Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɲɵ ɡ ɿɯ ɭ ɯɨɞɡɟ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɞɷɛɚɬɚʆ ɭ Ɂɚɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɱɵ ɦ

ɋɨɣɦɟ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɭɸɱɵ ɚɞ ɿɦɹ ZPPS  ɚʆɬɚɧɨɦɿɿ ɞɥɹ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɿɯ ɡɟɦ

ɥɹ ʆ Ɋ ɉ ɤɚɡɚʆ ©ɇɟɤɚɥɿ ɩɪɵɣɞɡɟ ɱɚɫ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚʆ ɱɵɫɬɚ ɧɚɰɵɹ

ɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ  ɞɵɤ ɧɹɯɚɣ ɬɚɞɵ ɚɞ ɧɚɫ ɚɞɵɯɨɞɡɹ ɰɶ ɛɪɚɬɵ ɿ ɩɪɵ ɹ

ɰɟɥɿ ɚ ɧɟ ɜɨɪɚɝɿª

  ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵɹ  ɩɨɝɥɹɞɵ ɦɟʆ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ Ɍɭɝɭɬ ɿ

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 Ɍɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɭ ɝɚɞɵ II ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣɜɚɣɧɵ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ

ʆɪɚɞ ɭ Ʌɨɧɞɚɧɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɹ ɤɨɝɚ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ ɉɉɋ

ɿ SL [S tronnictwo Ludowe ² ©ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɵɹ ª@  ɩɪɵɡɧɚɜɚʆ

ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩ ɧɟɩɚɪɭɲ ɧɚɫɰɿ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹ ɣ ɦɹ ɠɵ  ɝ ɡɚ ɮɭɧɞɚ

ɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ² ɧɚɜɚɬ ɬɚɞɵ ɤɚɥɿ Ɂɥɭɱɚɧɵɹ ɒɬɚɬɵ

ɿ Ⱥɧɝɥɿɹ ɩɪɵɧɹ ɥɿ ʆɠɨ ʆ Ɍɷɝɟɪɚɧɟ ɿ əɥɰɟ ɥɿɧɿɸ Ʉɟɪɡɚɧɚ ɹɤ

ɚɫɧɨɜɭ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɦɹ ɠɵ ɉɨɥɶ ɲ ɱɵ

 ɍɩɚɪɬɚɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɣɜɚɧɧɟ ɧɚ

ɦɹɠɵ  ɝ ɜɹɥɨ ɞɚ ɩɚɝɚɪɲɷɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ ɹ ɤ ɡ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɦɿ

ɜɹɥɿ ɤɿɦɿɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɦɿ  ɬɚɤ ɿ  ɡ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦɿ ² ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɵɦɿ  ɫɭɫɟɞ

ɡɹɦɿ ɲɬɨ ɩɚɥɹɝɱɚɥɚ ɋ ɋ ɋɊ  ɩɪɚɜ ɹɞɡɟɧɧɟ ɿɦɩɟɪɵ ɹ ɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɋ ɬɚɥɿɧɚɆɨɥɚɬɚɜ ɚ ɹɤ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɵ ɫɚɦɚɜɵ

ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ ɿ ɚɛ¶ ɹɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ² ɭɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ  ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ

 ɍ ɜ ɵɧɿ ɤɭ ɧɟɤɚɥɶ ɤɿɯ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹʆ ɫɭɦɟɫɧɚɝɚ ɠɵɰɰɹ ɡ

ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɸ ɹɤ ɩɚɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɫɥɚɿ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɝɷɬɚɤ ɿ ɝɿɫɬɚ

ɪɵɱɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɿɰɚ Ʌ ɿɬɜɵ ȼ ɿɥɶɧɹ ɚɩɵɧɭɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɦ ɦɨʆɧɚ

ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɟ ɉɨɫɩɟɯɿ ɩɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɫɩɪɵɱɵɧɿɥɿɫɹ  ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ

ɞɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ɜɵ ɲɷɣɲɵɯ ɫɥɚɺʆ ɿ ɩɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ

ɦɹɲɱɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɚɥɟ ɿ ɞɚ ʆɡɧɿ ɤɧɟɧɧɹ  ʆ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ XIX ɫɬ

ɜɚɤɨɥ ȼɿɥɶ ɧɿ ɧɟ ɛɟɡ ɭɞɡɟɥɭ ɧɚɟɡɞɠɚɝɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ ɡ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɚɧɤɥɚɜɭ ɲɬɨ ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚʆ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɷɥɿɩɫɭ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ

ɪɷɝɿɺɧ Ⱥɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɿɰɚ ɋɥɚɜɚɤɿɿ Ȼɪɚɰɿɫɥɚɜɚ ² ɜɟɧɝɟɪɫɤɿ

Pozsonyi ɧɹɦɟɰɤɿ Pressburg ² ɛɵɥɚ ɞɚ ɯ ɝ  XX ɫɬ ɜ ɟɧɝɟɪ

ɫɤɚɧɹ ɦɟɰɤɚɹ ʆɪɷɣɫɤɿ ɦ ɝɨɪɚɞɚɦ  ɭ ɹɤɿɦ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ  ɫɥɚɜ ɚɤɚʆ

ɧɟ ɧɚɲɦɚɬ ɩɟɪɚɜɵɲɚɥɚ ɤɨɥɶ ɤɚɫɰɶ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɭ ȼɿɥɶ ɧɿ  Ɂɛɨɥɶ

ɲɚɝɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɦ ɛɵʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ Ʌɶɜɨɜɚ ɯɨɰɶ ɬɚɦ  ɩɚ

ɡɚ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦ  ɛɨɥɶ ɲɵ ɛɵʆ ɩɪɚɰɷɧɬ ɭɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿ ɰɬɜɚ

ɇɟɦɰɵ ɿ  ɪɚɫɿ ɹɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɜ ɚɠɚɥɿ  ʆ Ɋ ɵɡɟ ɿ Ɍ ɚɥɿ ɧɟ ɤɨɥɿɲ ɧɿɦ Ɋɷ

ɜɟɥɿ Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɵ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɵ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɹɟ ɫɬɚ

ɥɿɰɵ  ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɟɰɰɚ ɧɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ ɹ ɤɨɟ ɧɚɨɝɭɥ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɡɭɟɰɰɚ ɦɚɛɿɥɶɧɚɫɰɸ ɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɚ ɛɵɜɚɟ ɧɚɟɡɞɠɵɦ

ɚ ɜɺɫɤɚɸ ɹɤɚɹ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɟ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵ  ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɤɪɚɿ ɧɵ

ɉɚɪɚɞɚɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɱɵ ɧɚɦ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɹ  ɮɚɪɦɚ

ɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɿɯ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ ² ɧɚɜɚɬ ɬɚɞɵ  ɤɚɥɿ ɷɬɧɚɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ

323

ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ  ɲ ɬɨ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɚɥɚ ʆ ɤɪɚɿ ɧɟ  ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ʆ ɿɯ  ɹɤ ɱɚɫ

ɬɚ ɛɵɜɚɥɚ   ɧɟɜɹ ɥɿɤɭɸ ɦɟɧɲɵɧɸ  ɇɚɜɭɤɨɜɵɹ ɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵ ɹ

ʆɫɬɚɧɨɜɵ  ɜ ɵɞɚɜɟɰɬɜ ɵ ɿ ɱɚɫɨɩɿɫɵ ɲ ɬɨ ʆɡɧɿɤɚɥɿ  ʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ

ɪɚɛɿɥɿ ɡ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ Ɋɵ ɝɿ Ɍɚɥɿɧɚ Ʌ ɶɜɨɜɚ Ʉɿɟɜɚ  Ȼɪɚɰɿɫɥɚɜɵ ɉɪɚɝɿ

ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ  ² ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɹ ɰɷɧɬɪɵ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ  Ʌɚɬɜɿɿ  ɗɫɬɨɧɿɿ

ɍɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɋɥɚɜɚɤɿɿ  ɿ ɑɷɯɿɿ ɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɟ ɲɬɨ ɩɟɪɚɜ ɚɠɚ

ɥɚ ʆ ɿɯ ɧɚ ɬɨɣɱɚɫ ɫɬɵɯɿɹ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɹ  ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɹ ɜɟɧɝɟɪɫɤɚɹ ɰɿ

ɧɹɦɟɰɤɚɹ  ȼɨɫɶ  ɠɚ  ɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹ ɱɵ ɧɚ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɭɸ ɪɚɡɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɫɰɶ 

ɝɷɬɵɹ ɝɚɪɚɞɵ  ɚɞɵɝɪɚɥɿ  ɤɥɸɱɚɜ ɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶ

ɧɚɣ ɫɭɛ¶ɟɤɬɵɜɚɰɵɿ.

ɋɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ɹɤɿɦ ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɟ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɿɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧ

ɰɵ ɿ ɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɡ ɰɹɠɤɚɫɰɸ ɭ  ɝ  ɭ ɋɥɚɜɚɱɱɵɧɟ ʆɫɹɝɨ 

ɥɟɤɚɪɚʆ ɿ  ɧɚɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɚʆ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɥɿ  ɫɹɛɟ ɞɚ ɫɥɚɜ ɚɰɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɹ

ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ ɪɚɫɩɚɱɵ ɧɚɥɿ  ɞɚɣɲɨʆɲɵ ɞɚ ʆɥɚɞɵ  ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɟ ɡɚ

ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɫɜ ɚɿɦ ɫɬɚɥɿɰɚɦ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɭ  Ƚ ɷɬɚ ɜ ɹɥɨ

ɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɭɠɚɧɧɹ ɿɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɚʆ ɡ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ ɹ ɤɨɟ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ɭ

ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɚɥɚ əɧɵ ʆɡɦɚɰɧɹɥɿ ɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɦɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ

ɹɤɿɹ ʆɡɛɿɥɿɫɹ  ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ  ɭ ɞɚɱɵ ɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ  ɲ ɬɨ

ɩɚɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɞɚʆɧɟɣ ɚ ɰɹɩɟɪ ɫɩɚɥɿ ɧɚ ʆɡɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɦɟɧɲɵɧɿ  ² ɚɥɟ

ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ  Ƚɷɬɵɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɦɟɥɿ ɿ ɦɚɸɰɶ ɲɵɪɷɣɲɵ ɦɚɲɬɚɛ

ɹ ɤɿ  ɧɹɪɷɞɤɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿ ʆ ɫɜɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɭ ɚɝɪɷɫɿɿ  ɍ Tygodniku

Powszechnym Ɋ ɵɲ ɚɪɞ Ʌɹɝɭɬɤɚ ʆ ɬɷɤɫɰɟ © 2MF]\]QD ² VáRZR

wstydliwe» >©Ⱥɣɱɵɧɚ ² ɫɚɪɚɦɥɿɜɚɟ ɫɥɨɜɚª@ ɩɿɫɚʆ ©ɇɚɣɝɨɪɲɵ

ɡ ɦ ɚɝɱɵɦɵɯ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɿɡɦɚʆ ² ɝɷ ɬɚ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɡɦ  ɮɪɭɫɬɪɚ

ɬɚʆ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɿ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɹ ʆ  ɹ ɤɿ ɦ ɩɚɞɚɟɰɰɚ  ɲɬɨ ɹɧɵ ɛɵ ɥɿ

ɩɚɤɪɵʆɞɠɚɧɵ ɿ  ɜɚɪɬɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɥɿɤ ɜɿɞɚɜɚɰɶ  ɤɪɵʆɞɡɿɰɟɥɹʆ ɹɤ ɹɧɵ

ɩɚɤɚɠɭɰɶ ɭɫɸ ɫɜɚɸ ɜɟɥɿɱ  ɩɪɵɱɵɦ ɭ ɤɪɵʆɞɡɿ ɰɟɥɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɚɥɿ

ɱɵɰɶ  ɚɞɜɨɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɚɛɨ ʆɫɬɚɧɨɜɭ ɿɧɲɵ ɧɚɪɨɞ  ɜɹɥɿɤɭɸ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɭ ɡɚɦɟɠɧɵ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥ ɋɭɫɜɟɬɧɵ Ȼɚɧɤ ɿ ɞɚ ɬ ɩª

 Ⱥʆ

ɬɚɪ ɦɟʆ ɧɚ ɞɭɦɰɵ ɩɪɚɹɜ ɵ ɚɣɱɵ ɧɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɿ ɡɦɭ  ɚɥɟ ɩɚ

ɞɨɛɧɵɹ ɡ¶ɹ ɜɵ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɰɶ ɩɚʆɫɸɥɶ ɞɡɟ ɦɵ ɦɚɟɦ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɟ

ɡ ɪɷɚɤɰɵɹɣ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɿ ɞɵɫɤɪɵɦɿɧɚɰɵɿ ɩɪɵɧɿɠɷɧɧɹ  ɧɚɪɷɲ

ɰɟ ² ɩɚɤɨɪɵ  ɩɪɚ ɹɤɭɸ ɯɨɱɚɰɰɚ ɡɚɛɵɰɰɚ ɿ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜɚɦ ɹɤɨɣ

ɛɵɜɚɟ ɚɝɪɷɫɿɹ Ɍɭɬ ɤɚɪɷɧɿɰɰɚ ɩɪɵ ɱɵɧɚ ɲɦɚɬ ɹ ɤɿɯ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɚʆ

ɇɚɪɨɞɵ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚȸɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ ɫɮɚɪɦɚɜ ɚɥɿɫɹ ɹ ɤ

ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɹ  ɡ ɧɚɰɿɫɤɚɦ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɵɦ ɩɪɵɦɟɬ

ɧɿɤɭ

 Ⱥɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɧɟɩɪɵɹɡɧɚɫɰɶ  ɚɧɬɚɝɚɧɿɡɦɵ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɵ ɡ ɦɹɧ

ɲɵɧɹɦɿ ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɛɚɪɨɧɹɱɵ ɫɜɚɸɚɫɨɛɧɭɸ ɬɨɟɫɧɚɫɰɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɵɦɚ

ɸɰɶ ɚɫɿɦɿɥɹɰɵ ɿ ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɧɹ ɫɟ ɞɷɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɸ  ȱ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɡɧɚ

ɯɨɞɡɹɰɶ ɩɚ ɞɪɭɝɿ ɛɨɤ ɦɹɠɵ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ɹɤɿɹ  ɡ ɿ ɦɿ

Ⱥɞ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɷɬ ɧɿɱɧɵɯɧɚɪɨ ɞɚʆ

324

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɫɚɥɿɞɚɪɵɡɭɸɰɰɚ

  əɤɿɦɿ ɠ ɦɨɝɭɰɶ ɛɵɰɶ  ɪɚɲ ɷɧɧɿ ɲɬɨ ɛɚɪɚɧɿɥɿ

ɛ ɲɦɚɬɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɵ ɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɵ  ɚɞ ɤɪɵɜɚɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɚʆ

ɫɜ ɟɞɤɚɦɿ ɹɤɿɯ  ɱɚɫɬɚ ɛɹɫɫɿ ɥɶ ɧɵɦɿ  ɦɵ ɛɵɜɚɟɦ"

Ƚɷɬɚ ɡɚɥɟɠɵɰɶ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɦɟɪɵ ɚɞ ɬɚɝɨ ɰɿ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɧɚɰɵɹ

ɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɚɥɿɞɚɪɧɚɫɰɶ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɨʆɜ ɚɰɰɚ ʆ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɚɛɨ

ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɹɤ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚɝɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɷɬɧɿɱ

ɧɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɵ  ɰɿ ɚɯɨɩɿɰɶ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɚɝɭɥ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧ ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚ

ɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɜɚɜɨɣ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɵ  ɬɨ ɛɨɤ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹ ɧɫɤɭɸ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ 

ɧɚɫɰɶ   Ɋ ɷɚɥɶ ɧɵ  ɩɪɵ ɤɥɚɞ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɿ  ɬɚɤɨɝɚ ɪɚɲ ɷɧɧɹ ²

Ɏɿɧɥɹ ɧɞɵɹ  Ɍɭɬ ɲɜɟɞɵ  ɪɚɧɟɣ ɩɚɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɡɧɚɣɲ ɥɿ ɫɚɛɟ ɦɟɫɰɚ

ʆ ɮɿɧɫɤɿɯ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ  ɒɜɟɞɵ ʆɞɡɟɥɶ

ɧɿ ɱɚɸɰɶ  ɜɚ ʆɥɚɞɡɟ ɦɚɸɰɶ ɫɜɚɸ ɪɚɡɜ ɿɬɭɸ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɭ ɚɞɭɤɚɰɵɿ ɭ

ɬɵ ɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿ ɬɷɬ

ɉɪɷɡɿɞɷɧɬ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɹ ɣ ɑɷɯɿɿ ȼɚɰɥɚʆ Ƚɚɜɟɥ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɱɵ

ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɭ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɹɝɨɧɵ  ɫɭɪɚɡɦɨʆɰɚ Ⱥɞɚɦ Ɇɿɯɧɿɤ

ɧɚɡɜɚʆ ɝɷɬɚ ɧɟɛɹɫɩɟɱɧɚɣ ɭɬɨɩɿɹɣ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚ ɱɵɫɬɚɣ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɵ

ɜɵɤɚɡɚʆɫɹ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ  ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜ ɵ  ɩɚɞɨɛɧɚ ɹɤ ɫɭ

ɩɪɚɰɶ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɵ ɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɣɧɚɣ ɰɿ ɿɞɷɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚɣ  © ə  ² ɫɤɚɡɚʆ

ȼ Ƚ ɚɜɟɥ  ² ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶ ɧɿɤ  ɝɪɚɦ ɚɞɡɹɧɫɤ ɚɝɚ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɭ ɿ

ɝɪɚɦ ɚɞɡɹɧɫɤ ɚɣ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ  ɹ ɤ ɚɹ  ɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɿ ɰɶ  ɩɚɞ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ

ɧɿɜɨɞɧɚɝɚ ɡ ɭɡɪɨʆɧɹʆ ɚɣɱɵɧɵ ɞɨɦɭ ɚɥɟ ʆɫɟ ɿɯ ɩɟɪɚɜɵɲɚɟ Ⱥɞɡɿɧɵ

ɲɥɹɯ ɤɚɛ ɩɚɡɛɟɝɧɭɰɶ  ɜɵɛɭɯɭ ɤɭɥɶɬɭ ɷ ɬɧɿɱɧɚɫɰɿ  ² ɭɩɚɪɬɚɹ

ɩɪɚɩɚɝɚɧɞɚ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɭ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɫɤɚɣ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ȱɬɪɷɛɚ ɝɷɬɚ

ɪɚɛɿɰɶ  ɹɤɪɚɡ ɬɭɬ ɭ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ ɚ ɦɨɠɚɹɲɱɷ  ɛɨɥɶɲ

ɧɚ ɩɨʆɞɧɿ  ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤ ɚɧɚɯ ɞɡɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ɿ ɷ ɬɧɿɱ ɧɵɹ ɝɪɭɩɵ ɬɚɤ

ɩɟɪɚɦɹɲɚɧɵ ɲɬɨ ɩɚɛɭɞɨɜɚ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɵ ɧɚ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɚɯ

² ɧɟɛɹ ɫɩɟɱɧɚɹ ɿ ɬɷ ɯɧɿ ɱɧɚ ɧɟɜɵ ɤɚɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɹ ʆɬɨɩɿɹ » .

Ɋɚɡɜɚɠɚɸɱɵ  ɭ ɫɜɚɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɵ ɱɵɧɚɦɿ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɭ ɘɝɚɫɥɚɜ ɿɿ

ɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹ ɧɫɤɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ ʆ ɺɣ ȼ  Ƚɚɜɟɥ ɜɵɤɚɡɚʆ ɩɨɝɥɹɞ ɲɬɨ ʆ

ɱɚɫɵ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɐɿɬɚ ©ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚ ɚɛɚɩɿɪɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ɿ ɞɷ ɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵ

ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩ ɹɤɿ ɡɚɝɥɭɲɵʆ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ Ʉɚɥɿ ɝɷɬɵ

ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩ ɪɭɯɧɭʆ  ɚɞɪɚɡɭ ɡɞɚɪɵʆɫɹ ɷ ɬɧɿɱɧɵ ɜɵɛɭɯ ɛɨ ɧɟ

ɡɧɚɣɲɥɨɫɹ  ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɫɿɥ  ɡɞɨɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɲɩɚɪɤ ɚ

ɩɪɚɜɟɫɰɿ  ɝɪɚɦ ɚɞɡɹ ɧɫɤ ɿ  ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩ ɹ ɤ ɿ ɦ ɨɝ ɛɵ ɩɪɚɞɭɯɿ ɥɿɰɶ

ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɵ ɿ ɜɚɣɧɭ»

ɇɚɫɚɦɪɷɱ ɡɚ ɜ ɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟɦ Ɏɿɧɥɹ ɧɞɵɿ ɡɦɟɧɵ  ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɚɞ

ɛɵɜɚɸɰɰɚ ɿɞɭɰɶ ɭ ɤɿɪɭɧɤɭ ɚɞɜɚɪɨɬɧɵɦ ɞɚ ɬɚɝɨ ɹ ɤɨɝɚ ɩɚɬɪɚ

ɛɭɟ Ƚɚɜɟɥ ɿ  ɧɟ ɺɧ ɚɞɡɿɧ Ɋ ɚɫɩɚɞ ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɋɚɸɡɭ ɩɪɵɫɩɟɲɵʆ

² ɭ ɬɷɦɩɟ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɧɿɯɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɞɛɚɱɵʆ ² ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɬɨɟɫɧɚɫɰɿ

ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ Ʉɚʆɤɚɡɭ ɚɥɟ ɿ  ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ

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ɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɩɚɦɿɠ ȼ ɨɥɝɚɸ ɿ ȸɪɚɥɚɦ ɿ ɧɚ ɲ ɵɪɨɤɿɯ ɩɪɚɫɬɨɪɚɯ ɋɹ

ɪɷɞɧɹɣ Ⱥɡɿɿ  ɿ  ɋɿɛɿɪɵ ɇɚɜ ɚɬ ɤɚɥɿ  Ɋ ɚɫɿɿ ʆɞɚɫɰɚ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɰɶ ɋɚ

ɞɪɭɠɧɚɫɰɶ  ɇɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɵ ɯ Ⱦɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɚʆ ɿ ʆɤɥɸɱɵ ɰɶ ɭ ɹɟ ȸɤɪɚɿ

ɧɭ ɬɨ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɹɟ ɱɚɥɶɰɨʆ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɭɞɡɟ

ɡɭɫɿɦ ɿɧɲɚɹ  ɿɞɷɣɧɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɹ ɤɚɫɰɶ  ɱɵɦ ɧɹ ɞɚʆɧɹɹ ɦɚɞɷɥɶ

ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ  ɹɤɚɹ  ɚɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɹ ɮɿɤɰɵɹ ɣ  Ɍɪɚɝɿɡɦ ɬɚɤ ɡɜ ɚ

ɧɵɯ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɯ ɱɵɫɬɚɤ ɧɚ ɪɭɿɧɚɯ ɘɝɚɫɥɚɜɿɿ ² ɫɚɦɵ ɝɪɨɡɧɵ

ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ  ɞɚ ɱɚɝɨ ɩɪɵ  ɚɞɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ ɬɚɪɦɚɡɨʆ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜ ɚɬɜɨɪɱɵɯ

ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚʆ ɦɨɠɚ ɞɚɜɟɫɰɿ ɩɚɛɭɞɨɜ ɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚʆ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚ ɧɚ

ɷɬɧɿ ɱɧɚɣ ɛɚɡɟ Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɞɵɧɚɦɿ ɱɧɚɸ ɫɮɟ

ɪɚɸ ɛɵɥɚ ² ɿ ɡɚɫɬɚɟɰɰɚ ² ɧɚ ɧɚɲɵɦ ɤɚɧɬɵɧɟɧɰɟ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ

ɧɚȸɫɯɨɞɧɹɹ  ȿʆɪɨɩɚ ɿ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚɹ  ɟʆɪɚɡɿɣɫɤɚɹ  ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɚ ɹ ɤɨɸ

ɛɵʆ ɋ ɋɋ Ɋ  ɿ ɡɚɫɬɚɟɰɰɚ ɧɹ ɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ʆɫɟ ɰɹɠɤɚɫɰɿ  Ɋ ɚɫɿɹ

Ɍɭɬ ɧɚɥɟɠɵɰɶ ɡɜɹɪɧɭɰɶ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɭɸ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɶ ɹɤɚɹ

ʆɡɧɿɤɚɟ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɵɦɿ ɞɥɹ  ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ ɪɚɡɧɚɫɬɚɣɧɵɦɿ

ɿɧɬɷɝɪɚɰɵɣɧɵɦɿ ɩɪɚɹɜɚɦɿ ɫɩɟɰɵɹ ɥɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɿɧɬɷɧ

ɫɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɹ ɚɛɦɟɧɭ  ɪɨɫɬ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɫɤɚɣ ɦɚɛɿɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ ɡɦɹɧɲɷɧ

ɧɟ ɪɨɥɿ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɩɨɜɹɡɹ ʆ ² ɫɹ ɦ¶ɿ ɫɭɫɟɞɫɬɜ ɚ

ɲɩɚɪɤɚɹ ɰɵɪɤɭɥɹɰɵɹ ɿɧɮɚɪɦɚɰɵ ɿ ɿ ɪɨɥɹ ɣ ɿɦɤɧɟɧɧɹʆ ɷɬɧɿɱ

ɧɚɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɹ ʆ ɞɚ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ

ɹ ɤɚɹ ʆɡɜɨɞɡɿ ɰɶ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ  ɩɟɪɚɲ ɤɨɞɵ ʆ ɜɵɝɥɹ ɞɡɟ ʆɡɚɟɦɧɚɣ ɜɚ

ɪɨɠɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɿ ɦɵɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɚʆ ɿ ɬɚɦɭ ɩɚ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ ɚɤɚɡ

ɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɞɷɡɿ ɧɬɷɝɪɚɰɵɣɧɚɸ

ɇɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɦɚɸɰɶ ɲ ɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹ ɰɹ ɠɤɚɫɰɿ

ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵɹ  ɡ ɞɷɥɿɦɿɬɚɰɵɹ ɣ ɦɟɠɚʆ  Ȼɵɜɚɸɰɶ  ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɧɚ ɹɤɿɹ

ɩɪɷɬɷɧɞɭɸɰɶ ɞɜɚ  ɚ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɿ ɬɪɵ ɛɚɤɿ  ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɚɦ Ɂɚɤɚɪɩɚɰ

ɤɚɹ ȸɤɪɚɿɧɚ ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ ɝɷɬɚ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɦɿ  ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɦɿ

ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɦɿ ɿ ɝ ɞ  ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɹɦɿ ɋɩɪɚɜɵ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ʆɫɤɥɚɞɧɹ

ɸɰɰɚ ɤɚɥɿ ɝɚɜɨɪɤɚ ɿɞɡɟ ɩɪɚɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɡ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚ ɦɹɲ ɚ

ɧɵɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ

ɍ ɉɨɥɶ ɲ ɱɵ ɿ ɧɚɣɛɥɿɠɷɣɲɵɯ ɞɚ ɧɚɫ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɯ ɐɷɧɬ

ɪɚɥɶ ɧɚȸɫɯɨɞɧɹ ɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ  ɧɹ ɝɥɟɞɡɹ ɱɵ  ɧɚ ɩɪɵɦɭɫɨɜ ɵɹ  ɜ ɵɫɹ

ɥɟɧɧɿ ɿ ɛɟɠɚɧɫɬɜɚ ʆ ɱɚɫɟ II ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ ɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹ ɱɵ  ɧɚ

ɩɚɫɥɹɜɚɟɧɧɭɸ ɷɤɫɩɚɬɪɵ ɹɰɵɸ ² ɹɤɚɹ  ɷʆɮɟɦɿɫɬɵɱɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚ

ɥɚɫɹ  ɪɷɩɚɬɪɵ ɹ ɰɵɹ ɣ ² ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜ ɚ ɡ ɋɋɋ Ɋ ɚ

ʆɤɪɚɿ ɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɵ  ɧɚ ȸɫɯɨɞ ɧɹ ɝɥɟɞɡɹ ɱɵ  ɧɚ ɜɵɫɹɥɟɧɧɿ

ɧɹ ɦɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɡ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɿɯ Ɂɟɦɥɹ ʆ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ ɿ ɑɋ Ɋ

ɡɚɫɬɚɥɿɫɹ ɬɷɪɵɬɚɪɵɹɥɶɧɵɹ  ɚɤɪɭɝɿ ɡ ɦɹ ɲɚɧɵ ɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ

ɍ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɿ ɬɭɚɰɵɿ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɧɚɛɵ ɜɚɟ ɚɯɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ

ɦɹɧɲɵɧɹʆ  ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ ɭ ɑɷɯɿɿ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɟ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɿ ȸɤɪɚɿɧɟ  ɜɟɧɝ

Ⱥɞ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɷɬ ɧɿɱɧɵɯɧɚɪɨ ɞɚʆ

326

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɪɚʆ ɿ ɧɟɦɰɚʆ ɭ ɪɭɦɵ ɧɫɤɚɣ ɫɺɧɧɹ  Ɍ ɪɚɧɫɿɥɶ ɜ ɚɧɿɿ ɿ ɫɟɪɛɫɤɚɣ

ȼɚɹɜɨɞɡɿɧɟ ɧɟɦɰɚʆ  ɭɤɪɚɿɧɰɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɭ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɜɟɧɝ

ɪɚʆ ɿ  ʆɤɪɚɿɧɰɚʆ ɭ ɋɥɚɜɚɱɱɵ ɧɟ  ² ɤɚɛ ɧɚɡɜɚɰɶ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɧɚɣɛɥɿ

ɠɷɣɲɵɯ  ȱɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɵɧɿ  ɩɚɬɪɚɛɭɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ  ɸɪɵ ɞɵɱ

ɧɚɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵ ɣɧɵɯ ɭɦɨɜɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɛ ɞɚɜ ɚɥɿ  ɿ ɦ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ

ɦɿɪɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɿ  ɡɝɨɞɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɠɵ ɰɰɹ ɡ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ  ɹ ɤɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɟ

ɛɚɥɶɲ ɵ ɧɸ  Ⱦɚ ɬɚɤɿɯ ɭɦɨɜɚʆ ɧɚɥɟɠɵɰɶ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵ ɣɧɚɹ ɝɚ

ɪɚɧɬɵɹ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɦɹɧɲɵɧɹʆ ɹɤɚɹ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɜ ɚɟ ɿ ɦ ɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɵɦ

ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɰɬɜ ɚ ʆ ɜɵɛɚɪɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɭɥɚɞɵ   ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɟ ʆ

ɩɪɚɮɟɫɿɣɧɚɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ  ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɯ ɩɚɫɚɞɚʆ  ɧɚɜɭ

ɱɚɧɧɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ

  ɍ ɤɚɧɮɥɿ ɤɬɚɯ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦɿ ɹɤ ɿ ʆ ɿɯ ɩɟɪɚɚɞɨɥɟɧɧɿ

ɿɫɬɨɬɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɚɞɵɝɪɵɜ ɚɟ ɧɚɜɭɤɚ ɿ ɧɚɜɭɱɚɧɧɟ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ  ɩɟɪɚ

ɞɭɫɿɦ ɞɡɟɥɹ ɬɚɝɨ ɦɟɫɰɚ  ɹ ɤɨɟ ɡɚɣɦɚɟ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɹ ʆ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ 

ɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ  ɋ ɚɰɵɺɥɚɝ ȼɚɰɥɚʆ Ɇɚɪɤɟɜɿɱ ² ɺɧ ɲɦɚɬ ɝɚ

ɞɨʆ ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚʆ ɭ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɧɹɦɟɰɤɚɣ ɤɚɦɿɫɿɿ ɩɚ ɩɚɞɪɭɱɧɿ ɤɚɯ ²

ɡɜɹɪɬɚɟ ʆɜɚɝɭ ɲɬɨ ɡ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɸ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɸɰ

ɰɚ ɡ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ ɫɬɷɪɷɚɬɵɩɵ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɚɩɿɫɜ ɚɸɰɶ  ɿɧɲɵɹ ɚɫɚɛ

ɥɿɜɚ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɿɹ  ɧɚɪɨɞɵ  ɚ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ² ɭɥɚɫɧɚɹ ɦɿɫɬɵɮɿɤɚɜɚɧɚɹ

ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ  ɹ ɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɡɹɬɚ ɝɟɪɚɿɡɭɟ ɿ ɦɚɪɬɵ

ɪɚɥɚɝɿɡɭɟ ʆɥɚɫɧɭɸ ɝɿ ɫɬɨɪɵɸ

2 8

  ɉɚɥɨɧɚɰɷɧɬɪɵ ɡɦ ɹɤɿ ɱɚɫɚɦ

ɧɚɛɵɜɚɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɦɟɫɿ ɹɧɿɡɦɭ ² ɩɟɪɚɤɚɧɚɧɧɹ  ʆ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚɣ

ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ ɦɿɫɿɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ² ɫɭɪ¶ɺɡɧɚ ʆɫɤɥɚɞɧɹʆ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɿ

ɩɚɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɹ  ɡ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɿɦɿ  ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦɿ

Ⱥɩɨɲɧɿɹ ɛɚɱɵɥɿ ʆ ɿɦ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɦɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɝɟ

ɝɟɦɨɧɿɿ  ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ  ʆ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚȸɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ Ⱥɧɬɚɝɚɧɿ

ɡɦɵ ɚɛɜɚɫɬɪɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɪɵ  ɤɚɧɮɪɚɧɬɚɰɵɣɧɵɦ ɫɭɬɵɤɧɟɧɧɿ ɦɟɫɿɹ 

ɧɿ ɡɦɚʆ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ² ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ ɿɞɷɹ ɚɜ ɚɧɝɚɪɞɭ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɹ ɝɚ

ɯɪɵɫɰɿɹ ɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɹ ɥɚɫɹ ɞɚɤɬɪɵɧɟ Ɍ ɪɷɰɹɝɚ Ɋɵɦɚ

ɇɚ ɲɱɚɫɰɟ  ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɮɚɤɬɚɪɚɦɿ ɚɧɬɚɝɚɧɿɡɦɭ ɿɫɧɭɸɰɶ  ɿ

ɿɧɲɵɹ   ɭ ɜ ɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɦɿɪɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɫɟɞɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɭɠɵɰɰɹ  ɚɛɦɟɧɭ ɦɚ

ɬɷɪɵ ɹɥɶ ɧɵ ɦɿ ɿ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɦɿ ɞɚɛɪɨɬɚɦɿ  əɤ ɡɚʆɜɚɠɵɥɚ Ƚ ɚɧɧɚ

Ⱥɪɷɧɬ  © ɩɪɵɹɡɧɵɹ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɿ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɭɸɰɶ  ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚɣ ɪɨʆɧɚɫɰɿ

ɠɵɰɰɺɜɚɝɚ ʆɡɪɨʆɧɸ ɿ ɠɵ ɰɰɺɜɵɯ ɭɦɨɜɚʆ  ɇɚɯɚɛɫɬɜɚ ɦ ɚɰɧɟɣ

ɲɚɝɚ ɜɹɞɡɟ ɞɚ ɧɨɜɚɣ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɡɦɭ ª

 Ƚɷɬɚɟ ɦɟɪɤɚ

ɜɚɧɧɟ ɬɵɱɵɰɰɚ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ  ɚɥɟ ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹ ɟ ɞɚɫɬɚɫɚɜɚɰɶ  ɫɹ ɛɟ ɿ

ɞɚ ɦɿɧɭʆɲɱɵɧɵ  ə ɧɵ ɡɪɷɲɬɵ ɧɟɚɞɞɡɟɥɶɧɵɹ  ɚɞɧɨ ɚɞ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ

Ɂɚ ɐɵɩɪɵɹɧɚɦ ɇɨɪɜɿɞɚɦ ɦɵ ɩɚʆɬɚɪɚɟɦ ©Ɇɿɧɭʆɲɱɵɧɚ ² ɝɷ ɬɚ

ɫɺɧɧɹ  ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɤɪɵɯɭ ɞɚɥɟɣª Ɂ ɚɞɜɚɪɨɬɧɚɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ɪɚɡɭɦɟʆ ɝɷ

ɬɭɸ ɫɭɜɹ ɡɶ Ɇɚɣɤɥ Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ ɤɚɥɿ ɩɿɫɚʆ © ɍ  ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɧɿɤɨɥɿ

327

ɧɿɜɨɞɡɿɧ ɪɚɡɞɡɟɥ ɧɟ ɛɵɜɚɟ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ  ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɧɵ ɡ ɤɨɠɧɚɣ ɷɩɨɯɿ

ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞɡɹɰɶ  ɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɭɸ ɩɷʆɧɵ ɹ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦ ɵ ɩɪɚ ɹɤɿɹ ɧɿ ɤɨɥɿ

ɧɟɥɶɝɚ ɛɵɰɶ  ɭɩɷʆɧɟɧɵɦ ɰɿ ɧɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɹɰɶ ɹ ɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɵ ɩɥɚɧª.

ɉɚɤɚɡɱɵɤɚɦ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɝɿ ɧɚɞ ɪɷɲɬɤɚɦɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɮ

ɥɿɤɬɚʆ ɫɥɭɠɵɰɶ ɜɵ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɧɹ ɞɚʆɧɚ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɵ ɩɚɞɪɭɱɧɿɤ ɝɿɫɬɨ

ɪɵɿ  ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɦɿ ȿɗɋ  ɭ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɲ ɦɚɬɝɚɞɨɜɚɝɚ ɫɭɩɪɚ

ɰɨʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ ɿɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚʆ Ɂɝɚɞɜɚɸɱɵ ɩɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚ

ɪɨɧɤɚɯ Wprost Ɇɚɪɵɸɲ ɍɪɛɚɧɷɤ  ɩɿɫɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵ  ɩɚɞ

ɪɭɱɧɿɤ ɞɥɹ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɚȸɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ © ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ɛɵʆ ɛɵ

ɚɤɚɡɚɰɰɚ ɚɛɨ ɬɚɧɸɬɤɚɣ ɛɪɚɲɭɪɤɚɸ ɫɤ ɥɚɞɡɟɧɚɸ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ

ɱɵɧɚɦ ɡ ɛɟɥɵɯ ɩɥɹɦ  ɚɛɨ ɬɚʆɲɱɷɪɚɡɧɚɸ ɬɚɦ ɿɧɚɸ ɹɤ ɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ

ɛ ɯɭɬɱɷ ɣ ɩɪɚɬɚɤɨɥɚɦ  ɪɨɡɧɚɝɚɥɨɫɫɹʆª

 ɇɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ Ɇ ɍɪɛɚɧ

ɤɚ  ɩɚɹ ɞɧɚɧɧɟ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ ɿ ɡɜɹ ɡɚɧɵ ɡ ɿɦ ɧɚɦɟɪ ɫɬɜɚ

ɪɵɰɶ  ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɵ ɩɚɞɪɭɱɧɿɤ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɩɪɵ ɦɭɲɚɥɿ ɞɚ ɲ ɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɯ

ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫɚʆ ɹɤ ɭ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɰɵ ɿ ɩɚɥɿ ɬɵɰɵ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ

ɧɚɜɭɰɵ Ƚɷɬɚɣ ɭɦɨɜɵ ɚɛɵɫɰɿ ɧɟ ʆɞɚɫɰɚ Ⱥɥɟ ɤɚɛ ɦɟɰɶ ɦɚɝɱɵ

ɦɚɫɰɶ  ɚɞ ɧɟɱɚɝɚ ɚɞɦɨɜɿɰɰɚ  ɬɪɷɛɚ ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɞɚɜɨɥɿ ɧɚ

ɰɟɲɵɰɰɚ  əɤɪɚɡ ɭ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɚ ɬɚɝɨ  ɲ ɬɨ ɿɧɬɷɝɪɚɰɵɹ ɧɚ

ɲɚɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ  ɿ  ɧɚɜɚɬ ɧɚɩɿɫɚɧɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɹɟ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɩɚɞɪɭɱ

ɧɿ ɤɚ ɩɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɩɚɤɭɥɶ ɲɬɨ ɧɟɦɚɝɱɵɦɵɹ  ɍɫɯɨɞɧɹɹ  ȿʆɪɨɩɚ

² ɧɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɩɭɛɥɿɰɵɫɬɚ ² ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɰɹ ɩɟɪ ɩɪɚɣɫɰɿ  ɷɬɚɩ ɩɚɞɡɟ

ɥɚʆ ɜɵ ɤɥɿɤɚɧɵɯ ɤɫɟɧɚɮɨɛɿɹɣ ɫɬɪɚɯɚɦ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɵɦɿ ɚɛɨ

ʆɹʆɧɵ ɦɿ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɚɦɿ  ɩɨɲ ɭɤɚɦ ɚɞɤɚɡɧɵɯ ɡɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɭɸ ɦɿɧɭʆɲ 

ɱɵɧɭ Ƚɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɵ  ɰɹɝɚɦ ɞɡɟɫɹɬɤɚʆ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɟɧɵɹ  ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɫɭɜɟɪɷɧɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɲɚɰɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɥɺɫ  ɜɹɪɧɭʆɲɵ ɹɝɨ ɫɚɛɟ ɥɺɝɤɚ ɚɞ

ɹ ɝɨ ɧɟ ɚɞɦɨɜ ɹɰɰɚ ɇɟ ɩɟɪɚɧɹ ɫɭɰɶ  ɹɧɵ  ɿ ʆɦɹ ɲ ɚɧɧɹ  ʆ ɫɜɚɟ

ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɤɚɝɨɧɟɛɭɞɡɶ  ɚ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ ɬɵɯ ɯɬɨ ɹɲɱɷ ɧɹ ɞɚʆɧɚ ɱɵɧɿʆ

ɬɚɤɨɟ ɧɹɩɪɨɲ ɚɧɚɟ ʆɦɹ ɲɚɧɧɟ Ɍ ɚɦɭ ² ɪɚɛɿɥɚɫɹ ɜɵɫɧɨɜ ɚ ²

ɍɫɯɨɞɧɹɹ ȿʆɪɨɩɚ ɩɚɤɭɥɶ  ɲɬɨ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɪɭɱɧɿɤɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ

ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɧɟ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɭɟ  ɚɥɟ ɿ ɧɟ ɯɨɱɚ

ɍɪɛɚɧɷɤ ɫɥɭɲɧɚ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵʆ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵ ɸ  ɲɬɨ ɿɫɧɭɟ ɜɚ ɍɫ

ɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ ɦɨɠɚ ɡɚɧɚɞɬɚ ɹ ɟ ɚɛɫɚɥɸɬɵɡɭɸɱɵ  Ȼ ɨ ɿ  ɧɚ

Ɂɚɯɚɞɡɟ ɿɫɧɭɟ ɩɥɵɧɶ ɚɞɪɚɞɠɷɧɧɹ  ʆɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ 

ɧɚɣ ɬɨɟɫɧɚɫɰɿ

3 1

  ɯɨɰɶ ɧɟ ɹ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɡɭɟ ɫɺɧɧɹ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɭɸ

ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɸ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɭ  ȱ ɤɚɥɿ ʆ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚȸɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆ

ɪɨɩɟ ɧɚɩɿɫɚɧɧɟ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɪɭɱɧɿɤɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɿ ɧɟɚɤɬɭɚɥɶ ɧɚ

ɛɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɵ  ɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɧɹ  ɧɚ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɿɧɭʆɲ ɱɵɧɭ ɪɨɡɧɹ ɰɰɚ

² ɝɷɬɚɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɞɚɰɶ ɪɚɞɵ  ɹ ɤ ɪɨɛɹɰɶ  ɰɹ ɩɟɪ  ɭɬɜɚɪɚɸɱɵ

ɞɜɭɯɛɚɤɨɜɵɹ  ɚ ɧɟʆɡɚɛɚɜɟ ɦɨɠɚ ɿ ɲɦɚɬɛɚɤɨɜɵ ɹ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɵ

ɞɡɟɥɹ  ɜ ɵɫɜ ɹ ɬɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɪɷɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɚʆ  ɡɛɥɿɠɷɧɧɹ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɚʆ

Ⱥɞ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɷɬ ɧɿɱɧɵɯɧɚɪɨ ɞɚʆ

328

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ  ɲɬɨ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɰɰɚɩɚɞɪɭɱɧɿ ɤɚɦɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɩɪɵ  ɡɚɯɚ

ɜɚɧɧɿ ɿɯ ɭɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɫɜɨɟɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɿ  Ƚ ɷɬɵ ɲɥɹɯ

ɦɨɠɚ ɞɚʆɠɷɣɲɵ ɚɥɟ ɩɥɺɧɧɵ ɤɚɥɿ  ɹɦɭ ɫɩɚɞɚɪɨɠɧɿɱɚɟ ² ɹɤ

ɤɚɡɚʆ ȿɠɵ Ʉɥɚɱɨʆɫɤɿ ɧɚ ɤɚɧɮɟɪɷɧɰɵɿ ʆ Ʌ ɸɛɥɿɧɟ ʆ ɱɷɪɜɟɧɿ

 ɝ ² ɭɫɜɟɞɚɦɥɟɧɧɟ ɬɚɝɨ ɲɬɨ ©ɩɚɞɪɭɱɧɿɤ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɤɨɠ

ɧɚɣ ɤɪɚɿɧɵɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɐɷ ɧɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɚȸ ɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ ɩɚɜɿ ɧɟɧ

ɧɚɩɨʆɧɿɰɭ ʆɥɿɱɜɚɰɶ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɬɨɟɫɧɚɫɰɶ  ɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɚ

ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɰɶ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɹ ɚɞɤɪɵɬɚɹ  ɹɤ ɚɹ ɪɚ

ɡɭɦɟɟ ɿɧɲɵɯ  ɤ ɚɛ ɦɵ ɡɧɚɣɲɥɿ ɬɨɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ʆ ɧɚɲɚɣ

ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿª Ɍɚɤɿ ɩɚɞɵɯɨɞ ɫɬɜ ɚɪɚɟ ɦɚɝɱɵ

ɦɚɫɰɶ ɞɷɦɚɧɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ ɡ¶ ɹɜɚʆ ɿ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚʆ ɞɨʆɝɚɬɷɪɦɿɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɨʆ

ɝɚɬɪɵɜɚɥɵɯ

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ɪɚɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ ɹɤɚɹ ɡɚɦɹ ɧɹɟ ɩɚɞɵɯɨɞ ɡ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ

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ɫɜ ɚɟ ɚɥɟ ɿ ɫɭɫɟɞɫɤɿɹ  ɩɭɧɤɬɵ ɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɿɫɭɫɟɞɫɤɭɸ ɪɚɰɵɸ

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ɫɚɰɵɹɥ ɞ ɷɦɚɤɪ ɚɬɵɿ Ɉɬɚ Ȼɚʆɷɪɭɯɨɰɶɬ ɨɣɬɨɥ ɶɤɿ ɜɵɤɚɪ ɵɫɬɚʆɚɛɨ ɞ

ɜɚɩ ɚɧɹɰɰɿ  ɲɬɨ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ʆɩ ɚɥɿ ɬɵɱɧ ɵɦ ɠ ɵɰ ɰɿ Ⱥ ʆɫɬɪ ɚȼɟɧɝɪɵɿɭ

ɫɜɚɿɯ ɧ ɚɜɭ ɤɨ ɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɫɬɪ ɭɤɰɵɹɯ

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ʆɜɚɟʆɫɜɚɿɯɮɨɪɦ ɚɯɭɫɹɥ ɹɤɿɹɤɚɧɬɚɤɬɵɥ ɸɞɫɤɨɣɫɜɹɞɨɦ ɚɫɰɿ ɡɩɚɡɚ

ɦ ɨ ʆɧɚ ɸɪ ɷɱɚ ɿɫɧ ɚɫɰ ɸ Ɇɨʆɧɚɹ ɬɪ ɚɞɵɰɵɹ ɜ ɵɡɧɚ ɱɚɟʆ ɩɷʆɧɚɣ ɦ ɟɪɵ

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ɤɚ ɥɟɧɧ ɹɦ  ɲɬɨ ɧɚɺɣɝɚ ɜɨɪɚ ɰɶ ɍɝɷɬɵɦ  ɪɚɡɭɦ ɟɧɧ ɿɦ ɨ ɜ ɚɫɤɥɚɞ ɚɟ

ɚɫɧ ɨʆɧɭɸɩɟɪɚɞɭɦ ɨɜɭɪɚɡ ɜɿɰɰ ɹɿ ɰɵɜɿ ɥɿɡɚ ɰɵɣɧ ɚɤɭɥ ɶɬɭɪɧɚɣ ɧɟɩ ɚ

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ɬɜɚ ɪɷɧɧ ɟɞɡ ɹɪɠɚ ʆɧɚɟɬɷɪ ɵɬɨɪ ɵɿɊ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩ ɚɥɿɬ ɚɟʆɧɚɰ ɵɹɧɚ ɥɶ

Ⱥɞ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɷɬ ɧɿɱɧɵɯɧɚɪɨ ɞɚʆ

330

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

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ɤɫɹɧɞɡ ɚɦ ɚɤɬɵʆɧ ɭɸ ɩ ɚɥ ɿɬɵɱɧ ɭɸ ɪ ɨɥ ɸɧɚɦɚɝɚɸɱ ɵɫɹɡ ɞɚɛɵɰɶɞ ɥɹ

ɩɨ ɥɶɫɤɚɫɰ ɿɤɚɬɚɥɿ ɰɤɿɹ ɦɚɫɵ ɬɭɬɷɣ ɲɚɝ ɚ ɧɚɫɟɥ ɶɧɿ ɰɬɜɚ²ɬɭ ɬɷ ɣɲɚɝ ɚ,

ɬɨ ɛ ɨɤ ɡɧ ɟɩɪɚɹɫɧ ɟɧɵɦɧ ɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɩ ɚɱ ɭɰɰɺɦ ɬɚɦɫɚɦ ɚ ɫ  

M. Sliwa. 0\ĞOSDĔVWZRZDVRFMDOLVWów polskich w latach 1918–

192 1. Kraków, 1980 , s. 111–1 29; ɺɧɠ ɚ0\Ğ OSR OLW\F]QD 0LHF]\Vá DZD

1LHG]LDáNRZVNLHJR± Warszawa, 1980, s. 153–185; J. Bardach.

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ɪɵɠɫɤɿɯɦ ɟɠɚʆɹɤɿɹɩɟɪ ɚɰɿɧɚɥɿɠɵɜɵɹɧɚɪ ɨɞɵɭɤɪɚɿ ɧɰɚʆɿɛɟɥɚɪɭ

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senatora w II Rzeczypospolitej. Lublin, 1989, s. 148 i 155–156.

Z. Zaremba. W o jna i kons pira cja . Kraków, 19 91, s. 267 –26 8:

ɞɷɤɥɚɪɚɰ ɵɹ ɱɚɬɵɪ ɨɯ ɩɚɥ ɿɬɵɱɧɵɯɩ ɚɪɬɵɹʆɚɞ  ɠɧɿʆɧɹ  ɝɠ ɚ

ɞɚɥɚɧ ɚ ɍɫɯɨ ɞɡ ɟ ɜɹɪɬɚɧɧɹ ɥɿ ɧɿ ɿ ɪɵɠɫɤɚɝɚɬɪ ɚɤɬɚɬɭ ȱ ɞɚɥɟɣ ɲɦ ɚɬ

ɤɪ ɨɰɶɩɪ ɚ ɝɷɬ ɚ

« Tygodnik Powszechny» ʋ

R. Radzik. (ZROXFMDQDURGRZDVSRáHF]QRĞFL.UHVyZ: VFKRGQLFK

//.XO WXUDL 6SRáHF]HĔVW ZR R. 35, 1991 , ʋ 2, s. 57.

J. Chl eb ow czyk . 0 LĊG] \ G\NW DW HP  UHD OL DP L D SU DZHP  G R

V DP RV WD QR ZL HQ LD  3U DZR GR V DP RR NU HĞ OHQL D L SU RE OHP JU DQ LFZH

: VFKRGQLHM(XURSLHĝURGNRZHMZSLHUZV]HMZRMQLHĞZLDWRZHMRUD]SRMHM

]DNR ĔF]HQL X Warszawa, 1 998, ɡɜɹɪɬɚʆɭɜɚɝɭ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚɝ ɪɷɫ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥ ɶ

ɧɚɣ ɿɞ ɷɧ ɬɵɮɿ ɤɚɰɵɿ ɜɵɹʆɥɹʆ ɫɭ ɩɹɪɷ ɱɧ ɚɫɰɿ ɿɧ ɬɚɪɷ ɫɚʆ ɜɟɞɭ ɱɵ ɞ ɚ

ʆɡ ɧɿ ɤɧɟɧɧ ɹɧ ɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɮɥ ɿɤɬɧɵɯɫɿɬɭɚɰ ɵɹʆV ɿ pass im).

V. Havel. Po lityka t o n ie b rud na r obot a (rozmowa z Adamem

Michnik iem) //Gazeta Wybo rcza, 17 –18 lipca 199 3, s . 9 .

331

W. Markiewicz. =MHGQRF]HQLH1LHPLHF LSU]\V]áD(XURSD']LĞ

maj 1991, s. 319.

Ɍɚɦɫɚɦɚ, ɫ. 6.

M. Urbanek. Na Wschód od historii //:SURVWʋV

ɇɚ ɫɭ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɯɚɞɡ ɟ ȿʆɪɨɩ ɵ, ɩɨ ɪɭ ɱ ɡ ɿɧɬɷɝɪɚɰɵɣɧ ɚɣ

ɩɥɵɧɧɸ, ɩɥ ɵɧ ɿ ɚɞ ɪɚɞɠ ɷɧɧɹ ɷɬɧɿɱ ɧɚɣ ɿɞ ɷɧɬɵɱɧ ɚɫɰɿ, ɹɤɭɸ ɩɪ ɚɞɫɬɚʆ

ɥɹɸɰ ɶ ɲɚɬɥ ɚɧɞɰ ɵ, ɜɚɥ ɿɣ ɰɵ, ɛɪ ɷɬɨɧ ɰɵ, ɛɚɫɤɿ ɿ ɤɚɬɚɥɨ ɧɰ ɵ, ɡɜɹɪ ɬɚʆ

ɭɜɚɝ ɭ Ʌɟɯ Ȼɚɧɞ ɤɨʆɫɤɿ. ɇɚɞ ɭɦ ɤɭ Ȼɚɧɞɤɨ ʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɥ ɵɧɶɚɛɚɪɨ ɧɵɷɬ

ɧɿ ɱɧɚɣ ɬɨ ɟɫɧɚɫɰɿ ² ɮɨɪɦ ɚɚɛɚɪɨ ɧɵ ɬɨɟɫɧɚɫɰɿɥ ɸɞɫɤɨɣɚɞɡ ɿɧɤɿɚɥɟ

ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚɬ ɪɷɛ ɚɞɭ ɦɚɰɶɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɯɝɪɭ ɩɚʆɚɞ ɭɧɿ ɮɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɏɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ

ɪɚɡɜɚɝɚʆɬɚɪɚɩɪɚɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰ ɶɩɚɝɚɞ ɡɿɰɶɚɛ ɟɞɡɜɟɬɷ ɧɞɷ ɧɰɵɿ ɜɿ ɞɚɰɶɡ

ɝɨɞɞɡɟª /LWHUDWXU DZREHFQLHSRGOHJáRĞFL Lódz, 1983, s. 27–30.

-.áRF]RZVNL(XURSDĝURGNRZR: VFKRGQLD Historycy wobec

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a uniwers alizmem (XVIII–XX wiek). Lubli n, 1992, s . 15.

ɇɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɡɜɹɪɬɚɟ ʆɜɚɝɭəɉ ɚɦɨ ɪɫɤɿO pot rzeb ie etn ohis tor ii

(XUR S\ĝURG NRZR: VFKRGQLHM  Hist orycy wo bec pro blemów..., s. 19.

Ƚɥ. ɩɚɞɫɭɦɚɜɚɧɧɟȾȻɚɜɭɚʆɤɧɿɡɟHistorycy wobec problemów...,

s. 69–72.

Ⱥɞ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɷɬ ɧɿɱɧɵɯɧɚɪɨ ɞɚʆ