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɿ ɩɥɟɦɹ ɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ ɹ ɤɚɹ ɚɠɵ ʆɥɹɥɚɫɹ

ɰɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɬɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ ad usum ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɯ ɪɷɝɿɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɿɧɬɚɪɷ

ɫɚʆ Ɍɚɤ ɫɬɚɿɰɶ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɡ ɭɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɟɦ © ɬɷɨɪɵɿª ɩɪɚ ɚɫɟɥɵɯ ɧɚ

ɉɚɥɟɫɫɿ ɧɚɲɱɚɞɤɚʆ ɹɰɜɹ ɝɚʆ  ɉɪɚɡ ɲɦɚɬ ɜɹ ɤɨʆ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɜɹ ɪ

ɬɚɧɧɟ ɚɞ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɝɚ Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɝɷ

ɬɵ ɹ  ɹ ɤ ɰɹ ɩɟɪ ɿɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɰɶ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɵ ɷɬɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɿɫɹ

ɚɝɭɥɚɦ ɤɚɠɭɱɵ ɧɚ ɿɧɲɵɦ ɭɠɨ  ɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɦ ɭɡɪɨʆɧɿ

ɉɚɫɥɹ  ɜɹɤɨʆ ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚʆ  ɦɿɝɪɚ

ɰɵɿ  ɞɷɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɿ ɚɫɿɦɿɥɹ ɰɵ ɿ ɦɚɥɚɞɵ ɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ  ɲɬɨ

ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɥɿ ʆɥɚɫɧɵɹ  ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɹ  ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɦɵ ɧɚ ɚɫɧɨɜ ɟ ɷɬɧɿɱ

ɧɚɣ ɩɨɜɹɡɿ ɿɦɤɧɭɱɵɫɹ  ɞɚ ɿɧɬɷɝɪɚɰɵɿ ɠɵɯɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɤɪɚɺʆ

ɩɪɵɦɚɥɿ ʆ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞ ² ɡɪɨɡɧɵɦɿ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɧɹɦɿ ² ɚɞɡɿɧɤɿ

317

ɿ ɝɪɭɩɵ ɹɤɿɹ  ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ  ɩɪɵɡɧɚɜ ɚɥɿ ɿɯɧɸɸ

ɦɨɜɭ ɡɚ ɦɚɬɱɵɧɭ  əɤ ɤɪɵɬɷɪɵɣ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɩɪɵɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ

ɦɨɜɚɜ ɵɤɨɧɜɚɥɚ ² ɿ ɜ ɵɤɨɧɜɚɟ ² ɚɞɦɵɫɥɨɜ ɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ  Ɍɚɤɹɟ ɿ

ɪɚɡɭɦɟɥɿ ɉɿɲɚ ɑɷɫɥɚʆ Ɇɿɥɚɲ ©ə ɤɚɡɚʆ ɧɟɞɡɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɭɸ

Ʌɿ ɬɜɭ ɧɚɪɚɞɡɿɥɚ ɧɟ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ ɚ ɮɿɥɚɥɨɝɿɹ ɉɪɚʆɞɚ ɲɬɨ ɰɹ ɠ

ɤɚ ʆɹɜɿɰɶ ɫɚɛɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ  ɱɵɦ ɭ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɥɸɛɨʆ ɞɚ ɦɨɜɵ ɹɤɚɹ

ɥɟɞɡɶɜɟ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɿ ɡ ɹ ɤɨɣ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɜɵɜɟɫɰɿ ʆɫɸ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɭɸ

² ɛɨ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɿɧɲɚɣ ɦ ɨɜɟ ² ɦɿɧɭʆɲɱɵɧɭ Ⱥɞɝɷ ɬɭɥɶ

ɩɪɚɜɹ ɞɡɟɧɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɚɣ ɦɹɠɵ ɩɚɦɿ ɠɫɜɚɿɦ  ɹɤɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɵɰɶ ɞɚ

ɩɥɟɦɟɧɿ  ɿ ɱɭɠɵɧɰɚɦ  ɹɤɿ ɦ ɨɠɚ ɩɪɵɫɹɝɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɺɧ ɡ ɞɡɟɞɚ

ɩɪɚɞɡɟɞɚ ɥɿɬɨɜɟɰ ɚɥɟ ɝɷɬɚ ɧɟ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɠɚ ɤɚɥɿ ɹɝɨɧɚɹ ɦɨɜɚ ɧɟ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤ ɚɹª

 Ⱥɞɫɬɭɩɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɚɞ ɦɨɜɵ ² ɩɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɜ ɵɲɷɣ

ɲɵɯ ɫɥɚɺʆ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɡɚɰɵɹ ɫɹɥɹ ɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ

ɧɚ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵ ɦ ɩɚɝɪɚɧɿɱɱɵ ² ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞɚɥɚɫɹ  ɹɤ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɵ

ɜɵɛɚɪ  ȱ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵ ɰɵ ɚɞ ɱɚɫɨʆ ɋɹ ɪɷɞɧɹ ɜɟɱɱɚ ɚɠ ɞɚ ɫɭɱɚɫ

ɧɚɫɰɿ ɡɦɟɧɚ ɦɨɜ ɵ  ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɧɚɣ ɡɚ ɦɚɬɱɵɧɭ  ɜɹ ɥɚ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ

ɯɭɬɱɷɣ ɰɿ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ  ɞɚ ɡɦɟɧɵ  ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɩɪɵɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ

ȱɫɧɭɸɱɵ ɹ  ɜɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɿ  ɩɪɵ ɤɥɚɞɚɦ ² ȱɪɥɚɧɞɵ ɹ  ɧɟ ɩɚɞɜɚɠ

ɜɚɸɰɶ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɚɦɚɥɶ  ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɵ ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɵɹ ɧɚ ɷɬ

ɧɿɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɟ ɿ  ɩɚɲɵɪɚɧɵɹ  ɚɫɿɦɿɥɹɜ ɚɧɵɦɿ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɿ

ɲɬɨ ɩɟɪɚɧɹɥɿ ɦɨɜɭ ɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɿ ɫɚɦɿ ɡɪɚɛɿɥɿ ɜɵɛɚɪ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ

ɩɪɵ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɞɚ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɰɶ  ɧɚ

ɪɨɞɚɦɿ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦɿ

ȱɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɹ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ² ɿ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɟɰɰɚ

² ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɡɦɚɦ ɉɚɫɥɹ  I ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ ɝɷɬɵ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɡɦ

ɡɦɹɲɱɚʆ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɜɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɝɚ ɚɧɬɚɝɚɧɿ

ɡɦɭ  Ɍ ɚɤ © ɫɹɥɹ ɧɫɤɿɹª ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ɛɚɱɵɥɿ  ɫɜɚɿɦɿ  ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦɿ ɩɪɚ

ɰɿ ʆɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɲɥɹɯɬɭ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ  ɲ ɬɨ ɩɚɧɚɜ ɚɥɿ ɪɚɧɟɣ

ɋɩɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɟ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ ɡ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɦ ɭɡɦɚɰɧɹ

ɥɚ ɿ ɩɚɫɤɚɪɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɚ

ɺɣ ɩɷʆɧɵ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɵ ɡɦɟɫɬ Ƚɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɭ ɬɵ ɦ ɲɬɨ

ɧɚ ɱɚɥɨ ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɵ ɜɵɫɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɚɹ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚ ɇɚ Ʌɿɬɜɟ

ɛɭɣɧɚɹ ɡɹɦɟɥɶɧɚɹ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɶ  ɹ ɤɨɸ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɥɚ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵ

ɧɚɦ ɫɩɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɧɚɹ ɚɪɵɫɬɚɤɪɚɬɵɹ ɿ ɡɹ ɦɹ ɧɫɤɚɹ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɬɚ  ɦɟɥɚɫɹ

ɩɟɪɚɣɫɰɿ ʆ ɪɭɤɿ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɩɪɵɱɵɦ ɪɚɧɟɣɲɵɦ ɭɥɚɞɚɥɶ

ɧɿɤɚɦ ɩɚɤɿɞɚɥɚɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɞɪɚɛɧɿɰɚ  əɲɱɷ ɦɚɰɧɟɣ ɚɛɦɹɠɨʆɜɚ

ɥɚɫɹ  ɫɮɟɪɚ ʆɩɥɵ ɜɭ ɿɧɮɥɹ ɧɰɤɿɯ ɛɚɪɨɧɚʆ ɭ Ʌɚɬɜɿɿ  ɿ  ɗɫɬɨɧɿɿ

ɉɚɬɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɧɧɿ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɚɣ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ʆ

ɑ ɷɯɿ ɿ ɿ  ɋɥɚɜ ɚɤɿɿ  ɚɛɦɹɠɨʆɜ ɚɸɱɵ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɧɹɦɟɰɤɚɣ ɿ ɜ ɟɧɝɟɪ

ɫɤɚɣ ɛɭɣɧɨɣ ɭɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɩɚɜ ɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ʆɦɚɰɚɜ ɚɰɶ  ɦɚɬɷ

Ⱥɞ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɷɬ ɧɿɱɧɵɯɧɚɪɨ ɞɚʆ

318

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɪɵɹɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɹ ɞɪɚ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ² ɫɹɥɹ ɧɫɬɜ ɚ

² ɿ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɧɚ ɫɤɚɫɚɜ ɚɰɶ  ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɚɜ ɚɝɭ ɱɭɠɵɧɫɤɿɯ

ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɧɟɩɪɵɹɡɧɵɯ ɞɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɞɡɹɪ

ɠɚɜ ɚʆ Ɋɷɮɚɪɦɚɬɚɪɫɤɿ ɞɵ ɧɚɦɿɡɦ ɚɩɨɲ ɧɿɯ ɫɭɿ ɫɧɚɜɚʆ ɡ ɡɚɯɚɜɚ

ɧɵ ɦ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɱɵɦ ɪɷɮɥɟɤɫɚɦ ɲɬɨ ɞɚ ɚɫɨɛɚʆ ɿ ɝɪɭɩɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɞ

ɩɚɥɿ ɩɚɞ ɱɭɠɵ ɧɫɤɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɭɸ ɚɫɿɦɿ ɥɹ ɰɵɸ

ɋɬɪɚɬɚ ɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɦɨɜɵ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɥɚɫɹ  ʆ ɤɚɬɷɝɨɪɵɹ ɯ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɧɿɰɬɜɚ

ɚɞ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ

  ɍ ȼɹɥɿ ɤɿɦ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɟ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɫɤɥɚ

ɞɚɥɿ ɹɤ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵ  ɬɚɤ ɿ  ɪɭɫɿɧɵ ɲɬɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ ɞɚ ɜ ɵɲɷɣɲɵɯ

ɫɥɚɺʆ Ɍɚɦɭ ɚɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ©ɥɿɬɜɿɧª ɭ XIX ɫɬ ɭɠɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɞɜɚɹɤɿɦ

ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɿ  ɍ ɜɭɡɟɣɲɵɦ ɹɧɨ ɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɵ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ  ɞɚ ɷɬɧɿ

ɱɧɚɣ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ ɭ ɲɵɪɷɣɲɵɦ ² ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚɥɚ ʆɫɿɯ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜ ɚ

1 1

  ɉɚɫɥɹ  ɯɪɨɫɬɭ ɩɚɝɚɧɫɤɚɣ Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɵ ɿ

ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ ɛɵɥɿ  ɧɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ  ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚɦɤɚɬɚɥɿ ɤɚɦ  ɇɟʆɡɚɛɚ

ɜɟ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ² ɭ ɬɪɵ ɰɰɚɬɵɹ ɝɚɞɵ XVɫɬ ² ɞɚɜɹɥɨɫɹ ɞɚɩɭɫɰɿɰɶ

ɞɚ ɿɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ ɿ  ɛɚɹ ɪɚʆ ɡ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɯ Ȼɟɥɚ

ɪɭɫɿ ɿ ȸɤɪɚɿ ɧɵ  ɉɨʆɧɚɟ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɟ ʆ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɞɚ

ɧɚɣɜɵɲɷɣɲ ɵɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɩɚɫɚɞɚʆ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɹ  ɡɞɚɛɵɥɿ

ɧɚɩɹ ɪɷɞɚɞɧɿ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ  ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɫɮɚɪɦɚɜɚʆɫɹ  ɦɚɧɚ

ɥɿɬɧɵ  ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɵ  ɚɞ ɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɣɧɚɣ ɩɪɵɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɡ ɫɹ ɪɷɞ

ɡɿɧɵ XVI ɫɬ  ɞɚ ɬɵ ɯ ɠɚ ɩɚɫɚɞɚʆ ɞɚɩɚɥɿ ɤɚɥɶɜɿɧɿɫɬɵ ɿ ɥɸɬɷɪɚ

ɧɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɧɚɪɨɞ əɧɵɧɚɡɵ ɜɚɥɿɫɹ © ɬɭɛɵɥɶɰɚɦɿª ɚɞ ɫɥɨ

ɜɚʆ ©ɬɭ[ɬ] ɛɵ ɥɿª ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ  Ƚɷɬɵ ɚɮɿɰɵɣɧɵ ɬɷɪɦɿɧ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɯ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɚʆ ɛɵʆ ɞɚɥɺɤɿ ɚɞ ɩɪɵ ɧɿɠɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɤɚɥɚɧɿɹɥɶɧɚɣ

ɤɚɧɚɬɚɰɵɿ ©Ɍɭɛɵɥɶɰɚɦª ɛɵʆ ɤɧɹɡɶ əɧɭɲI Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿɥ ɹɤɿ ʆ 

ɝ ɩɿɫɚʆ ɫɜɚɣɦɭ ɛɪɚɬɭ ©$F]HPVDP /LWZLQHPVLĊ XURG]LáL /LWZLQHP

XPU]Hü PL SU]\MG]LH MHGQDN LGLRPD SROVNLHJR ]DĪHZDü Z 2MF]\znie

naszej musiemyª >© ɏɨɰɶ ɹ ɫɚɦ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚɦ ɧɚɪɚɞɡɿ ʆɫɹ ɿ  ɥɿɬɜ ɿɧɚɦ

ɩɚɦɪɭ ɚɥɟ ʆ ɧɚɲɚɣ Ⱥɣɱɵ ɧɟ ɦɵ ɦɭɫɿɦ ɤɚɪɵ ɫɬɚɰɰɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɸ

ɦɨɜɚɸª @ Ⱦɥɹ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɜɹɪɯɭɲɤɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɜ ɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɨɞ

ɧɚɸ ɝɭɬɚɪɤɨɜ ɚɸ ɦɨɜɚɸ ɦɵ ɜɟɞɚɟɦ  ɲɬɨ əɝɚɣɥɚ ɡ ȼɿɬɚʆɬɚɦ

ɪɚɡɦɚʆɥɹɥɿ  ɦɿ ɠ ɫɚɛɨɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭ  ɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɜ ɚ ɛɵɥɚ

ɦɨɜɚɸ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶ ɧɚɸ Ɍɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɧɚ ɫɯɿɥɟ XVII ɫɬ ɹɧɚ ɤɚɧ

ɱɚɬɤɨɜ ɚ ɜ ɵɰɟɫɧɿɥɚ © ɪɭɫɤɭɸª ɦɨɜ ɭ ɡ ɚɮɿɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɚʆ ɚɥɟ

ɹɲɱɷ ɪɚɧɟɣɩɚɫɩɟɥɚ ɡɪɚɛɿɰɰɚ ɦɨɜ ɚɸ ɷɥɿɬɚʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ

ɉɪɚɰɷɫ ɩɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɯ ɫɥɚɺʆ ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ

ɧɚ Ʉɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɚɧɿ ɡɚɰɵɹ ɿɲɥɚ ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɧɧɟɦ ɫɜ ɹɞɨ

ɦɚɫɰɿ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ ɩɪɵɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɍ XVIII ɫɬ ɭ Ɋɷɱɵ

ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ Ⱥɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɫɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɲ ɦɚɬɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɹ

319

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ  ɉɟɪɲɵ ʆɡɪɨɜɟɧɶ  ɧɚɣɲɵɪɷɣɲɵ

ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚʆ ɭɫɿɯ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹ ɧ Ɋɷɱɵ  ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ  ɹɤɿ ɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɿɫɹ

ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚɦɿ Ⱦɪɭɝɿ ʆɡɪɨɜ ɟɧɶ ² © ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵ ɹª  ɿ  ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵ  Ɋɨɡɧɿ ɰɚ

ɦɟɥɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ  ɚ ɧɟ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɦɨʆɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ

ɍ XIX ɫɬ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ sensu largo >ɭ ɲɵɪɨɤɿɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ@ ɩɚɱɚɥɿ

ɜɵɥɭɱɚɰɶ  ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɯ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɿɧɮɥɹ ɧɬ

ɰɚʆ Ʉɚɲɬɨʆɧɚɣ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɸ ɬɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɚɰɶ ɭɫɩɚɦɿɧɵ  Ȼ ɚɥɹɫɥɚɜɚ

Ʌɿ ɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɹ ɤɿ ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ ɚɛɜɹɫɰɿʆ ɫɹɛɟ ɿɧɮɥɹɧɬɰɚɦ ɩɨɬɵɦ

ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚɦ ɚ ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚɦ Ⱥɩɿɫɜɚɸɱɵɫɬɚɧ ɪɨɡɭɦɚʆɧɚ ɫɯɿɥɟ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɥɚɞɡɿ ɡ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜɵ  ² ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ ɪɭɩɿɥɚ

ɤɚɛ Ʌɿɬɜɚ ɡɜɹɡɚɥɚ ɫɜɚɟ ɪɭɯɿ ɡ ɪɭɯɚɦ ɿ Ʉɚɧɝɪɷ ɫɚɜɚɣ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ

  ɉɚɦɵɥɤɨɜɚ ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɝɷ ɬɵɹ ɧɚɲɵɹ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɧɧɿ  ɫɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɵɹ

ɧɚ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɟɅ ɿɬɜɵ  ɡɄ ɚɧɝɪɷɫɚɜɚɣ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɸ  ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɚɰɷɧɶ

ɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɹɤ  ɿ ɦɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɰɷ ɧɬɪɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɿɰɤɚɟ ɧɚ ɤ ɚ

ɪɵɫɰɶ ɜɵ ɤɥɸɱɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ Ɇɵ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɵ ɩɪɚɝ

ɧɭɥɿ ɜɹɪɬɚɧɧɹ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɭ ɹ ɟ ɞɚʆɧɿɯ ɦ ɟɠɚɯ ɚɥɟ ɛɵɥɿ

ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɩɟɪɚɤ ɚɧɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɮɟɞɷ ɪɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɿ ɪɷ ɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɧɰɚɦ ɿ ɿ

ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤ ɿ ɯɚɰɟɥɿ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɵɰɶ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆɫɿɦ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɹ ɦ

ɲɬɨ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ  ʆ ɹɟ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɚɥɟ ɹɤ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɿɤɿ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɥɿ

ɩɚɱɭɰɰɺ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɚɦ ɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɲɬɨ ɚɛɭɞɠɚɥɚɫɹ ɫɹ

ɪɨɞ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɪɭɫɤ ɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚª

patriotyczne w Moskwie w latach 1857–1866» Ɍ ɚɦɚɪɚ Ɏɹɞɨɫɚɜɚ

ɚɩɿɫɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɿ  ɲ ɬɨ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɫɬɭɞɷɧɰɤɚɣ ɦɨɥɚɞɡɿ

ɡɚɰɵɹ  ɚɛ¶ ɹɞɧɨʆɜɚɥɚ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɱɚ

ɥɟª  ² ɩɿɲɚ Ɏɹɞɨɫɚɜɚ ² ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɩɚɦ ɿɠ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɿ

ɤɚɦɿ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɸ ɝɪɭɩɚɸ  ɛɵɥɚ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɚ ɩɪɚ ɦ ɟɫɰɚ

Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɣ ɉɨɥɶɲɱ ɵ Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚ ɚɛ

ɦɹ ɪɤ ɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɩɚɥɹɤ ɚɦ ɿ ɲɬɨ ɜɹɪɬɚɥɿɫɹ  ɡ ɜɵɫɵɥɤɿª Ʌɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɜ ɵɤɚɡɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɚɸɡɧɭɸ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɪɷɫ

ɩɭɛɥɿɤɭ ʆ ɛɭɞɭɱɚɣ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɣ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ  ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ  ɱɚɝɨ ɚɤ

ɬɵʆɧɚ ɜɵ ɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɿɤɿ ȼɵɞɚɬɧɵ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤ ɬɚɞɵ

ɫɬɭɞɷɧɬ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɪɚɞɠɷɧɟɰ Ɇɿɧɲɱɵɧɵ Ɍɚɞɷɜɭɲ Ʉɨɪɡɚɧ  ɚɞ

ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɭɸ Ʌ ɿɬɜ ɭ

 Ɍɭɬ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ ɫɭɬɵɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɞɚʆɧɹɣ ɫɜɟɞɚ

ɦɚɫɰɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ ɡ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɣ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫ

Ⱥɞ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɷɬ ɧɿɱɧɵɯɧɚɪɨ ɞɚʆ

320

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɰɸ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɹɤɚɹ ɹɤɪɚɡ ɧɚɪɚɞɠɚɥɚɫɹ  Ⱦɚ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ

ɚɞ ɤɚɧɰɚ XIXɫɬ  ɩɪɵɣɲɨʆ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɿ ɡɦ ɡɩɚɞ ɡɧɚɤɚ

ɇɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ Ⱦɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɿ

 ɇɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɿɫɬɵ ɱɧɵɹ  ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɿ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ Ʌɿɬɜɟ

ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɥɿ  ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆ ɭ ɡɹɦɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɿɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɰɤɿɯ ɚɫɹ ɪɨɞɞɡɹ ɯ ɝ

ɡɜ ɤɪɚɺʆɰɚʆ  Ⱥɩɨɲɧɿ ɹ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɟɧɵɹ ɡɛɨɥɶ ɲɚɝɚ ɧɚ ɞɡɜɟ ɩɥɵ ɧɿ

² ɤɚɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɵʆɧɚɩɚɬɷɪɧɚɥɿɫɰɤɭɸ ɿ ɩɪɚɝɪɷɫɿʆɧɚɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱ

ɧɭɸ ² ɛɵ ɥɿ ɡɝɨɞɧɵɹ ʆ ɬɵɦ ɲɬɨ  ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɧɚ ɲɦɚɬ

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵ ɸ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɞɷ

ɭɜɚɝɿ ɧɚ ɦɨɜɭ ɿɜɵɡɧɚɧɧɟ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶɫɬɚʆɥɹɸɱɵ ɝɷɬɚ ² ɹɤ ɩɿɫɚʆ

Ɇɚɪ¶ ɹɧ Ɂɞɡɹɯɨʆɫɤɿ   ² ɲɚɥɺɧɵɦ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɩɚɠɚɞ

ɥɿɜ ɚɫɰɹɦª

 ɇɚɦɚɝɚɧɧɿ ɤɪɚɺʆɰɚʆɲɬɨ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ ² ɩɚɫɥɹ ɪɷ

ɜɚɥɸɰɵɿ ʆ Ɋɚɫɿɿ  ɿ ʆɜɚɠɚɸɱɵ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɡɭ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚ

ɜɚʆ ² ɞɚ ʆɬɜ ɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɲ ɦɚɬɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚ

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɛɵɥɨɝɚ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ

ɫɤɨɧɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɧɹʆɞɚɱɚɸ  Ƚɚɥɨʆɧɚɣ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɚɣ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɨɹɡɶ

ɬɚɤɨɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ  ɹ ɤɿ ɡɚɩɷʆɧɿɜɚʆ ɛɵ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɝɭ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɰɵ ɛɚɱɵ ɥɿ ʆ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɭɸ ɧɟɛɹ ɫɩɟɤɭ ɞɥɹ  ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ

ɿɯɧɹɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɣ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿ  ɿ  ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɫɭɜɟɪɷɧɧɚɫɰɿ

Ʉɚɥɿ ɫɩɪɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɚɤɚɧɚɰɶ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɫɤɨɧɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɧɹʆɞɚɱɚɣ ɤɚɥɿ

ʆ  ɝ ɧɟ ʆɞɚɥɚɫɹ ɫɩɪɨɛɚ ɩɭɬɱɭ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɜɚɧɚɝɚ ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɟ

ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ Ⱥɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹɣ ȼ ɚɣɫɤɨɜɚɣ >POW@ ɞɡɟɥɹ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɧɹ

ɩɪɵ ɯɿɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɞɚ ɫɚɸɡɭ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɣ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ʆɪɚɞɭ ɛɵɥɚ

ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɚ ɫɩɪɨɛɚ ɧɚɤɿɧɭɰɶ ɝɷɬɚ manu mili tari >ɡɛɪɨɣɧɚɸ ɫɿɥɚɸ@

ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɝ ɡɜ  ɜ ɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɟ ɚɩɟɪɚɰɵɿ ɝɟɧ Ʌɸɰɵ ɹɧɚ ɀɚɥɿɝɨʆ

Ƚɷɬɵ ɤɜ ɚɡɿɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɦ ɦɟʆɫɹ  ɫɬɚɰɶ ɧɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɹɝɨɧɵɯ

ɿɧɿɰɵɹɬɚɪɚʆ  ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɣɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ Ɋ ɷɫ

ɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ  ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɚɣ ɡ ɬɪɨɯ ɤɚɧɬɨɧɚʆ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɹɝɚ ² ɭ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɤɨɜɟɧɫɤɚɣ Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ  ɫɹ ɪɷɞɧɹɝɚ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ² ɞɡɟ ɩɟ

ɪɚɜɚɝɭ ɦɟɥɚ ɛ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨ

ɦɚɫɰɸ ɧɚɪɷɲ ɰɟ ² ɭɫɯɨɞɧɹ ɝɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɥɿɰɚɣ ɭ

Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ  Ɂɚɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɚɹ ɿɦɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɹɡɶ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɸ

ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɚɞɚɬɤɨɜ ɚ ʆɦɚɰɚɜ ɚɰɶ  ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɭɫɹ ɪɷɞ

ɡɿɧɟ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɲɦɚɬɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ ɚɞɧɚɱɚ

ɫɨɜ ɚ ɦɚɰɧɟɣ ɡɜɹɡɜɚɸɱɵ ɹɟ ɡ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜ ɚɣ

 ɋɩɪɨɛɚ

ɹɤ ɜɹɞɨɦɚ  ɫɤɨɧɱɵɥɚɫɹ  ɧɹʆɞɚɱɚɸ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ  ɞɷɥɟɝɚɰɵɹ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ

ɡ ɋ ɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜ ɚɦ Ƚɪɚɛɫɤɿɦ ɚɞɧɵɦ ɡ ɥɿɞɷɪɚʆ ɇɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ Ⱦɷ

ɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɿ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɜɚɯ ɡ ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ Ɋɚɫɿɹɣ ɭ Ɋɵɡɟ ɫɚɦɚ ɚɞɦɨ

321

ɜɿɥɚɫɹ ɚɞ Ɇɿɧɫɤɚ  ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚʆɲ ɵ ɫɜ ɚɟ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɱɚɫ

ɬɤɚɣ Ȼ ɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ

1 7

  ɍ ɫɜɚɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɵ ɚɞɤɿ ɧɭɥɿ ʆɫɟ ɫɩɪɨɛɵ

ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹʆ  ɍɪɷɲ ɰɟ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿ ɰɬɜ ɚ

ȼɿɥɶ ɧɿ ɿ ɜ ɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɚɧɤɥɚɜɭ ɜ ɵɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɛɚɥɶ ɲɵ ɧɿ

ɡɚ ɛɟɡɭɦɨʆɧɭɸ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɸ ȼɿɥɟɧɲɱɵɧɵ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ

ɚɞɤɿɞɚɸɱɵ ɜɚɪɵɹ ɧɬ ɚʆɬɚɧɨɦɿɿ ɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɜɿɥɟɧ

ɫɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ  ɉɚ ɚɛɨɞɜɚ ɛɚɤɿ ɬɪɵ ɭɦɮɚɜɚɥɚ ɿɞɷɹ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɵ

 ɍ ɦɿɠɜɚɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɚɪɭ ʆ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɚɣ Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛ

ɥɿɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɵ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɧɧɿ ɤɚɛ ɫɯɿɥɿɰɶ ɦɟɧɲɵɧɸ ɡ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɸ ɞɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɫɰɿ  ɉɚɞɨɛ

ɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɫɥɚɜɚɤɿ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ  ɡ ɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɩɟɯɚɦ  ɚɫɿ ɦɿ

ɥɹɜɚɰɶ ɜɭɝɨɪɫɤɭɸ ɦɟɧɲɵɧɸ  ȱɧɬɷɧɫɿʆɧɚ ɡ ɭɠɵɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɚɞɦɿ

ɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɫɪɨɞɤɚʆ  ɝɷɬɚ ɪɚɛɿɥɿ ɪɭɦɵ ɧɵ ʆ Ɍ ɪɚɧɫɿɥɶɜɚɧɿɿ

ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɸɱɵ ɿ ʆɡɦɚɰɧɹɸɱɵ ² ɹɲɱɷ ɿ ɩɚɫɥɹ  II ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɜɚɣ

ɧɵ ² ɪɭɦɵɧɿɡɚɰɵɸ ɜɟɧɝɟɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɧɹɦɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ

Ƚɷɬɚ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɥɚ ɧɚɩɪɭɠɚɧɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɚɣ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɿ ʆ ɫɬɚ

ɫɭɧɤɚɯ ɡ ȼɟɧɝɪɵɹ ɣ Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ Ɋ ɷɱ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɹ  ² ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜ ɚ ɡ

ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɦɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɦɿ ɦɹɧɲ ɵɧɹɦɿ  ɤɚɥɹ  ɭɫɹ ɝɨ ɧɚ

ɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ ² ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɭɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɭ ɿɯɧɹ ɣ ɚɫɿɦɿɥɹ

ɰɵɿ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɲɬɨɬɵɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɬɵɯ ɦɹɧɲɵɧɹʆ ɭ ɹ ɤɿɯ ɹ ɤ ɭ ɛɟɥɚ

ɪɭɫɚʆ ɭɤɪɚɿɧɰɚʆ ɚɛɨ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɧɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ ɯ ɤɨɥɚʆ ²

ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ ɞɚɤɬɪɵ ɧɵ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɵɿ ɹɲɱɷ ɧɟ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ ɚɛɭɞ

ɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ  ɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ  ɚɫɿɦɿ ɥɹ ɰɵɣɧɚ

ɚɛɫɚɪɛɰɵɣɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɬɭɬ ɡɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɦɟɥɚ ɲ ɚɧɰɵ  ɧɚ ɩɨ

ɫɩɟɯ

 Ȼɷɚɬɵɮɿɤɚɜ ɚɧɵ ɧɹ ɞɚʆɧɚ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ  ɛɿɫɤɭɩ ȿɠɵ Ɇɚɬɭ

ɥɟɜ ɿɱ-Ɇɚɬɭɥɚɣɰɿɫ ɩɿɫɚʆ ɭ  ɝ  ɩɚɩɭ ɉɿɸ XI  ɲɬɨ ɩɚɥɹɤɿ

ɧɚɦɚɝɚɸɰɰɚ ʆɫɿɦɿ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɵ ɦɿ ɫɩɨɫɚɛɚɦɿ ɹɤ ɧɚɣɯɭɬɱɷɣ ɩɚɥɚ

ɧɿɡɚɜ ɚɰɶ  ɭɫɿɯ ɧɟɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ

 Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ² ɜɚ ʆɦɨɜ ɚɯ ɩɚʆ

ɫɸɞɧɚɝɚ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɫɜ ɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ  ² ɩɚɜ ɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ

ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɰɶ ɚɞɜɚɪɨɬɧɵɹ  ɷɮɟɤɬɵ  ɩɚɝɥɵɛɥɹɸɱɵ ɩɪɨɪɜɭ ɩɚɦɿ ɠ

ɧɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɦ ɤɪɷɫɚɜɵɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ ɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɣ ɇɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ

ɧɵ ɹ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɵ ɧɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɿ ɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ II Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɩɪɵ 

ɧɟɫɥɿ ɤɪɵɜɚɜɵ ɩɥɺɧ ɧɚ ȼɚɥɵɧɿ ɿ ɜɚ ȸɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ƚɚɥɿɰɵɿ ʆ ±

 ɝ Ɇɟɥɿ ɦɟɫɰɚ ʆ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɿ ɛɚɿ ɡ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚɦɿ ɧɚ ȼɿɥɟɧɲɱɵɧɟ

ɍ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɵɜɟ ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɰɶ ɩɚɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ

ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ ɧɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɿ ɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɦɚɝɱɵɦɚ Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɡɞɚ

ɜɚɥɿ ɫɚɛɟ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɭ ɬɚɤɿɹ ɞɚɥɶ ɧɚɛɚɱɧɵɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ  ɹ ɤ Ɇɟɱɵɫɥɚʆ

ɇɟɞɡɹ ɥɤɨʆɫɤɿ  ɿ Ɂɵɝɦɭɧɬ ɀɭɥɚʆɫɤɿ ɡ ɉɉɋ [P ol ska P artia

 ɉɟɪ

Ⱥɞ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɷɬ ɧɿɱɧɵɯɧɚɪɨ ɞɚʆ