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ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɋɵɪɚɤɨɦɥɹ  ɹɤɿ ʆ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ ʆɠɵɜɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭɸ

ɦɨɜɭ ɜ ɹɞɨɦɵ ɹɝɨɧɵ ɜɟɪɲ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɬɚɧɧɟ ʆ

 ɝɨɞɡɟ ©ȼɹɫɧɵ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆª  ɡɚɩɿɫɜ ɚɸɱɵɫɹ ʆ ɚɥɶ ɛɨɦ Ⱥɪɰɺ

ɦɚ ȼɹɪɵɝɿȾɚɪɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɹ ɤɿ ɩɿɫɚʆ ɩɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭ ɜɵ ɤɚɡɚʆ ɩɚɠɚ

ɞɚɧɧɟ

'D %yJ  SRZWyUH QLHFK WZRMD NVLĊJD

%LDáRUXVLQyZ ] /LWZą SRVSU]ĊJD

………………………………………

1LHFKDM MHM NDUW\ VWDQą MDN ĞZLDGNL

ĩH MHGQHM PDWNL MHVWHĞP\ G]LDWNL

ĩH SU]HVW U]HĔ QLH MHVW GOD/DFKyZ WDPą

ĩH QDV]H VHUFD ELM ą WDN VDPR

ɍɫɜɟɞɚɦɥɟɧɧɟ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɧɟ ɜɵɤɥɸ

ɱɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɚɤɚɧɚɧɧɹ  ɲɬɨ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɹ  ɦɿ ɧɭʆɲɱɵɧɚ ɡ¶ ɹɞɧɚɥɚ ɚɛɨɞɜɚ

ɧɚɪɨɞɵ Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɹ ɦɿɧɭʆɲ ɱɵɧɚ ɧɚ ɹɤɭɸ ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚʆɫɹ

ɋɵɪɚɤɨɦɥɹ  ɡ¶ɹ ɞɧɚɥɚ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɭ ɭ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ ɡ Ʉɚɪɨ

ɧɚɸ Ɍɚɦɭ ɺɧ ɥɿɱɵʆ ɦɚɝɱɵ ɦɵɦ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɟ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɧɟ ɷɬɧɿɱ

ɧɵɯ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɹɤ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ

ɹ ɤɿ  ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɲɵɪɷɣɲ ɚɟ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ ©ɥɹ ɯɚʆª  ɩɚɞ

ɹ ɤɿ ɦɿ ɩɚɷɬ ɪɚɡɭɦɟʆ ɫɵɧɨʆ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɰɷɥɚɝɚ ² ɞɚʆɧɟɣ

ɲɚɟ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɭɫɺ ɹɲ ɱɷ ɠɵ ɜɨɣ ɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɩɚɞɡɟ

ɥɵ ɭ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɹɟ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɿ ɡɪɨɞɠɚɧɚɟ

ɡ ɹɟ ɿɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɰɵɿ

Ʌɿ ɬɜɿɧɚɦ ɭ ɩɚɥɿ ɬɵɱɧɚɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ ɥɿ ɱɵʆ ɫɹ ɛɟ ɫɭ

ɱɚɫɧɿɤ ɋɵɪɚɤɨɦɥɿ ɯɨɰɶ ɤɪɵɯɭ ɡɚ ɹɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɷɣɲɵ ɧɚɪ ɭ ɝ,

ɧɚɪɚɞɠɷɧɟɰ Ƚɚɪɚɞɡɟɧɲ ɱɵɧɵ  ɉɪɭɠɚɧɫɤɿ ɩɚɜɟɬ ɘɡɷɮ ȱɝɧɚ

ɰɵ  Ʉɪɚɲɷʆɫɤɿ  Ȼɿɺɝɪɚɮ ɩɿɫɶɦɟɧɧɿ ɤɚ ɿ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤ ɹɝɨɧɚɟ ɬɜɨɪ

ɱɚɫɰɿ ȼ ɿɧɰɷɧɬɵ Ⱦɚɧɷɤ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɵʆ ɲɬɨ ©ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ  ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ

ɩɪɵ ɦɭɲɚɥɚ Ʉɪɚɲ ɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ʆ ɩɚɡɧɟɣɲɵɹ  ɝɚɞɵ ɦɨɰɧɚ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫ

ɥɿɜɚɰɶ ɲ ɬɨ ɺɧ ɥɿɬɜɿɧ« ɡ ɧɟɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɚɱɭɰɰɺɦ ɜɵɲɷɣɲɚɫɰɿ

ʆ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɠɵ ɯɚɪɨʆ ȼɚɪɲɚɜ ɵ ɿ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚª ȼ Ⱦɚɧɷɤ

ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵ ʆ ɪɷɝɿɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɿɟɪɚɪɯɿɸ ɜɚɪɬɚɫɰɹʆ ɹ ɤɚɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚ

ɥɚ ʆ Ʉɪɚɲɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ  ɭ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɚɫɥɹɞɨʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɥɿɬɜɿɧ ɩɚɥɹɤ ɡ Ʉɪɷ

ɫɚʆ ɠɵ ɯɚɪ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ ɩɚɡɧɚɧɟɰ ɝɚɥɿɱɚɧɿɧ

Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɩɚɬɪɵ ɹɬɵɡɦ ɡɧɚɣɲ ɨʆ ɚɞɛɿɬɚɤ ɭ ɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ Ʉɪɚ

ɲɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ: ɩɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ ɡ ɩɚɷɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɬɪɵɥɨɝɿɿ «Anafi elas»,  ɹ ɤɚɹ

ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɱɚɫɬɚɤ — «Witolorauda», «Mindowe» i «Witoldowe

boje»; ɩɪɚɡ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɵɹ ɩɪɚɰɵ — ɞɜɭɯɬɨɦɚɜɭɸ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ

303

ɬɪɨɯɬɨɦɚɜɚɟ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɟ © Ʌɿɬɜɚ  ɫɬɚɪɚɠɵ ɬɧɚɹ  ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɹ  ɡɚ

ɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɫɬɜ ɚ ɦɨɜɚ ɡɜ ɵɱɚɿ ɩɟɫɧɿ ɩɪɵɤɚɡɤɿ ɩɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɿ  ɝ ɞ ª;

ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ,  ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɹɤ ©Ⱥɩɨɲ ɧɹɹ  ɫɚ

ɫɥɭɰɤɿɯ ɤɧɹɝɿɧɹ ʆª  © Ʉɭɧɿɝɚɫª ɿ ɿɧɲ Ʉ ɪɚɲɷʆɫɤɿ ɩɚɬɪɚɧɚɜɚʆ

ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ ɍɥ ɋ ɵɪɚɤɨɦɥɿ  ɹɤɿ ɞɷɛɸɬɚɜɚʆ ɭ ɜɵɞɚɜɚ

ɧɵ ɦ ɿɦ ɞɜɭɯɦɟɫɹɱɧɿɤɭ «Athenaeum» (1841–1851), ɲɬɨ ɚɞɞɚɜ ɚʆ

ɛɚɝɚɬɚ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚɬɵɰɵ ɉɚɫɥɹ

ɫɦɟɪɰɿ  ɋ ɵɪɚɤɨɦɥɿ  Ʉ ɪɚɲɷʆɫɤɿ  ɩɪɵ ɫɜɹɰɿʆ ɹ ɦɭ ɩɪɚɧɿɤɥɿɜɚɟ ɞɚ

ɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɹɤɨɟ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɥɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ɹ ɤɚɪɚɧɿ ɿ

ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵ  ɡɦɟɫɬ ɭ ɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɷɬɚ

ɇɟɦɚɥɨɸ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɨɥɹ Ʉ ɪɚɲɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɜ ɚ ʆɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɿ ɿ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɦɨʆɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ƚɷɬɵ ʆɩɥɵʆ ɿ ɲɨʆ ɞɜɭɦɚ ɲɥɹɯɚɦɿ

ɩɚɩɟɪɲ ɚɟ ɩɪɚɡ ɩɚɤɚɡ ɦɿɧɭʆɲɱɵɧɵ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɬɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɹɤɿ

ɚɛɭɞɠɚʆ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɵ ɞɭɯ  ɩɚɞɪɭɝɨɟ  ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚ ɡɚɚɯɜ ɨɱ

ɜɚɸɱɵ ɩɿɫɚɰɶ ɩɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭ ɿ ɞɷɤɥɚɪɭɸɱɵ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɭ ʆ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɩɪɚ

ɜɟ

©Ɍ ɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ Ʉɪɚɲɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɤɪɵ

ɧɿɰɚɯ ɿ ɚɫɧɨɜ ɚɯ ² ɩɿɫɚʆ ɉɺɬɪ Ʌɚɫɨʆɫɤɿ, ² ɫɬɚɥɚ ʆɥɸɛɺɧɵ ɦ

ɱɵɬɚɧɧɟɦ ɦɚɥɚɞɵɯ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɬɚʆ Ɍɜɨɪɵ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɯɨɰɶ

ɿ ɧɚɩɿɫɚɧɵɹ ɩɚɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɭ  ɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɚɫɹ ɤɧɭɬɵɹ  ɥɸɛɨʆɸ ɞɚ ɝɿɫɬɨ

ɪɵɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɚɩɹɜɚɥɿ ɹɟ ɦɿɧɭɥɭɸ ɦɚɝɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ ɿ ɫɥɚɜ ɭ ɛɭɞɡɿɥɿ  ʆ

ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ ɠɵɜɵɹ ɩɚɬɪɵ ɹɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɩɚɱɭɰɰɿ  ɪɚɛɿɥɿ ɫɹ  ɞɥɹ ɿɯ ɫɬɵ

ɦɭɥɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɚɟ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɧɿ ɜɟ ɭɠɨ ɤɚɧɤɪɷɬɧɚ

ʆ ɫɮɟɪɵ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɟ ɦɨɜɵª

ȼɚɪɬɚ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ʆ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɬɜ ɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ Ʉ ɪɚɲ ɷʆɫɤɿ

ɡɚɣɦɚʆ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ Ɂ ɝɷ

ɬɚɝɚ ɝɥɟɞɡɿɲ ɱɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚɹ ɬɚɹ ɚɰɷɧɤɚ ɹ ɤɭɸ ɺɧ ² ɰɿ ɧɟ ɚɞ

ɡɿɧɵ ʆ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ  ² ɞɚʆ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ Ⱥɧɚɥɿɡɭ

ɸɱɵ ɤɚɪɰɿɧɭ Ɇɚɰɟɣɤɿ ©Ʌɸɛɥɿ ɧɫɤɚɹ  ɭɧɿɹª  Ʉɪɚɲɷʆɫɤɿ ɫɰɜɹɪ

ɞɠɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɝɥɹɞɚɱ, « ɩɪɚɦɚʆɥɹɸɱɵ ɫɥɨɜɚ « ɭɧɿɹª  ɲɭɤɚɟ ɥɸ

ɛɨɜɿ ɲɬɨ ɩɚɹ ɞɧɚɥɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ɯɚɰɟʆ ɛɵ ɛɚɱɵɰɶ  ɛɪɚɬɧɿɹ ɚɛɞɵɦɤɿ

ɧɟɲɬɚ ɬɚɤɨɟ  ɲɬɨ ɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɛ ɫɚɸɡ ɫɷɪɰɚʆ  Ⱥ ɤɚɪɰɿɧɚ ɚɩɚɜɹ

ɞɚɟ ɹɦɭ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɵ ɡɥɚɦɚɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿɜɭ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɹɤɚɹ

ɧɚ ɚɥɬɚɪɵ ʆɫɿɯɧɹɝɚ ɞɚɛɪɚ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɫɚ ɫɥɹɡɚɦɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɟ ɫɜɚɸ ɚɫɨɛ

ɧɚɫɰɶ  ɫɜɚɺɹ ɿ ɩɪɵɫɜɹ ɱɚɟɰɰɚ ɫɹɫɬɪɵɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɍɜɟɫɶ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ

ɛɨɤ ɤɚɪɰɿɧɵ  ɜ ɵɪɚɠɚɟ ɧɹɦɵ ɛɨɥɶ  ɭɠɨ ɡɥɚɦɚɧɵ  ɩɟɪɚɦɨɠɚ

ɧɵ  ɚɥɟ ɹɲɱɷ ɛɚɱɧɵª

Ƚɷɬɚɹ  ɚɰɷɧɤɚ ɚɤɬɚ ɭɧɿɿ ɦɨɠɚ ɩɚɬɥɭɦɚɱɵ ɰɶ  ɱɚɦɭ

ɩɿɫɶɦɟɧɧɿ ɤ ɬɜɨɪɰɚ ʆɡɨɪɭ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɪɚ

ɦɚɧɚ ɹɤɿ ɚɞɡɿɧɵ ʆ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɚɞɜɚɠɵʆɫɹ  ɩɚɤɚɡɚɰɶ

ɒɦ ɚɬɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɹɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɹɫɜɹɞɨɦ ɚɫɰɶ

304

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɭ ɫɟɪɵ ɿ ɪɚɦɚɧɚʆ ɰɷɥɭɸ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ ɩɪɚɩɭɫɰɿʆ

ɬɚɤɿ  ɡɧɚɱɧɵ ɹɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿ ɤ ɹɤ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ

Ɍɜ ɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ Ʉ ɪɚɲɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɋɵɪɚɤɨɦɥɿ ɚɞɵɝɪɚɥɚ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɭɸ

ɪɨɥɸ ʆ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ

əɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɚɦ ɧɚ ɲ ɥɹɯɭ ʆɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɣ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪ Ɍ ɭɬ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɩɚɫ

ɥɚɰɰɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɧɧɟ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɞɡɟɹɱɚ ɿ ɩɭɛ

ɥɿɰɵɫɬɚ Ɇɟɱɵɫɥɚɜɚ Ⱦ ɚɜɨɣɧɵ  ɋɵɥɶɜɟɫɬɪɨɜɿɱɚ ± ɹ ɤɿ

ɩɿɫɚʆ

©ə ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɲɥɹɯɰɿɰ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɀɦɭɞɡɿ  Ɂ ɯɥɚɩɟɱɵɯ

ɝɚɞɨʆ ɩɚɞ ɭɩɥɵɜɚɦ ɬɵ ɯ ɠɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɯ ɚʆɬɚɪɚʆ  ɲɬɨ ɡ ɥɸɛɨʆɸ

ɩɿ ɫɚɥɿ ɩɪɚ Ʌɿɬɜɭ ɹ ɫɬɚʆ ɚɞɧɵɦ ɡ ɩɪɵ ɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚ

ɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɪɭɯɭ… « ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɞɭ

ɯɚɦ ² ɝɷɬɚ ɧɿɛɵ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞ ɞɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ª

ɐɹɠɤɚ  ɚ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɧɟɦɚɝɱɵɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɟɫɰɿ ɝɪɚɧɿɰɭ ɞɡɟ ɤɚɧɱɚ

ɥɚɫɹ  ɲ ɦɚɬɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜ ɚɹ  ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ  ɥɿ ɬɜɿɧɚʆɩɚɥɹ ɤɚʆ ɰɿ ɛɟɥɚ

ɪɭɫɚʆ-ɱɚɫɚɦ ɿ ɿ ɧɮɥɹɧɬɰɚʆɥɿɬɜ ɿɧɚʆɩɚɥɹ ɤɚʆ  ɛɿɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɚʆ ɡ

ɞɨɦɭ ɭ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɞɚɞɚɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ  ɹ ɲɱɷ ɬɪɷɰɹɹ  ɦɨɜɚ ² ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɹ ɿ

ɧɚɪɚɞɠɚɥɚɫɹ  ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ  ɰɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɹ  ɫɜ ɹ ɞɨ

ɦɚɫɰɶ  ɉɪɚʆɞɚ  ɱɚɫɚɦ ɲɬɨ ɛɵ ɥɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹ ɯ

ɞɡɟ ʆ ɚɩɨɲɧɿɹ ɞɡɟɫɹɰɿɝɨɞɞɡɿ XIX ɿ ʆ XX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɿ ɡɚ ʆɥɚɞɭ ɧɚɞ

ɞɭɲɚɦɿ ɡɦɚɝɚɥɿɫɹ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɹ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ  ɚɞɡɿɧ ɿ

ɬɨɣ ɠɚ ɱɚɥɚɜ ɟɤ ɧɚ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɠɵɰɰɹ ɞɷɤɥɚɪɚɜɚʆ

ɫɹ ɛɟ ɬɨ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚɦ ɬɨ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚɦ ɰɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚɦ Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɰɿɤɚɜɵɹ

ɦɚɬɵɜɵ ɡɦɟɧɵ ɜɵɛɚɪɭ ɤɚɥɿ ɿɲɥɨɫɹ ɩɪɚ ɚɫɨɛɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ

ɞɚ ɿɧɬɷɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɷɥɿɬɵ ɤɪɚɸ ² ɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ ɬɚɦ ɞɡɟ ɩɪɚɰɷɫ

ɚɫɿɦɿɥɹɰɵɿ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɚʆ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɦɭ ɜɵɛɚɪɭ  Ƚɷɬɵ ɹ ɜɵɛɚɪɵ

ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɿɫɹ  ɡ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚɦɿ ɮɚɪɦɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɯ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɩɪɵɫɤɨɪɵ ɥɿ ɫɹ ʆ ɝɚɞɵ ɩɟɪɲɚɟ ɪɷ

ɜɚɥɸɰɵ ɿ ʆ Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ȱɦɩɟɪɵ ɿ ± ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɦɨʆɧɵ ɦ

ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚɦ ɥɿ ɱɵʆ ɫɹ ɛɟ ɩɭɛɥɿɰɵɫɬ ɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿ ɞɡɹɹ ɱ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ

ɇɚɪɭɬɨɜɿɱ ɫɹɛɪɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ © Ɍɚɪɵɛɵª  ɿ ɪɨɞɧɵ ɛɪɚɬ ɩɟɪɲɚɝɚ

ɩɪɷɡɿɞɷɧɬɚ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ Ʌɿɬɨʆɰɚɦ ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚʆ ɫɹɛɟ ɩɚɷɬ

Ɉɫɤɚɪ Ɇɿɥɚɲ  ɹɤɿ ɚɫɟʆ ɭ ɉɚɪɵɠɵ ɿ  ɩɿɫɚʆ ɩɚɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɭ  ɚɥɟ

ɩɪɵɛɥɿɡɧɚ ɞɚ  ɝ ɥɿɱɵʆ ɫɹɛɟ ɡɚ ɩɚɥɹɤɚ  ɉɚɞɨɛɧɚ ɠ ɿ Ɇɿɯɚɿɥ

Ɋɨɦɟɪ 0LFKDá 5|PHU ² ɸɪɵɫɬ ɿ ɥɟɝɿɹɧɟɪ ɚʆɬɚɪ ɩɪɚɰɵ «Lit wa.

Studium odrodzenia narodu lit ewskiego» Ʌɶɜɨʆ  ɿ ɤɪɵ ɯɭ

ɪɚɧɟɣɲ ɚɝɚ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹ  «Stosunki etnograficzno-kulturalne na

Litwie» («Krytyka»,   ɞɡɟ ɺɧ ɡɦɹ ɫɰɿʆ ɤɚɲɬɨʆɧɵɹ ɪɚɡɜɚɝɿ

ɩɪɚ ɫɩɟɰɵɮɿɤɭ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ʆ Ʌ ɿɬɜɟ

305

Ɂɪɚɛɿʆɲɵ ʆ ɝ  ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵ ɜɵɛɚɪ  ɫɬɚʆ

ɩɪɚɮɟɫɚɪɚɦ ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɪɷɤɬɚɪɚɦɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɍɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚ ʆ Ʉɨʆ

ɧɟ ɋ ɜɚɟ ɚɛ¶ ɺɦɿɫɬɵɹ ɞɡɺɧɧɿɤɿ ɺɧ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ ɠɵɰɰɹ ɩɿɫɚʆ ɩɚ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭ

Ȼɥɿɡɤɭɸ ɩɚɡɿ ɰɵɸ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹʆ Ɋ ɚɦɚɧ ɋɤɿɪɦɭɧɬ  ɫɬɚɪɲɵɧɹ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɇɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ Ʉɚɦɿɬɷɬɚ ʆ Ɇɟɧɫɤɭ ɧɚ ɦɹ ɠɵ

± ɝɚɞɨʆ  ɹɤɨɝɚ Ʉɚɡɿɦɿɪ Ⱥɤɭɥɿɱ ɧɚɡɜɚʆ ©ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦ ɿ ɛɟɥɚ

ɪɭɫɚɦ ɭ ɚɞɧɨɣ ɚɫɨɛɟª  əɤ ɤɪɚɺɜɟɰ ɺɧ ɛɵʆ ɚɞɧɨɥɶɤɚɜɚ ɩɪɵɜɹ

ɡɚɧɵ  ɞɚ ʆɫɿɯ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɹ ʆ ɤɪɚɸ ɇɚ ɩɟɪɲɚɟ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɺɧ

ɜɵɥɭɱɚʆ ɬɵ ɯ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɥɿ ɧɚɪɨɞ

ɚɮɚɪɛɨʆɜɚɸɰɶ  ɲɬɚɧɞɚɪ ɤɪɚɸ ɚ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɧɚɪɨɞ  Ɇɵ ɩɚɜɿ ɧɧɵ

ɫɬɚɪɚɰɰɚ ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɰɶ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɪɭɫɤɿ ɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ

ɡ ɹɤɿɦ ɦɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɟɦ ɚɞɧɨ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɰɷɥɚɟ  ɞɡɟɥɹ  ɫɭɩɨɥɶ

ɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɛɪɚ ɧɚɲɚɝɚ ɤɪɚɸª  Ɂ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɭɯɚɦ

©ɬɪɷɛɚ ɩɚɹɞɧɚɰɰɚ ² ɫɬɪɵɦɚɰɶ ɹɝɨ ɧɟʆɞɚɫɰɚ « Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɡɚ

ɯɚɜ ɚɰɶ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɭɸ  ɰɵɜɿɥɿɡɚɰɵ ɣɧɭɸ ɥɭɱɧɚɫɰɶ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɸ

ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɰɰɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɸ ɦɨɜ ɚɣ  ɚɥɟ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜ ɚ ɥɸɛɿɰɶ Ʌɿ ɬɜɭ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɜɭ ɿ ɞɛɚɰɶ ɩɪɚ ɹɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺª

Ɍɪɷɛɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɡɜɹ ɪɧɭɰɶ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɬɨɟ ɹɤɿ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɛɚɪ ɭ

ɥɨɧɟ ɤɚɫɰɟɥɶɧɚɣ ɿɟɪɚɪɯɿɿ  ɹɤɚɹ  ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɡ ɤɪɚɺɜ ɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ

ɚɥɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɚ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚ ɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɰɶ ɦɨʆɧɚ ɿ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɚ ɚɞ

ɪɨɡɧɵ ɦɿ ɜɟɪɧɿɤɚɦɿ  ȱ ɬɭɬ ɜɵɹʆɥɹɥɿ ɫɹ  ɩɚɫɹɪɷɞɧɿ ɹ  ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ  ɡ

ɧɟɩɚɡɛɟɠɧɵɦɿ ʆ ɩɚɝɪɚɧɿɱɧɵɯ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɹɯ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɧɵɦɿ ɿ ɡɧɟɲɧɿɦɿ

ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɚɦɿ

3 9

  Ⱦ ɚ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ  ɪɷɩɪɷɡɟɧɬɚɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɮɿɝɭɪ ɧɚɥɟ

ɠɚʆ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɵ  ʆ  ɝ  ɧɚ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɫɤɿ ɩɚɫɚɞ ɛɚɪɨɧ

ɗɞɜɚɪɞ Ɋɨɩ ɧɚɪ ɭ  ɝ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɚ ɿɧɮɥɹɧɰɤɚɝɚ ɪɨɞɭ ɲɬɨ

ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɡ ȼɷɫɬɮɚɥɿɿ ɚɥɟ ʆ XIII ɫɬ ɚɫɟʆ ɧɚ ȱɧɮɥɹɧɬɚɯ ə ɝɨɧɚɹ

ɦɚɰɿ ȱɡɚɛɷɥɚ ɡ Ɂɵɛɷɪɤɉɥɹɬɷɪɚʆ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɨ

ɝɚ ɿɧɮɥɹɧɰɤɚɝɚɪɨɞɭ ɋɚɦ Ɋɨɩ ɛɵʆ ɹɤ ɩɿɫɚʆ ɩɪɚ ɹɝɨ ʆ  ɝ

ɩɪɭɫɤɿ ɥɿɬɨɜɟɰ Ȭɝɚɧɷɫ ȼɪɨɧɤɚ ©ɬɪɨɯɿ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚɦ ɬɪɨɯɿ ɧɟɦɰɚɦ

ɬɪɨɯɿ  ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚɦ  ɚɥɟ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɤɚɬɨɥɿɤɚɦª  ɍ  ɝ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚ

ɸɱɵɫɹ  ɦɚɧɿɮɟɫɬɚɦ ɩɪɚ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɭ ɫɭɦɥɟɧɧɹ  ɺɧ ɡɚɝɚɞɚʆ ɩɚɞɩɚ

ɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɚɦɭ ɹɦɭ ɞɭɯɚɜ ɟɧɫɬɜɭ ɧɚɜɭɱɚɰɶ  ɞɡɹɰɟɣ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɿ ɧɚ ɿ ɯ

ɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɦɨɜ ɟ ² ɝ  ɡɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ  ɍ

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚ ɡɦɹɲɚɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɮɿ ɹɯ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɵɹ ɫɩɟɜɵ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ

ɛɵɥɿ  ɚɞɛɵɜɚɰɰɚ ɧɚ ʆɫɿ ɯ ɦɨɜɚɯ ɹɤɿɹ ʆɠɵ ɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɮɿɹɧɚɦɿ

ɍ  ɝ Ɋɨɩ ɡɚɫɧɚɜ ɚʆ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵ ɣɧɚɄɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɭɸ ɩɚɪɬɵɸ

ɹ ɤɚɹ ɡɦɚɝɚɥɚɫɹ  ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɵ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ  ɿ ɚɞ ɹ ɟ

ʆɜɚɣɲɨʆ ɭ ,Ⱦɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɭɸ Ⱦɭɦɭ

ɒɦ ɚɬɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɹɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɹɫɜɹɞɨɦ ɚɫɰɶ

306

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɋɚɫɥɚɧɚɝɚ ʆ  ɝ  ɭ ɝɥɵ ɛ Ɋ ɚɫɿɿ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɚ Ɋ ɨɩɚ ɡɚɦɹɧɿʆ

ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɚɪ ɞɵɹɰɷɡɿɿ ɩɪɚɥɚɬ Ʉ ɚɡɿɦɿ ɪ Ɇɿɤɚɥɚɣ Ɇɿɯɚɥɤɟɜɿɱ

Ȭɧ ɥɿɱɚɱɵ ɫɹɛɟ ɹɤ ɩɿɫɚʆ ȼɿɤɬɚɪ ɋɭɤɟɧɧɿɰɤɿ ©ɬɪɨɯɿ ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦ

ɬɪɨɯɿ  ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚɦ ɬɪɨɯɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚɦª  ɿɦɤɧɭʆɫɹ ɡ¶ɹɞɧɚɰɶ ɭɫɿɯ ɤɚ

ɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ɭ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ Ʌɿɬɜɟ Ȼɵʆ ɺɧ ɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɵɦ ɫɭɜɵ ɞɚʆɰɨɦ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿɯ ɱɚɫɨɩɿɫɚʆ «Vi lkis» ɞɵ «Aušra» ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫ

ɤɚɝɚ «%LHáDUXV»  ɍ ɱɚɫɵ , ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ  ɤɚɥɿ ɪɚɡɝɚɪɷɥɿɫɹ

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɡɦɵ  ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɹ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɿ ɩɚɩɪɚɤɚɥɿ Ɇɿɯɚɥɤɟɜ ɿɱɚ ʆ

©ɪɷɧɟɝɚɰɬɜɟª  ɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɵ ² ɭ © ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ ɡɞɪɚɞɧɿɰɤɿɯ ɡɚɯɚɞɚɯ

ɫɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɸª  Ƚɷɬɵɹ ɚɩɨɲɧɿɹ  ɚɛɜɿɧɚɜɚɱɜɚɧɧɿ

ʆɡɦɚɰɧɿɥɿɫɹ  ɤɚɥɿ ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵ  ɝ  Ɇɿ ɯɚɥɤɟɜɿɱ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɫɬɚʆ

ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɛɨɤ  ɉɪɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɵ ʆ  ɝ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜ ɵ

ɛɿɫɤɭɩɚ Ɇɚɬɭɥɟɜɿɱɚ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ ɦ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɚɦɫɭɮɪɚɝɚɧɚɦ  © ɤɚɛ ɡɚ

ɞɚɜɨɥɿɰɶ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚʆª  ɺɧ ɡɛɥɿɡɿʆɫɹ ɡ ɤɨɥɚɦɿ ɤɚɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɵʆɧɚɝɚ

ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɿ ɫɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɡɹ ɦɹɧɫɬɜɚ

Ȼɨɥɶɲ  ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɭɸ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ɡɚɣɦɚʆ ɧɹɞɚʆɧɚ ɛɟɚɬɵɮɿɤɚ

ɜɚɧɵ ȿɠɵ Ȼɚɥɹ ɫɥɚʆ Ɇɚɬɭɥɟɜ ɿɱ ɩɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭ Matulait is  ɩɚɡ

ɧɟɣ 0DWXOHYLþLXV  ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ ɛɿɫɤɭɩ ɭ ± ɝɚɞɚɯ Ȭɧ ɛɵʆ

ɜɵɯɚɜɚɧɰɚɦ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɟ ɫɟɦɿɧɚɪɵɿ ʆ Ʉɟɥɶɰɚɯ  ɞɡɟ ɜ ɵɤɥɚɞɚʆ ɹɝɨ

ɧɵ  ɫɬɪɵɟɱɧɵ ɛɪɚɬ ɹɤɿ ɜ ɵɡɧɚɱɚʆ ɫɹ ɛɟ ɡɚ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚ Ɇɚɬɭɥɟɜɿɱ  ɭ

ɫɜ ɚɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵʆ ɫɹɛɟ ɹɤ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚ Ȭɧ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚʆ ɪɚɡ

ɜɿɰɰɺ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɞɭɯɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ  ɡɚ ɲɬɨ ɡ ɿɦ ɠɨɪ

ɫɬɤɚ ɡɦɚɝɚɥɚɫɹ  ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ Ⱦɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɹ   Ʉɚɥɿ  ɩɚɞ ɹ ɟ ɧɚɰɿɫɤɚɦ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɹ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɩɪɵɛɪɚɰɶ ɹɝɨ ɡ ȼ ɿɥɶɧɿ ɹ ɦɭ ɩɪɚ

ɩɚɧɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɵɦ  ɩɚɫɚɞɚ ɪɷɤɬɚɪɚ ɤɚɝɚɞɡɟ ɬɚɞɵ ʆɬɜɨ

ɪɚɧɚɝɚ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɝɚ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿ ɬɷɬɚ Ƚɷɬɚ ɞɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɚ

ɛ ɲ ɬɨ ʆɤɭɪɵɿ ɩɪɵɦɚɫɚ ɿ ɜɚ ʆɪɚɞɚɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɚɯ ɹɝɨ ɧɟ ɥɿɱɵɥɿ ɡɚ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɫɬɚ  əɤ ɩɿɫɚʆ ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɵ «K uri er

:LOHĔVNL» ɡ ɠɚɥɟɦ ɪɚɡɜ ɿɬɜɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɡ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɚɦ ɭ  ɝ  © ɺɧ

ɥɿɱɵʆ ɫɜɚɿɦ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɤɚɦ ɡɥɚɝɨɞɠɜ ɚɰɶ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɹ ɚɧɬɚɝɚɧɿ 

ɡɦɵ  ɭɫɬɪɵɦɥɿ ɜɚʆ ɞɭɯɚɜɟɧɫɬɜ ɚ ɚɞ ɭɞɡɟɥɭ ʆ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɫɬɵ ɱɧɚɣ

ɚɝɿɬɚɰɵɿª Ⱦɚɞɚɦɨ ɲ ɬɨ ɧɟɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɩɚɫɩɹɯɨɜ ɚ

ɇɚ ɝɥɟɛɟ  ɹ ɤɨɸ ɛɵɥɚ ɲ ɦɚɬɧɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɹ  ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɶ

ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɛɵɥɨɝɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɵ ɪɚɫ ɝɪɚ

ɦɚɞɫɤɚɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɹ ɤɿ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɧɟ © ɤɪɚɺʆ

ɰɚʆª  ɋɩɚɫɵɥɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɸ ȼ ɹɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫ

ɤɚɝɚ  ɹɧɵ  ɚɛɜɹɲ ɱɚɥɿ ɫɚɥɿɞɚɪɧɚɫɰɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɤɪɚɸ ɛɟɡ ɭɜɚɝɿ

ɧɚ ɦɨɜɭ ɿ ɜɵɡɧɚɧɧɟ  ɩɪɨɰɿɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɹɸɱɵ ɹɟ ɹɤ ɩɿɫɚʆ ɆɁɞɡɹ

ɯɨʆɫɤɿ ©ɲ ɚɥɟɸɱɵ ɦ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɠɚɪɫɰɹɦª

 ɉɪɵɦɚɬ

ɤɪɚɺɜɚɣ ɩɨɜɹ ɡɿ ɧɚɞ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɫɮɚɪ

307

ɦɚɜ ɚʆɫɹ ʆ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ XX ɫɬ ȱɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɹ ɤɪɚɺʆɰɚʆ ɛɵɥɚ  ɦɨɠɧɚ

ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɩɪɚɰɹɝɚɦ ɿ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɬɵɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɹɣ ɲɦɚɬɭɡ

ɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɣɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɉɚɡɿɰɵɿ ɤɪɚɺʆɰɚʆ ɿ ɛɥɿɡɤɿɹ

ɞɚ ɿɯ ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɥɿɫɹ ɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɿɧɬɷɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɷɥɿɬɵ ɱɵɦ ɭ

ɫɹ ɪɷɞɧɿɯ ɫɥɚɹ ɯ  Ɂɧɚɱɧɚɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɫɰɶ ɤɪɚɺɜɚɟ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ ɿ  ɿ ɧɬɷɥɿ

ɝɟɧɰɵɿ ɚɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɥɿ ɱɵɥɚ ɫɹ ɛɟ ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦɿ   ȱɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ

ɲɦɚɬ ɭ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɹɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɦɹɧɿɥɚɫɹ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɚɣ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɫɰɸ ɿ  ʆ

ɹ ɟ ɜ ɚɤɨɥɿɰɚɯ Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɧɟ ɜɚɪɬɚ  ɧɟɞɚɚɰɷɧɶɜɚɰɶ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɹ ʆ

ɩɚɦɿɠ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹɦɿ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɯ ɷɥɿ ɬ ɿ  ɚɫɹɪɨɞɞɡɹʆ ɞɡɟ ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ

ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɞɭɦɤɚ  ɭ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹɯ ɭ Ʌ ɿɬɜɟ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚ

ɪɭɫɿ Ɍɭɬ ɥɶɝɚɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɰɶ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ ɩɥɵɧɿ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɡɦɚɝɚɥɿɫɹ ɦɿɠɫɨɛ

ɤɭ

ɉɟɪɲɚɹ  ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɤɚɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɵʆɧɚɹ  ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚ

ɥɚ ʆɫɜɟɞɚɦɥɟɧɧɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɣ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɿ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɛɵ

ɥɨɝɚ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜ ɚ ɡ ɩɚɬɷɪɧɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɞɚ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɰɿɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɫɹɥɹ ɧ ɡ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɰɟɦ ɿɯ ɦɨɜɵ ɿ ɧɚɪɨɞ

ɧɚɣ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɵ  ȼɵɪɚɡɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɩɥɵɧɿ  ɛɵɥɿ  ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ

ɗɞɦɭɧɞ ȼ ɚɣɧɿ ɥɨɜɿɱ  Ɇɿɯɚɥ Ʉ  ɉɚʆɥɿɤɨʆɫɤɿ  ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ

Ʉɚɧɫɬɚɧɰɵɹ  ɋ ɤɿɪɦɭɧɬ  ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɧɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɹ  ɩɪɚ

ɜɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɩɚɞ ɭɦɨɜ ɚɣ ɲ ɬɨ ɹɧɵ  ɩɪɵɡɧɚɸɰɶ

ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɱɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɤɪɚɺɜɚɟ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ  ɗ ɩɿɝɨɧɚɦ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɤɿɪɭɧɤɭ

ɛɵʆ ɤɫɺɧɞɡ ȼ ɚɥɹɪ¶ɹɧ Ɇɟɣɲɬɨɜɿɱ ɹɤɿ ɜ ɚ ʆɫɩɚɦɿɧɚɯ ɩɿɫɚɧɵɯ ɭ

ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜ ɟ ɧɚɲɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ  ɡɝɚɞɜɚɸɱɵ ɱɚɫɵ ɫɜ ɚɺɣ ɦɚ

ɥɚɞɨɫɰɿ  ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜ ɚʆ ɤɿ ɪɚʆɧɿɱɭɸ ɿ  ɚɩɹɤɭɧɱɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɫɹɦɟɣ

ɧɚɝɚ ɞɜɚɪɚ ʆ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɣ Ʌɿɬɜɟ Ȭɧ ɠɵɜɚ ɚɞɱɭɜɚʆ ɝɷɬɭɸ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚ

ɦɨʆɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɹɡɶ  © Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɜɟɞɚɥɿ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɟ ɦɨɜɵ² ɩɿɫɚʆ

ɺɧ² ɚɥɟ ɞɚ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɵɜɹɡɚɧɵɹ ɛɵɥɿ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɵ ɞɡɜɸɯ

ɦɨʆɧɵ ɹ ȱɝɷɬɭɸ ɞɡɜɸɯɦɨʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɦɵ ɥɿɱɵ ɥɿ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɟɦ ɛɚɝɚɰ

ɰɟɦ ɹ ɤɨɝɚ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɿ ɠɵɯɚɪɵ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ« Ɇɵ ɝɚɧɚɪɵɥɿɫɹ ɫɬɚɪɚ

ɠɵɬɧɚɫɰɸ ɿ ɯɚɪɚɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɚɲɚɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɦɨɜ ɵª

Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ  ɩɥɵɧɶ ɤɪɚɺʆɰɚʆ  ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɚɹ  ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɚ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ  ɡ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɧɧɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɥɿ ɬɨʆ

ɰɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɟ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɟ ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ  Ⱥɛ

ɜɹɲɱɚɸɱɵ  ɩɪɵɦɚɬ ©ɤɪɚɺɜ ɚɫɰɿª  ɹɤɚɹ ɹ ɞɧɚɥɚ ʆɫɿɯ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ

ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜɵ  ɤɪɚɺʆɰɵ  ɚ ɦɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ  Ɍɚɞɷɜɭɲ ɋ  ɍɪɭɛ

ɥɟʆɫɤɿ  Ʌɸɞɜɿɤ Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜɿɱ  Ɂɵɝɦɭɧɬ ɘɧɞɡɿɥ Ʌɸɞɜɿɤ ɏɚɦɿɧɫɤɿ

ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ ʆ ,, Ɋɷɱɵ  ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɭ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɭ ɞɵɫɤɪɵ ɦɿɧɚɜɚɧɵɯ

ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ

Ɇɟɫɰɚ ɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɹ ɤɪɚɺʆɰɚʆ ² ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬ ɡɚɰɿ ɤɚʆ

ɥɟɧɧɹʆ ɿ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹʆ

 ɹɤɿɹ ɜ ɵɯɨɞɡɹɰɶ ɩɚɡɚɚɛɫɹɝ ɧɚɲ ɵɯ

ɒɦ ɚɬɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɹɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɹɫɜɹɞɨɦ ɚɫɰɶ

308

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɪɚɡɜ ɚɝɚʆ Ⱦɡɟɥɹ  ɰɷɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ ɦɚɥɸɧɤɚ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɹ ɲɱɷ ɡɜɹɪɧɭɰɶ ɭɜ ɚ

ɝɭ ɧɚ ɡ¶ɹ ɜɭ  ɹɤɚɹ ʆ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɜɹ ɫɤɨɜɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ ʆ ɩɷʆ

ɧɚɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ  ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɹ ɣ ɤɪɚɺʆɰɚɦ Ɇɚɸ ɧɚ ʆɜɚɡɟ ɞɨɫɵɰɶ  ɲ ɦɚɬ

ɥɿɤɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɜɹɫɤɨʆɰɚʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɫɚɦɿ ɫɹ ɛɟ ɧɚɡɵ ɜɚɥɿ  ©ɬɭɬɷɣɲɵɦɿ ª

ɇɚ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɯ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ Ʌɿɬɜɵ © ɬɭɬɷɣɲɵɹª ɛɵɥɿ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɲɦɚɬ

ɥɿɤɿɹ  ɧɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɯ ɧɚ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɦ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ɦ

ɩɚɝɪɚɧɿɱɱɵ  ɚɥɟ ɜ ɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ  ɿ  ɫɹɪɨɞ ɜɹ ɫɤɨɜɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ

ȼɿɥɟɧɲɱɵɧɵ ɿ  ɇɚɜɚɝɪɚɞɱɵɧɵ  ɹɤɨɟ ʆɫɜɟɞɚɦɥɹ ɥɚ ɫɹ ɛɟ ɩɚɥɹ 

ɤɚɦɿ  ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɧɿ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɛɚɱɵɥɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿ ɩɪɵ 

ɦɿɬɵɜɿɡɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɹɤɿ ɹɲɱɷ ɧɟ ɞɚɪɨɫ ɞɚ ʆɫɜɟɞɚɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɜɚɟ

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɩɪɵ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ  Ɇɨɠɧɚ  ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɡɚʆɜɚɠɵɰɶ ɭ

ɤɪɚɺɜɭɸ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ ɇɚ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɞɡɟ ɫɭɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ ɦɨɜ ɵ

ɜɵɡɧɚɧɧɿ ɭɩɥɵ ɜɵ ɪɨɡɧɵ ɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɝɷɬɚ ɩɪɵ ɦɚɥɚ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɚɞ

ɦɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɚɞ ɬɚɝɨ ɤɚɛ ɜ ɵɤɚɡɚɰɰɚ ɡɚ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɡ ɛɚɤɨʆ  ɧɟɠɚɞɚɧɧɹ

ɚɛɜɹɲɱɚɰɶ  ɫɜ ɨɣ ɜɵɛɚɪ  ɩɚɬɪɷɛɚ ɹ ɤɨɝɚ ɩɪɵ  ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵ ɣɧɵɦ

ɩɨɛɵ ɬɚɜɵɦ ɥɚɞɡɟ ɧɟ ɚɞɱɭɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɚɥɟ ɹ ɤɿ ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚʆ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɷɧ

ɧɟɦ ɲ ɦɚɬɜ ɹɤɨɜ ɵ ɯ ɮɨɪɦɚʆ ɫɭɠɵ ɰɰɹ ɿ ɤɚɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɪɨɞɡɹɱɵ

ɧɨɜɵɹ  ɱɚɫɚɦ ɥɟɞɡɶɜ ɟ ɚɞɱɭɜɚɥɶɧɵɹ  ɚɥɟ ɪɷɚɥɶɧɵɹ  ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɵ ɿ

ɩɚɝɪɨɡɵ

Ƚɷɬɵ ɹ  ɬɪɚɞɵ ɰɵɣɧɵ ɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ  ɩɨɛɵɬɭ ɬɪɵɦɚɥɿɫɹ  ɹɲɱɷ

ɞɨʆɝɚ ɿ ʆɠɨ ɧɹ ɪɚɡ ɜ ɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚ ʆ ɹɤɚɫɰɿ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ

ɪɨɞɭ ɚɯɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɲɱɵɬɚ Ʉɚɥɿ ʆ ɚɩɨɲɧɿɦ ɭ ɋɋɋɊ  ɚɝɭɥɶɧɵ ɦ ɩɟ

ɪɚɩɿɫɟ ɝ  ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɡɟɥɿ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ ɚɞɤɚɡɭ ʆ ɩɟɪɚɩɿɫɧɵɦ

ɥɿɫɰɟ ɧɚ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɩɪɚ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ  © ɬɭɬɷɣɲɵª  ɱɵɬɚɱɵ

ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɣ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɦɨʆɧɚɣ ɝɚɡɟɬɵ  ʆ ɥɿɫɬɚɯ ɭ ɪɷɞɚɤɰɵɸ ɡɚɩɪɚ

ɬɷɫɬɚɜɚɥɿɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɿɲɭɱɵ ɲɬɨ ©ɦɵ ɞɨɫɵɰɶ ɱɚɫɬɚ ʆɠɵ

ɜɚɥɿ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɚɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ  ɚɥɟ ʆ ɬɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ  ɲɬɨ ɦɚɟɦ ɦɹ ɫɰɨɜɚɟ

ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ « Ƚɷɬɚ ɡɭɫɿɦ ɧɟ ɚɡɧɚɱɚɟ  ɲ ɬɨ ɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɟ ɧɚ

ɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿª  ɍ ɚɞɤɚɡ ɧɚ ɩɚɠɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ

ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜ ɚ Ⱦɡɹ ɪɠɤɚɦɫɬɚɬ ɋɋɋɊ ɞɚɩɨʆɧɿʆ ɫɩɿɫ ɦɨɜɚʆ ɩɚ

ɜɨɞɥɟ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɜɵɧɿɤɿ ɩɟɪɚɩɿɫɭ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɸ

ɦɨɜɚɣ ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɤɚɥɿ ©ɬɭɬɷɣɲɵª ɧɚɡɵɜɚʆ ɫɜ ɚɺɣɪɨɞɧɚɸ ɦɨ

ɜɚɣ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ  ɹ ɦɭ ɡɚɩɿɫɜɚɥɿ  ɿ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ

ɇɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɚɧɬɚɝɚɧɿɡɦɵ  ɿ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɵ ɫɭɠɵɰɰɺ ɪɨɡ

ɧɵ ɯ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚɡɟɦɥɹɯ Ʌɿɬɜɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ

ɤɭɞɵ ɥɟɩɲ ɱɵɦ ɧɚ ȸɤɪɚɿɧɟ ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɩɪɵɜɹɡɚɧɚɫɰɶ  ɞɚ ɪɨɞ

ɧɚɝɚ ɤɪɚɸ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɚɞɵɝɪɵɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɭ ɦɨɦɚɧɬɵ ɜ ɵ

ɛɚɪɭ ɞɚɦɿɧɭɸɱɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ  Ƚɷɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɦɹɫɰɨɜ ɵɹ  ʆɥɚɞɵ ʆ Ʌɿ ɬɜɟ ɿ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɧɟ ʆɞɡɟɥɶ ɧɿɱɚɥɿ ʆ ɚɤɰɵɿ ɝ ɡɜ ɪɷɩɚɬɪɵɹɰɵɿ ɚɩɚ ɫɭɬ

309

ɧɚɫɰɿ ɜɵɫɹɥɟɧɧɹ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɹɫɤɨɜɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬ

ɜɚ ɉɪɵɱɵɧɵ  ɛɵɥɿ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ  ɧɚɩɪɵ ɤɥɚɞ  ɛɨɹ ɡɶ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ  ɲɬɨ

ɹ ɤ ɜɵɟɞɭɰɶ  ɩɚɥɹɤɿ ɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚʆ ɧɚɟɞɭɰɶ  ɪɚɫɿɣɰɵ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɫɰɶ  ɚɥɟ ɮɚɤɬ  ɲɬɨ ɩɟɪɚɫɹɥɟɧɧɟ ɡ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ Ȼ ɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ  ʆ

±ɝ ɧɟ ɚɯɚɩɿɥɚ ² ɭ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɚɞ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɵ ² ɡɧɚɱɧɚɟ

ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿ ɰɬɜɚ

ɞɚɦɥɹ ɥɚɫɹ  ɲɬɨ ɤɥɭɛ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɥɚɞɡɿ ɹɤɿ

ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ʆ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɜɵ ɩɚɞɤɭ ɿɲɥɨɫɹ ɩɪɚ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɧɟ

ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɡ ɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɺɸ ɡ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ Ɍ ɚɤ ɦɿɧɭʆɲɱɵɧɚ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ

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valštybes ideja XIXa.–;ɏ D. Pradzia. Vilni us, 1991 . S. 173 –198.

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fou ndati on of hist orical and cult ural t radit ions in East Central Euro pe.

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