Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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372

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɤɚɥɿ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜ ɚɹ  ɪɷɞɚɤɰɵɹ ɚɩɵɧɭɥɚɫɹ  ʆ ɪɭɤɚɯ Ƚ Ʉ ɚɥɚɧɬɚɹ 

əɤɪɚɡ ɬɚɞɵ ʆ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹɦɿ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ ɿ ɤɫɹ ɧɞɡɚ

ɪɷɮɟɪɷɧɞɚɪɚ  ɧɟʆɡɚɛɚɜɟ ɩɚɞɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɝɚ  ɩɚɱɚɥɚ

ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɰɰɚ ɡɝɨɞɚ ɏɨɰɶ  ɹ ɧɵ ɡɵɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɡ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹʆ

ɚɥɟ ɿɯ ɥɭɱɵɥɚ ɞɚɜɨɥɿ  ɰɟɫɧɚɟ ʆɡɚɟɦɚɞɡɟɹɧɧɟ  Ⱥɛɨɞɜɚɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɵ

ɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɚɦɿ  ʆɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɿ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɵ Ⱥɥɟ ɬɚɤɬɵɱ

ɧɵɹ  ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɿ  ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɛɨɹɡɶ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿɜɭ ɛɚɥɶɲ ɵɧɿ ɩɪɚɞ

ɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɵ ʆɯɜɚɥɟɧɧɿ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵɿ  ɞɵɤ

ɬɚɜɚɥɿ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɭ ɚɫɰɹɪɨɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɇɚɣɥɟɩɲɵɦ ɜɵɣɫɰɟɦ ɦɚɝɥɨ ɡɞɚ

ɜɚɰɰɚ ɩɪɚɦɿɧɭɰɶ ɩɚɤɭɥɶ  ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɭɸ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɭ ɚɞɤɥɚɫɰɿ ɹ ɟ ɧɚ

ɩɨɬɵɦ ɇɚɩɷʆɧɚ  ɬɚɦɭ ɹ ɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ʆ Ʉɚɥɚɧɬɚɟɜɵɦ ɩɪɚɟɤɰɟ ɚɞ

 ɫɚɤɚɜ ɿɤɚ  ɝ

 ɹ ɤɿ ɧɚɡɵɜɚʆɫɹ  ©Ʉɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɩɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɹ

ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɹɤɿ ɹ ɦɚɸɰɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɰɶ  ɩɟɪɲɵ ɪɚɡɞɡɟɥɉɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ Ʉɚɧ

ɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɚª «Prawa ostatecznie podane, ktore

PDMą VNáDGDü SLHUZ V]\ UR]G]LDá .RQVW\WXFML 3ROLW \F]QHM 1DURGX

Polskiego» ©ɉɟɪɲɵ ɪɚɡɞɡɟɥª  ɭ Ʉɚɥɚɧɬɚɟɜɵɦ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɿ  ɝɷɬɚ

ɧɟ ɱɚɪɝɨɜɚɫɰɶ  ɚ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɜ ɹɪɲɷɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɞ ɿɧɲ ɵɦɿ ɡɚɤɚɧɚɞɚʆ

ɱɵɦɿ ɚɤɬɚɦɿ  ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɩɚɜɿ ɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ʆɪɷɝɭɥɹ ɜɚɰɶ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ  ɥɚɞ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ

3 0

 Ɇɚɝɱɵɦɚ Ʉɚɥɚɧɬɚɣ ɦɟʆ ɧɚ ʆɜɚɡɟ ɿ ɬɨɟ ɲɬɨ ɩɚ

ɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɹ  ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɩɚɜ ɿɧɧɚ ɩɚɩɹ ɪɷɞɧɿɱɚɰɶ  ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ

ɦɚɪɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ  ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɤɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɰɵ ɿ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ  ɩɪɚ

ɹɤɿɹ ɺɧ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɭ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɱɷɪɜɟɧɹ  ɝ  ɹɤ ɩɪɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩ

ɧɵɹ  ɷɬɚɩɵ  ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ 

ȱ ɞɥɹ  ɚɫɜ ɟɱɚɧɚɝɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ  ɹɤɿ ɦɚɪɵʆ ɩɪɚ ©ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɤɿ ɥɚɞ

ɩɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɹª  ɿ ɞɥɹ ɚɫɜɟɱɚɧɵɯ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɧɰɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɚɡɿɪɚɥɿɫɹ

ɧɚ Ɂɥɭɱɚɧɵɹ ɒɬɚɬɵ Ⱥɦɟɪɵɤɿ ɚ ʆ ɚɩɨɲɧɿɹ  ɝɚɞɵ ɿ ɧɚ ɪɷɜɚɥɸ

ɰɵɣɧɭɸ  ɯɨɰɶ ɹɲ ɱɷ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɱɧɭɸ Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɸ  © Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ

Ɍɪɷɰɹ ɝɚ ɦɚɹ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɠɵɥɚ ɡɚɜɹɪɲɷɧɧɟɦ ɩɚɥɹɩɲɷɧɧɹ  Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫ

ɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ  ɚɥɟ ɚɞɤɪɵɜɚɥɚ ɲɵɪɨɤɭɸ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɵɜ ɭª

  ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ

ɚɫɩɟɤɰɟ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɵ ɥɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ² ɧɚɜɚɬ ɜɟɥɶ ɦɿ ɜɚɠɧɵɹ   ɚɥɟ

ɫɩɪɷɱɧɵɹ ² ɩɪɚɦɿɧɭɰɶ  ɭ ©ɉɟɪɲɵɦ ɪɚɡɞɡɟɥɟª ɰɿ ɡɚɪɵɫɚɜɚɰɶ

ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɰɟɧɶ ɤɚɸ ɪɵɫɤɚɸ ɩɚɤɿɞɚɸɱɵ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɱɵɧɸ ɿɯ ɭɞɚɤɥɚɞ

ɧɟɧɧɟ ʆ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɚɞ ɪɚɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɿ ɥ ɭ ɤɪɚɿ ɿ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɟ

ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɿ ȼɿɞɚɜ ɨɱɧɚ  ɧɚɜɚɬ ɝɷɬɚɹ ɰɟɧɶɤɚɹ ɪɵɫɤɚ ɫɜ ɟɞɱɵɥɚ ɩɪɚ

ɜɵɛɚɪ ɿ ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ɋɬɚɧɿ ɫɥɚɜɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚ ɿ Ƚ Ʉ ɚɥɚɧɬɚɹ

ɍ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ  ɦɚɹ ɧɹ ɦɚ ɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɚʆɠɵ ɜɚɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ

ɜɵɪɚɡɭ ©Ɋɷɱ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɹ Ⱥɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆª ɇɹɦɚ ʆ ɺɣ ɿ ©Ɋɷɱɵ

ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟª  ʆ ɫɷɧɫɟ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɚɛɟɞɡɜ ɸɯ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜ ɚʆ  ɡ ɱɵɦ ɦɵ

ɫɭɬɵɤɚɟɦɫɹ ɹɲɱɷ ɜɚ ʆɯɜɚɥɟɧɵɦ  ɤɪɚɫɚɜ ɿɤɚ  ɝ  ɡɚɤɨɧɟ

373

©Ɇɟɫɬɵ ɧɚɲɵɹ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɿɹ ɜ ɨɥɶɧɵɹ ʆ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɚɯ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫ

ɩɚɥɿɬɚɟª  Ⱦɡɹɪɠɚɜɚ ʆ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵɿ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɿ ©Ⱥɣ

ɱɵɧɚª  © ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɚª  ɚ ɫɬɚɧɵ  ɫɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɜɚɧɵɹ ʆ ɋ ɨɣɦɟ ɩɚ

ɜɨɞɥɟ ɹ ɟ ɩɪɷɚɦɛɭɥɵ² ɝɷɬɚ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ © ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚª

ɉɪɚ Ʌɿɬɜɭ ɿ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ ɭ ɬɷɤɫɰɟ ɧɹɦɚ ɝɚɜɨɪɤɿ  ɤɚɥɿ ɧɟ ɥɿɱɵɰɶ

ɡɝɚɞɚɤ ɩɪɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ʆ ɬɵɬɭɥɟ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ ɿ

ɩɨɞɩɿɫɭ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɤɚ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ

Ɂɚɞɭɦɜɚɸɱɵɫɹ  ɧɚɞ ɝɷɬɵ ɦɿ ɡɦɟɧɚɦɿ ɬɷɪɦɿɧɚɥɨɝɿɿ  Ȼ

Ʌɟɫɶɧɚɞɨɪɫɤɿ  ɩɪɵɣɲɨʆ ɞɚ ɜ ɵɫɧɨɜɵ ɲ ɬɨ ɋɬɚɬɭɬ ɚɛ ɉɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ

ɧɟ ʆɫɬɚɥɹ ɜ ɚʆ ɧɨɜ ɚɟ ɚɮɿ ɰɵɣɧɚɟ ɧɚɡɜ ɵ  ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɵ əɝɨɧɵɹ

ɩɚɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɹ  ɩɚɥɚɠɷɧɧɿ ɫɜ ɟɞɱɵɥɿ  ɩɪɚ ɿɦɤɧɧɟɧɧɟ ɞɚ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ

ɦɚɧɚɥɿɬɧɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɵ ɡɚɦɟɫɬ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ

ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ

3 2

  Ʌ ɿɱɚɱɵɫɹ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɡ ɩɹɪɷɱɚɧɧɹɦɿ ɥɿ ɬɜɿɧɚʆ ɬɚɤɨɟ

ɿɦɤɧɟɧɧɟ ʆ ɋ ɬɚɬɭɰɟ ɚɛ ɉɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ ɚɞɤɪɵ ɬɵɦ ɬɷɤɫɬɚɦ ɧɟ

ɚɛɜɹɲɱɚɥɚɫɹ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵ ʆ ɜ ɵɤɪɭɬ ɹɤɿ ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ɛɵʆ ² ɹɤ ɦɨɠɧɚ

ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ ² ɫɬɜɚɪɵ ɰɶ  ɡɚɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɱɭɸ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ

ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɿ ɭɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɞɭɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɵ

ɉɪɚɱɵ ɬɜɚɸɱɵ ɬɚɤɿ ɧɚɦɟɪ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ Ʉɭɬɲɷɛɚ ɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ

ɲɬɨ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ   ɦɚɹ © ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚɥɚ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɵɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ

Ɋ ɷɱɵ  ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɹ ɤ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɰɷɥɚɝɚ

ɬɚɤɿ ɦɱɵɧɚɦ ɹɧɚ ɮɚɪɦɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɚɤ ɭɧɿɿ ɹɤɿ ɿɫɧɚ

ɜɚʆ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ɿ  ɫɬɜɚɪɵɥɚ ɞɥɹ  ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɚɤ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ

ɧɵɹ  ɧɚɣɜ ɵ ɲɷɣɲɵɹ ɜɵɤɚɧɚʆɱɵɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ »

3 3

  Ʉɪɵɯɭ ɛɨɥɶ ɲ

ɧɸɚɧɫɚʆ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵʆ ɜɵɤɚɡɜɚɸɱɵɫɹ ʆ ɬɵɦ ɠɚ ɞɭɯɭ  Ɉɫɤɚɪ Ƚ ɚ

ɥɟɰɤɿ ɉɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ɹɝɨ © ɭ ɱɚɫɵ ɋ ɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚ« ɭɡɧɿɤɚɸɰɶ

ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɵɹ ɞɥɹ ʆɫɹɟ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɵɹ ʆɥɚ

ɞɵ ɩɚɤɭɥɶ ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ ɦɚɣɫɤɚɹ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ  ɿ ȸɡɚɟɦɧɵɹ  Ɂɚɪɭ

ɱɵɧɵ Ⱥɛɨɞɜ ɭɯ ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆ  ɝ  ɧɟ ɡɚɦɹɧɿɥɿ ɭɧɿɸ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɲ ɬɨ

ɩɨʆɧɚɣ ɦɚɧɚɥɿɬɧɚɫɰɸ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵª

 ɇɚɪɷɲɰɟ Ȼ Ʌ ɟɫɶɧɚɞɨɪɫɤɿ

ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿʆ ɲɬɨ ©ɡ ɦɚʆɱɚɧɧɹ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ɩɪɚ Ʌɿɬɜɭ ɿ ɡ ɭɫɹ ɝɨ

ɬɨɧɭ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚª  ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɲɬɨ © ɭɧɿɹ  ɛɵɥɚ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɚ ɇɚ ɦɟɫɰɵ

ɫɚɸɡɚ ɞɡɜɸɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚʆ  ɹɤɿ ɩɪɚʆɞɚ ɭ ɲɵɪɨɤɿɦ ɭɠɵɬɤɭ ʆɠɨ

ɞɚʆɧɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚʆɫɹ ɚɞɡɿɧɚɣ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɣ Ɋ ɷɱɱɭ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ  ɭɪɷɲ

ɰɟ ʆɡɧɿɤɥɚ ɚɞɧɚ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ  Ⱦɡɹɪɠɚɜɚª

ɉɪɵɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ ɜɵɲ ɷɣ ɩɨɝɥɹ ɞ ɩɚɲɵɪɵʆɫɹ  ɭɜ ɚɣɲɨʆ ɭ ɫɿɧɬɷ

ɡɵ ɞɵ ɩɚɞɪɭɱɧɿɤɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɿ  ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ⱥɥɟ ɰɿ ɛɵʆ ɺɧ ɰɚɥ

ɤɚɦ ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɵ ɤɚɥɿ ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞɚɰɶ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵɸ  ɦɚɹ ɧɟ ʆ

ɿɡɚɥɹɰɵɿ ɚ ʆɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɡ ɿɧɲɵɦɿ ɡɚɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɱɵɦɿ ɚɤɬɚɦɿ  ustaw ami),

ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɰɶ  ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɭɸ ɑ ɚɬɵ ɪɨɯɝɚɞɨɜɵɦ ɋ ɨɣ

ɦɚɦ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɚɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɭɸ ɦɚɞɷɥɶ  Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ?

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɦ ɚɹɿ ©ȸɡɚɟɦ ɧ ɵɹɁɚɪɭɱɵɧɵª

374

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɇɟɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɚ  ɬɷɪɦɿɧɚɥɨɝɿɹ  Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ɫɜ ɟɞɱɵɰɶ  ɩɪɚ

ʆɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɣɧɵ ɹ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵ ɿ ɹɟ ɬɜɨɪɰɚʆ  Ɍɨɥɶɤɿ ɪɚɡ  ɭ ɚɪɬ IV

«&KáRSL ZáRĞFLDQLH» ©ȼɹɫɤɨɜɵɹ ɫɹɥɹɧɟª ɦɵ ɱɵɬɚɟɦ ©ɲ ɬɨ ɤɨɠ

ɧɵ  ɱɚɥɚɜ ɟɤ ɹ ɤɿ ɧɚɧɚɜɚ« ɩɪɵɛɵɜɚɟ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɜɹɪɬɚɟɰɰɚ ʆ ɞɡɹ ɪ

ɠɚɜɵ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ  ɺɫɰɶ  ɜɨɥɶ ɧɵ ɹɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɫɬɚɧɟ ɧɚɝɨɸ

ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ  Ȭɧ ɜ ɨɥɶɧɵ ɠɵɰɶ ɭ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɚɥɶɛɨ ʆ ɤɪɚɿ

ɧɟ ɭ ɹɤɭɸ ɡɚɯɨɱɚ ɜɹ ɪɧɭɰɰɚª Ɍɷɪɦɿɧ ©ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜ ɵ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫ

ɩɚɥɿɬɚɟª  ɹɤɿ  ɡɚɫɬɚʆɫɹ ɬɭɬ ɦɨɠɚ  ɩɪɚɡ ɪɷɞɚɤɰɵɣɧɵ ɧɟɞɚɝɥɹɞ

ɡ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɵ ɩɚɫɩɟɲɥɿɜɚɫɰɿ  ɛɵ ʆ ² ɹɤ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɡ ɤɚɧɬɷɤɫɬɭ ²

ɭɠɵɬɵ ʆɡɚɟɦɚɡɚɦɟɧɧɚ ɡ © ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɸª  ɿ  ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚ © ɡɹɦɥɺɸ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɸª   Ƚ ɷɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɡɚɩɿɫ ɧɚɩɪɵ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɚɪɬ VIII ² © Ɇɵ

ɡɚɝɚɞɜɚɟɦ ɤɚɛ ɜ ɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɵɹ  ɫɨɣɦɚɦ ɚɫɨɛɵ ɫɩɿɫɚɥɿ ɧɨɜɵ ɤɨ

ɞɷɤɫ ɰɵɜɿɥɶɧɵɯ ɿ ɤɪɵɦɿ ɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆª  ² ɞɚɜɨɞɡɿʆ  ɲɬɨ

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵɹ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚɥɚ ɭɧɿ ɮɿɤɚɰɵɸ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ʆ ɦɚɲɬɚɛɟ

ʆɫɹɟ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ  ɜɹ ɪɬɚɸɱɵ ɫɹ ɞɚ ɚɞɤɿɧɭɬɚɟ ʆ ɝ  ɤɚɧ

ɰɷɩɰɵɿ ȱ ɯɨɰɶ ɞɥɹ ɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɧɹ  ɲɬɨ © Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ   ɦɚɹ

ɮɚɪɦɚɥɶɧɚ« ɩɟɪɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɥɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɭɧɿɸª  ɧɟ ɫɬɚɟ

ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɚʆ  ɛɨ ɮɚɪɦɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɧɹ  ɧɚ ɫɚɦɚɣ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɟ

ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɥɟ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɩɚɝɚɞɡɿɰɰɚ  ɲɬɨ ©ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɬɚɤɿɦ ɛɵʆ ɬɚɟɦ

ɧɵ  ɧɚɦɟɪ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜ ɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚª

 ɇɹ ɹɫɧɚɫɰɿ  ɿ ɧɟɞɚɝɚɜɨɪɤɿ ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ʆɡɚɟɦɚɚɞɧɨɫɿɧ

ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ʆ ɞɡɟɧɶ  ɦɚɹ  ɝ ɜɵɰɹ ɤɚɸɰɶ  ɿɡ ɮɚɤɬɭ

ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ɪɵɯɬɚɜɚʆɫɹ ʆ ɬɚɹ ɦɧɿɰɵ  ɭ ɤɨɥɟ ²

ɹ ɤ ɩɿɫɚɥɿ ² ɡɚɝɚɜ ɨɪɲɱɵɤɚʆ  ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ȱɝɧɚɰɵɹ ɉɚɬɨɰɤɚɝɚ

Ƚ Ʉɚɥɚɧɬɚɹ ɿ ɋ  ɉ¶ɹɬɨɥɿ ɹɤ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɚ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚ

ɍɠɨ ɿɯɧɿɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɤɿ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɿ ɹɟ ɫɜɨɟɚɫɚɛɥɿ ɜɵɦ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɦ

ɩɟɪɚɜɚɪɨɬɚɦ

3 7

ɑ ɚɬɵɪɨɯɝɚɞɨɜɵ ɋ ɨɣɦ ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚʆ ɩɚɞ ɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɚɟ

ɩɪɵ  ɹɝɨ ɚɞɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ   ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɚ  ɝ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ .

Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɞɭɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵ ɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɚɦ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɛɵɥɿ

ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵɹ ʆɫɹ ɝɨ ɞɡɜɟ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵ ɿ  ² ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɚɞ ɤɿɪɚʆ

ɧɿɰɬɜ ɚɦ ɋ  Ɇɚɥɚɯɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ  ɦɚɪɲ ɚɥɤɚɦ ɹɤɨɟ ɛɵʆ

ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ ɚɪɬɵɥɟɪɵɿ ɤɧɹɡɶ Ʉɚɡɿɦɿɪ ɇɟɫɬɚɪ ɋɚɩɟɝɚ

3 8

  ɫɵɧ Ⱥɥɶ

ɠɛɟɬɵ ɋɚɩɟɝɿ  ɡ ɞɨɦɭ Ȼɪɚɧɿɰɤɿɯ  ɉɚɞ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹɣ  ɦɚɹ

ɜɿɞɚɰɶ  ɩɨɞɩɿɫɵ  ɦɚɪɲɚɥɤɚʆ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɹ ʆ ɿ  ɚɛɟ

ɞɡɜɟ ɛɵɥɿ  ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɵɹ  ɞɡɟɥɹ  ɹɟ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɚɫɰɿ Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɤɚɥɿ

ɋ Ɇɚɥɚɯɨʆɫɤɿ  ɫɭɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɿɱɚʆ ɡ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɬɚɪɚɦɿ  ɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲ

ɱɚ Ʉ ɇ ɋɚɩɟɝɿ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɟɣɲɵɦ  Ⱦɨʆɝɿ ɱɚɫ ɹɝɨ ɥɭɱɵɥɚ

ɛɥɿɡɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɹɡɶ  ɡ ɞɡɹɞɡɶɤɚɦ ɩɚ ɦɚɰɿ ɜ ɹɥɿɤɿɦ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɝɟɬɦɚ

ɧɚɦ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿ ɲɤɚɦ Ȼɪɚɧɿɰɤɿɦ  ɚɞɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɩɪɚɰɿ ʆɧɿɤɚɦ ɪɷɮɨɪ

375

ɦɚʆ  ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ² ɚɞɧɵ ɦ ɫɚ ɫɬɜ ɚɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɚʆ Ɍɚɪɝɚɜɿɰɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷ

ɪɚɰɵɿ Ɂɚɥɿɱɚɧɵ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɞɡɹ ɞɡɶɤɚɦ ɿɦɚɰɿ ɞɚ ɪɚɫɿ ɣɫɤɚɟ ɩɚɪɬɵ ɿ

Ʉɚɡɿɦɿɪ ɇɟɫɬɚɪ ɛɵʆ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɿɦɿ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɚɦ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɯ ɩɚɦɮ

ɥɟɬɚʆ ɿ ɡ¶ɟɞɥɿɜɵɯ ² ɚ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɧɟɰɷɧɡɭɪɧɵɯ ² ɷɩɿɝɪɚɦɚʆ ɿ ɫɚ

ɬɵ ɪɚʆ

3 9

  Ȭɧ ɧɟ ɛɪɚʆ ɭɞɡɟɥɭ ʆ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɬɚɪɫɤɿɦ ɪɭɯɭ ɇɟ ɛɵʆ

ɺɧ ɹɤ ɜ ɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɡ ɞɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɚɤɚɡɚʆ ɿ ɩɚɫɜɹɱɨɧɵ  ʆ ɩɪɚɰɵ

ɧɚɞ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚɦ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɚɛ ɉɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ Ƚɷɬɚ ɞɡɿʆɧɚɹ ɪɷɱ  ɛɨ ɠ

Ʉ ɇ ɋ ɚɩɟɝɚ ɱɵɧɧɵ ɦɚɫɨɧ ɚɞ  ɝ ɡɚɣɦɚʆ ɭ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɩɚɫɚ

ɞɭ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɚ ɇɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɟ Ʌɨɠɵ ȼɹ ɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ

ɍɫɯɨɞɭ

 ɚ ɦɚɫɨɧɵ ɹɤ ɜɹɞɨɦɚ ɭ ɛɚɥɶ ɲɵɧɿɚɤɬɵ ʆɧɚ ʆɞɡɟɥɶ

ɧɿɱɚɥɿ ʆ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜ ɚɯ ɹɤɿɹ ɦɟɥɿ ɧɚ ɦɷɰɟ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɪɷ

ɮɨɪɦɭ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ

Ʉ ɇ ɋɚɩɟɝɚ ɭɜɚɠɚɸɱɵ  ɧɚ ɫɜɚɟ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ  ɬɪɵɦɚʆɫɹ  ɡɞɚɥɺɤ

ɚɞ ɩɪɚɰ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɬɚɪɚʆ ɚɥɟ ɯɨɰɶ ɿ ɛɚɪɚɧɿʆ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩ ɜ ɵɛɚɪ

ɧɚɫɰɿ ɬɪɨɧɭ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɿʆɫɹ ɞɚ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɬɚɪɚʆ ɧɟɩɪɵ ɦɿɪɵɦɚ Ⱥ ʆ

ɚɫɹɪɨɞɞɡɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɨʆ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɚɝɚɬɚ ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ

ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚʆ  Ⱥɞ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ  ɝ ɧɚɣɚɤɬɵʆɧɟɣɲɵɹ ɡ ɿɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ

ɞɚ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɞɡɿɜɿɥɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɥɭɛɚ ɬ ɡɜ  ɛɨ ɡɛɿɪɚʆɫɹ ɺɧ ɭ

Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿ ɥɚʆɫɤɿɦ ɩɚɥɚɰɵ  ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɇɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɚʆɫɤɿɦ ɭ Ʉɪɚɤɚʆɫɤɿɦ

ɩɪɚɞɦɟɫɰɿ

 Ⱦɚ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ Ʉɥɭɛɚ ɹɤɿ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚʆ ± ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɧɚ

ɥɟɠɚʆ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɡ ɩɪɚɜɚɞɵɪɨʆ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɿɫɰɤɚɝɚ ɥɚɝɟɪɚ  ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚɤ

ɧɚɞɜɨɪɧɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ȱɝɧɚɰɵ ɉɚɬɨɰɤɿ ɚ ɫɩɚɦɿɠ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ

² ɜɚʆɤɚɜɵɫɤɿ ɩɚɫɨɥ ɉɚɜɟɥ Ƚɪɚɛɨʆɫɤɿ  ɛɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɚɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ

ɩɚɫɨɥ Ɍɚɞɷɜɭɲ Ɇɚɬɭɲ ɷɜɿɱ  ɛɪɚɫɥɚʆɫɤɿɹ ɩɚɫɥɵ Ȼɚɝɭɫɥɚʆ Ɇɿɪɫɤɿ

Ɍɨɦɚɲ ȼ ɚʆɠɷɰɤɿ  ɿɧɮɥɹɧɰɤɿɹ  ɩɚɫɥɵ  Ɋɵɝɨɪ Ʉɚɱɚɧɨʆɫɤɿ  ɘɡɚɮ

Ɇɚɫɬɨʆɫɤɿ  ɘɥɶɹ ɧ ɍɪɫɵɧ ɇɹɦɰɷɜɿɱ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɿ Ɍɪɷɧɛɿɰɤɿ ɘɡɚɮ

ȼɷɣɫɷɧɝɨɮ  Ɇɿɯɚɥ Ɂɚɛɟɥɚ  ɫɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɿ ɩɚɫɨɥ ɘɡɚɮ ɉɭɡɵ ɧɚ

ɬɪɨɰɤɿ ɩɚɫɨɥ Ⱦɚɦɿɧɿɤ Ƚɟɣɲɬɚɪ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿɹ ɩɚɫɥɵ Ⱥɧɭɮɪɵ  ɒɱɷ

ɧɺʆɫɤɿ ɿ Ɇɚɪɰɿɧɒɱɵɬ ɚɪɲɚɧɫɤɿ ɩɚɫɨɥ Ʌɸɞɜɿɤ Ƚɭɬɚɤɨʆɫɤɿ ɥɿɞɫɤɿ

ɩɚɫɨɥ ȼɨɣɰɟɯ ɇɚɪɛɭɬ ɩɿɧɫɤɿ ɩɚɫɨɥ Ɇɿɯɚɥ Ʉɚɠɚɧɟʆɫɤɿ

 ɇɟɤɚ

ɬɨɪɵɹ ɚɞɵɝɪɵɜɚɥɿ ʆ Ʉɥɭɛɟ ɡɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ ɉ Ƚɪɚ

ɛɨʆɫɤɿ   ɹ ɤɿ ɱɚɫɬɚɜ ɚʆ ɫɹ ɛɪɨʆ ɤɥɭɛɚ ɤɚɜɚɸ  ɤɪɚɫɚɜɿ ɤɚ

ȺɌɪɷɧɛɿɰɤɿ ɿ Ɍ Ɇɚɬɭɲɷɜɿɱ ɹɤɿɹ ɛɪɚɥɿ ɱɵɧɧɵ ʆɞɡɟɥ ɭ ɩɚɞɪɵɯ

ɬɨʆɰɵ ɚɤɬɭ  ɤɪɚɫɚɜɿɤɚ ɚɥɶɛɨ Ɍ ȼɚʆɠɷɰɤɿ ɹɤɿ ɫɚɦ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ

ɫɜ ɚɸ ɩɪɵ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ ɞɚ Ʉɥɭɛɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɣɦɚɜɚɣ ɫɷɫɿɿ  ɦɚɹ  ɤɚ

ɠɭɱɵ ©əɛɵʆ ɭ ɡɛɨɪɵ ɬɵɯɰɧɚɬɥɿɜɵɯ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɚʆ« ɹɤɿɹ« ɩɪɵ-

ɡɧɚɥɿ  ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɪɵɫɩɟɲɜɚɧɧɹ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ɚɞɡɿɧɵɦ ɫɪɨɞ

ɤɚɦ ɪɚɬɚɜɚɧɧɹ Ⱥɣɱɵɧɵ ɚɞ ɡɝɭɛɵ ɲɬɨ ɜ ɿɫɿɰɶ ɧɚɞ ɺɸª

ɇɚ ɫɯɨɞɡɟ Ʉɥɭɛɚ  ɦɚɹ  ɤɭɞɵ ɛɵ ɥɿ ɡɚɩɪɨɲɚɧɵɹ ©ɲɦɚɬ

ɯɬɨ ɡ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɟ ɩɚɪɬɵ ɿª  ɤɚɛ ɩɟɪɚɰɹɝɧɭɰɶ ɿɯ ɭ ɥɚɝɟɪ ɪɷɮɨɪ

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɦ ɚɹɿ ©ȸɡɚɟɦ ɧ ɵɹɁɚɪɭɱɵɧɵª

376

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɦɚʆ ɛɵʆ ɚɞɱɵɬɚɧɵ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɚɛ ɉɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ ɿ ɡɛɿɪɚɥɿɫɹ

ɩɨɞɩɿɫɵ ɫɟɧɚɬɚɪɚʆ ɿ  ɩɚɫɥɨʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɡɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɥɿɫɹ  ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɚɰɶ

ɹɝɨ ʆ ɋɨɣɦɟ  Ʉ ɇ ɋɚɩɟɝɿ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɞɡɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ  ɇɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɹ ɝɨ ɿ

ɧɚ ɤɜɚɬɷɪɵ ʆ ɋ  Ɇɚɥɚɯɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɞɡɟ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɚɞɩɿ ɫɜ ɚʆɫɹ ²

ɩɨɡɧɚ ʆɧɨɱɵ ² ɚɤɬ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɿ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɚɛ ɉɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ ɧɚɡɜɚ

ɧɵ ©Ⱥɫɟɤɭɪɚɰɵɹɣª  ɋ ɚɛɪɚʆɲɵ  ɩɨɞɩɿɫɵ ©Ⱥɫɟɤɭɪɚɰɵɸª

ɩɟɪɚɞɚɥɿ ɋ  Ɇɚɥɚɯɨʆɫɤɚɦɭ ɹ ɤ ©ɦɚɪɲɚɥɤɭ ɋɨɣɦɭ ɿ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɟ

ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵ ɿª

  ɋɩɚɦɿɠ  ɱɚɥɚɜ ɟɤ ɲɬɨ ɩɚɫɬɚɜɿɥɿ ɩɚɞ ɺɣ

ɫɜ ɚɟ ɩɨɞɩɿɫɵ  ɛɵɥɨ  ɩɚɫɥɵ ɿ  ɫɟɧɚɬɚɪ ȱ ɉɚɬɨɰɤɿ ɡ ȼɹ ɥ

ɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜ ɚ  Ɂ ɝɷɬɵ ɯ  ɩɚɫɥɨʆ  ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ ɞɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ

ɚɛɪɚɧɚɝɚ ʆ  ɝ ɿ  ² ɞɚ ɚɛɪɚɧɚɝɚ ʆ  ɝ  Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɧɟɥɶɝɚ

ɰɜ ɟɪɞɡɿɰɶ ɲ ɬɨ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɹ ɩɚɫɥɵ ɚɛɪɚɧɵɹ ʆ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɤɚ

ɞɷɧɰɵɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ ɡɚɚɧɝɚɠɚɜɚɧɵɹ ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ

ɩɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɚ ɫɨɣɦɚɜ ɚɣ ɫɷɫɿɿ  ɦɚɹ ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɩɪɚɰɿʆɧɿɤɚʆ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚ

ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɚɛ ɉɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ ɛɚɥɶɲɵɧɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ  ɩɚɫɥɵ  ɚɛɪɚɧɵɹ ʆ

ɥɿɫɬɚɩɚɞɡɟ  ɝ  ɍ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɫɰɿ  ɧɚɣɜ ɚɫɬɪɷɣ ɜ ɵ ɫɬɭɩɿʆ ɫɭɩ

ɪɚɰɶ ² ɿ ɞɜɨɣɱɵ  ² ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ ɩɚɫɨɥ Ɍɚɞɷɜɭɲ Ʉɨɪɫɚɤ ɹɤɨɝɚ

ɩɚɞɬɪɵ ɦɚʆ ɚɪɲɚɧɫɤɿ ɩɚɫɨɥ ȱɝɧɚɰɵ ɏɚɦɿ ɧɫɤɿ Ⱥ Ʉ  ɇ ɋɚɩɟɝɚ

ɡɚɧɹ ʆ ɡɝɨɞɧɿɰɤɭɸ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɸ  ə ɝɨɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜ ɭ ² ɡɪɷɲ ɬɵ

ɧɟ ɩɪɵɧɹ ɬɭɸ ² ɩɪɵɫɬɭɩɿɰɶ ɞɚ ɧɨɜ ɚɝɚ ɱɵɬɚɧɧɹ ɬɷɤɫɬɭ ɩɪɚ

ɟɤɬɚ ɿ ɪɚɫɩɚɱɚɰɶ ɞɚɥɟɣ ɧɚɞ ɿɦ ɞɵɫɤɭɫɿɸ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɪɚɫɰɚɧɿɰɶ ɹɤ

ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜɭ  ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɦɟɥɚ ɧɚ ɦɷɰɟ ɞɚɰɶ  ɦɚɝɱɵ

ɦɚɫɰɶ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɚɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ  ɩɪɵɧɹ ɰɶ  Ʉɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵɸ

4 6

 ɩɚɫɥɹ

ʆɧɹ ɫɟɧɧɹ ʆ ɹɟ ɩɚɩɪɚɜɚɤ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɛ ɭɥɿɱɜɚɥɿ  ɫɭɛ¶ɟɤɬɧɚɫɰɶ ȼɹ ɥɿ

ɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ

ɋɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɦɚɪɲ ɚɥɤɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ  ɿ ɫɬɨɬɧɵɦ

ɱɵɧɚɦ ɩɚʆɩɥɵɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɸ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɟɧɚɟ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɟ ɞɷɥɟɝɚɰɵɿ  ɋɹ ɪɨɞ  ɚɩɚɧɟɧɬɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɧɚɡɚʆɬɪɚ ɫɤɥɚɥɿ

ɩɪɚɬɷɫɬ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ  ɭɯɜ ɚɥɟɧɧɹ  ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ  ɛɵ ɥɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ  

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ȱɝɧɚɰɵ ɏɚɦɿɧɫɤɿ  əɰɷɤ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɿ ɉɭɬɤɚɦɷɪ

Ȼɟɪɭɱɵ ɩɚɞ ɭɜɚɝɭ  ɲɬɨ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵ ɩɪɚɦɨʆɰɚ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɚɩɚɡɿ 

ɰɵɿ Ɍ ɚɞɷɜɭɲ Ʉɨɪɫɚɤ   ɦɚɹ ɝɨɥɚɫɧɚ ɜɵɤɚɡɚʆɫɹ  ɡɚ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɵ

ɬɭɰɵɸ  ɝɷɬɚɹ  ɚɩɚɡɿ ɰɵɹ  ʆ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɜ ɚɧɚɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ ɱɧɚ

ɩɟɪɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɰɶ  Ⱥɧɞɪɷɣ ɋɬɪɚɣɧɨʆɫɤɿ ɩɚɞɥɿɱɜɚɟ  ɲɬɨ ɫɹ

ɪɨɞ  ɚɤɬɵʆɧɵɯ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɨʆ  ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɞɡɟɣɧɿ ɱɚɥɿ ʆ

ɞɧɿ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɵ ɧɹɰɰɟ ɦɚɣɫɤɚɟ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ  ɹɟ ɩɚɞɬ

ɪɵɦɚɥɚ  ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ  ɝ ɡɧ  ɤɚɥɹ  ɋ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɚɫɬɚɬɧɿɯ  ɧɟ

ɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ʆ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɡ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɸ ɚɦɛɚɫɚɞɚɸ

ɲɬɨ ʆ ɛɭɞɭɱɵɧɿ ɦɟɥɚɫɹ  ɚɛɰɹ ɠɚɪɵɰɶ  ɥɺɫ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿ ɬɚɟ

ɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɧɟ ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɥɚ ɧɨɜɚɣ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ

377

ɍ ɥɿ ɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɲɬɨ ɡɦɟɧɚ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɿ

Ʉ ɇ ɋ ɚɩɟɝɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ©ɚɞɧɭ ɡ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɝɜɚɥɬɨʆɧɵ ɯ ɿ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɚ

ɜɵɯ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵ ɯ ɧɟɫɩɚɞɡɹɜɚɧɚɤª

 Ɇɹɪɤɭɸ ɲɬɨ ɦɷɬɚɡɝɨɞɧɚ

ɛɵɥɨ ɛ ɩɚɞɵɫɰɿ ɞɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɲɵɪɷɣ ɿ ɩɚɫɩɪɚɛɚɜɚɰɶ ɜɵɫɜɟɬɥɿɰɶ

ɱɵɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɚɞɵɤɬɚɜɚɧɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɯɭɬɤɚɹ ɿ ɩɚɫɩɹɯɨɜɚɹ  ɧɟɣɬ

ɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɚɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ ɚɥɟ ɩɟɪɚɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɹɟ ɫɹ ɛ

ɪɨʆ ɭ ɚɤɬɵ ʆɧɵɯ ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɦɚɣɫɤɚɟ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɦɷ

ɬɚɣ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɩɪɚɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɜɚɰɶ  ɫɨɣɦɚɜɭɸ ɞɵɫɤɭɫɿɸ  ɦɚɹ  ɭɯɜɚɥɟ

ɧɭɸ ɬɚɞɵ ɠ Ⱦɷɤɥɚɪɚɰɵ ɸ ɚɛ¶ ɹ ɞɧɚɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɚʆ ɞɵ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɭɸ

ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ ɿ ɹ ɟ ɦɚɪɲ ɚɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɑ ɚɬɵ

ɪɨɯɝɚɞɨɜɵ ɦɋɨɣɦɟ ə ɤɡɚʆɜ ɚɠɚɟ Ⱥ ɋɬɪɚɣɧɨʆɫɤɿ ɧɚ ɫɟɫɿɿ  ɦɚɹ

ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵ  ɡɚ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɿɧɮɥɹɧɰɤɚɝɚ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɚ ɘɡɷɮɚ Ʉɚɫɚ

ɤɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɋɬɚɬɭɬ ɚɛ ɉɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ © ȼɹɥɿɤɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ²

ɩɿ ɲɚ ɺɧ² ɚɞɵɝɪɚɥɿ… [ɿɯ] ɬɥɭɦɚɱɷɧɧɿ ɩɚ ɪɚɧɟɣɲɵɯ ɩɪɚɬɷɫɬɚɯ

ɫɩɚɫɵ ɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɛɨɹ ɡɶ ɡɚ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵª

. ɉɪɚ

ɬɨɟ  ɲɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɫɿɿ  ɦɚɹ ɝɷɬɵ ɩɨɝɥɹ ɞ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɪɚɲɚɥɶɧɵ  ɦɨɠɚ

ɫɜ ɟɞɱɵɰɶ ɮɚɤɬ ɲɬɨ ɬɚɞɵ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɚɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɿ ɚɩɵɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɚɠɧɨ  ɡ

 ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɫɟɧɚɬɚɪɚʆ ɿ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɡɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɞɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆ

ɫɤɚɟ ɩɚɪɬɵɿ ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɩɚɞɤɚɧɰɥɟɪ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ əʆɯɿɦ ɏɪɚɩɬɨɜɿɱ

ɤɚɲɬɚɥɹɧ ɬɪɨɰɤɿ Ʉɚɡɿɦɿɪ ɉɥɹɬɷɪ ɩɚɫɥɵ Ɍ Ʉɨɪɫɚɤ ɿ ȱ ɏɚɦɿɧɫɤɿ

ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɠɦɭɞɫɤɿ ɩɚɫɨɥ ɘɡɚɮ Ɂɚɛɟɥɚ

 ɉɚɡɧɟɣ ɿɯɧɚɹ  ɩɚɡɿ

ɰɵ ɹ ɡɦɹɧɿɥɚɫɹ

ɑɚɦɭ" ȼɵɲɷɣ ɭɠɨ ɝɚɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ  ɲɬɨ ɧɟɦɚɥɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɬɭɬ

ɚɞɵɝɪɚɥɚ ɚɫɨɛɚ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ  Ʉɇɋɚɩɟɝɿ ɍ ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɿ

 ɝ  ɺɧ ɹɤ ɜɹɥɿɤɿ ɦɚɣɫɬɚɪ ɇɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ Ʌɨɠɵ

©ɭɡɹʆ ɦɚɫɨɧɫɤɿ ɦɚɥɚɬɨɤ ɬɨɸ ɠ ɪɭɤɨɸ« ɹɤɨɣ ɡ ɬɚɤɨɸ ɫɥɚɜɚɸ

ɬɪɵ ɦɚɟ ɠɚɡɥɨ >ɦɚɪɲ ɚɥɤɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ ² Ⱥʆɬ ],

ɝɷɬɵ ɡɧɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɚɞɵɪɫɬɜɚ ʆ ɜɨɥɶ ɧɵɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɡɟª

 ȼ ɨɫɶ ɠɚ ɺɧ

ɤɿɪɚɜɚʆ Ʌɨɠɚɣ ɭ ɹɤɨɣ ɡɚɣɦɚʆ ɜɵɫɨɤɿɹ  ɩɚɫɚɞɵ ȱɝɧɚɰɵ ɉɚɬɨɰɤɿ

ɫɭɚʆɬɚɪ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚɚɛ ɉɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ ɿ ɞɚ ɹɤɨɣ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ ɱɵɧɧɵɹ ɞɡɟ

ɹ ɱɵ ɩɚɬɪɵ ɹ ɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɝɟɪɚ ɿɧɮɥɹ ɧɰɤɿ ɹ  ɩɚɫɥɵ  ɘɥɶɹ ɧ ɍɪɫɵ ɧ

ɇɹɦɰɷɜɿɱ ɞɵ ɘɡɷɮ ȼɷɣɫɷɧɝɨɮ  ɚ ɡ ɬɵɯ ɯɬɨɧɟ ɡɚɫɹɞɚʆ ɭ ɩɚɥɚ

ɰɟ ² ɚɤɬɵʆɧɵɹ ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɫɹ ɧɞɡɵ ɉ¶ɹ ɬɨɥɿ ɿ Ƚɟɪɚɧɿɦ

ɋɬɪɚɣɧɨʆɫɤɿ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɲ Ʉɇ ɋ ɚɩɟɝɿ ɩɚɫɨɥ ɡ ɛɪɷɫɰɤɚ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɨɣɦɿɤɭ Ɍ ɚɞɷɜɭɲ Ɇɚɬɭɲɷɜɿɱ

 ɹ ɤɿ  ɦɚɹ  ɚɞɵɝɪɚʆ

ɿɫɬɨɬɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɚɸɱɵ  ɹɤ ɫɹ ɛɪɚ Ⱦɷɩɭɬɚɰɵɿ ɡɚɦɟɠɧɵ ɯ

ɫɩɪɚɜɚʆ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɩɚɞɚɛɪɚɧɵɹ ɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɚ ɩɪɷɩɚɪɚɜɚ

ɧɵ ɹ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ  ɥɿɫɬɨʆ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɯ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ ɡɚ ɦɹɠɨɸ ɩɪɚ

ɩɚɝɪɨɡɭ ɧɨɜɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɭ  ɹ ɤɿ ɦɨɠɚ ɫɬɪɵɦɚɰɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ ɹɤɚɹ ʆɡɦɚɰɧɿɥɚ ɛ ɭɥɚɞɭ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɦ ɚɹɿ ©ȸɡɚɟɦ ɧ ɵɹɁɚɪɭɱɵɧɵª

378

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɩɚɞɥɿɤɚɦɿ Ʌ  Ƚɚɫɚ ɫɩɚɦɿɠ  ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɑɚɬɵɪɨɯ

ɝɚɞɨɜɚɝɚ ɋ ɨɣɦɭ ɚɞ ɫɧɟɠɧɹ   ɝ  ɫɚɦɚ ɦɟɧɲ   ɰɿ ɤɚɥɹ

  ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ ɞɚ ɥɨɠɚʆ

 Ɇɚɫɨɧɚɦɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɿ ɞɨɫɵɰɶ ɲɦɚɬ ɯɬɨ

ɡ ɫɟɧɚɬɚɪɚʆ ɭ ɬɵ ɦɥɿɤɭ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɿ ɝɟɬɦɚɧ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ Ɇɿɯɚɥ Ʉɚɡɿɦɿɪ

Ⱥɝɿɧɫɤɿ ² ɡ  ɝ ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤ ɜ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɚ ȼɿɞɚɜ ɨɱɧɚ

ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɦɚɫɨɧɚʆ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɪɚɡɵɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɿ ʆ ɩɨɝɥɹ ɞɚɯ ɚʆ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ

ɿɧɬɷɧɫɿ ɮɿ ɤɚɰɵɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɠɵɰɰɹ ʆ ± ɝɝ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɥɚ

ɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɟ ɚɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɟ ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɚɝɚ ɠɵ ɰɰɹ ʆ ɥɨɠɚɯ ɿ ɩɪɚɜ ɿɧ

ɰɵ ɣɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɲɬɚɬɚɯ  ɛɨ ɿɯ ɫɹɛɪɨʆ ɩɚɝɥɵɧɭɥɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɞɡɟɣ

ɧɚɫɰɶ 

ɍ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫɩɚɥɹɪɵɡɚɰɵɿ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹʆ Ʉɇ ɋ ɚɩɟɝɚ ʆ ɩɚɞɜɨɣ

ɧɚɣɪɨɥɿ ² ɦɚɪɲɚɥɤɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ ɿ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɦɚɣ

ɫɬɪɚ Ʌɨɠɵ ² ɦɭɫɿʆ ɭ ɧɟɣɤɚɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ ɩɚɞɞɚɰɰɚ ɩɥɵɧɹɦ ɹɤɿɹ

ɞɚɦɿɧɚɜɚɥɿ ʆ ɝɷɬɵ ɯ ɚɫɹ ɪɨɞɞɡɹɯ  Ⱥɩɪɨɱ ɬɚɝɨ  ɺɧ ɦɭɫɿʆ ɜɟɞɚɰɶ

ɩɪɵɧɚɦɫɿ ʆ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɵ ɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɩɪɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɵ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚ

ɬɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɥɚɝɟɪɚ ɇɟ ɜ ɵɩɚɞɚɟ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɚɦ

ɫɟɫɿɿ ɦɚɹ ɞɚ ɹ ɝɨ ɧɟ ɞɚɣɲɥɿ ɡɜ ɟɫɬɤɿ  ɩɪɚ ɫɯɨɞ  ɹɤɿ ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ

ɧɚɩɹɪɷɞɚɞɧɿ ʆ Ɋ ɚɞɡɿɜɿɥɚʆɫɤɿɦ ɤɥɭɛɟ ɿ ɩɪɚ ɩɚɞɩɿɫɚɧɧɟ ©Ⱥɫɟɤɭ

ɪɚɰɵɿª  Ⱥɥɟ ɩɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɹɝɨ ɬɚɦ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɺɧ ɦɨɝ  ɧɟ ɝɪɷɲɚɱɵ

ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ ɩɪɚʆɞɵ ɩɚ ɚɞɱɵɬɚɧɧɿ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ɧɚ ɋɨɣ

ɦɟ ɡɚɹɜɿɰɶ ɲɬɨ ɱɭɟ ɹɝɨ ʆɩɟɪɲɵɧɸ ɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɭ ɿ ɦɪɷɱɵ  ɡ

ɹɤɿɦɿ ɧɟ ɡɝɨɞɡɟɧ

Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɹ ɝɨɧɚɹ  ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫɧɚɹ  ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜ ɚ ɩɪɚ ɬɨɟ ɤɚɛ ɚɞ

ɱɵɬɚɰɶ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɚɛ ɉɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ ɿ ɚɛɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ ɹɝɨ ɛɵɥɚ

ɚɞɯɿɥɟɧɚ ɇɿ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɧɿ Ʉɚɥɚɧɬɚɣ ɧɟ ɯɚɰɟɥɿ ɞɚɩɭɫɰɿɰɶ ɚɛɦɟɪ

ɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ȱ ɦɟɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɫɭɪ’ ɺɡɧɵɹ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɵ ɉɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɩɚɞ

ɥɿɤɚʆ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ ɡ  ɩɪɵɫɭɬɧɵɯ ɭ ɡɚɥɟ ɫɟɧɚɬɚɪɚʆ ɿ  ɩɚɫɥɨʆ

 ɛɵɥɿ  ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚ

 Ȼɵɥɿ ɿ  ɧɟɪɚɲɭɱɵɹ Ɍɚɦɭ ʆɫɟ ɡ

ɤɚɪɚɥɺɦ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ  ɧɚɫɬɨɣɥɿ ɜɚ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɿ ɤɚɛ ² ɭɜɚɠɚɸɱɵ

ɧɚ ɧɟɛɹɫɩɟɤɿ ɲɬɨ ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɥɿ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɿ ʆ ɿɦɹ ɚɝɭɥɶ

ɧɚɟ ɡɝɨɞɵ ² Ʉ ɇ  ɋ ɚɩɟɝɚ ɩɚɝɚɞɡɿʆɫɹ  ɡ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚɦ ɚɛ ɉɪɚʆ

ɥɟɧɧɿ ɍɪɷɲɰɟ ɦɚɪɲ ɚɥɚɤ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵ ɿ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɿʆ

ɩɚɞɩɿɫɚʆɲɵ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɸɿ  ɩɪɵɫɹ ɝɧɭʆɲ ɵ ɺɣ ɭ ɤɚɬɷɞɪɵ ɉɪɵ

ɝɷɬɵɦ ɺɧ ɡɪɚɛɿʆ ɩɪɚɦɨɜɭ ɭ ɹɤɨɣ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿʆ ɫɜ ɚɺ ɿ ɛɨɥɶ ɲɚɫɰɿ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɫɟɧɚɬɚɪɚʆ ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɞɚ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ

ɉɚɡɿɰɵɹ Ʉ ɇ ɋɚɩɟɝɿ ɦɟɥɚ  ɹ ɤ ɭɠɨ ɝɚɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ ɧɟɦɚɥɨɟ

ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɞɥɹ  ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɚɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ  Ʌ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ ɩɚɫɥɵ  ɹɤɿɹ

ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɿ ʆ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿɥɚʆɫɤɿɦ Ʉɥɭɛɟ ɿ  ɧɚɧɚɜɚ ɡ¶ɹ ɞɧɚɧɵɹ ʆ ɿɦɹ

ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩɚʆ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ɦɚɹ ɹɤ Ɍ Ʉɨɪɫɚɤ ɭɜɚɣɲɥɿ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ

ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɚɝɚ ɩɚ ɹ ɟ ʆɯɜɚɥɟɧɧɿ Ɂɝɭɪɬɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɋɹɛɪɨʆ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɚɛ

379

ɉɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ  ɦɚɹ  ɍ Ɂɝɭɪɬɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɥɿ ɬɜɿɧɵ ɚɞɵɝɪɵɜɚɥɿ ɞɨɫɵɰɶ

ɡɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ

 ȼɨɫɶ  ɠɚ  ɦɚɹ ɫɟɫɿɹ Ɂɝɭɪɬɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚ

ɥɚ ɩɚɞ ɫɬɚɪɲ ɵɧɫɬɜɚɦ ə ʆɯɿɦɚ ɏɪɚɩɬɨɜɿɱɚ  ɚ  ɦɚɹ ² ɩɚɞ

ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ Ⱦɚɦɿɧɿɤɚ Ƚɟɣɲɬɚɪɚ

Ɂɪɷɲɬɵ  ɭ ɩɵ ɬɚɧɧɿ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ  ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɟ ɞɷɥɟɝɚɰɵɿ

ɡɚɤ ɩɚɜɟɞɚɦɿɰɶ² ɩɿɫɚʆ ɤɚɪɚɥɸ  ɦɚɹ ɫɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɿ ɩɚɫɨɥ Ⱦɚɦɿ ɧɿɤ

ɗɣɞɡɹɬɨɜɿɱ ² ɩɪɚ ɛɭɪɧɚɟ ɧɟɡɚɞɚɜɚɥɶ ɧɟɧɧɟ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɹ ɣ ɲɦɚɬ

ɤɚɝɨ ɡɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɹɤɿ ɹ ɰɹɩɟɪ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɹ ɰɰɚ ʆ Ʌɿɬɜɟ  Ɇɹɪɤɭɸ ɲ ɬɨ

ɩɚɬɪɷɛɧɚ ɤɚɛ ɭɫɟ ɹɧɵ ɹɤ ɧɚɣɯɭɬɱɷɣ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɮɿɰɵɣɧɚ ʆ ɚɛɚɜ ɹɡ

ɤɨɜ ɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɞɤɭ ɫɤɥɿɤɚɧɵɹ  ɤɚɛ ɩɪɵɫɹɝɚɰɶ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ  ɱɵɦɫɹ

ɤɚɛ ɩɚ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɿ ʆɡɛɭɪɚɥɿ  ɬɪɵ ɜɨɠɵɥɿ ɿ ɛɭɧɬɚɜ ɚɥɿ ɞɡɺɪɡɤɿɦɿ

ɪɚɡɜɚɝɚɦɿ ɪɨɡɭɦɵ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɵ ɲ ɬɨ ɩɚ ɞɚɦɚɯ ɫɹ ɞɡɿɰɶª

 ©ɗ ɣɞɡɹ 

ɬɨɜɿɱ ɭ ɩɚɬɪɵ ɹɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɪɭɩɥɿɜɚɫɰɿ  ɩɟɪɚɛɨɥɶɲɜɚʆª ² ɬɚɤ ɚɰɚɧɿʆ

ɹɝɨɧɵ ɥɿɫɬ ɰɵɬɭɸɱɵ ɍɥɚɞɵɫɥɚʆ ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɿ

 Ⱥɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ ʆ Ʌ ɿɬɜɟ

ɞɚɞɚɜ ɚʆ ɺɧ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɜɚɧɚɸ  ɧɟ ɦɟɥɚ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɿ ɩɪɚɡ

ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɚɝɿɬɚɰɵɸ  ɬɚɦɭ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɡɿɥɚ ʆ ȼ ɚɪɲɚɜɟ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɯ

ɡɚɫɰɹɪɨɝɚʆ Ɍɚɦɭ ɪɚɛɿɥɿ ɫɹ  ɤɪɨɤɿ ɹɤɿɹ ɦɟɥɿ ɧɚ ɦɷɰɟ ɡ¶ ɹɞɧɚɰɶ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ  ɧɟɩɪɵ ɯɿɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ɿ ʆ ɤɨɠɧɵɦ

ɪɚɡɟ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɜɚɰɶ ɿɯ  ɩɟɪɚɤɨɧɜɚɸɱɵ  ɲ ɬɨ  ɧɹ ɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ  ɧɚ

ɧɟɞɚɯɨɩɵ ɿ ɩɹɪɷɱɚɧɧɿ  ɹ ɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚɫɰɸ  ɹ ɤɨɣ ɧɟ ɜɵ

ɩɚɞɚɥɚ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆɥɹɰɰɚ ɹ ɤ ɡ ɦɚɪɚɥɶɧɵ ɯ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ɡ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵɯ

ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɹʆ

 Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɹ ɫɟɧɚɬɚɪɵ  ɿ ɩɚɫɥɵ ɩɚɝɚɞɡɿɥɿ ɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɣɫɤɭɸ

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵɸ  ɤɚɛ ɡɪɚɛɿɰɶ  ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɭ

Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɿ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɰɶ ɹɟ ɚɞ ɡɧɚɞɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɚʆ ɡ

ɹ ɤɿ ɯ ɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɡɞɚɜ ɚɥɿ ɫɚɛɟ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɭ  Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɹ ɧɵ ɧɟ ɡɛɿɪɚɥɿɫɹ

ɚɞɦɚʆɥɹɰɰɚ ɚɞ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɣ ɿ ɸɪɵ ɞɵɱɧɚɣ ɫɭɛ¶ ɟɤɬɧɚɫɰɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚ

ɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ȼɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ ɮɚɤɬ  ɲɬɨ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ  ɦɚɹ

ʆɯɿɥɿ ɥɚɫɹ ɚɞ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɧɹ ʆɡɚɟɦɚɚɞɧɨɫɿɧ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɹ  ɞɷɥɟɝɚɰɵ ɹ ʆɡɹ ɥɚɫɹ  ɛɚɪɚɧɿɰɶ  ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɫɭɛ¶ɟɤɬɧɚɫɰɶ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɡ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɭɸ ɪɷɞɚɤɰɵɸ ɡɜ ɹ ɡɚɧɵ ɯ ɡ

ɧɨɜɚɣ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹɣ ɩɚɞɪɚɛɹɡɧɵ ɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ ʆɧɚɪɦɨʆɜɚɥɿ

ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɵ ɥɚɞ Ɋ ɷɱɵ  ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɦɷɬɚɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚ

ɧɚɹ ɚɤɰɵɹ ɲɬɨ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɨʆɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɞɨʆɧɚ

ɍ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɞɡɟɹ ɧɧɹɯ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ  ɩɚɫɥɵ ɛɪɚɥɿ ɩɚɞ ɭɜ ɚɝɭ ɿ

ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵɿ ɫɨɣɦɿɤɚʆ  ɹɤɿɹ ʆ ɥɿɫɬɚɩɚɞɡɟ ɝ ɜɵɛɿɪɚɸɱɵ ɞɪɭɝɿ

ɫɤɥɚɞ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɭ ɋɨɣɦ ɹɤɿ ɬɚɦɭ ɿ ɫɬɚʆ ɧɚɡɵ ɜɚɰɰɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ ɛɨ

ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚʆ ɚɞ ɬɵɯ ɞɚɬ ɭ ɩɚɞɜɨɣɧɵɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ ɫɮɚɪɦɭɥɹɜɚɥɿ ɫɜ ɚɿɦ

ɞɷɩɭɬɚɬɚɦ ɲ ɷɪɚɝ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɧɧɹʆ

 əɧɵ ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɸɰɶ  ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɰɶ

380

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟɲɥɹɯɬɵ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɚʆ  ɹɤɿɹ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɧɚ

ɩɚɪɚɞɤɭ ɞɧɹ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɜ ɚɧɚɟ Ɋ ɷɱɵ  ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ

ɋɹɪɨɞ ɜɹ ɞɨɦɵɯ ɧɚɦ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵɹ ʆ ɲɚɫɰɿ ɫɨɣɦɿɤɚʆ ² ɚ

ɦɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɬɪɨɰɤɚɝɚ ɤɨɜɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɿɥɶɤɚɦɿɪɫɤɚɝɚ  ɝɚ

ɪɚɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ  ɥɿ ɞɫɤɚɝɚ ² ɭɫɟ ɜɵɤɚɡɜ ɚɸɰɰɚ ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɟ ɩɟɪɚɞɚ

ɱɵ ɬɪɨɧɭ ɫɚɫɤɚɦɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɚɪɭ ɿ ɹɝɨɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿɤɚɦ  Ȼɚɥɶ ɲɵɧɹ

ɫɨɣɦɿɤɚʆ ɩɪɵɧɹ ɥɚ ɩɪɵɧɰɵ ɩ ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ  ɩɚɞɜɨɣɧɵɦ ɋ ɨɣ

ɦɚɦ ɛɭɞɭɱɚɝɚ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɚ ʆ ɚɫɨɛɟ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɚɪɚ ɫɚɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɹ ɝɨ

ɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿɤɚʆ Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɩɪɵ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɧɚɝɨɞɡɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɡ ɮɚɪɦɭɥɹ 

ɜɚɥɿɫɹ ʆɦɨɜɵ ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ  ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɛɹ ɫɩɟɱɵɰɶ  ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɚɫɨɛ

ɧɚɫɰɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ  ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵ ɹ ɚɝɚ

ɜɨɪɜ ɚɥɚ  ɲɬɨ ɩɚɩɹ ɪɷɞɧɹ ɣ ɭɦɨɜɚɣ ɡɚɧɹɰɰɹ ɬɪɨɧɭ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɚɛɚɜɹ

ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ ɿ ɤɚɪɚɥɺɦ ɭɧɿɣɧɚɸ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹɣ  ɝ ɿ ɚɛɧɨʆɥɟ

ɧɵɹ  ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹɣ ɝ ɿ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɵɹ  ɹɤɿɹ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ ɹɦɭ ɩɪɚɞ

ɩɿ ɫɚɧɵɹ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ« ɿ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɡɚɯɨʆɜ ɚɰɶ ɇɚɪɨɞ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ«

ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɿɯ ɜɵ ɡɧɚɱɚɧɵ ɯ ɝɷɬɵ ɦɿ ɠ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɿ ɿ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚɦ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦª

Ȼɨɥɶɲ ɫɬɪɵ ɦɚɧɚ ɝɭɱɚɥɚ ɥɿɞɫɤɚɹ  ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵɹ  əɧɚ ɩɪɚʆɞɚ

ɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɰɶ ɫɚɫɤɚɝɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɚɪɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿɤɚɦ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜ ɚ

ɩɚɫɬɚɜɿɥɚ ɀɵ ɝɿɦɨɧɬɭ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɭ Ɋɷɱ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɹª ɝ ɡɧ  ɞɚɩɭɫɤɚ

ɸɱɵ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩ ɷɥɟɤɰɵɿ vi vente rege >ɩɪɵ ɠɵɜɵɦ ɤɚɪɚɥɸ@  ɚɥɟ

ɛɟɡ ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɹ  ɹ ɝɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿɤɚʆ ɿ ɡɜɹ ɡɜɚɸɱɵ ɝɷɬɚ ɡ ɡɚɯɚ

ɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜ ɚ

 əɲɱɷ ɞɚɥɟɣ ɿɲ ɥɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɡɟɧ

ɫɤɚɹ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵ ɹ  ɚɝɚɜ ɨɪɜɚɸɱɵ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɛɟɡ ɡɦɟɧɚʆ ɤɚɪɞɵ

ɩɪɚɜɵ ɭɧɿɿ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɟ ɡ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚɦª  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ

ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ ɩɚɪɭɲɷɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɰɹɪɩɟɥɿ ɩɚɧɵ  ɉɚɫɥɵ ɩɚɜ ɿɧɧɵ ɧɚɫɬɨɣ

ɜɚɰɶ ɧɚ ɿɯ ɧɟɩɚɪɭɲɧɚɣ ɰɷɥɚɫɰɿ ª

əɤ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ ɬɪɵ ɫɨɣɦɿɤɿ ɡ ɲɚɫɰɿ  ɡɜɹ ɡɚɥɿ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɱɵ

ɬɪɨɧɭ ɡ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɭ ɧɟɩɚɪɭɲɧɵ ɦ ɫɬɚɧɟ ɚɤɬɭ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ

ɍɧɿɿ ɞɚ ɹɤɨɟ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ  ɫɨɣɦɿɤ ɞɚɞɚɜɚʆ ɹɲɱɷɋɬɚɬɭɬ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ

Ʉɥɨɩɚɬ ɩɪɚ ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɮɚɪɦɭɥɹ ɜɚʆ ɿ ɝɚ

ɪɚɞɡɟɧɫɤɿ ɫɨɣɦɿɤ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɭɸɱɵ  ɤɚɛ ɩɪɚɮɟɫɚɪ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɝɚ ɤɚɥɟ

ɞɚɬɧɚɣ ɪɚɡɜɚɠɧɚɫɰɸ ɿ ɞɚɫɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɦ ɜɟɞɚɧɧɟɦ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚª  ɛɵʆ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɵ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚɦ ɿ ɫɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɜɚɧɵɦɿ ɧɚ ɋɨɣɦɟ

ɫɬɚɧɚɦɿ  ɹ ɤ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬ ɞɚ ɡɚɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɱɚɟ ɩɪɚɰɵ

381

Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɵɦ ɜɵɤɚɡɚɦ ɤɥɨɩɚɬɭ ɩɪɚ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ

ɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɪɵɯɬɚɜɚɧɚɣ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚɣɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ

ɛɹɫɩɟɱɚɧɵɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɿ  ɧɟ ɛɵɥɿ

ɩɚɪɭɲ ɚɧɵɹ  >ɩɚɫɥɵ@ ɹɤ ɧɚɣɦɚɰɧɟɣ ɩɚɫɬɚɪɚɸɰɰɚª

 Ɂɚɯɚɜɚɧ

ɧɹ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɭ ɚɥɶɬɷɪɧɚɬɵ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚʆ ɿ ɥɿɞɫɤɿ ɫɨɣɦɿɤ

 ɚ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ

ɚɛ¶ ɹɞɧɚʆ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɡ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɫɬɚɥɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚ

əɝɟɥɨɧɫɤɿ ɯ ɿ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚʆɫɤɿ ɯ ɱɚɫɨʆ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɷɡɿ ɞɷɧɰɵ ɣɧɚɸ ɫɬɚ

ɥɿɰɚɸ ɤɚɪɚɥɺʆ ɦɟɫɰɚɦ  ɞɡɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɫɹ  ɪɚɞɵ ɿ ɚɞɩɪɚʆɥɹɥɿɫɹ

ɫɨɣɦɵ  ɩɚɫɥɵ  ɦɚɸɰɶ  ɫɬɚɪɚɰɰɚ  ɤɚɛ ɫɨɣɦ  ɹ ɤɿ ɡ ɚɥɶ ɬɷɪɧɚɬɵ

ɚɞɛɵɜɚɟɰɰɚʆ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɛɵʆ ɩɟɪɚɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɡ Ƚɨɪɚɞɧɿ ʆ ȼɿɥɶɧɸª

  ɍ

ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɩɭɧɤɰɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵ ɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɩɚɠɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɚɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ

ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɡɚɦɤɚ ɤɚɛ ɺɧ ɩɚɫɚɜɚʆ ɩɚɞɦɚɧɚɪɲɭɸ ɪɷɡɿɞɷɧɰɵ ɸ

ɋɩɪɚɜɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɋɨɣɦɭ ɞɚɬɵɱɵ ɥɚ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵɹ ɤɨɜɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ

ɫɨɣɦɿɤɭ ɩɪɚ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ  ɫɟɧɚɬɚɪɚʆ ɿ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ȼɹ ɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ

ɧɚɣɡ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɹʆ ɝ  ɡɧ  ɭ ɬɪɷɰɹɣ ɱɚɫɬɰɵª

ȱɫɬɨɬɧɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɦɟɥɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ

ɫɤɚɪɛɭ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɋɤɚɪɛɨɜɚɣɄɚɦɿɫɿɿ  ɹɤɚɹ ɿɦ ɡɚɝɚɞɜɚɥɚ  ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ

ɩɵɬɚɧɧɿ ɧɚɣɞɚɥɟɣ ɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɭ ʆɥɿɤɭ ɭɧɿ ɮɿɤɚɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚ

ɜɚɧɹ ʆ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɡ ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɧɧɟɦ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ ɫɤɚɪɛɨɜɵɯ ɫɭɞɨʆ  ɿɲɨʆ

ɠɚɞɚɟ ɩɚɜɟɬ  ɞɚɣɲɥɨ ɞɚ ɡɥɭɱɷɧɧɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɤɚɪɛɭ ɡ ɤɚɪɨɧ

ɧɵ ɦ ɩɚɧɵ ɩɚɫɥɵ ɞɚɦɨɜ ɹɰɰɚ  ɤɚɛ ɫɭɞɚɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɟ ɠ ɋɤɚɪɛɨ

ɜɚɟ Ʉɚɦɿɫɿɿ ɡɚɫɬɚɥɨɫɹ ʆ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɩɪɚɜɿ ɧɰɵɿ ɚ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɹ«

ɤɚɛ ɪɚɡɦɹɲɱɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ Ʉɨʆɧɟ«ª

ɐɜɹ ɪɞɡɟɣɲɭɸ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ɡɚɧɹʆ ɜɿɥɶ ɤɚɦɿɪɫɤɿ ɫɨɣɦɿɤ ɹ ɤɿ ɞɚ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬ>ɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ@ ɚ ɚɫɚɛɥɿ ɜɚ ɋɤɚɪɛɨɜɚɹ Ʉɚɦɿɫɿɹ

ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ ɿ ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɥɿ ʆɜɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵ ɿ  ɚ ɧɟ ɞɚɥɭɱɚ-

ɥɿɫɹ ɿ ɩɟɪɚɧɨɫɿɥɿɫɹ ɞɚ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɵª

ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɠɚɱɵɧɚɦ ɝɚɪɚɞɡɟɧɫɤɿ ɫɨɣɦɿɤ ɡɚɩɿɫɚʆɭ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤ

ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵ ɿ@ ɩɚɫɥɵ  ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɰɶ ɧɟ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ  Ʉɚɥɿ ɠɛɵ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠ

ɧɚɹ ɛɚɥɶ ɲɵ ɧɹ ɝɚɥɚɫɨʆ ɯɚɰɟɥɚ ʆɱɵ ɧɿɰɶ ɤɪɵʆɞɭ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɩɪɚɜɿɧ

ɰɵ ɿ  ɭ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɩɚɧɵ ɩɚɫɥɵ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɜɚɸɰɰɚ ʆɱɵɧɿ ɰɶ ɩɪɚ

ɝɷɬɚ ɦɚɧɿɮɟɫɬª

Ʌɿɞɫɤɿ ɫɨɣɦɿɤ ɿ ɲɨʆ ɞɚɥɟɣ ɺɧ ɜɵɤɚɡɚʆ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɟ