Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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282

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɠɚɧɧɿ  © Ɋɨɡɧɿɰɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɨʆ — ɩɪɵɱɵɧɚ ɫɹ ɦɟɣɧɵɯ ɫɜɚɪɚɤª 

— ɩɿɫɚʆ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵ ɫɜ ɹɬɚɪ ɿ ɩɚɷɬ Ʌɚɡɚɪ Ȼɚɪɚɧɨɜɿ ɱ  ɬɥɭɦɚ

ɱɚɱɵ ɲ ɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɵ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɫɭɠɷɧɰɚɦɿ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɥɿ ɡ ɧɟ

ɫɭɩɚɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɫɜɹɬɚʆ ɚ ɹɲɱɷ ɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɩɚɫɬɨʆ ɞɡɜɸɯ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣ

. Ɍ ɵɦ

ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ ɲɬɨ ʆɪɷɲɰɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɜɚɥɿ

ɫɹ ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫɚɦ ɹɤɿ ɩɚɧɚɜɚʆ ɭ ɲ ɬɨɞɡɺɧɧɵɦ ɠɵɰɰɿ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ

6.  Ɇɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ʆ ɜ ɵ ɲ ɷɣɲɵɯ ɫɥɚɹɯ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚɦɿ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵ ɦɿ ɚ ɬɚɤ

ɫɚɦɚ ɩɪɚɬɷɫɬɚɧɬɚɦɿ ɡ ɩɹɰɿɞɡɟɫɹɬɵ ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ XVI ɫɬ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɥɿ

ɫɹ ɧɚ ʆɡɚɟɦɧɚɣ ɰɹ ɪɩɿɦɚɫɰɿ  Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜ ɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɟ ɰɹɪɩɟɥɚ

ʆ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɚɫɹ ɪɨɞɞɡɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɵɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ʆ ɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɦɿ

ɜɵɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɦɿ ɍɫɟɚɛɞɵɦɧɵ ʆɩɥɵ ʆ Ɂɚɯɚɞɭ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɧɟ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɿ  ɥɚɰɿ ɧɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɚʆ — ɧɨɫɶɛɿɬɚɤ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɰɵɜɿɥɿɡɚ

ɰɵɿ — ɭɫɺ ɝɷɬɚ ɜ ɹɥɨ ɪɭɫɿɧɫɤɭɸ ɜɹɪɯɭɲɤɭ ɞɚ ɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɵ ɜɟɪɵ

ɚɞɥɭɱɚɸɱɵ ɹ ɟ ɚɞ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ  ɚɞɞɚɧɚɝɚ ɝɪɷɤɚʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɰɚɪɤɜɟ

Ɍɪɷɛɚ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɰɟɣɲɥɹɯ ɞɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿʆ

ɩɪɚɡ Ɋɷɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɸ  ɋɚɩɪɚʆɞɵ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɶ ɤɚɫɰɶ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆ

ɧɵ ɯ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ ɿ ɡɚɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɰɿɱɚʆ ɿɧɬɷɝɪɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿ

ɫɜ ɟɬ ɩɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɬɷɫɬɚɧɰɤɿɹ ɜɟɪɚɜɵɡɧɚɧɧɿ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɹ ɧɵ  ʆɜɚɠɚɥɿ

ɡɚ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɹ  ɚ ɦɨɠɚ ɛɵɰɶ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɿ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶ ɲ ɦɨɞ

ɧɵ ɹ  ɉɨɬɵɦ ɩɚɞ ɱɚɫ Ʉɨɧɬɪɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɿ ɝɷɬɚɹ ɪɭɫɿ ɧɫɤɚɹ ɷɥɿ

ɬɚ ɹɤɚɹ  ɿɞɭɱɵ ɡɚ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɚɦ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɚɪɵ ɫɬɚɤɪɚɬɵɿ

ɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɞɚɥɭɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɞɚ Ɋ ɷɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɿ ɿ ɩɚɤɿɧɭɥɚ ɫɬɚɪɭɸ ɜɟɪɭ

ɹ ɲɱɷ ɪɚɡ ɡɦɹɧɿɥɚ ɜɵ ɡɧɚɧɧɟ ɿ  ʆɪɷɲɰɟ ɚɩɵɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɜɚ ʆɥɨɧɧɿ

ɪɵɦɚɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɣ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ

Ƚɷɬɵ  ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɚɿɥɸɫɬɪɚɜɚɰɶ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɦɿ ɥɿɱɛɚɦɿ

Ɍɚɤ ɭ 1572 ɝ  ɤɚɧɟɰ ɞɵɧɚɫɬɵɿ əɝɚɣɥɚɜɿɱɚʆ ɭ ɋɟɧɚɰɟ Ɋ ɷɱɵ

ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚɫɹ 24 ɫɟɧɚɬɚɪɵ ɪɭɫɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ

ɋɹɪɨɞ ɿɯ ɛɵɥɨ 16 ɩɪɚɬɷɫɬɚɧɬɚʆ 7 ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵ ɯ 1 ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤ

ɉɪɚɡ ɬɪɵɰɰɚɰɶ ɱɚɬɵɪɵ ɝɚɞɵ ɭ 1606 ɩɚɱɚɬɚɤ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɫɤɚɣ

ɜɚɣɧɵ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ III ȼ ɚɡɵ ɧɚɥɿɱɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ 29 ɫɟɧɚɬɚ

ɪɚʆ ɪɭɫɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ  ɡ ɹ ɤɿɯ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɛɵʆ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɫɥɚʆɧɵ  7 ɩɪɚɬɷɫɬɚɧɬɚʆ ɿ 21 ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤ

 Ɂɪɚɡɭɦɟɥɚ  ɡɚ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ

ɚɞɛɵɥɚɫɹ  ɡɦɟɧɚ ɩɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɹ ʆ  ɬɵ ɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ  ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɹ ɜɿɞɚ

ɜɨɱɧɚɹ

Ƚɷɬɵ ɹ ɩɟɪɚʆɬɜ ɚɪɷɧɧɿ  ʆ ɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɣɧɚɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɿɫɹ

ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɦɿɪɧɵɦ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɚɦ  Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɿ ɚɩɿɫɜɚɸɰɶ  ɩɪɵ ɤɥɚɞ ɪɭ

ɫɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɲɥɹ ɯɟɰɤɚɣ ɫɹ ɦ¶ ɿ ȿʆɥɚɲɷʆɫɤɿɯ Ȼɚɰɶɤɚ  ɚʆɞɚɜ ɟʆɲɵ 

ɛɵʆ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɵ ɦɛɿɫɤɭɩɚɦ ɉɿɧɫɤɚ 3 ɞɜɭɯ ɛɪɚ

283

ɬɨʆ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɡɚɫɬɚʆɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵ  ɞɪɭɝɿ Ɍɨɞɚɪ ɩɚɞɫɭɞɚɤ ɧɚɜɚ

ɝɪɚɞɫɤɿ  ɞɚɥɭɱɵ ʆɫɹ ɞɚ ɤɚɥɶ ɜɿɧɿɫɰɤɚɣ ɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɿ  Ɂɚɩɪɨɲɚɧɵ ɞɚ

ɤɚɧɨɧɿɤɚ ʆ ȼɿɥɶ ɧɿ ɺɧ ɫɭɫɬɪɷʆɫɹ  ɬɚɦ ɚɞɧɨɣɱɵ ɡ ɿɬɚɥɿɣɰɚɦɿ ɫɚ

ɫɜ ɿɬɵ ɤɚɪɞɵɧɚɥɚɥɟɝɚɬɚ Ⱥɥɶ ɞɚɛɪɚɧɞɵɧɿ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ² ɩɚɩɚ

Ʉɥɟɦɟɧɬ9,,, ɹ ɤɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿʆɫɹ ʆ Ʌɿ ɬɜɟ ɡ ɜɿɡɿɬɚɦ  © Ʉɚɥɿ ɹɧɵ

ɞɚɜɟɞɚɥɿɫɹ  ² ɡɝɚɞɜ ɚɟɌɨɞɚɪ ɭ ɫɜ ɚɿɯ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɚɯ ² ɲɬɨ ɹ ɟɜɚɧ

ɝɟɥɿɤ  ɹɧɵ ɦɨɰɧɚ ɡɞɡɿ ɜɿɥɿɫɹ  ɲɬɨ ɤɚɧɨɧɿɤɧɚɜɚɠɵ ʆɫɹ ɡɚɩɪɚɫɿ ɰɶ

ɦɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɹɱɷɪɭ Ⱥ ɤɚɥɿ ɺɧ ɪɚɫɬɥɭɦɚɱɵʆ ɿɦ ɲɬɨ ʆ ɧɚɫ ɡ ɝɷɬɚɣ

ɧɚɝɨɞɵ ɧɹɦɚ ɧɿɹɤɚɣ ɧɹ ɧɚɜɿɫɰɿ ɿ ɲɬɨ ɦɵ ɥɸɛɿɦ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ

ɹɤ ɞɨɛɪɵɹ ɫɹɛɪɵ  ɹ ɧɵ ɝɷɬɚ ʆɯɜɚɥɿɥɿª

 ɍ ;9,, ɫɬ  ɚɬɦɚɫɮɟɪɚ

ɡɦɹɧɿɥɚɫɹ  ɚɥɟ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɹɟ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɟ ² ɷɩɨɯɚ Ⱥɞɪɚɞɠɷɧɧɹ

² ɞɚɟ ɧɚɦ ɤɪɚɫɚɦɨʆɧɵɹ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɵ ʆɡɚɟɦɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɹ ɿ

ɫɭɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɿɧɬɷɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɿ ɷɥɿɬɚɦɿ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɤɚɧ

ɮɟɫɿɣ Ɍɚɤɿ ɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɤɚɥɿ ɬɜɨɪ ɡɧɚɤɚɦɿɬɚɝɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɭɛɥɿ

ɰɵɫɬɚ Ⱥɧɞɠɷɹ ɎɪɵɱɆɚɞɠɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ  ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚ  ɩɪɵ ɯɿɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɞɚ

ɦɿɠɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɣɧɚɝɚ ɦɿɪɭ ɩɚɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɸ De Republica emendanda

ɛɵʆ ɩɟɪɚɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɜ ɭ ɩɪɚɬɷɫɬɚɧɬɚɦ ɐɵɩɪɵɹ 

ɧɚɦ Ȼɚɡɵ ɥɿɤɚɦ  ɺɧ ɡɧɚɣɲɨʆ ɜɵɞɚʆɰɚ ʆ Ʌɿ ɬɜɟ  Ɇɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ

ɤɚɥɶ ɜ ɿɧɿ ɫɬ ɪɭɫɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ Ɇɿ ɤɚɥɚɣ Ⱦ ɚɪɚɝɚɫɬɚɣɫɤɿ

ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿ ɜɚɹɜ ɨɞɚ  ɡɦɹɫɰɿʆ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɬɷɤɫɬɚɦ Ɇɚɞɠɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɬɪɵ

ɩɪɚɞɦɨɜɵ  ɉɟɪɲɭɸ ɧɚɩɿ ɫɚʆ Ɇɚɰɟɣ ɋɬɪɵɣɤɨʆɫɤɿ   ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿ

ɤɚɧɨɧɿɤ ɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤ ɿɦɹ ɹɤɨɝɚ ʆɠɨ ɡɝɚɞɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɜɵɲɷɣ  ɞɪɭɝɭɸ

² Ⱥɧɞɪɷɣ ȼɨɥɚɧ ɤɚɥɶɜɿɧɿɫɰɤɿ ɩɭɛɥɿɰɵɫɬ  ɛɥɿ ɡɤɿ ɞɚ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿ

ɥɚʆ ɿ ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ ɬɪɷɰɸɸ ² ɋ ɵɦɨɧ Ȼɭɞɧɵ  ɫɥɚɜɭɬɵ  ɚɧɬɵɬɪɵ

ɧɿɬɚɪɵɣ

  ȼ ɵ ɞɚɜ ɟɰɦɟɰɷɧɚɬ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ ɬɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɭɧɿ 

ɜɟɪɫɚɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɫɰɶ ɬɜɨɪɚ Ɇɚɞɠɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɹɝɨɧɵ ɹ ɤɚɥɿ ɦɨɠ

ɧɚ ɬɚɤ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɷɤɭɦɟɧɿɱɧɵɹ  ɜɚɪɬɚɫɰɿ

Ɍɨɣ ɫɚɦɵ ɋɬɪɵɣɤɨʆɫɤɿ  ɜɵɞɚʆɲɵ ʆ  ɝ ɩɟɪɲɭɸ ɝɿɫɬɨ

ɪɵɸ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  ɹɤɭɸ ɧɚɞɪɭɤɚɜɚʆ ɭ Ʉɚɪɚ

ɥɹʆɰɵ  ɞɪɭɤɚɪɩɪɚɬɷɫɬɚɧɬ  ɩɪɵɫɜɹ ɰɿʆ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ  ɱɚɫɬɤɿ  ɫɜɚɣɝɨ

ɬɜ ɨɪɚ  ɚɫɨɛɚɦ ɹɤɿɹ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ  ɞɚɩɚɦɚɝɚɥɿ ɹɦɭ ɩɚɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

ɿ ɹɤ ɡɞɚɟɰɰɚ ɭɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɱɚɥɿ ʆ ɩɚɤɪɵɰɰɿɜɵɞɚɬɤɚʆ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɤ ɇɚɣ

ɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɿ  ɦɚɝɧɚɬɵ ² ɜɚɹɜɨɞɵ ɿ ɤɚɲɬɚɥɹɧɵ  ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɵ

ɿ ɝɟɬɦɚɧɵ ɿɯɧɿ ɹ ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɿ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ

ɫɹ ɪɷɞɧɹɣ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ ɋɹ ɪɨɞ ɿɯ ²  ɤɚɥɶɜɿɧɿɫɬɚʆ  ɤɚɬɚɥɿ ɤɨʆ  

ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɹ  ɥɸɬɷɪɚɧɿɧɵ  ɚɪɵɹɧɿɧ ɿ  ɚɫɨɛɵ ɱɵɸ ɪɷɥɿ

ɝɿɣɧɭɸ ɩɪɵ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ ɰɹɠɤɚ ɜɵ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ

  Ɍ ɚɤɿ  ɧɟɡɜɵɱɚɣ

ɧɵ  ɫɩɿɫ ɦɟɰɷɧɚɬɚʆ ɚʆɬɚɪɚ ɲɬɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɚʆ ɞɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɝɚ ɤɥɿɪɭ

ɛɵʆ ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚɸ ɡ¶ ɹɜɚɣ ɞɥɹ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɷɩɨɯɿ Ⱥɞɪɚɞɠɷɧɧɹ

Ⱦɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿɩɚɦ ɿɠɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚɦɿɿɩɪɚɜɚɫɥ ɚʆɧɵɦ ɿ

284

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɇɚɫɬɭɩɧɚɟ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɹɤɨɟ ɜ ɚɪɬɚ ɬɭɬ ɡɝɚɞɚɰɶ  — ɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɚɟ

ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɞɚ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɭ ɹɤɿɦ ɞɥɹ ɚɛɟ

ɞɡɜɸɯ ɬɪɚɞɵ ɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣ ɛɵɥɚ Ɋ ɷɮɚɪɦɚɰɵ ɹ ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɯɨ

ɞɡɿɥɚ ɫɜɨɣ ɚɞɛɿɬɚɤ ɭ ɩɿɫɶɦɨɜɵɯ ɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɬɚɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ Ɂɝɚɞɜɚɸɱɵ

ɩɪɵ ɩɚɜɟɫɰɶ  ɚɛ ɩɲ ɚɧɿ ɰɵ ɿ ɤɭɤɨɥɥɿ Ʌɚɡɚɪ Ȼ ɚɪɚɧɨɜɿɱ ɩɿ ɫɚʆ

©Ⱦ¶ɹɛɚɥ ɩɚɫɟɹʆ ɤɭɤɨɥɥɟ ɩɚɥɹɤ ɿ ɪɭɫɿɧ ɚɛɨɞɜɚ ɩɲɚɧɿɰɚ ɤɚɥɿ  ɛ

ɠɵɥɿ ʆ ɡɝɨɞɡɟ  ɛɵɥɿ ɛ ɚɡɞɨɛɚɸª

 Ⱥɞɧɚɤɜɚɪɬɚ ɞɚɞɚɰɶ ɲɬɨ ɡ

ɱɚɫɚɦ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɡɦɟɧɵ ʆ ɚɥɶɹ ɧɫɚɯ  ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɹ ɚɩɵɧɚ

ɥɿɫɹ  ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɬɚɦɿ ʆ ɚɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ  ɞɚ Ʉ ɨɧɬɪɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɿ

Ɍɚɤ ɫɬɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ 1599 ɝ  ɤɚɥɿ ʆ ȼ ɿɥɶ ɧɿ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɛɜɟɲɱɚɧɚɹ  ɤɚɧɮɟ

ɞɷɪɚɰɵɹ ɤɚɥɶɜɿɧɿɫɬɚʆ  ɥɸɬɷɪɚɧ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ

ɫɬɜɚ Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɿɞɷɹ ɚɞɡɿɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ɚɬɚɤɚɜɚɧɵɯ Ʉ ɨɧɬɪɪɷ

ɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɹɣ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɚ ɤɚɪɚɧɺʆ ɿ ɚɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞɧɚɣ ɡ’ɹ ɜɚɣ

Ɋ ɚɡɜɿ ɰɰɺ ɤɚɡɚɧɹʆ ɿ ɪɷɥɿ ɝɿɣɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ  ɫɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɪɷ

ɮɚɪɦɿɫɰɤɚɣ ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɤɚɬɚɥɿ ɰɤɚɣ ɫɩɪɵɹ ɥɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɚɠɵ ʆɥɟɧ

ɧɸ ɿɧɬɷɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɿ  ɪɷɥɿ ɝɿɣɧɚɝɚ ɠɵ ɰɰɹ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵ ɯ Ɂ

ɫɹ ɦɿɞɡɹ ɫɹɬɵɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ XVI ɫɬ ɝɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ  ɚɞɛɿɬɚɤ ɜɚ ʆɡɞɵ

ɦɟ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɣ ɚɞɭɤɚɰɵɿ ɞɵ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ɂɝɚɞɚɣɦɚ ɬɭɬ ɬɪɨɯ

ɦɨʆɧɵ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɚɝɪɷɤɚɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɿ Ʌɿɰɷɣ ɭ Ⱥɫɬɪɨɝɭ ɮɭɧɞɚɜɚɧɵ

ɤɧɹɡɹɦɿ Ⱥɫɬɪɨɠɫɤɿɦɿ ɲɤɨɥɵ  ɲ ɬɨ ʆɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ ɦɿ

ɛɪɚɰɬɜɚɦɿ ɭɪɷɲɰɟ Ʉɿɟʆɫɤɭɸ Ⱥɤɚɞɷɦɿɸ ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɭɸ ʆ XVII ɫɬ

ɦɿɬɪɚɩɚɥɿɬɚɦ ɉɹɬɪɨɦ Ɇɚɝɿɥɚɦ ɍ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ ɲɵɪɨɤɚ ɫɤɚ

ɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɹ ɤɧɿɠɤɿ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɜɚ ɩɨɛɚɱ ɡ ɪɭɫɿ ɧ

ɫɤɚɸ  ɛɵ ɥɚ ɦɨɜ ɚɸ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɟɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ

7.  ɇɚ ɪɭɫɿɧɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɯ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɵ ɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɣɧɚɹ  ɪɨɡɧɿɰɚ

ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɠɵɜɭɱɚɸ ʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ ɯ ɚɫɹ ɪɨɞɤɚɯ  ɭ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ

ɚɞ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɟɰɤɚɣ ɷɥɿɬɵ  ɞɡɟ ɹ ɧɚ ɧɟ ɚɞɵɝɪɵɜɚɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɪɨɥɿ  ɍ

ɧɚɣɜɹɥɿɤɲɵɦ ɝɨɪɚɞɡɟ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ɋ ɭɫɿ Ʌɶ ɜɨɜɟ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɚɸ ɝɷɬɚ

ɦɭ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ ɤɚɧɤɭɪɷɧɰɵ ɹ  ɩɚɦɿɠ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿɦ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧ

ɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɚ ɧɹ ɦɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ

ɲɬɨ ɫɬɚɹ ɥɚ ɩɪɵ  ʆɥɚɞɡɟ  ɿ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧɫɬɜ ɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɦ —

ɪɭɫɿɧɫɤɿɦ ɞɵɫɤɪɵɦɿɧɚɜɚɧɵɦ ȱɧɚɤɲ ɛɵɥɨ ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ  ɞɡɟ ɩɪɚɜɚɜɨɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɵ ɯ ɜ ɵɹ ɜɿɥɚ

ɫɹ  ʆ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɟ ɩɚɪɵɬɷɬɭ ɿɯ ɿ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ɭ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɚɯ

ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɹ  ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ

ɪɭɫɿɧɫɤɚɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿ ɰɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɟ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɫɬɜ ɚ ɡɚɧɹ ɥɨ ɩɚ

ɥɨɜɭɩɚɫɚɞ ɭ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɚɯ ɉɪɵɜɿɥɟɣɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ I  ɝ  ɞɚɞ

ɡɟɧɵ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ  ɫɬɚɥɿɰɵ  ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ  ɫɥɭɠɵ ʆ ɭ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɩɥɚ

ɧɟ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɚɦ  ɍ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɡ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɚɤɬɚɦ 12 ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚʆ ɿ

24 ɪɚɞɰɵ ɦɟɥɿ ɚɛɿɪɚɰɰɚ ɧɚɩɚɥɨɜɭ ɡ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɚɥɨɜɭ ɡ

285

ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ Ɇɭɫɿɥɚ ɛɵɰɶ ɱɚɬɵɪɵ ɤɥɸɱɵ ɚɞ ɫɤɚɪɛɧɿ ɰɵ ɞɜɚ ɡ

ɹɤɿɯ ɦɟʆ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɰɶ ɞɡɟɣɧɵɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤ ɚ ɞɜɚ ɿɧɲɵɹ ²

ɹ ɝɨɧɵ  ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵ ɤɚɥɟɝɚ ɍɥɿɱɜɚɸɱɵ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɝɭ

ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɭ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ  ɩɚɪɵɬɷɬ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫ

ɥɿɜ ɚɸɱɵ ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩ ɪɨʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɧɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɚɞɬɪɵ ɦɥɿɜɚʆ ɩɪɵ ɜɿ

ɥɟɹ ɜɚɧɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿ ɲ ɱɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɣ ɦɟɧɲɚɫɰɿ  Ɂ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ

ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɟ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɿɧɫɤɚɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ

ɩɚɥɹ ɩɲ ɚɥɚ ɹɝɨɧɚɟ ɸɪɵɞɵ ɱɧɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɿɲɱɚ

2 9

  ɍ ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩɟ

ɩɚɪɵɬɷɬɭ ɜ ɵɹʆɥɹʆɫɹ ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫ ɲɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɜ ɚɥɶ ɧɹʆ ɚɛɨɞɜɚ ɛɚɤɿ

ɞɚɸɱɵ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɦɿɪɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ ȼ ɹɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ

ɫɬɜɚ

8.  Ɋɚɫɤɪɵɰɰɺ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɵ  ɚɡɧɚɱɚɧɚɣ ɭ ɧɚɡɜɟ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɬɷɤ

ɫɬɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɛ ɧɹɩɨʆɧɵɦ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵ ɯ ɛɪɚɰɬɜɚʆ

ɹ ɤɿ ɹ  ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɫɩɟɰɵ ɮɿɱɧɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɿɧɫɤɿ ɯ

ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ

 ɇɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɛɪɚɰɬɜɵ ɚɛ¶ ɹɞɧɨʆɜɚɥɿ

ɦɿɪɚɧɚʆ  ɇɚɪɚɞɡɿʆɲɵɫɹ ʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɦ ɚɫɹɪɨɞɤɭ ɹɧɵ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɿɫɹ

ɞɚɛɪɚɱɵɧɧɚɫɰɸ  ɭɬɪɵ ɦɥɿɜɚɥɿ ɲɤɨɥɵ  ɿ ɞɪɭɤɚɪɧɿ ɭ Ʌɶ ɜɨɜɟ

ȼɿɥɶɧɿ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺɜɟ

 ɤɥɚɩɚɰɿɥɿɫɹ ɩɪɚ ʆɞɨʆ ɿ ɫɿɪɨɬ əɧɵ ɚɪɝɚɧɿ

ɡɨʆɜɚɥɿ ɩɚɯɚɜ ɚɧɧɿ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɫɹɛɪɨʆ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɫɯɨɞɵ ɡ ɧɚɝɨɞɵ

ɫɜ ɹɬɚʆ ɿ  ɝ ɞ Ʉɨɠɧɚɟ ɛɪɚɰɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɜ ɹɡɚɧɚ ɡ ɩɷʆɧɚɸ ɰɚɪɤɜɨɣ

ɹ ɤɚɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɩɷʆɧɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ ɩɚɞ ɹ ɝɨ ɚɩɟɤɚɸ  Ⱥɪɝɚɧɿɡɚ

ɰɵɹ  ɛɪɚɰɬɜɚʆ ɡɚɫɧɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɞɷɥɿ ɪɚɦɟɫɧɿɰɤɿɯ ɿ  ɝɚɧɞɥɺ

ɜɵɯ ɰɷɯɚʆ  ɲ ɬɨ ɿ ɫɧɚɜ ɚɥɿ  ʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ  ɹɤɿɹ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɦɚɝɞɷ

ɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ȼɟɞɭɱɵ ɠɵɰɰɺ ɫɬɪɵɦɚɧɚɟ ɿ ɫɰɿɩɥɚɟ ɛɪɚɰɬ

ɜɵ ɡɚɡɧɚɥɿ ɹɫɤɪɚɜɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɚɞ ɜ ɚɫɶɦɿɞɡɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ XVI ɫɬ

ɤɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɟ ɫɭɬɵɤɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɭɡɞɵɦɚɦ ɩɪɚɩɚɝɚɧɞɵ ɡ ɚɞɧɚ

ɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ  Ɋ ɷɮɚɪɦɚɰɵ ɿ  ɚ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ — Ʉɨɧɬɪɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɿ Ɇɟ

ɧɚɜɿɬɚ ɬɚɞɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɹ  ɛɪɚɰɬɜɵ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ

ɧɚɝɚ ɠɵɰɰɹ ɡ ɜ ɵɪɚɡɧɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɚɮɚɪɛɨʆɤɚɣ  Ɋ ɚɡɚɦ ɡ

ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɦɿ ʆ ɛɪɚɰɬɜɵ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶ ɲ ɭɩɥɵɜɨɜɵɦɿ ɡ ɹɤɿ ɯ ɛɵɥɿ

ɥɶɜɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɿ ɜ ɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɟ ɭɜ ɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɜɟɪɧɵɹ  ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɸ ɲɥɹɯ

ɰɿ ɱɵ ɫɜɹ ɬɚɪɵ  ɚ ʆ Ʉɿ ɟɜɟ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɿ ɤɚɡɚɰɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɪɲɵɧɚ Ɋɨɥɹ

ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɵɯ ɛɪɚɰɬɜ ɚʆ ɜ ɵɦɚɥɺʆɜɚɟɰɰɚ ʆ ɥɿɫɰɟ ɞɚɫɥɚɧɵɦ ɭ

ɝ  ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿ ɤɨɦ ɥɶ ɜɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɪɚɰɬɜɚ ɰɚɪɭ Ɇɿɯɚɿɥɭ Ɋɚɦɚɧɚ

ɜɭ ɭ ɹɤɿ ɦ ɺɧ ɬɥɭɦɚɱɵɰɶ ɦɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɚɦɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɭ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ

ɛɪɚɰɬɜ ɚ — ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɡɭɫɿɦ ɧɟɜɹɞɨɦɚɣ ɭ Ɋɚɫɿɿ  © Ȼ ɪɚɰɬɜɚ

— ɱɵɬɚɟɦ ɦɵ  — ɝɷɬɚ ɤɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɹ ɯɪɵɫɰɿɹɧɟ ɠɵɜɭɱɵ

ɫɹɪɨɞ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚʆ ɭɧɿɹɬɚʆ ɿ  ɩɚɝɚɧɵ ɯ ɟɪɷɬɵɤɨʆ ɠɚɞɚɸɱɵ ɚɞɥɭ

ɱɵɰɰɚ ɚɞ ɿɯ ɿ ɧɟ ɦɟɰɶ  ɡ ɿɦɿ  ɧɿɱɨɝɚ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɚɛ¶ ɹɞɧɨʆɜɚɸɰɰɚ

ɩɚɦɿɠ ɫɚɛɨɸ ɥɸɛɨʆɸ  ɡɚɩɿɫɜɚɸɰɶ ɫɜɚɟ ɩɪɨɡɜ ɿɲɱɵ  ɪɚɡɚɦ ɿ

Ⱦɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿɩɚɦ ɿɠɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚɦɿɿɩɪɚɜɚɫɥ ɚʆɧɵɦ ɿ

286

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɡɚɜɭɰɰɚ ɛɪɚɬɚɦɿ  ɿ ɬɚɤɿɦ ɱɵ ɧɚɦ ɦɨɝɭɰɶ ɥɟɩɟɣ ɿ ɯɭɬɱɷɣ ɿɯ ɚɞ

ɤɿɧɭɰɶª

  Ɍ ɭɬ ɦɵ ɦɚɟɦ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɡ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɣ ɫɚɦɚɚɯɨɜɵ

ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɚɣ ɿ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ

ɍ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɟɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɵ  ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚ

ɰɵɣ  ɲɬɨ ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚɥɿ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜ ɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧɚʆ

ɲɥɹɯɬɭ ɿ ɤɥɿɪ ɧɚɛɵɜ ɚɥɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɚɛ¶ɹ ɞɧɚɧ

ɧɹ  ɮɚɤɬ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɵ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɦ ɭɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɿɦ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚɦ Ɇɿɯɚɣ

ɥɚɦ Ƚɪɭɲ ɷʆɫɤɿɦ  ɹ ɤɿ  ʆɦɟʆ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɜɚɰɶ  ɩɪɵ ɜɚɬɧɵɹ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɵ

ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɫɚɰɵɹ ɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨʆ ɚɞ ɝɥɚɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɿ ɧɬɚɪɷɫɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɿɯ

ɚɛ¶ ɹ ɞɧɨʆɜ ɚɥɿ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɡɧɟɲɧɹ ɣ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɚɣ

 Ɇɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ɝɷɬɭɸ ɪɷ

ɚɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɶ ɦɵ ɿ ɫɩɪɚɛɭɟɦ ɬɭɬ ɩɪɚɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɜɚɰɶ 

9. Ɍ ɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɣ ɭ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɩɚɧɚɜɚʆ ɞɭɯ ɦɿɪɚ

ɥɸɛɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɚ ʆɡɚɟɦɚɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɹɯ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚɦɿ ɿ  ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆ

ɧɵɦɿ Ȭɧ ɜɵ ɹʆɥɹ ʆɫɹ ʆ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɮɭɧɞɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɛɪɚɥɿ ɩɚɞ ɭɜɚɝɭ

ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆɫɬɚɧɨɜɵ ɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɿ  ɮɭɧɞɚɬɚɪɚ  ɚɥɟ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɜɵɡɧɚɧ

ɧɹ ʆ  Ɍ ɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɝɷɬɵɹ  ɩɪɚɹɜɵ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ  ɫɜɚɺ ɜɵɹʆɥɟɧɧɟ ʆ ɪɷ

ɥɿɝɿɣɧɚɣ ɬɚɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɚɫɰɿ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɨʆ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɩɚɞɞɚɧɵɯ Ɍ ɭɬ ɧɟ

ɜɿɞɚɰɶ ɩɪɵɦɹɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɿɥɚ cuius regio eius religio. Ɂɭɫɿɦ ɧɚ

ɚɞɜɚɪɨɬ  ɤɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵ ɦɚɝɧɚɬ Ɋ ɵɝɨɪ ɏɚɞɤɟɜɿɱ  ɝɟɬɦɚɧ

ɜɹɥɿɤɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ  ɮɭɧɞɚɜɚʆ ɭ 1567 ɝ ɲɩɿɬɚɥɶ ©ɩɪɵ ɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɰɚɪ

ɤɜ ɟª  ɺɧ ɡɚɫɧɨʆɜ ɚʆ ɹɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɹɤ ɝɪɷɰɤɚɣ  ɬɚɤ ɿ

ɪɵɦɫɤɚɣ ɜ ɟɪɵ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɵʆɲ ɵ ɡ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɵ  ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆ

ɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɩɚ ɿ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɝɚ ɤɫɹɧɞɡɚ  Ⱥɛɟɞɡɜ ɟ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɹ ɚɫɨɛɵ

ɫɭɦɟɫɧɚ ɛɵɥɿ ʆɩɿɫɚɧɵ ɹ ʆ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɵ ɪɷɟɫɬɪ

Ƚɷɬɵ  ɩɚɤɚɡɚɥɶ ɧɵ  ɩɪɵ ɤɥɚɞ ɧɟ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɛɨ ɿ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɣɧɵ  ɤɚɥɶɜ ɿɧɿɫɰɤɿ ɫɿɧɨɞ ɥɿɱɵʆ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɵɦ

ɩɪɵɧɹɰɶ ɭ 1615 ɝ ɪɷɡɚɥɸɰɵɸ ɲɬɨ ɡɚɛɚɪɚɧɹ ɥɚ ɩɚɛɭɞɨɜɭ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɰɷɪɤɜɚʆ ɜɚ ʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɹɯ ɩɚɧɨʆɤɚɥɶ ɜɿɧɿɫɬɚʆ Ɂɚɛɚɪɚ

ɧɹ ɥɚɫɹ  ©ɛɭɞɚɜ ɚɰɶ ɿɯ ɬɚɦ ɞɡɟ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɟ ɿɯ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɧɿ ɡɚɜɹ ɪ

ɲɚɰɶ ɿɯ ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿ ɰɬɜɚ ɜɚ ʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɯ ɲɥɹ ɯɰɿɱɚʆ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɿɱɧɚɝɚ

ɜɟɪɚɜɵɡɧɚɧɧɹª  Ⱥɥɟ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚ ɲɥɹɯɰɿɱɵɤɚɥɶɜɿɧɿɫɬɵ ɧɟ ɜɵ

ɤɨɧɜɚɥɿ ɝɷɬɭɸ ɪɷɡɚɥɸɰɵɸ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɵɦɭɫɿɥɚ ɩɚʆɬɚɪɵɰɶ ɹ ɟ ɛɨɥɶɲ

ɤɚɬɷɝɚɪɵ ɱɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɿɧɨɞɡɟ 1626 ɝ

3 5

 ɇɟɤɚɥɶ ɤɿ ɩɪɵ ɤɥɚɞɚʆ ɲɬɨ

ɩɚɞɚɟ ɋ ɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ Ɍɜɨɪɷɤ ɚɛ ɡɚɰɹɬɵɯ ɭɥɚɞɚɪɚɯɤɚɥɶ ɜɿɧɿɫɬɚɯ ɹɤɿɹ

ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɥɿ ɚɞ ɫɜ ɚɿɯ ɩɚɞɞɚɧɵɯ ɭɞɡɟɥɭ ʆ ɧɚɛɚɠɷɧɫɬɜɚɯ ɟɜɚɧ

ɝɟɥɿɫɬɵ ɱɧɚɝɚ ɚɛɪɚɞɭ ʆ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ ɩɚɞ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɚɸ ɲɬɪɚɮɭ  ɧɚ

ɧɚɲɭɸ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɧɟ ɦɹɧɹ ɸɰɶ  ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɣ ɤɚɪɰɿɧɵ ɇɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ

ɬɨɣ ɮɚɤɬ  ɲɬɨ ɇɚɣɜɵɲɷɣɲɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɬɪɵɛɭɧɚɥ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɜɚʆ ɡɚ

ʆɥɚɞɚɪɚɦɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɰɶ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɵɦ ɠɵɰɰɺɦ ɫɜ ɚɿɯ ɩɚɞɞɚ

ɧɵɯ ɭ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɵ ɩɪɵɦɭɫ ɧɟ ʆɡɦɚɰɧɿʆɫɹ ɇɚɜɚɬ

287

ɤɚɥɿ Ʉɪɵɲ ɬɚɮ , Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿɥ ɉɹɪɭɧ ɡɚɰɹɬɵ ɤɚɥɶɜɿɧɿɫɬ  ɭ ɩɪɵɜ ɿ

ɥɟɿ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɦ ɭ 1589 ɝ  ɫɜ ɚɺɣ ɪɷɡɿɞɷɧɰɵɿ Ȼɿ ɪɠɚɦ ɧɟ ɞɚɩɭɫɤɚʆ

ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ɞɚ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɰɤɿ ɯ ɩɚɫɚɞ ɺɧ ɯɚɰɟʆ  ɤɚɛ ɩɨɛɚɱ ɡ ɤɚɥɶ

ɜɿɧɿɫɬɚɦɿ ɿ ɥɸɬɷɪɚɧɚɦɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɹ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɦɟɥɿ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɚ

ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ

  ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɚɱɵɰɶ ɩɚɲɚɧɭ

ɞɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɣ ɜɟɪɵ ɪɭɫɿɧɚʆ  ɹɤɚɹ  ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ  ɹɤ ɦɧɟ ɡɞɚɟɰɰɚ ɡ

ɞɚʆɧɹɣ ɹɲ ɱɷ ɞɚɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɿ

ɉɪɵɤɥɚɞɚɦ ɿ ʆɡɨɪɚɦ ɭ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɦɨɠɚ ɛɵɰɶ  ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ

ɛɿɪɠɚɧɫɤɿɯ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿ ɥɚʆ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ ɿ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɚʆ ɤɚɥɶ ɜ ɿɧɿɫɬɚʆ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɍ ɫɜɚɿɦ ɬɷɫɬɚɦɟɧɰɟ ɚɞ 11 ɱɷɪɜ ɟɧɹ 1620 ɝ

ɤɧɹɡɶ əɧɭɲ I Ɋɚɞɡɿɜ ɿɥ ɡɚɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚʆ  ɤɚɛ ɭ Ȼɿɪɠɚɧɫɤɿɦ ɤɧɹ

ɫɬɜɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ  ©ɧɿɹɤɿɯ ɡɦɟɧɚʆª  ɭ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɚɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ Ȭɧ

ɩɟɪɚɤɚɡɚʆ ɬɷɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɝɪɚɲɨɜ ɵ ɹ ʆɤɥɚɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɭɸ

ɰɚɪɤɜɭ ʆ ɋɥɭɰɤɭ ɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɯɚɜɚɧɚɹ  ɹɝɨɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɲɚɹ ɠɨɧɤɚ

ɉɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɹ ɰɚɪɤɜɚ ʆ Ʉ ɟɣɞɚɧɚɯ ɤɧɹ ɫɤɚɣ ɪɷɡɿɞɷɧɰɵ ɿ ɛɵɥɚ

ʆɡɜɟɞɡɟɧɚɹ ʆ 1645 ɝ  ɹɝɨɧɵ ɦɩɥɹɦɟɧɧɿ ɤɚɦ əɧɭɲɚɦ II Ɋ ɚɞɡɿɜɿ

ɥɚɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɶ ɛɭ ɠɨɧɤɿ Ɇɚɪɵɿ ɞɚɱɤɿ ɦɚɥɞɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ

Ɇɚɝɿɥɵ ɍ Ʉɟɣɞɚɧɚɯ ɭ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ XVII ɫɬ  ɛɵɥɨ ɞɜɚ ɤɚɥɶ ɜɿɧ

ɫɤɿɹ  ɡɛɨɪɵ  ɚɞɡɿɧ ɥɸɬɷɪɚɧɫɤɿ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿ ɤɚɫɰɺɥ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɫɥɚʆɧɚɹ  ɰɚɪɤɜɚ

Ʉɚɬɚɥɿɤɿ ɛɪɚɥɿ  ʆɞɡɟɥ ɭ ɩɚɯɚɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɛɪɚɞɚɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆ

ɧɵ ɯ ɿ ɩɪɚɬɷɫɬɚɧɬɚʆ ɿ ɧɚɚɞɜɚɪɨɬ  Ⱥɥɶɛɪɵɯɬ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜ ɿɥ ɫɚɦ ɤɚ

ɬɚɥɿɤ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵʆ ɭ ɫɜɚɿ ɦ ɞɵɹ ɪɵɭɲɵ  ɲɬɨ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹ ɤɚɥɶ ɜɿɧɿ

ɫɬɵ ʆɞɡɟɥɶ ɧɿɱɚɥɿ ʆ ɩɟɪɚɧɨɫɟ ɩɚɪɷɲɬɚɤ ɫɜɄ ɚɡɿɦɿɪɚ  ɩɚɬɪɨɧɚ

Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ  ɭ ɧɨɜ ɭɸ  ɩɪɵɫɜ ɟɱɚɧɭɸ ɹ ɦɭ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɚɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɤɚɩɥɿɰɭ

ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵʆɲɵ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɲɬɨ ɹɧɵ ʆɲɚɧɨʆɜɚɥɿ ɹɝɨ ɧɟ ɹɤ ɫɜɹɬɨɝɚ

ɤɚɥɶ ɜɿɧɿɡɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɟ ɫɜɹɬɵɯ ɚɥɟ ɹɤ ɩɪɵɧɰɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɚɣ

ɤɪɵɜɿ

10. ȼ ɟɥɶɦɿ  ɩɚɜɭɱɚɥɶ ɧɵɹ  ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɹʆ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆ

ɧɚɣ ɿ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɣ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɿ  ɦɹɲɱɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɬɷɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɵ ɲɬɨ ɡɚɯɚ

ɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɡ X VI—X VIII ɫɬ Ⱥɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɬɷɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɡ ɪɚɺɧɚ

Ȼɪɚɫɥɚɜɚ ɿ Ⱦ ɪɭɿ Ⱥɬɨɧɚɦ Ƚɟɞɷɦɚɧɚɦ ɭ 1935 ɝ

 ɿ ɚɩɨɲɧɿ ɦɱɚ

ɫɚɦ (1984 ɝ ɫɹɫɬɪɨɸ Ɇɚɪɝɚɪɵɬɚɣ Ȼɚɪɤɨʆɫɤɚɣ

 ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɟ ɩɪɚ

ɫɚɱɵɰɶ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɿ ʆ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɝɿ Ʉɨɧɬɪɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɿ ɚɞɧɨ

ɫɿɧɵ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɜɟɪɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɞɡɜɸɯ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣ Ɇɵ ɞɚɜɟɞɜɚɟɦɫɹ ɡ ɬɷɫɬɚ

ɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɞɡɜɸɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɰɹɧɚɤ Ⱥɥɟɧɵ  Ʌɨɦɫɤɚɣ

ɠɨɧɤɿ  ɚɪɲ ɚɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɤɚɪɛɧɿɤɚ  ɿ ɹɟ ɞɚɱɤɿ Ⱥʆɞɷɧɰɵɿ Ⱥɫɤɟɪɤɿ 

ɠɨɧɤɿ ɦɚɡɵɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɭɞɞɡɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵ ɫɰɶ ɿɯɧɹɟ ʆɧɭɱɤɿ

ɿ ɩɥɹ ɦɟɧɧɿɰɵ ɲɬɨ ɞɡɜɟ ɫɩɚɞɤɚɞɚʆɰɵ ɜɵɯɚɜɚɥɿ ʆɧɭɱɤɭ ʆ ɤɚɬɚ

ɥɿɰɤɚɣ ɜɟɪɵ  ɞɚ ɹɤɨɣ ɧɚɥɟɠɚʆ ɟɣɧɵ ɧɹɛɨɠɱɵɤ ɛɚɰɶ ɤɚ  ɋ ɚ

Ⱦɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿɩɚɦ ɿɠɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚɦɿɿɩɪɚɜɚɫɥ ɚʆɧɵɦ ɿ

288

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɫɜ ɚɣɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ Ⱥ  Ƚɟɞɷɦɚɧ ɩɭɛɥɿɤɭɟ ɬɷɫɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɝɚ

ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɚ Ⱦɡɿɫɧɵ Ȼɚɪɚɞɭɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɭ ɹɤɿɦ ɬɨɣ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɪɨɛɿɰɶ

ɩɟɪɚɤɚɡɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɭɸ ɿ  ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɭɸ ɰɷɪɤɜɵ ɲɬɨ ɦɚɸɰɶ

©ɡɜɚɧɿ ɰɶ ɿ ɦɚɥɿɰɰɚ ɡɚ ɹɝɨɧɭɸ ɞɭɲɭª Ʉɚɬɚɥɿɤ ɲɥɹɯɰɿɱ əɡɚɩɚɬ

Ʉɨɪɫɚɤ ɡɪɚɛɿʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɵɹ  ɩɟɪɚɤɚɡɵ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿ ɰɤɿ ɹ  ɰɷɪɤɜɵ

ɫɰɿɩɥɵ ɹ ² ɧɚ ɭɧɿ ɹɰɤɿ ɹ  ɧɚɩɪɵɤɚɧɰɵ ɞɚɞɚʆɲɵ ©ɿ  ɫɯɿɡɦɚɬɵ

ɤɚɦ Ⱦɡɿɫɧɵ 15 ɡɥɨɬɵɯª ɋɬɚɪɚɫɬɚ ɛɪɚɫɥɚʆɫɤɿ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤ əɧ Ƚɿɥɶɡɷɧ

ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟɦ ɡ Ʌɿɜɨɧɿɿ ɩɟɪɚɤɚɡɚʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɫɭɦɭ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ

©ɞɚ ɹɤɨɣ ɛɵ ɜɟɪɵɹɧɵ ɧɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ ª Ʉɚɬɚɥɿɤ Ⱥɧɬɨɧ Ȼɭɣɧɿɰɤɿ

ʆ ɫɜɚɿɦ ɬɷɫɬɚɦɟɧɰɟ ɫɤɪɭɩɭɥɺɡɧɚ ɪɷɝɭɥɹɜɚʆ ɪɷɥɿ ɝɿɣɧɵɹ  ɚɛɚ

ɜɹɡɤɿ ɫɜ ɚɿɯ ɫɩɚɞɤɚɟɦɰɚʆ ɿ ɩɚɞɞɚɧɵɯ  ɡɚɝɚɞɚʆɲɵ ɿɦ ɦɚɥɿ ɰɰɚ

ɬɪɨɣɱɵ  ɧɚ ɞɡɟɧɶ  © ɑɷɥɹ ɞɡɶ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɦɚɥɿɰɰɚ ɩɚɞ ɩɚɝɪɨ

ɡɚɸ ɪɨɡɚɤª  ɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɚɹ  ɲɥɹɯɬɚ — © ɩɚɞ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɚɸ ɩɚɤɭɬɚʆ ɭ

ɑɵɫɬɰɵª  Ȼɭɣɧɿɰɤɚɝɚ ɧɟ ɰɿɤɚɜɿɥɚ ɩɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ɚɛɪɚɞɚʆ ɹɤɨɣ ɤɚɧ

ɮɟɫɿɿ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɜ ɵɤɨɧɜɚɰɰɚ  Ⱥɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ

ɹ ɝɨ ɛɵʆ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɵ ɦɚɪɚɥɶɧɵ ɚ ɧɟ ɜɟɪɚɜ ɵ ɡɧɚʆɱɵ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ

ɪɷɥɿɝɿɿ

Ⱥ  Ƚɟɞɷɦɚɧ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɿ Ɇ  Ȼ ɚɪɤɨʆɫɤɚɹ   ɧɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟ

ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɯ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɚʆ ɪɨɛɹɰɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟ ɚɛ ɦɿɪɧɵ ɦ ɫɭɿɫɧɚ

ɜɚɧɧɿ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɣ ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɿ ʆ ɷɩɨɯɭ Ʉɨɧɬɪɪɷɮɚɪɦɚ

ɰɵ ɿ  Ɂɞɚɟɰɰɚ  ɲɬɨ ɦɟɪɤɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ  ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɹ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɭɿ ɫɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ

ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɭ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɛɵɥɨ

ɥɟɩɲɵɦ ɱɵɦ ɭ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɟ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɦ  ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɬɪɵɜɚɥɭɸ

ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɭ ʆ ɤɪɵɧɿ ɰɚɯ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ  ɦɚɬɵɜɵ  ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɫɭɿ ɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ

ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɥɿ ɫɭɦɧɟɜɵ Ɂɧɚɤɚɦɿɬɵ ɦɟɞɵɹ ɜɿɫɬ Ƚɟɧɪɵ ɤ Ʌɚʆɦɹɧɶɫɤɿ

ɪɚɤɚɡɚɧɧɿ  ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɵɹ ʆ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɷɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆ

ɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵ ɫɰɶ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɝɚ ɤɥɿ ɪɭ ɡ ɩɪɨɫɶ ɛɚɦɿ ɚɛ ɩɚɫɦɹɪɨɬ

ɧɵ ɯ ɦɚɥɿɬɜɚɯ  ɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɩɟɪɚɤɚɡɚɧɧɿ ɤɚɬɚɥɿ ɤɨʆ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ

ɫɯɿɡɦɚɰɤɿɯ ɰɷɪɤɜ ɚʆ ɚɞɥɸɫɬɪɨʆɜɚɸɰɶ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɭɸ ɬɚɥɟ

ɪɚɧɬɧɚɫɰɶ  ɹɤ ɬɨɟ ɯɨɱɚ ɛɚɱɵɰɶ  ɚʆɬɚɪ  ɹɤ ɿɞɷɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵɹ  ɜɚ

ɝɚɧɧɿ   ɚɛɨ ɦɨɠɚ  ɭɬɜɚɪɚɸɰɶ ɚɤɬ ɡɚɦɿɪɷɧɧɹ ɡ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆɧɿ ɤɚɦ

ɩɟɪɚɞ ɫɦɟɪɰɸª

 Ɍɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɬɨɧ ɬɷɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɧɟ ɩɚɰɜɹɪ

ɞɠɚɟ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɝɿɩɨɬɷɡɭ  Ɂɪɷɲ ɬɵ  ɩɚɠɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɞɫɦɹɪɨɬɧɚɝɚ

ɡɚɦɿɪɷɧɧɹ  ɡ ɜɟɪɧɿɤɚɦɿ  ɿɧɲ ɚɣ ɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɫɜ ɟɞɱɵɥɚ ɛ

ɩɪɚ ɚɞɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɚɣ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚɫɰɿ  ɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ  ɩɪɚ ɬɚɥɟ

ɪɚɧɬɧɚɟ ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ

Ɋ ɚɧɟɣ ɭ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɚɣ ɧɚɜɭɰɵ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɜɵ ɥɭɱɚɥɿ ɧɚɰɵɹ 

ɧɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɿ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɵɹ ɤɚɧɮɥɿ ɤɬɵ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɿ ɧɚ ȸɤɪɚɿɧɟ ȱɯɧɿ

ɞɪɚɦɚɬɵ ɱɧɵ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɩɪɵ ɰɹɝɜɚʆ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤɚʆ ɇɚɞɵɲɨʆ

289

ɱɚɫ ɜɵɜɟɫɰɿ  ɧɚɩɟɪɚɞ ɿɧɲ ɵ  ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɪɷɥɿɝɿ ɣɧɵɯ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɹʆ

ɩɨɛɚɱ ɡ ɪɚɡɵ ɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɦɿ  ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɧɟ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɡɦɹ ɧɲɚɰɶ  ɿ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤ

ɬɚɦɿ ɲɬɨ ʆɡɧɿɤɚɥɿ ʆ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɹɯ ɿ ʆ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ  ɩɟ

ɪɵɹɞɵ ɭ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɥɚɟ ɦɿɪɧɚɟ

ɱɚɫɚɦ ɫɹɛɪɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɫɭɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɚ ɡ

XVI ɫɬ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɿɩɪɚɬɷɫɬɚɧɬɚʆ Ɍɨɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɲɬɨ ɬɷɤɫɬ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷ

ɪɚɰɵɿ 1573 ɝ  Pax int er dissidents in religione ɛɵʆ ɭɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ in

extenso ʆ Ɍɪɷɰɿ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɋɬɚɬɭɬ (1588) — ɹ ɤ ɦɵ ʆɠɨ ɡɝɚɞɚɥɿ

ɜɵɲɷɣ — ɧɟ ɛɵʆ ɜ ɵɩɚɞɤɨɜɵ ɋɚɩɪɚʆɞɵ  ɹɝɨɧɵɹ  ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɵ

ɛɵɥɿ  ɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɹ ɝɭ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹʆ ɪɷɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɸ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɟɝɥɵ ɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ

Ɂɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɚɣɩɟɪɚɤɥ ɚʆȺɥ ɟɫɶȱɫɬɨɦɿɧ

Bardach J. La rencont re d es E glis es catho liq ue et ortodo xe s ur

les territ ories occi dent au x de Po lo gn e et d e Li tu an ie aux XIV–XVI

s ie cl es / / Th e Co mmon Chris ti an Roo ts o f Eu ro pean N at io ns . —

Florenc e, 1982. P. 8 17–826.

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Czermak W. Spraw a rown ouprawn ienia schizmatyków na Li twie

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1903. S. 348–405.

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ɋɬɚɬɭɬȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨɄɧɹɠɟɫɬɜɚ Ʌɢɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ   ɝ Ɇɢɧɫɤ 

ɋ 

« Collectanea ex Archivo Collegii Iuridici» . T.VII. Cracoviae, 1900.

P. LXX: « …non magis Lithuani, quam Rutheni generis hominess ad omnes

dig nitates sen atorias idon ei seneantu r» .

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1517–1648. Paris, 1974. P. 403.

K on federacj a wars zaws ka 1 57 3 r. — wi el ka k arta p ol sk iej

tol erancj i. Warszawa, 198 0. S. 26.

Ⱦɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿɩɚɦ ɿɠɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚɦɿɿɩɪɚɜɚɫɥ ɚʆɧɵɦ ɿ

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Sered yka J. Ni eznay projekt egzekucji ko nfederacji warszawskej

// ORP. T. 2 0 (19 75). S. 1 61.

Ɍɚɦɫɚɦɚ

ɉɚɩɪɚʆɤɚɋɚɧɞɚɦɿɪɫɤɚɝ ɚɫɨɣɦ ɭ ɪ ɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠ ɜɚɥɚɩɪ ɚɜɵʆɥ ɚ

ɞɚɪɚ ɬɨɥ ɶɤɿ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɰɤɚɟ ɠ ɵɰ ɰɺ ɩɚɤɿ ɞɚɸɱ ɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɜɟɪ ɚɜɵɡ ɧɚɧɧɹ

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litewskiego. Wilno, 1935. S. 207.

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315.

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Tol eranz. Warszawa, 1977 . S. 108–1 10.

Martel A . L a l ang ue pol onaise d ans les p ays ru thenes . L ill e,

1938. P. 303–304.

Jobe rt A. O p. cit. P. 322– 324.

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Bardach J. Bractw a cerk ewn e na ziemi ach ru sk ich

Rzeczyp ospo litej w XVI–XVII w. // KN. 1 (1967). S. 81– 82.

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K os man M. Tol eran cja w yzna ni ow a na Li tw ie d o XVII w.

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Kosman M. Tolerancja wyznaniowa… S. 116– 117.

Ibi dem. S. 1 18.

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Wybór testament ów z XVII–XVIII w. Warszawa, 198 4.

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(1936). S. 200– 201.

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