Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɧɚɦ ɿ ȼ ɹɥɥɺɣ ɹ ɤ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɲɜ ɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ ʆɡɨɪɭ  Ⱥɞ

ɪɨɞɠɚɧɚɹ  ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɹ Ʌɿɬɜɚ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵ ɥɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɰɰɚ ɡ ɬɪɨɯ

ɤɚɧɬɨɧɚʆ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɹɤɿ ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚʆ ɛɵ ɀɦɭɞɡɶ  ɿ Ʉɨɜɟɧɲɱɵ

ɧɭ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɡ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦ ɭ ȼɿɥɶ ɧɿ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɥɿɰɚɣ ɭ

Ɇɟɧɫɤɭ  Ƚɷɬɚɹ  ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɣɧɚɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ʆ ɫɜɚɸ

ɱɚɪɝɭ ʆɬɜ ɚɪɵ ɰɶ ɭɧɿɸ  ɿɧɚɤɲ ɤɚɠɭɱɵ  ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵ ɸ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ

ʆɡɪɨʆɧɸ ɡ ɚɞɪɨɞɠɚɧɚɣ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɚɣ  Ʉɚɧɬɚɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɹ

ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɹ ʆɥɿɱɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɝɚɞɵ  I ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ ɿ ɚɠ ɞɚ ɤɚɧ

ɰɚ  ɝ ɉɪɵɦɚɥɚɫɹ ɹɧɚ ɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɚɸ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɯ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚʆ ɚɫɚɛ

ɥɿɜɚ ɥɿɛɟɪɚɥɶ ɧɵɦ ɛɟɥɶ ɝɿɣɫɤɿɦ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚɦ ɉɨɥɟɦ Ƚɿɦɚɧɫɚɦ ɹ ɤɿ

ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹʆ ɹɟ ɧɚɮɨɪɭɦɟ Ʌ ɿɝɿ ɇɚɰɵɹʆ ɹɤ ɫɩɨɫɚɛ ɪɚɡɜɹɡɚɧɧɹ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɭ

Ɏɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɣɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɚ  ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ Ɍ ɚɞɷɜɭɲɚ Ʉ ɚɬɷɥɶ ɛɚ

ɯɚ  ɛɵɥɚ ɛɥɿɡɤɚɹ ɉɿɥɫɭɞɫɤɚɦɭ ɹɤ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɤɭ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ

  ȱ ɯɨɰɶ

ɡɚɣɦɚɸɱɵ ʆ ɤɪɚɫɚɜ ɿɤɭ  ɝ ȼɿɥɶ ɧɸ ɉɿɥɫɭɞɫɤɿ ʆ ɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɣ

ɚɞɨɡɜɟ ©Ⱦɚ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ɛ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚª ɩɿɫɚʆ

ɬɚɤ  ɹɤ ɫɚɦɿ  ɬɚɝɨ ɩɚɠɚɞɚɟɰɟ ɛɟɡ ɹ ɤɨɝɚɤɨɥɟɱɵ ɝɜɚɥɬɭ ɚɛɨ

ɧɚɰɿɫɤɭ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵª  ɲɬɨ ɚɞɩɚɜ ɹɞɚɥɚ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɿ ɦɟɫɬɚɱ

ɤɨʆɰɚʆ ɹɝɨ ʆɩɚʆɧɚɜɚɠɚɧɵ ʆ ȼɿɥɶ ɧɿ  Ʌɟɚɧ ȼ ɚɫɿɥɟʆɫɤɿ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚ

ɜɚʆ ɭɧɿɣɧɚɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɣɧɭɸ ɥɿɧɿɸ  Ⱥ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɚɛɥɿɱɱɚɦ ɧɹʆɞɚɱɵ

ɝɷɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɪɚɧɧɹʆ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɚɛɥɿɱɱɚɦ ɪɚɲɭɱɚɣ ɚɩɚɡɿ ɰɵɿ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚ

ɝɚ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɪɭɯɭ ɿɞɷɿ  ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ  ɚɞɱɚɣɧɚɸ ɫɩɪɨɛɚɸ

ɩɪɵɦɭɫɿɰɶ  ɞɚ ɹɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɞɡɟɣɫɧɟɧɚɹ  ɩɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ɞɚɪɭɱɷɧɧɹ

ɘ ɉɿɥɫɭɞɫɤɚɝɚ ɡɛɪɨɣɧɚɹ ɚɤɰɵ ɹ  ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ Ʌɸɰɵɹ ɧɚ ɀɚɥɿ

ɝɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ

ɉɪɚ ɦɚɬɵɜɵ  ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɤɿɪɚɜɚɥɿ ɫɚɦɿɦ ɜɵ ɤɚɧɚʆɰɚɦ  ɺɧ ɬɚɤ

ɩɿɫɚʆ ɭ ɫɜɚɿɯ  ɭɠɨ ɷɦɿɝɪɚɰɵɣɧɵɯ  ɭɫɩɚɦɿɧɚɯ

© ɤɚɫɬɪɵ ɱɧɿɤɚ  ɝ« ɡɚɧɹʆ ȼ ɿɥɶɧɸ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ ɝɟɧɟ

ɪɚɥ ɀɚɥɿɝɨʆɫɤɿ  ɚ ɥɿɬɜ ɿɧ ɀɚɥɿɝɨʆɫɤɿ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟɦ ɫɚ ɲɥɹɯ

ɬɵ  ɚɲ ɦɹɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɜɟɬɭ ² ɚʆɬ  Ɇɚɪɚɸ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɚɩɨɲɧɹɝɚ ɛɵ ɥɨ

ɠɵɰɶ  ɫɹɪɨɞ ɫɭɚɣɱɵɧɧɿɤɚʆ ɧɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ  ə  ɧɟ ɜɵɥɭɱɚʆ

ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɿɯ ɧɿ  ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚʆ ɧɿ ɪɭɫɿɧɚʆ  ɧɿ ɠɦɭɞɡɿɧɚʆ Ȼɭɞɭɱɵ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɰɚɦ  ɹ ɧɿɤɨɥɿ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɫɬɚɜ ɚʆ ɛɵɰɶ ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦ  Ⱦɜɚ ɝɷɬɵɹ  ɩɚ

ɧɹɰɰɿ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵɹ ɦɿɠ ɫɚɛɨɸ ə ɧɵ ʆɡɚɟɦɧɚ ɞɚɩɚʆɧɹɸɰɶ ɚɞɧɨ

ɞɪɭɝɨɟª 

əɲɱɷ ɛɨɥɶɲ  ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚɹ ɚɰɷɧɤɚ ɩɪɵɱɵɧ ɧɹʆɞɚɱɵ ɝɷ

ɬɚɟ ɫɩɪɨɛɵ  ɩɪɵɡɧɚɧɧɟ ɚɧɚɯɪɚɧɿɱɧɚɫɰɿ  ɝɷɬɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɿ

©Ɂɚɧɹɰɰɟ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɛɵɥɨ ² ɩɿɫɚʆ ɀɚɥɿ ɝɨʆɫɤɿ ² ɫɬɚʆɤɚɸ

ɧɚ ɩɚɥɿ ɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɞɚɫɩɟɥɚɫɰɶ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆ

353

ɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɧɚ ɞɚɫɩɟɥɚɫɰɶ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɟ ɞɭɦɤɿ

ɋɺɧɧɹ ɦɵ ɜ ɟɞɚɟɦ ɲɬɨ ʆɫɺ ɝɷɬɚɩɚɞɜɹɥɨ  Ɇɵ  ɪɚɡɜ ɚɠɚɥɿ ɬɚɞɵ

ʆ ɤɚɬɷɝɨɪɵ ɹɯ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɪɚɦɚɧɬɵɡɦɭª

Ɇɧɨɠɧɵ ɥɿ ɤ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɞɭɦɚɰɶ  ɛɵʆ ɬɭɬ ɭɠɵɬɵ  ɧɟɜɵɩɚɞ-

ɤɨɜɚ ȱɥɸɡɿɿ  ɩɪɚ ɹɤɿɹ ɝɚɜɨɪɤɚ  ɞɚɬɵɱɵɥɿ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ

ɀɚɥɿɝɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  ɚɥɟɿ  ɹɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɶ ɧɿɤɚɿ  maitre a penser >ɭɥɚɞɚɪɚ

ɞɭɦɚɤ@  Ɍ ɚɤ ɩɪɵɧɚɦɫɿ  ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɡ ɩɚɜɟɞɚɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɚɛɚɡ-

ɧɚɧɚɝɚ ʆ ɫɿ ɬɭɚɰɵɿ Ɍ Ʉɚɬɷɥɶɛɚɯɚ ɑ ɵɬɚɟɦ ɭ ɿɦ

ɋɹɪɷɞɧɹɣ ² Ⱥʆɬ ɉɿɥɫɭɞɫɤɿ ɯɚɰɟʆɜɟɪɵɰɶ ɲɬɨ ȼɿɥɶɧɹ ɯɭɬɱɷɣ

ɩɚɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɰɰɚ ɡ Ʉɨʆɧɚɦ ɱɵɦ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ ɍ ɋɹɪɷɞɧɹ ɣ Ʌɿ ɬɜɟ ɺɧ

ɛɚɱɵʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɤɚɧɬɨɧ ɹɤɿ ɜɹɞɡɟ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɜɵ ɡ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɦ ɤɚɧɬɨ

ɧɚɦ ɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɵɦ ɡ Ʉɨʆɧɚ Ⱥɛɨɞɜɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɹ ɤɚɧɬɨɧɵ ɡɜ ɹɡɚɧɵɹ  ʆ

ɚɞɧɨ ɰɷɥɚɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ  ɦɟɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɡɭɦɟɰɰɚ ɡ

ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɚɸª

ɍ  Ɇɟɣɲɬɨɜɿɱ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵʆ ©Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚɤ ɦɟʆ ɧɚɞɡɟɸ

ɲɬɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɟ ɧɟɣɤɚɟ ɩɚɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɟ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɚɛɟɞɡɜ ɸɦɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɿ

Ʌɿɬɜɵª

ɇɚɞɡɟɿ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɚɤɚɡɚɥɿɫɹ ɹɤ ɜɹɞɨɦɚ ɦɚɪɧɵɦɿ Ʌɿɬɜɿɧɵ ɛɚ

ɸɱɵɫɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɩɟɪɚɜ ɚɝɿ ʆ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚɜ ɚɧɚɣ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ ɿ ɿɦɤɧɭ

ɱɵɫɹ ɞɚ ʆɦɚɰɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜ ɵ ɚɞɤɿ

ɧɭɥɿ  ɤɚɧɬɚɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɸ  ɇɟ ɡɧɚɣɲɥɚ ɹɧɚ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɿ ɿ

ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ȼɿɥɟɧɲɱɵɧɟ ɛɚɥɶɲɵɧɹ ɹ ɤɨɝɚ

ɜɵɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɹ ɡɚ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɣɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɭ Ⱦɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɟ ȼ ɿɥɟɧɫ

ɤɚɟ ɡɹɦɥɿ ɞɚ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɞɚɜ ɚɥɚɜ ɿɥɟɧɫɤɿɦ ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɩɚɧɭ

ɸɱɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɚɞɩɚɜɹ ɞɚɥɚ ɚɧɟɤɫɿɹɧɿ ɫɰɤɿɦ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɚɦ

ɇɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ Ⱦ ɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɿ  ɋ ɭɩɪɚɰɶ  ɿ ɯ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ ɦɟɫɬɚɱɤɨʆ

ɰɵ  ɿ ɤɚɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɵʆɧɵɹ ɩɪɵ ɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɿɭɧɿɣɧɚɣ ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɿ Ⱦɚ ɝɷɬɵɯ

ɚɩɨɲ ɧɿɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɚʆ Ɇɚɪɵɹɧ Ɂɞɡɹɯɨʆɫɤɿ  ɹ ɤɿ ɯɚɞɡɿʆ ɭɥɚɫɧɵɦɿ

ɫɰɟɠɤɚɦɿ ɦɵ ʆɠɨ ɧɚ ɹ ɝɨ ɛɵɥɿ ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɍ ɪɷɮɟɪɚɰɟ

©ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɹ ɿɞɷɹ ɧɚ Ʉɪɷɫɚɯª ɩɪɚɱɵɬɚɧɵɦ ɭ ɥɸɬɵɦ  ɝ ɧɚ

ɡ¶ɟɡɞɡɟ ɡɹɦɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹʆ ɭ ȼɿ ɥɶɧɿ  ɺɧ ɩɪɨɰɿ ɫɬɚʆɥɹʆ © ɲɚ

ɥɟɸɱɵɦ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɠɚɪɫɰɹɦ ɿ ɩɚɠɚɞɚɦª ɬɚɥɟɪɚɧɬ

ɧɚɫɰɶ  ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɚɣ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɿ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿ

ɬɚɣ

ɫɤɥɚɞɚɟ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜɵ  ɿ  ɜ ɚɫ  ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɦɚɣɝɨ ɩɚɤɚ

ɥɟɧɧɹ  ɜɵɯɨʆɜɚɥɿ ɹ ɤ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ² ɜɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɚ  ɭ ɬɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɿ  ɭ

ɹɤɿɦ ɛɵʆ ɿɦɆɿɰɤɟɜɿɱ ɤɚɥɿ ɤɚɡɚʆ «Litwo, ojczyzno moja» ɍ ɞɡɹ

ɰɿ ɧɫɬɜɟ ɦɹ ɧɟ ɜɭɱɵɥɿ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹɣ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ ɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹɩɚɥɹɤɿɿɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ

354

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ ɞɡɹɤɭɸɱɵ ɝɷɬɚɦɭ ɡɚ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɝɟɪɨɹʆ ɹ ɥɿɱɵʆ ɧɟ

ɬɨɥɶɤɿɬɵɯ ɲ ɬɨɛɭɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɭ ɚɥɟ ɿ  ɬɚɝɨ ɯɬɨ ɦɟʆɫɹ Ʌɿɬɜɭ

ɚɞ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɚɞɚɪɜɚɰɶ ² ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ ȼɿɬɚʆɬɚ  >«@ ȱ ɤɚɥɿ ɛ

ɫɺɧɧɹ ɦɹɧɟ ɡɚɩɵɬɚɥɿ ɤɿɦ ɹ ʆ ɝɥɵɛɿɧɿ ɫɷɪɰɚ ɚɞɱɭɜ ɚɸ ɫɹɛɟ  ɹ

ɫɤɚɡɚʆ ɛɵ ɲ ɬɨ ɱɭɸɫɹ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɿɧɚɦ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɝɚɧɟɪɚɡɪɵʆɧɚ ɡɥɭɱɚɧɚɝɚ ɭɧɿɹɣ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɣ Ʉɚɥɿ ɛɚɱɭ ɲɬɚɧ

ɞɚɪ ɡ Ⱥɪɥɨɦ ɚɥɟ ɛɟɡɉɚɝɨɧɿ  ɲɬɨ ɥɭɧɚɟ ɬɭɬ ɧɚ Ɂɚɦɤɚɜɚɣ Ƚɚɪɵ

ɚɞɱɭɜɚɸ ɝɷɬɚ ɹɤ ɤɪɵʆɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɹɛɟª

ɉɪɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɪɷɮɟɪɚɬ ɩɪɷɫɚ ɇɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ Ⱦɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɿ ɩɿɫɚ

ɥɚ  ɲɬɨ ɺɧ ©ɩɟɪɚɜɵɫɿʆ ɧɚɣɝɨɪɲɵɹ ɱɚɤɚɧɧɿª

 Ɋɷɚɥɶɧɵ ʆɩɥɵʆ

Ɇ  Ɂɞɡɹ ɯɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɵʆ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɧɟɜɹɥɿɤɿ

ɍ ɩɚɫɥɹɜ ɚɟɧɧɚɣ ɪɷɱɚɿɫɧɚɫɰɿ ɭɧɿɣɧɚɹ  ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɹ ɡɚɡɧɚɥɚ ɤɪɚɯ

Ɇɚɥɚɞɚɹ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɚɞɜɵɲɚɥɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɭɸ ɜɚɪɬɚɫɰɶ

ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɭɸ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɸ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ

ɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɥɿ  ɹɝɨɧɵɹ  ɦɟɠɵ ɧɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɡɟ ɞɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɞɚ ȼɹ ɡɶɦɵ ɚ ɧɚ

ɩɨʆɞɧɿ ² ɞɚ ɱɚɪɧɚɦɨɪɫɤɿɯ ɫɬɷɩɚʆ ɒɬɨ ɹ ɦɭ ɩɪɵɧɟɫɥɚ ɭɧɿɹ 

ɚɤɪɚɦɹ ɞɷɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɧɚɣɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɯ ɫɥɚɺʆ" ɍ ɫɜ ɚɸ ɱɚɪ

ɝɭ  ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɵ ɚɯɜ ɨɬɧɚ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɸɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ

ɯɭɬɱɷɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɚɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɸ Ɍɚɤ ɋɚɤ

ɪɚɬ ə ɧɨɜɿɱ ɩɿ ɲɚ ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɚ © Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɜɵɪɚɲɚɥɚ ɚɛ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ Ʌ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦª  ɚ ɩɟɪɲɵɦ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɛɵʆ ɇɚɜɚɝ

ɪɚɞɚɤ  ɪɚɡɦɟɲɱɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɣ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵ ɿ

 Ʉɨɥɶ

ɤɚɫɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɝɚ ©ɪɭɫɤɚɣª  ɰɿ ɫɬɚɪɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɫɬɵɯɿɿ  ɞɡɹɪ

ɠɚʆɧɚɹ  ɦɨɜ ɚ ɿ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɚ ² ɭɫɺ ɝɷɬɚ ɩɚɜ ɿɧɧɚ ɜɟɫɰɿ ɞɚ ɜɵɫɧɨɜ ɵ

ɲɬɨ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ

ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹɣ  ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ ʆɥɿɱɜɚɸɱɵ  ɲ ɬɨ ɛɚɥɶɲ ɵɧɹ ɤɧɹɫɤɿɯ ɿ

ɩɚɧɫɤɿɯ ɪɨɞɚʆ ɜ ɵɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ

ɍ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɚɩɭɥɹ ɪɧɚɫɰɶ ɭɧɿɣɧɚɣ ɿɞɷɿ

ʆɩɥɵɜɚɥɿ ɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɹ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɿ  ɇɹɦɚɥɚ ɞɚʆɧɿɯ ɹ ɟ ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶɧ

ɿɤɚʆ ɚɞɜɹɪɧɭɥɿɫɹ  ɚɞ ɹɟ  ɤɚɥɿ ʆ Ʌɿɬɜɟ  ɡɜɚɧɚɣ Ʉɨɜɟɧɫɤɚɸ ɛɵɥɚ

ɩɪɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɚɹ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚ ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɡɦɟɧɲɵ ɥɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ

ɫɮɟɪɭ ʆɩɥɵɜɭ  ɍ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɭɪ¶ ɺɡɧɚ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɚ ɜɹɥɿ ɤɚɹ

ʆɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɶ ɚ ɥɿɲ ɤɿ  ɩɚɞɡɟɥɟɧɵ ɩɚɦɿ ɠ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɦɿ ɫɹ ɥɹ ɧɚɦɿ ɍ

ɱɚɫɬɰɵ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɣ ɞɭɦɤɿ ɿɧɫɩɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɚɣ ɡɹɦɹ ɧɫɤɿ ɦ

ɚɫɹɪɨɞɞɡɟɦ ɿ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɚɣɡ ɿɦ ɱɚɫɬɤɚɣ ɿɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɰɵɿ ɝɷɬɚ ɚɰɷɧɶɜɚ

ɥɚɫɹ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɹɤ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚ ɉɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ɞɭɦɤɿ ɛɚɥɶ

ɲɵɧɿ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɬɭɝɿ ɩɚ ɭɧɿɿ ɡɚɧɹɥɚ ɚɧɬɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ  ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɹ ɹɤɚɹ

ɞɚɦɿɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɭ ʆɫɹɝɨ ɦɿɠɜ ɚɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɞɜɚɰɰɚɰɿɝɨɞɞɡɹ  ə ɧɚ

ɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɚɛ ɫɚɛɟɡɧɚɰɶ ɿʆ ɩɟɪɲ ɵ ɝɨɞ ,, ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ ɲɬɨ

ɩɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɟ ɿ ɉ Ʌɚɫɨʆɫɤɿ

355

ɇɹɞɨʆɝɚɟ ɥɿɫɬɚɩɚɞ  ɝ ² ɱɷɪɜɟɧɶ  ɝ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ

ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɭ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɚɠɵɜɿɥɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɱɤɨʆɰɚʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ  ʆɛɚɱɵɥɿ ɲɚɧɟɰ

ɩɪɵ ɜ ɟɫɰɿ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚʆ ɡ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚɦɿ  ɞɚ ɩɚɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɣ

ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɧɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜ ɟ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɧɧɹ  ɩɪɵɹɪɵɬɷɬɭ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɯ ɿɧɬɚ

ɪɷɫɚʆ ȼɿɥɶɧɹ ɦɪɨɿɥɚɫɹ ɿɦ ɹɤ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɚ ɡɝɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ʆɫɿɯ ɧɚɪɨ

ɞɚʆ  ɲɬɨ ɧɚɫɹɥɹɥɿ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɿ ɜɿ ɥɟɧɫɤɭɸ ɚɤɪɭɝɭ ɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɹɤ

ɹɛɥɵ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɚɞɭ ȱɧɿɰɵ ɹɬɵɜɵ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɪɚɛɿɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɭ

ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ Ɇ  Ɋ ɨɦɷɪɚɦ ɫɭɬɵɤɚɥɿɫɹ  ɡ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿɜɚɦ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿ

ɫɬɵɱɧɵ ɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɭ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɚɩɚɪɚɰɟ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɿ

ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɫɰɿ Ɂɦɨɜ ɵ  ɲ ɤɨɥɶ

ɧɵɹ  ɫɬɪɚɣɤɿ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɜɵɜ ɭɱɷɧɧɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɦɨɜɵ  ɹɤɿ ɹ  ɦɧɨ

ɠɵɥɿɫɹ  ɧɚɫɭɩɟɪɚɤ ɚɫɰɹ ɪɨɝɚɦ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ʆɪɚɞɭ ɧɚ ɷɦɿɝɪɚɰɵɿ

ɜɚɪɨɠɚɟ ɿ  ɧɹɪɷɞɤɚ ɩɚɝɚɪɞɥɿɜɚɟ ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɞɚ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɫɬɜɚ

ɪɚɥɿ ɚɬɦɚɫɮɟɪɭ  ɹɤɭɸ ɦɿ ɧɿɫɬɪ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ,, Ɋ ɷɱɵ

ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɿ ɲ ɦɚɬɝɚɞɨɜɵ ɪɷɤɬɚɪ ɍɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚ ɋɬɷɮɚɧɚ Ȼɚɬɨ

ɪɵɹ ȼɿɬɚɥɶɞ ɋɬɚɧɟɜɿɱ ɚɰɷɧɶ ɜɚʆ ɝɷɬɤɿɦɿ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɿ ©Ɍɪɷɛɚ ɩɪɵ ɡ

ɧɚɰɶ ɛɟɫɫɬɚɪɨɧɧɚ ɿ ɫɩɪɚɜɹɞɥɿɜɚ  ɲ ɬɨ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɵ ɩɫɿɯɿɱɧɵ ɫɬɚɧ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ʆ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɧɹɥɺɝɤɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɩɚɧɚɜɚɰɶ ɿ ɲ ɬɨ

ɩɚɜɨɞɡɿɧɵ ɜɿ ɥɟɧɫɤɚɣ ɜɭɥɿɰɵ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɫɥɭɲɧɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɤɚɜ ɚɰɶ

ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆª

 ɏɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɡɭɸɱɵ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɭɸ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ ɦɟɧ

ɬɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ Ɇɿɥɚɲ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ ɹɟ ɹ ɤanima naturaliter endeciana

©Ⱦɭɲ ɚ ɚɞ ɩɪɵɪɨɞɵ ɷɧɞɷɰɤɚɹ ª ² ɩɟɪɚɪɨɛɤɚ ɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɝɚ ɜɵ

ɤɚɡɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɜ  Ⱥʆɝɭɫɰɿɧɚ: «Ⱦɭɲ ɚ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɱɚɹ ɚɞ ɩɪɵɪɨɞɵ ɯɪɵ 

ɫɰɿɹɧɤɚª ² ɉɟɪ). «ɍ XX ɫɬ ² ɞɚɞɚɟ ɺɧ ² ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɫɬɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɞɚ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚ ɧɹɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹ ʆ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɭɪ

ɧɨɸ ɛɨ ȼɿɥɶɧɹ ɿ Ʌɶɜɨʆ ɠɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɧɤɥɚɜɚɦɿª

Ⱥɥɟ ɹ ɤɪɚɡ ɡ ɮɚɤɬɭ ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵ ɥɿ ɚɧɤɥɚɜɵ ɜ ɵɧɿɤɚɥɚ

ɲɬɨ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ  ɹɤɿɹ ɿɯ ɧɚɫɹ ɥɹɥɿ ɮɚɪɦɚɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ ²

ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɪɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɦɿ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɦɨɜ ɚɦɿ  ɚ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɿ ɧɚɫɭɩɟɪɚɤ

ɿɦ ² ɭ ɜ ɹɥɿɤɚɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ ɷɦɨɰɵɹ ɦɿ  ɋɹ ɪɨɞ ɿɯ ɞɚɦɿɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɹɤ ɹ

ɦɹ ɪɤɭɸ ɩɚɱɭɰɰɺ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɵ ɛɨ ɬɭɬ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɫɰɶ ɛɵɜɚɥɚ ɩɚɞ

ɩɚɝɪɨɡɚɸ ɧɚɣɦɚɰɧɟɣ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɰɟɣ  ɉɪɚɰɿʆɧɿ ɤɚɦ

ɹ ɟ ɛɵʆ ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ ɪɭɫɿɮɿɤɚɬɚɪɡɚɯɨɩɧɿɤ  ɩɨɬɵ ɦ ɫɹ ɥɹɧɫɤɿ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɹ ɤɿ ɛɭɞɡɿʆɫɹ ɞɚ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɝɚ ɠɵɰɰɹ ɹɤɿ ɫɬɪɚɰɿʆ

ɫɜɚɟ ɧɚɣɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɹ ɫɥɚɿ ɿ ɚɞɱɭɜɚʆ ɫɹ ɛɟ ɩɪɚɡ ɝɷɬɚ ɡɝɚɥɟɥɵɦ

ɚɦɚɥɶ  ɚɛɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɵɦ ɉɚɞɨɛɧɚ  ɯɨɰɶ  ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɿ ɦɟɧɲ ɿɧɬɷɧɫɿʆ

ɧɚ ɫɬɚɹɥɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɿ ɡ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ Ⱥɫɨɛɧɭɸ ɬɪɚɝɿɱ

ɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɪɨɧɤɭ ɡɚɩɿɫɚɥɿ ɝɚɞɵ ,,ɫɭɫɜ ɟɬɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ  ɩɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ

ɚɞ  ɜɟɪɚɫɧɹ  ɝ  Ⱥɞɤɚɡɚɦ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɹ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɜɵɜɹ ɪ

ɠɷɧɧɿ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɬɪɵ ɹ ɬɵ ɡɦɭ ɡ ɜɵɫɨɤɿɦ ɩɚɱɭɰɰɺɜɵɦ ɧɚ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹɩɚɥɹɤɿɿɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ

356

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɩɪɭɠɚɧɧɟɦ ɚɩɨɲ ɧɹɟ ² ɭɥɟɬɤɭ ɝ  ɭ ɞɧɿ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɹ Ⱥɪɦɿɿ

Ʉɪɚɺɜɚɣ ɡɚ ȼ ɿɥɶɧɸ

Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɧɚɣɚɝɭɥɶɧɟɣ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ʆɫɜɟɞɚɦɥɟɧɧɟ ɚɫɚɛɥɿ

ɜɚɣ ɪɨɥɿ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɩɚɦɟɠɠɚ ɜɵ ɧɿɤɚɥɚ ɡ ɬɚɝɨ ɲ ɬɨ ɹɧɵ ɚɞɱɭɜɚɥɿ

ɫɹɛɟ ɹɤ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɧɭɬɵɦ ɪɷɞɭɰɟ  Ɇɿɫɿɹ  ɹ ɤɭɸ ɹ ɧɵ ɦɟɥɿɫɹ

ɡɞɡɟɣɫɧɿɰɶ  ɦɚɝɥɚ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɨʆɜɚɰɰɚ ɩɚɪɨɡɧɚɦɭ ɋɩɨɫɚɛ

ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɛɵʆ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɵ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚɸ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɚʆ  ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɩɪɚɞɜɵ 

ɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɚɤ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿ  ɿ ɪɚɲɷɧɹʆ ɭ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɮɨɪ

ɦɚʆ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɛɵɰɰɹ  ɝɷɬɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ Ɍ ɚɦɭ ɺɧ ɦɨɝ ɩɪɚɹʆɥɹ ɰ

ɰɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɦɟɧɲ ɬɪɚɹɤɚ  ɭ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɹɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɱɤɨʆɰɚʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ ʆɥɿɱɜɚɥɿ

ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɿ  ɫɭɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ʆɫɿɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ

Ʌɿɬɜɵ ʆ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɵ   ɭ ɜɵɝɥɹ ɞɡɟ ɤɚɧɬɚ

ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ Ʌ ɿɬɜɵ  ɡɥɭɱɚɧɚɣ ɩɨɜɹɡɡɸ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ ɡ

ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɚɣ ɲɬɨ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɜɚɥɚ ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɝɭ ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦ

ɿ  ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ   ɭ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ ȼɿɥɟɧɲɱɵɧɵ ɿ ɇɚɜ ɚɝɪɚɞɱɵɧɵ ʆ

ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɭ

Ɇɿ ɧɭʆɲɱɵɧɚ ɿ ɫɺɧɧɹɲɧɿ ɞɡɟɧɶ

ɏɨɞ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɩɟɪɚɤɪɷɫɥɿʆ ɭɫɟ ɬɪɵ  ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɿ Ɇɿ ɧɭʆɲɱɵ

ɧɚ ɩɚɤɿɧɭɥɚ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɫɥɟɞ ɧɚ ɫɺɧɧɹɲɧɿɦ ɞɧɿ Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɭɸ

ɪɨɥɸ ɚɞɵɝɪɚʆ ɮɚɤɬ ɲɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɺɫɰɵ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɚ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚ

ɥɿɫɹ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɣɧɵɹ ɡɜɵ ɱɚɿ ɉɚɦɿɠ ©ɬɭɬɷɣɲ ɵɦɿª  ɹɤɿɹ ɫɯɿɥɹɥɿɫɹ

ɞɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɫɰɿ  ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚɦɿɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚɦɿ  ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚɦɿ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɚɥɟ

ɿ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɰɚɦɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵɹ  ɛɚɪ¶ɟɪɵ ɧɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɛɵ ɥɿ

² ɿ ɺɫɰɶ ² ɜɵɪɚɡɧɵɹ  əɲɱɷ ɜɚʆɫɟɚɝɭɥɶɧɵ ɦ ɩɟɪɚɩɿɫɟ  ɝ

ɭ ɚɩɵɬɚɥɶ ɧɿɤɭ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɦɚɝɱɵ ɦɚɫɰɶ ɚɞɤɚɡɭ ©ɬɭɬɷɣ

ɲɵª ɧɚ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɩɪɚ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ ɍ ɥɿɫɬɚɯ ɱɵɬɚɱɨʆ ɭ ɜɿɥɟɧ

ɫɤɚɣ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɦɨʆɧɚɣ ɩɪɷɫɟ ɱɵɬɚɟɦ © Ɇɵ  ɞɨɫɵɰɶ  ɱɚɫɬɚ ʆɠɵ

ɜɚɥɿ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɚɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɚɥɟ ʆ ɬɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ ɲɬɨ ɦɚɟɦ ɦɹ ɫɰɨɜɚɟ

ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ >«@ Ƚɷɬɚ ɡɭɫɿɦ ɧɟ ɚɡɧɚɱɚɟ ɲɬɨ ɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɟ ɧɚɰɵ

ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿª  ɉɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿ ɰ

ɬɜ ɚ Ⱦɡɹɪɠɤɚɦɫɬɚɬ ɋ ɋɋɊ  ɞɚɩɨʆɧɿʆ ɫɩɿɫ ɦɨɜɚʆ  ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɹɤɿɦ

ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɜɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɜ ɵɧɿ ɤɿ ɩɟɪɚɩɿɫɭ  ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɸ ɦɨɜɚɣ ɍ

ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɤɚɥɿ ©ɬɭɬɷɣɲɵª ɩɚɞɚɜɚʆ ɹɤ ɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɦɨɜ ɭ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ

ɹɦɭ ʆɩɿɫɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ

ɇɚ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɷɧɧɟ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿ ɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɠɵɰ

ɰɺ ɩɚɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɚʆ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚɫɹ  ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɯ

Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ ɿ Ȼ ɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɧɟɡɪɚʆɧɚɧɚ ɥɟɩɲ ɱɵɦ ɜɚ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɟ  ɍ ɜɵɧɿ ɤɭ

ɩɪɵ ɜ ɹɡɚɧɚɫɰɶ ɞɚ ɪɨɞɧɚɝɚ ɤɪɚɸ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɚɞɵɝɪɵɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɯ

357

ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɭ ɦɨɦɚɧɬ ɜɵ ɛɚɪɭ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ Ƚɷɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɿ ɦɹɫ

ɰɨɜɵɹ ʆɥɚɞɵ  ʆ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɿȻɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɧɟ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɹɥɿɫɹ ɞɚ ɬɚɤ ɡɜ ɚ

ɧɵ ɯ ɧɟɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚ ɚɤɰɵɹʆ ɪɷɩɚɬɪɵɹɰɵɿ  ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ ɜɹ ɫɤɨɜɚɝɚ

ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ  ɉɪɵɱɵ ɧɵ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɛɵɰɶ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ  ɮɚɤɬ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɬɨɣ

ɲɬɨ ɩɟɪɚɫɹ ɥɟɧɧɟ ɡ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ± ɝɝ  ɧɟ ɚɯɚ

ɩɿ ɥɚ ² ɭ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɚɞ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɵ ² ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ

ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜ ɚ  ɍ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɚɩɿɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿ ɰɬɜɚ  ɝ  ɩɚɤɚɡɚʆ

ɬɵɫ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚʆ  ɲ ɬɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɟ  ɭɫɿɯ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ɉɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɿ

ɩɟɪɚɩɿ ɫ  ɝ  ɩɚɤɚɡɜɚʆ ɬɵɫ  ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɚɞ

ɧɚɤ  ɭɫɹ ɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜ ɚ  ȼɨɫɶ  ɠɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚ

ɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɦɟɧɲɵ ɱɵ ɦ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɵ ɪɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿ ɰɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɜɵ Ɍɵɦ

ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ  ɭ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɩɚɥɹɤɿ ʆ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɰɶ ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶ

ɧɭɸ ɿ ɤɚɦɩɚɤɬɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɯɨɰɶ ɩɪɚɰɷɧɬ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚʆ  ɞɥɹ ɹɤɿɯ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɹ  ɦɨɜ ɚ ² ɪɨɞɧɚɹ  ɩɚɜɨɥɿ ɡɦɹɧɲɚɟɰɰɚ ɍ  ɝ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɜɭ ɧɚɡɜɚɥɿ ɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɭɠɵɜɚɧɚɣ ɞɨɦɚ   ɩɚɥɹ

ɤɚʆ ɭ ɝ ² ɭɠɨ  ɚ ʆ  ɝ ²  ȼɵɪɚɫ ɚɞɧɚɤ

ɩɪɚɰɷɧɬ ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɸɰɶ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɚɣ

ɡ  ɞɚ  

5 7

  Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ  ɲ ɬɨ ɰɹɩɟɪɚɲɧɹɟ

ɚɠɵ ʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɝɚ ɿ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣɧɚɝɚ ɠɵɰɰɹ

ɪɚɡɜ ɿɰɰɺ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɲɤɨɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɩɪɷɫɵ ɫɬɜɨ

ɪɚɰɶ  ɫɩɪɵɹɥɶ ɧɟɣɲɵɹ  ɜɚɪɭɧɤɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɟ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ ʆ

Ʌɿ ɬɜɟ ɿ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɦɨɜ ɵ ɞɥɹ ɹɟ ɩɥɺɧɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɡ ɥɿ ɬɨʆ

ɰɚɦɿ  Ɋɨɫɬ ɤɨɥɶ ɤɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚɜ ɚɥɨɞɚɸɰɶ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɚɣ ² ɞɨɛɪɵ ɡɧɚɤ ɭ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ

ȱɧɚɱɚɣ ɿɞɭɰɶ  ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɞɷɦɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɵ  ʆ Ȼɟ

ɥɚɪɭɫɿ Ɍɭɬ ɭ  ɝ ɩɪɚ ɫɜɚɸ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ ɡɚɹɜɿɥɿ

 ɬɵɫ  ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ɚɥɟ ʆ  ɝ ɿɯ ɤɨɥɶ ɤɚɫɰɶ ɭɩɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɬɵɫ

ɚ ʆ ɝ ɜɵɪɚɫɥɚ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɚɮɿɰɵɣɧɵɦɿ ɡɜɟɫɬɤɚɦɿ ɞɚ  ɬɵɫ

Ɂ ɿɯ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɞɚɥɿ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɜɭ ɹɤ ɭɠɵɜɚɧɭɸ

ɞɨɦɚ ɭ  ɝ  ²  ɩɪɵ ɬɵɦ ɲɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɹɤ ɬɪɵ ɱɜɷɪɰɿ

ɩɚɞɚɥɿ  ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɜɭ  ɚ ɚɫɬɚɬɧɿɹ ² ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɪɚɫɿ ɣ-

ɫɤɭɸ

 Ƚ ɷɬɚ ɹɤ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ  ɜɵɧɿ ɤɚɟ ɡ ɪɨɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɦɨɜɚʆ,

ɭɫɺ ɹɲɱɷ ɧɟɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɝɪɷɫɭ ɧɚɰɵɹɬɜɨɪɱɵ ɯ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚʆ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɵɯ

ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹɯ ɚ ʆɪɷɲɰɟ ɿ ɡ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɰɿɫɤɭ  ȼɵ ɡɧɚɱɚɥɶ ɧɿɤɚɦ

ɿɧɲɚɣ ɱɵɦ ɭ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɿ ɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɸ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɹ

ɫɬɚɱɚ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ² ɭ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɚɞ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ² ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɦɨʆɧɚɣ

ɩɪɷɫɵ ɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ  Ɍɨɥɶɤɿ  ʆ ± ɧɚɜɭɱɚɥɶ

ɧɵɦɝɨɞɡɟ ʆ Ƚɚɪɚɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɣ ɜɨɛɥɚɫɰɿ ʆɡɧɿɤɥɿ ʆ ɲɤɨɥɚɯɤɥɚɫɵ ɡ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɚɣ ɧɚɜɭɱɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɹɤɿɯ ɜɭɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɩɨɥɶɫɤɭ  ɞɡɹ

ɰɟɣ

 Ɍɪɷɛɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ ɲ ɬɨ ɧɹ ɞɚʆɧɚ ʆɡɧɿɤɥɵɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɹ ɝɪɚ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹɩɚɥɹɤɿɿɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ

358

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɦɚɞɫɤɿɹ  ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɿ ɚɠɵʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɚɝɚ ɠɵɰɰɹ  ɚɞɤɪɵɜɚ

ɸɰɶ ɩɷʆɧɵɹ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɵɜɵ ɞɥɹ  ɛɭɞɭɱɵɧɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɫɰɿ ʆ Ȼ ɟɥɚ

ɪɭɫɿ

** *

Ɍɚɤ ɭ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ ɚɞɝɭɤɚɸɰɰɚ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɵ ɹ ɤɿɦ ɞɚʆ ɩɚɱɚɬɚɤ

ɧɚ ɫɯɿɥɟ XIV ɫɬ  Ʉɪɷʆɫɤɿ ɚɤɬ ɿ ɤɚɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹʆ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ

ɭɦɚɰɚɜɚɥɚ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɹ  ɭɧɿɹ ² ɩɪɚɰɷɫɵ  ɧɚɥɟɠɧɵɹ ɞɚ ɝɿɫɬɨ

ɪɵɿ ɩɚɪɨɡɧɚɦɭ ɿɧɬɷɪɩɪɷɬɚɜ ɚɧɚɣ ɿ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɿ ² ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɟ

ɚɞɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ² ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɯɨɰɶ ɧɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ  ɮɚɪɦɚ

ɜɚɥɿ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ ɧɚɞ ɇɺɦɚɧɚɦ  Ⱦ ɡɜɿɧɨɸ ɿ

ȼɟɪɯɧɿɦ Ⱦɧɹɩɪɨɦ ə ɧɚ ɞɚɜɨɞɡɿɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɩɚɱɭɰɰɺ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ

ɧɚɣ ɬɨɟɫɧɚɫɰɿ ɧɟ ɦɭɫɿɥɚ ɿɫɰɿ ʆ ɩɚɪɵ ɡ ɚɛɫɚɥɸɬɵɡɚɰɵ ɹɣ ɧɚɪɨ

ɞɚ ɡ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɡɦɚɦ ɇɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ ɩɪɵɜɹɡɚɧɚɫɰɶ

ɞɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɦɨɜ ɵ ɿ ɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɚɣ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵ ɿ  ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɵ

ɩɚɬɪɵɹɬɵɡɦ ɛɵɥɿ ² ɿ ɺɫɰɶ  ² ɜɚɪɬɚɫɰɹ ɦɿ ɬɪɵɜɚɥɵɦɿ ɚɥɟ ɹɧɵ

ɧɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɥɿ ʆɥɿɤɭ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚʆ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ  ɚɥɟ

ɿ ɬɵ ɯ ɡ ɹɤɿɦɿ ɹ ɦɭ ɞɚɜɹɥɨɫɹ ɫɭɿɫɧɚɜɚɰɶ ɉɨɲɭɤ ɚɛɚɜ ɹɡɤɨɜ ɵɯ

ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫɚʆ  ɩɚɲɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɥɭɲɧɵɯ ɿ ɧɬɚɪɷɫɚʆ ɿ ɧɲɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ

ɫɤɥɚɞɚɟ ɚɫɧɨɜɭ ɪɷɝɿɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɩɨɜɹ ɡɿ  ɹɤɚɹ ɜɹɤɚɦɿ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɨʆɜɚ

ɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ Ƚɷɬɚ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ

ɬɵɱɵɰɰɚ ɫɭɿ ɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɜɿ ɡɚɧɬɵɣɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɨ

ɥɚʆ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɿ ² ɤɚɬɚɥɿ ɰɵɡɦɭ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɹ

 ɋɺɧɧɹ  ɭ

ɩɚɪɭ ɩɪɚɝɪɷɫɭ ɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɚɣ ɿɧɬɷɝɪɚɰɵɿ  ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɷɤɚɧɚ

ɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɟɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɲɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲ  ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɣ ɿ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶ

ɧɚɣ ɿɧɬɷɝɪɚɰɵɿ  ɜɚɪɬɚ ɩɪɵɝɚɞɚɰɶ ɿ ɡɞɚɛɵɰɶ ɬɨɟ ɲɬɨ ɬɪɵ ɜɚɥɚ

ʆ ɦɿɧɭʆɲ ɱɵɧɟ ɧɚɲɚɝɚ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɭ ² ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚȸɫɯɨɞɧɹ ɣ ȿʆ

ɪɨɩɵ 

M. H andelsman. 5R]ZyMQDU RGRZRĞ FLQRZRF]HVQ HM. ɟ ɜɵɞ ²

1924) Warszawa, 1977.

7čHSNRZVNLPolska — na rodziny nowoczesnego n arodu 1764–

1870. Warszaw a, 1967.

M. H andelsman. 5R]ZyMQDU RGRZRĞ FLQRZRF]HVQ HM. S. 8– 11.

J. Szacki. Ojczyzna, naró d, rewol ucja. Warszawa, 1962 . S. 2 52.

R. Aron . Pai x et guerre entr e les na tion s. P aris , 19 62. P. 2 67.

(ɏɚɱɭ ɡɚʆɜɚɠɵɰɶɲɬɨ ȻɁɟɧɬɚɪɚ>ɧɚɩ ɪ %=LHQ WDUDĝ ZL WQ DU RG yZ

359

HXURSHMVNLFK3RZVWDZDQLHĞZLDGRP RĞFLQDURGRZHMQDREV] DU]H(XURS\

SR NDUR OLĔ VNLHM. Warszaw a, 198 5. S. 1 8] ɩɚɫɬɚɜɿʆ ɩɚɞ ɫɭ ɦɧɟʆɩɚɧɹɰɰɟ

ɫɬɚɧɭ ɩɚɦɿɠɩ ɥɟɦ ɟɧɟɦ ɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɦɧɚɪɨɞɚɦª ɉɚɝ ɚɞɠ ɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɡɹɝ ɨ

ɧɚɸ ɬɷ ɡɚɸɧɿɛ ɵɬɚ ɧɚɪɨ ɞɵɿ ɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ʆɠɨ ʆɫɹɪ ɷɞ ɧɹɜɟɱɧ ɚɣȿ ʆɪ ɨɩɟ

ɥɿ ɱɭɲɬɨ ɬɷ ɪɦɿ ɧ© ɧɚɰɵɹª  ɩɪɵɞɚɬɧ ɵ ɚɥɟɧɟɹɤ ɧɚɡ ɜɚ © ɮɟɚɞɚɥ ɶɧɚɝɚ

ɧɚɪ ɨɞ ɚª  ɚ ɞɥ ɹ ɚɤɪɷ ɫɥ ɟɧ ɧɹɫɭɩ ɨɥ ɶɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɹɤɿ ɹ ɜɵɣɲɥɿ  ʆɠɨ ɲɦɚɬ

ɜɹɤɨ ʆ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɫɚ ɫɬ ɚɞ ɵɿ ɩɥ ɟɦ ɹɧɧɨɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ  ɚɞɧɚɤɡ ɩ ɪɵɱ ɵɧ ɵ ɪɨ ɡɧɵɯ

ɩɪ ɵɱ ɵɧɵɚɡ ɧɚɱɷɧɧɟɊȺɪ ɨɧ ɚɤɚɪɵɫɧ ɚɟ ɞɥ ɹɜɵɡɧ ɚɱ ɷɧɧ ɹ ɞɚɫɥɟɞ ɚɜɚ

ɧɚɣɪ ɷɱɚɿ ɫɧɚɫɰɿ )

J. Bard ach. O po wstani u nowo czesneg o naro du lit ewskiego // O

dawnej i niedawnej Litwie3R ]QDĔ 6 

S. Kieni ewicz. Ro zwyM SROV NLHM ĞZL DGRPR ĞFL QDUR GRZHMZ ;,;

wieku (ɪɷɮɟɪɚɬɩɪɚɱɵɬɚɧɵɧ ɚ;ɍɫɟɚɝɭɥ ɶɧɵɦ ɡ¶ɟɡɞɡɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯɝɿɫɬɨ

ɪɵɤɚʆɭ ɝ// +LVW RU\NDĞ ZLDGRPR ĞüQDURG RZD. Warszaw a, 19 82.

S. 69 n.; ,G HHL NRQ FHSFMHQ DURG XZ SROV NLHMP\ĞOL SROL W\F] QHM F]DV yZ

porozbio rowych:VWĊS$:DOLFNLHJR:DUV ]DZD -.XUF]HZVND

Naród w socjologii i ideologii polskiej. Warszaw a, 1979.

ɉɪɚɝɷ ɬɚ²J. J. W iatr. NaróGLSD ĔVWZR6RFMR ORJLF]QHSU REOHP\

ɫɜɹɞɨ ɦɚɫɰ ɶ ɜɵɪɚɫɥ ɚ ɡ ɷɬɧɿ ɱɧ ɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨ ɦɚɫɰ ɿ ɿ ɚɞ ɪɨ ɡɧ ɿɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɚɞ ɹɟ

ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲɬɵɦɲɬɨ ɦɚɟɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɸ ɫɭ ɜɟɪ ɷɧ ɧɚɫɰɿ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɚɧɚɰɵɿɩɚ

ɝɥ ɵɛ ɥɟɧ ɚɝɚɩɚɱɭ ɰɰɹɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧ ɚɣ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɥɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧ ɚɞ ɡɹɪ

ɠɚʆɧ ɚɣɬɪ ɚɞ ɵɰ ɵɿ ª 

T. àepk owski . Pol ska — narodz iny no woczes nego n arodu…. S.

²ɧɚɣ ɩɚ ʆɧɟɣɲɵɹ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɬɪ ɭɤɬɭɪ ɚɣ ɦ ɟɫɰɿ ɥɿ ɫɹ ɧɚ ȼɿ ɥɟɧɲ 

ɱɵɧɟ ɉɚɥɹɤɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɬ ɭɬ ɭ ɡɚɥ ɟɠ ɧɚɫɰ ɿ ɚɞ ɩɚɜɟɬɚ ɚɞ  ±   ɞɚ

 ɚɧ ɚɜɚɬ L ɛɨ ɥɟɣ ɹɤɭ ɦɟɫɬɚɯɡ ȼɿɥɶɧɹɸ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɬɚɤɿ ɧɚ ɜɺɫ

ɥɟɧɫ ɤɚɹ ɜɺɫɤɚ ɭ ɲɵɪɨ ɤɿ ɦ ɪɚɡ ɭɦ ɟɧɧɿ ɝ ɷɬɚɝɚɚɡɧ ɚɱ ɷɧɧɹª 

ɉ ɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ ² H . Tursk a. -Ċ] \NS R OV NL Q D : LO HĔV ]F]\Ĩni e / /

: L OQR L ]LHPá DZLOHĔVND. T. I. W iln o  6  L ɿ ɧɲɵɹ ɩɚɡ ɧɟɣ

ɲɵɹ ɩɪɚɰɵ ʆWy bór pism (1 945– 1962 ). Torun , 19 84.

F. Siel icki. 5HJLRQGRáKLQRZVNREXGVáDZVNRNU]\ZLFNLQDGDZQHM

: LOHĔV]F]\Ĩ QLH.U RQLNDK LVWRU\F]QD: URFáDZ  6 

Ɏɋɹɥ ɿɰɤɿ ɩɚɞ ɚɟ ɲɬɨ  ɩɚɞ ɱɚɫ ɭɫɟɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɝɚɩɟɪɚɩɿ ɫɭɧ ɚɫɟɥ ɶ

ɜɚɫɥ ɚʆɧɵɯɡ ɚɩɿɫɚɥ ɿɫɚɛ ɟ ɩɨ ɥɶɫɤɭ ɸ ɧɚɰ ɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɶª Ⱥ ɧɚɥ ɿɡ ɡ ɜɟɫ

ɬɚɤɬɪ ɨɯ ɚɩɿ ɫɚɧɵɯ ɝɦɿɧ  ɩ ɥ ɸɫɜɚɫɶɦɿ  ɫɭ ɦɟɠɧ ɵɯ ɞɚɡ ɜɚɥɹɟ ɚʆɬ ɚɪ ɭ

ɦɹɲɚɧɚɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿ ɰɬ ɜɚɧ ɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɭ ɸ ɫɜɹɞ ɨɦɚɫɰɶ ɿɯɠ ɵɯɚɪ ɚɦ ɱ ɚ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹɩɚɥɹɤɿɿɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ

360

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɲɵɹª Ʌɹɝɱ ɷɣ ɚɤɪ ɷɫɥɿ ɰɶ ɛɵɥɨ ɤɚɧɮ ɟɫɿɣ ɧɭ ɸ ɫɜɹɞɨ ɦɚɫɰ ɶ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭ 

ɪ ɭɫ ɤɿ ɹª ɚɥɟ ɦɨ ɜɚ ɚɛ ɟɞ ɡɜɸɯ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɝ ɪ ɭɩɚʆɛ ɵɥɚʆ ɩɪ ɵɧɰɵɩ ɟ ɚɞ 

ɧɨ ɥɶɤɚɜɚɹ ɛɟɥɚɪ ɭɫɤɚɹ ɯɨ ɰɶɤɚɬɚɥɿ ɤɿ ʆɠ ɵɜɚɥɿ ɛ ɨɥ ɟɣ ɩɨ ɥɶɫɤɿ ɯ ɫɥ ɨ

ɜɚʆ ɚɫɚɛ ɥɿ ɜɚʆɥ ɟɤɫɿ ɰɵ ɹɤɚɹɬɵɱ ɵɥɚɫɹɪ ɷɥ ɿɝɿ ɣɧɚɟɫɮɟɪɵª ɬɚɦɫɚ

ɦɚɫ 

J. Malec. Pr ob lem sto su nku Pol ski do Li twy w dob ie S ej mu

W ielkiego (1788–1792). « Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne» . 1982. T. 34.

Z. 1 . S. 44 –49.

W. Wielhorski. /L WZLQ L% LDá RUXV LQL L3 RODF\ZG]L HMD FKNXOWX U\

W. Ks. Litews ki eg o / / Al ma Mat er Vi ln en si s. L on do n, 19 51 . T. 2 . S.

2 5–   ɚɫɚɛ ɥɿ ɜɚ ɫ   ±    ɺɧɠ ɚ 6 WR V XQ NL Q DU RG R ZR Ğ FL R ZH

Z\]QD QLR ZH LM Ċ]\NRZHZ:.V /L WHZVNL P ' ]LHMH =LHP: LHO NLHJR

.V LĊVWZD /LW HZVNL HJ R / / Al ma Mater Vi ln en sis . Lo nd on , 1 95 3. T. 3.

S. 215 –24 2.

W. Wielhorski. 6WRVXQNLQDURGRZRĞFLRZH« S. 138 ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬʋ2).

W. Wielh orski. 6WRVXQNLQDURGRZRĞFLRZH« S. 130 –143; ɺɧ ɠɚ

1DURG RZRĞü0LFNLHZLF]DZ ĞZLHWOHZV SyáF]HVQHMVRFMRORJ LLLHWQRJ UDILL

//A lma Mater Vil nensi s. L ondon , 19 58. T. 5. S. 1 01–1 12.

W. Wielh orski. 6WRVXQNLQDUR GRZRĞFLRZH«. S. 145.

S. Kieni ewicz. Powstanie s tyczniowe. Warszawa, 1972. S. 293 n.

B. Limanowski. -DNąGURJąGRV]HGáHPGRVRFMDOL]PX" // Socjalizm

— Demokracja — Patr iotyzm. Kr aków, 1 902. S. 94.

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ɥɹɸɞɚ ɬɵɫ ɬ ɵɫ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯɪɭɫɿɧɚʆ ɬɵɫ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆ

ɧɵɯ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɬɵɫ ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆɤɚɬɚɥɿ ɤɨ ʆ  ɬɵɫ ɥɿɬ ɨʆɰɚʆɤɚɬɚɥ ɿ

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