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362

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

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Warszawa,  ɉ ɨɥ ɶɫɤɚɛ ɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ɹɫɭɜɹɡɿɝɷɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɹɤ ɿɚɫɬɚɬɧ ɿɹ

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ɧɵɦɿ  Ⱥɫɨ ɛɧ ɚ ɬɪɷɛɚɫɩ ɵɧɿɰɰɚ ɧɚɮ ɭɧɞ ɚɦ ɟɧɬɚɥ ɶɧɚɣ ɩɪ ɚɰɵȼɿɤɬɚɪɚ

ɋɭɤɟɧɿɰ ɤɚɝɚ:6XNHQ QLFNLEast-centrale Europe in World Wa r 1914–

1918. From Forei gn Dominat ion to Nat ional Freedom. T. I–II. New York,

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ɩɚɦ ɵɥ ɸɫɹɩ ɪɵɩɿ ɫɚʆɲɵɹɦɭ ȼ ɋɭ ɤɟɧɿ ɰɤɚɦ ɭ ² ɘȻɧ ɚɦ ɟɪ ɧɚ

ɩɿɫɚɰ ɶɷɩɿ ɥɨ ɝ ɞ ɚ ɝ ɿɫɬɨ ɪ ɵɿ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɚɣ ɱ ɵɧ ɵ ɤɚɛ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɟɞɚɦɚɹɤɿ ɦ

ɱ ɵɧ ɚɦɩ ɟɪ ɚɫɬɚɥɚɿ ɫɧ ɚɜɚɰ ɶ ȼɹɥɿ ɤɚɟ Ʉɧ ɹɫɬɜɚɹɤɨ ɟ ɞɚɬɪ ɵɜɚɥ ɚɩɪɵ

ɧɚɦɫɿ ɹɤ ɿɞɷɹɞ ɚ ɝª  Dwa po Īeg nani a // .X OWXUD 3DU\ Ī, 19 83 .

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ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧ ɵɦ ɚɫɹɪɨɞ ɞɡɿ Ɍɚɤɋɬɚɧ ɿɫɥ ɚʆ Ƚɪɚɛɫɤɿɹɲɱɷ ɩɚɫɥɹ 

ɝɚɰɷɧɶɜɚʆɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥ ɶɧɵɪ ɭɯ ɹɤ © ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥ ɿɡɦ «ɜɵɝɚɞɚɜɚ

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ɧɭ ɬɵɮɪɨɧ ɬɚɦ ɬɨɥ ɶɤɿɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɉɨ ɥɶɲɱɵɿ ʆɩɥɵɜɚʆɩ ɨɥ ɶɫɤɚɣɰ ɵɜɿ

ɥɿ ɡɚɰɵɿ ɧɚɥ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɧɚɪɨ ɞª 6WDQL Vá DZ * UDEV NL  3D PL ĊW QL NL  T. II.

Warszawa, 1989. S. 197).

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ɉɪ ɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɝɥ.: J. Bardach. O pows tan iu nowo czesnego n aro du

litewskiego. S. 23 1–233.

ɉɚɞɪɚɛɹɡ ɧɚɩ ɪɚ ɝɷɬ ɚ²J. Ju rki ewi cz. 5R ]Zy MS ROV NL HM P\Ğ OL

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niedawnej Litwie. S. 26 5–279.

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Ī\FLHLG]L DáDOQRĞü Warsza wa, 1984. S. 1 36–137.

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ɤɪ ɵɬɵɱ ɧɚɚɰɷɧɶɜɚʆ Ƚɪɚɛ ɫɤɿ S. Grab ski. 3D PLĊW QLNL  T. II. S. 16 9.

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1LHS RGOHJá RĞü. L ondon, 1948. T. 1 . S. 1 09.

/ĩHOLJRZVNL1RWDWNL]URNX© 1LHSRGOHJáRĞüª /RQGRQ

1951. T. 3. S. 165–166.

W. Mieysztowicz. *DZĊG\R F]DVDFKLOXG ]LDFK Lon don, 1 983.

S. 330.

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M. Zdzi ech ows ki. '] LHáD Z\EUD QH T. I: : L GP RS U] \V ]áR ĞFL

Lozan na, 1983. S. 1.

Ɍɚɦɫɚɦɚ ɡɚʆɜɚɝ ɚ

S. Janowicz. %LDá RUXĞ%LDáRUXĞ. Warszawa, 1987. S. 5.

ɐɵɬɩɚɜɨ ɞɥɟ3Lossowski. Litwa a sprawy pol skie…. S. 152.

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364

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

Ɋ ɷɮɨɪɦɚ ɥɚɞɭ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿ -

ɬɚɟ  ɹ ɤɭɸ ɪɚɫɩɚɱɚʆ ɑɚɬɵ ɪɨɯɝɚɞɨɜɵ ɋɨɣɦ ±

 ɦɭɫɿɥɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ ɫɜ ɚɺ ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ L ɞɚ ɚɫ

ɧɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹ ² ɭɡɚɟɦɚɚɞɧɨɫɿɧ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɵ

Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ȼɹɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ

ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɵɦ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɿ  ɧɚ ɑɚɬɵɪɨɯɝɚɞɨɜ ɵɦ ɋɨɣɦɟ ɜɵɹ ɜɿɥɿɫɹ  ɞɡɜɟ

ɩɪɨɰɿ ɥɟɝɥɵɹ ɩɚɡɿ ɰɵɿ  Ⱥɛɟɞɡɜɟ ɹɧɵ  ɤɚɪɚɧɿɥɿɫɹ  ʆ ɞɚɥɺɤɚɣ

ɦɿɧɭʆɲ ɱɵɧɟ ȼɨɫɶ  ɠɚ ɚɞ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɫɭɬɵɤɚɥɿɫɹ  ɦɿ ɠɫɨɛɤɭ

ɭɧɿ ɬɚɪɧɚɹ  ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɹ  ɹɤɚɹ  ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚɥɚ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɡ

Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɚɞɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɿ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɹ

ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ  ɡ¶ ɹ ɞɧɚɧɚɟ ɭɧɿɹ ɣ ²

ɧɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɩɟɪɫɚɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ² ɡ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɸ

Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ  ɝ ² ɤɚɧɫɟɧɫɭɫ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɬɵ ɩɚɫɥɹ

ɞɨʆɝɿɯ ɿ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɷɱɚɤ ² ɛɵɥɚ ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫɧɵɦ ɪɚɲɷɧ

ɧɟɦ ɋɬɜɨɪɚɧɚɹ ɬɚɞɵ Ɋ ɷɱ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɹ Ⱥɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɫɩɚɥɭ

ɱɚɥɚ ʆɦɚɰɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɫɭɜ ɹɡɿ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɵ  ɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɡ ɡɚɯɚ

ɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɿɯ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɟ ɫɭɛ¶ ɟɤɬɧɚɫɰɿ Ɍ ɪɵɜɚɥɚɫɰɶ  ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ

ɡɚɛɹ ɫɩɟɱɜɚɥɚ ɚɞɡɿɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɣɜ ɵ ɲ ɷɣɲɵɯ ɭɥɚɞɚʆ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɝɚ

ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ  ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ  ɿ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹ ɡɹ  ɚɛɿɪɚɧɚɝɚ ɧɚ

ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɷɥɟɤɰɵɿ ɿ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɫɨɣɦɭ ɚ ɫɭɛ¶ɟɤɬɧɚɫɰɶ ɤɨɠ

ɧɚɝɚ ɡ ɹ ɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿɤɚʆ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɜɚɥɚ ɞɜɚɿ ɫɬɚɫɰɶ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɵ ɯ

ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɚʆ  ɚɫɨɛɧɵɹ ɫɤɚɪɛ ɜɨɣɫɤɿ  ɫɭɞɨɜɵɹ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ   ɧɚɪɷɲ

ɰɟ ɭɥɚɫɧɵɹ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɍ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɿɫɬɷ

ɦɚɸ ɛɵʆ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ ɫɚɦɿɦɿ ɥɿɬɜ ɿɧɚɦɿ ɿ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɵ ɤɚɪɚɥɺɦ

ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚɦ ,,, ȼɚɡɚɦ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɚɧɚɰɵɣɧɵɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ ,,, ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬ

Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ  ɝ Ȭɧ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɛɵʆ ɤɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɰɵɹɣ ɜɵɞɚɬɧɚɸ

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹɦɚɹɿ©ȸɡɚɟɦɧɵɹ

ɁɚɪɭɱɵɧɵȺɛɨɞɜɭɯɇɚɪɨɞɚʆªɝ

365

ɞɚɞɚɦɨ ɫɭɞɨɜɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɚɥɟ ɡɦɹɲɱɚʆ ɿ ɩɚɥɚɠɷɧɧɿ ɹɤɿɹ  ɧɚɪ

ɦɚɜɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɵ ɫɬɚɧɚʆ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵ ɥɚɞ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɍ ɫɜɹ

ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ,,, ɋɬɚɬɭɬ ɡɪɚɛɿʆɫɹ ɸɪɵ ɞɵɱɧɵɦ

ɜɵɪɚɡɧɿɤɚɦ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿ  Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ   Ȭɧ ɧɟ ɛɵʆ

ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɜɵɪɚɡɧɿɤɚɦ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɵɡɦɭ  ɛɨ ɯɨɰɶ ɩɪɚ ɭɧɿ ɸ ɡ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɚɣ

ɭ ɿɦ ɚɞɤɪɵ ɬɚ ɿ ɧɟ ɡɝɚɞɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɥɚ ɡ ɲɷɪɚɝɭ ɧɨɪɦɚʆ

ɹɤɿɹ ɬɵɱɵɥɿɫɹ  ɫɹɪɨɞɿɧɲɚɝɚ  ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɣɦɚʆ

Ⱥɩɪɨɱ ɬɚɝɨ ɡɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɸɱɵ  ɹɝɨ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ ,,,ɩɟɪɚɫɰɹɪɨɝ ɲ ɬɨ

©ɝɷɬɵ  ɧɨɜɚɩɚɩɪɚʆɥɟɧɵ ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬ ɚɧɿ  ʆ ɱɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɚ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɵɰɶ

ɫɚɸɡɚɦ ɿ ɫɩɿɫɚɦ ɍɧɿɿ ɲɤɨɞɡɿɰɶ  ɿɦ ɿ ɩɚɪɭɲɚɰɶ ɿɯª

Ⱦɚɥɟɣɲɚɟ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɟ ɠɵɰɰɺ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ

ɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹ ɱɵ  ɧɚ ɧɟɥɚɞɵ  ɫɭɩɹ ɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ  ɧɚɜ ɚɬ ɜɨɫɬɪɵɹ ɤɚɧ

ɮɥɿɤɬɵ  ɹ ɤ ɭ  ɝ ɡɛɥɿɠɚɥɚ © ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɹ  ɧɚɪɨɞɵª  ɝ ɡɧ

ɩɚɧɨʆ ɿ ɲɥɹɯɬɭ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ ɉɪɚɰɷɫɵ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɟ ɩɚɥɚɧɿ

ɡɚɰɵɿ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɜɹɥɿ  ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɭ

;9,,±;9,,, ɫɬɫɬ  ɞɚ ɚɬɚɹɫɚɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɯ ɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɸ ɲɥɹɯɬɚɣ ɉɚɫɥɹ

 ɝ  ɤɚɥɿ ʆɯɜɚɥɟɧɚɟ Coaequatio iurium ɡɪɚʆɧɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɵ ɥɿ ɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɟ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɡ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɸ ɭɧɿɮɿɤɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɭ ʆɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɚʆ ɭ

ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɯ ɿ  ɫɚɧɤɰɵɹ ɧɚɜ ɚɥɚ ʆɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟ ʆ ɹɤɚɫɰɿ ɞɡɹɪ

ɠɚʆɧɚɣ ɦɨɜ ɵ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ ɡɚɦɟɫɬ ɫɬɚɪɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɟ ɦɨɜ ɵ

  ɭ ©ɩɚ

ɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɦɧɚɪɨɞɡɟª ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ ɮɚɪɦɚɜ ɚɰɰɚ ɞɜɭɯ

ɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɹ ɧɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ  əɟ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɚ

ɧɚɡɿɪɚɰɶ ɭ ɱɚɫɵ Ⱥɫɜɟɬɧɿɰɬɜ ɚ  ɉɚɥɹɝɚɥɚ ɹɧɚ  ɤɚɠɭɱɵ ɹɤ ɧɚɣ

ɫɰɿɫɥɟɣ ɭ ɬɵɦ ɲɬɨ © ɥɿ ɬɜɿɧɵª  ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɜɚɸɱɵɫɹ  ɚɞ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ

Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ² © ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵ ɯª  ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɿɦɿ ɩɪɵɡɧɚ

ɜɚɥɿ ɫɹɛɟ ɡɚ ©ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚʆª  Ƚɷɬɵɯ ɧɚɡɜɚʆ ɧɟ ɜ ɚɪɬɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɰɶ ɭ

ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ ɍ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɿ ©ɥɿɬɜ ɿɧª ɚɡɧɚɱɚɟ ɹɲɱɷ

ɡ ɝɥɵɛɿɧɿ ;,; ɫɬ  ɠɵɯɚɪɚ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ

ɬɚɝɨ  ɰɿ ɺɧ ɛɵ ʆ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚ ɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚɦ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚɦ ɰɿ

ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚɦ  Ⱥ © ɩɚɥɹɤª ² ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɿɧ ɞɚʆɧɹ ɟ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ

Ⱥɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ ɬɚɝɨ  ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɺɧ ɡ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ

ɰɿ ɡ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ

Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɫɩɚɥɚɧɿ ɡɚɜɚɧɚɹ

ɛɚɪɚɧɿɥɚ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɶ © ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɿª² ɧɚɡɜɚ ɹɤɚɹ ɜ ɵ

ɫɬɭɩɚɟ ʆ ;9,,, ɫɬ  ɧɚɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɭ ɡ ɬɷɪɦɿɧɚɦ ©ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚª

ɿ ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚɟɰɰɚ ɧɚ ɚɤɬ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɍɧɿɿ ɹɤ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜ ɵ ɮɚɪɦɚɥɶ

ɧɚ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɫɚɸɡɚ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ  ɉɚɱɭɰɰɺ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ

ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ ɹɤ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ ɭ ɫɜ ɚɿɯ ɞɡɺɧɧɿɤɚɯ ɤɧɹɡɶ Ɇɿɯɚɥ Ʉɥɟɚ

ɮɚɫ Ⱥɝɿɧɫɤɿ ɿɲɥɨ ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɧɧɟɦ ɜɹ ɪɲ ɷɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ

ɧɚɣ ɫɭɜ ɹ ɡɿ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɣɧɚɟ Ɋɷɱɵ  ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ  Ƚɷɬɭɸ ɭɧɿɣɧɭɸ

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɦ ɚɹɿ ©ȸɡɚɟɦ ɧ ɵɹɁɚɪɭɱɵɧɵª

366

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɫɜ ɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ ɩɪɨɰɿɫɬɚʆɥɹɥɿ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɹɦ  ɹɤɿɹ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɞɚ ɞɡɹ ɪ

ɠɚʆɧɚɣ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ

  ɍ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɹɝɪɚɮɿɿ ɫɭɬɵɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɭɧɿ ɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɬɷɧ

ɞɷɧɰɵɹ ʆ ɡ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɣɧɵɦɿ ʆ ɱɚɫɵ  ɑɚɬɵɪɨɯɝɚɞɨɜ ɚɝɚ ɋ ɨɣɦɭ

ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿʆ  ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɸɱɵ ɲɷɪɚɝ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚʆ  ɗ ɦɚ

ɧɭɷɥɶ Ɋɚɫɬɜ ɚɪɨʆɫɤɿ

 Ⱦɚɥɟɣ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ

ʆ ɫɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɡɚɧɹɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɶ ɧɚ ȿɠɵ  Ɇɚɥɟɰ

 ɿ

ȿɠɵ Ɇɿɯɚɥɶɫɤɿ

  Ɂ ɿɯɧɿɯ ɪɚɡɜɚɝ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɲɬɨ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ Ⱥʆ

ɝɭɫɬ ɩɪɵ ɯɿɥɶɧɿɤ ɦɚɞɷɥɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ  ɚɞ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɫɜɚɣ

ɝɨ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɥɿ ɱɵʆ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɞɭɚɥɿɡɦ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɚɧɚ

ɯɪɚɧɿɡɦɚɦ  ɲɬɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɡ ɜɵɤɚɡɜɚʆ

  ɍɠɨ ʆ  ɝ ɺɧ ɞɚɪɭɱɵʆ

ɪɚɫɩɪɚɰɚɜ ɚɰɶ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɤɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵɿ ɩɚɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɣ «Ucalenie unii

:LHONLHJR .VLĊVW ZD /L WHZVNLHJR ] .RURQą 3ROVNąª [« Ɂ¶ ɹɞɧɚɧɧɟ

ɭɧɿ ɿ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɡ Ʉɚɪɨɧɚɣ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɸª@ ɉɪɚ

ɟɤɬ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚʆ ɡ¶ ɹɞɧɚɧɧɟ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵɯ ɭ ɝ

ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɯ ɤɚɦɿɫɿɹʆ ɫɤɚɪɛɨɜɚɣ ɿ ɜɚɣɫɤɨɜɚɣ ɡ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦɿ

ɿ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨʆɜɚʆ ɩɚɲɵ ɪɵ ɰɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɵɿ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚʆ ɿ ɩɚɞɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚʆ

ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɿ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɧɚ ʆɫɸ Ɋɷɱ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɭɸ ɉɪɚɟɤɬ ɧɚɩɚɬ

ɤɚʆ ɚɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɑ ɚɪɬɚɪɵɫɤɿɯ ɋ ɭɩɪɨɰɶ  ɹɝɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɿʆ ɿ

ɤɚɪɚɥɺʆ ɛɪɚɬ Ɇɿɯɚɥ ɉɚɧɹɬɨʆɫɤɿ  ɍ ɞɡɺɧɧɿɤɚɜɵɯ ɧɚɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɋɬɚ

ɧɿ ɫɥɚʆ Ʌ ɸɛɚɦɿɪɫɤɿ ɡɹɰɶ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚ ɑɚɪɬɚɪɵɫɤɚɝɚ  ɚɰɷɧɶɜ ɚʆ ɤɚ

ɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɿ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɹɤ © ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɭɧɿɿª  © ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɚɟ eversionem

status [ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɪɨɬ@ª  ɍ ɜɵ ɧɿɤɭ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɚɞ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɭ

ɚɞɫɬɭɩɿʆɫɹ ɚɥɟ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɞɭɦɤɿ ɧɟ ɡɦɹɧɿʆ

ɉɚɫɥɹ ɩɟɪɲ ɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɭ ɿ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɧɹ ʆ  ɝ  ɉɚɫɬɚɹɧ

ɧɚɟ Ɋɚɞɵ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɡɛɿɪɚʆɫɹ  ɫɤɚɧɰɷɧɬɪɚɜɚɰɶ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ʆ

ȼɚɣɫɤɨɜɵɦ Ⱦɷɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɰɟ Ɋ ɚɞɵ   ɚ ɫɤɚɪɛɨɜɵɹ  ² ɭ ɋ ɤɚɪɛɨ

ɜɵɦ Ⱦ ɷɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɰɟ  Ⱥɞɧɚɤ  ɞɡɹ ɤɭɸɱɵ ɪɚɲɭɱɚɦɭ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿɜɭ

Ⱥɧɬɨɧɿɹ  Ɍ ɵɡɟɧɝɚʆɡɚ ɩɚɞɫɤɚɪɛɿɹ ɧɚɞɜɨɪɧɚɝɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɲɬɨ

ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚʆ ɪɨɥɸ ɥɿɞɷɪɚ ɪɷɝɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɩɚɪɬɵ ɿ ʆ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɡ ɚɛɚɪɨ

ɧɚɸ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɿ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ ɥɚɞɭ ɞɵ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚɄɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɹ ɤɭɸ

ɺɧ ɜɺʆ ɚɞ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɫɜɚɺɣɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɚɣ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɚɫɨɛ

ɧɚɫɰɶ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ

 ɚ ʆ ɜɵɧɿ ɤɭ ɿ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɧɚɣ ɋɤɚɪɛɨɜɚɣ Ʉɚɦɿɫɿɿ

ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɋ ɤɚɪɛɨɜɵ Ⱦɷɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɪɷɚɥɶɧɚɟ ʆɥɚ

ɞɵ  ɚ © ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬ ɦɭɫɿʆɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɩɚɤɿɧɭɰɶ ɦɿ ɥɭɸ ɹɝɨɧɚɦɭ

ɫɷɪɰɭ ɿ ɞɷɸ ɩɨʆɧɚɟ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿ ɡɚɰɵɿ ɜɵ ɤɚɧɚʆɱɚɟ ʆɥɚɞɵ ʆ Ɋ ɷɱɵ

ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣª

  ɇɟ ʆɞɚɥɚɫɹ ɿ ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɚɹ  ɤɚɪɚɥɺɦ ɫɩɪɨɛɚ ɭɧɿ

ɮɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɉɪɚɟɤɬ ɤɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɰɵɣɧɚɟ

ɤɚɦɿ ɫɿɿ ɡ ɛɵɥɵ ɦ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵ ɦ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚɦ Ⱥɧɞɠɷɟɦ Ɂɚɦɨɣɫɤɿɦ

ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ  ɜɹɞɨɦɵ  ɹɤ Ɂɛɨɪ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚʆ ɛɵʆ ɚɞɯɿɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɣɦɚɦ ɭ

367

 ɝ  ɩɟɪɚɜ ɚɠɧɚ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɚɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ  ɹɤɚɹ

ɛɚɪɚɧɿɥɚ ɧɟɩɚɪɭɲɧɚɫɰɶ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ

 ɇɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɭ ʆɫɹ ɝɨ

ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɵ ɹɞɭ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɞɚɦɚɝɚɥɿɫɹ © ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ  ɭɧɿɿ ʆ

ɧɹɡɦɟɧɟɧɚɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɚɤɿɞɚɧɧɹ ʆɫɹɥɹ ɤɿɯ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɹʆ ² ɹ ɤ ɭ

ɫɮɟɪɵ >ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ@ ɥɚɞɭ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ɫɭɞɨɜɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚª

 ɇɹɝɥɟɞɡɹ

ɱɵ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚʆ ɫɧɚɜɚɰɶ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɧɚɣɲɱɵɥɶɧɟɣ

ɲɚɝɚ ɡ¶ɹ ɞɧɚɧɧɹ  Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ Ʌ ɿɬɜɵ  Ɋ ɚɫɩɪɚɰɨʆɤɚ ɤɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵ ɿ

ɑɚɬɵɪɨɯɝɚɞɨɜɵɦ ɋ ɨɣɦɚɦ ɡɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɞɥɹ  ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɡɪɭɱɧɚɣ ɧɚɝɨ

ɞɚɣ

ɉɚɪɚɥɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɿ ɧɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɱ

ɧɚɟ ɭɧɿ ɮɿɤɚɰɵɣɧɚɟ ɩɥɵ ɧɿ  ɩɚɬɪɷɛɭ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɵ

ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɥɚ ɪɚɞɵ ɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɬɚɪɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɵɧɶ  ə ɟ ɿɞɷɨ

ɥɚɝ ɿ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɰɚ ɤɫɺɧɞɡ Ƚɭɝɚ Ʉɚɥɚɧɬɚɣ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚʆ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɟ

ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ ɿ ɭɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ  Ȭɧ ɜɵɤɚɡɜ ɚʆ

ɫɹ  ɡɚ ɬɨɟ ɤɚɛ ɋɤɚɪɛɨɜɵ Ⱦɷɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɉɚɫɬɚɹɧɧɚɟ Ɋ ɚɞɵ  ɹ ɤɚɹ

ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɹ ɲɱɷ ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɥɚ ɫɤɚɧɰɷɧɬɪɚɜɚʆ ɭ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɤɿɪɚ

ɜɚɧɧɟ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɦɚ ɫɤɚɪɛɚɦɿ  © ȼɚɣɫɤɨɜɵ Ⱦɷɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɡɚɣɦɚɟɰ

ɰɚ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɚɦ ɡɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ Ⱥɞɭɤɚɰɵɣɧɚɹ Ʉɚɦ

ɿɫɿɹ ɤɿɪɭɟ ɚɞɭɤɚɰɵɹɣ ɭ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜ ɟ ɱɚɦɭ ɠ ɋɤɚɪɛɨɜɚɦɭ

Ⱦɷɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɭ ɧɟ ɬɪɵ ɦɚɰɶ ɭ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɦɚ

ɫɤɚɪɛɚɦɿª

 ² ɩɿɫɚʆ ɺɧ ɭ ©Ʌɿɫɬɚɯ Ⱥɧɚɧɿɦɚª   ɍɧɿɮɿɤɚ

ɰɵɹ  ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɧɟ ɩɚɜ ɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɞɛɵɰɰɚ ɤɨɲɬɚɦ ɭɲɱɵɦɥɟɧɧɹ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ  ɉɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɸɱɵ ɪɨʆɧɵɹ  ɩɪɚɜɵ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ

Ʌɿɬɜɵ Ʉ ɚɥɚɧɬɚɣ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚɜ ɚʆ  ɤɚɛ ɩɚɥɨɜɚ ɪɚɞɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɫɵɥɿɹ 

ɪɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ  ɦɟɥɿɫɹ ʆɜ ɚɣɫɰɿ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ Ⱦɷɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɡ

Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɚ ɩɚɥɨɜɚ ² ɡ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɋɭɩɨɥɶɧɵɦɿ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵɛɵɥɿ ɛɵɰɶ

ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɺɧ ɧɚɡɵɜɚʆ ɹɝɨ ɰɵɜɿɥɶɧɵɦɿ  ɜ ɹɥɿɤɿɹ

ɤɚɦɿɫɿɿ ©ɉɚɤɨɥɶ ɤɿ ʆɫɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɵɄɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜ ɚ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ȼɹɥɿ

ɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɚɞɧɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɰɶ Ɋɷɱ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɭɸ  ²

ɩɿ ɫɚʆ ɺɧ ɭ  ɝ  ɭ © ɉɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚª

ɡɚɞɭɦɚɧɵ ɦ ɹ ɤ ɝɚɬɨɜɵ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ  ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɱɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɚɣ

ɑɚɬɵɪɨɯɝɚɞɨɜɵɦ ɋ ɨɣɦɚɦ Ⱦɷɩɭɬɚɰɵɿ ɞɡɟɥɹ ɩɚɥɹ ɩɲɷɧɧɹ ɮɨɪ

ɦɵ ɩɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ  ² ɬɨ ɚɞɧɨ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɞɥɹ ʆɫɿɯ ɰɵɜɿɥɶɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɬɨ

ɛɨɤ ɋɬɚɬɭɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  ɞɚ

ɹɤɨɝɚ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɜɚɧɵɹ  ɡ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɞɚɥɭɱɚɰɶ  ɡɛɨɪ ɤɚɧɫɬɵ

ɬɭɰɵɹʆ ɲ ɬɨ ɡɦɹ ɲɱɚɸɰɶ ɭ ɫɚɛɟ ɰɵɜɿɥɶɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ  ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɚɟ

ɞɥɹ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆª  Ⱦ ɚ ɭɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ɛɵʆ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɿɰ

ɰɚ ɿ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɵ  Ʉɚɥɚɧɬɚɟɦ ɩɪɵɧɰɵ ɩ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɹɤɨɝɚ ʆɫɟ

ʆɪɚɞɚɜɵɹ ɚɤɬɵ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɰɰɚ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ

ɦɨɜɟ Ƚɷɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɚɜɭɱɚɧɧɟ ɜɚ ʆɫɿɯ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ ɩɚɜ ɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɞ

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɦ ɚɹɿ ©ȸɡɚɟɦ ɧ ɵɹɁɚɪɭɱɵɧɵª

368

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɛɵɜɚɰɰɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ  © ɡɚ ɜ ɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɞɭɯɨʆ

ɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɭɤ  ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɭɸɰɶ  ɦɨɜ ɵ  ɡɝɨɞɧɚɟ ɫɚ ɫɜ ɚɿɦ ɚɛɪɚ

ɞɚɦª

ȱɦɤɧɭɱɵɫɹ  ɞɚ ɭɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɿɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ Ʉɚɥɚɧɬɚɣ ɜɵ

ɤɚɡɜɚʆɫɹ ɡɚ ɚɞɧɚɫɬɚɣɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ʆɫɹ ɟ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ

ɧɭɸ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɸ ɿ ɡɚ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɚɥɶ ɬɷɪɧɚɬɵ ɫɚɣɦɚɜɚɧɧɹ

ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚ  ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɹ ɤɨɝɚ ɤɨɠɧɵ ɬɪɷɰɿ ɫɨɣɦ ɦɭɫɿʆ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɰɰɚ ʆ

Ƚɨɪɚɞɧɿ  ɋɨɣɦɵ ɦɟɥɿɫɹ ɛ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɰɰɚ ʆ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ əɤ

ɫɬɚɥɿɰɚ  ȼ ɚɪɲɚɜɚ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɛ ɞɚ ʆɫɿɯ ɬɪɨɯ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵ ɹʆ ɩɪɵ

ɡɧɚɱɚɸɱɵ  ɫɩɥɚɱɜ ɚɧɵɯ ɺɣ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɚʆ ɧɚ ɫɤɚɪɛɨɜɵɹ  ɜ ɵɞɚɬɤɿ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ

 Ɍɨɥɶ ɤɿ ʆ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɿ ɫɭɞɨɜɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ Ʉɚɥɚɧɬɚɣ

ɜɵɤɚɡɜɚʆɫɹ  ɡɚ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɯ ɬɪɵɛɭɧɚɥɚʆ ɿ ɚɫɷɫɚɪɫɤɿɯ

ɫɭɞɨʆ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɚɟ ɡ ɬɪɨɯ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɹʆ

 Ƚɷɬɭɸ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɨɜɭɸ

ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ɺɧ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɡɿ ʆ ɭ ɪɭɤɚɩɿɫɟ ©ɉɪɚ ɫɨɣɦª ɹɤɿ ɡɚɫɬɚʆɫɹ  ʆ

ɪɭɤɚɩɿɫɟ ©Ʉ ɚɥɿ ɦɵ ɯɨɱɚɦ ɬɪɵɜɚɥɚ ɛɵɰɶ ɜɨɥɶɧɵɦɿ ɩɚɦɹɬɚɣ

ɦɚ ɲɬɨ ɧɚɦ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɥɭɱɵɰɶ  ɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɞɡɹ ɥɹɰɶ ɦɵ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɦɟɰɶ

ɚɞɧɭ ɫɬɚɥɿɰɭ ɧɚɲɚɟ ɜɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ɚɞɧɨ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ  ɫɤɚɪɛ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ

ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɰɶ  ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɵɹ ɞɥɹ  ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆª

ɍ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɜɹ ɪɬɚɥɚɫɹ ʆɜɚɝɚ ɧɚ ɫɭɩɹ ɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɚɦɿɠ

ɝɷɬɵɦɿ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜ ɚɦɿ ɿ ɜɵɫɧɨɜɚɣ ɡɦɟɲ ɱɚɧɚɣ ɭ ɬɵɦ ɠɚ ©ɉɚɥɿ

ɬɵɱɧɵ ɦ ɩɪɚɜɟª  ɪɚɡɞɡ  ,,, ɚɪɬ  ,9 Ʉɚɪɞɵɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚʆ),

ɞɡɟ Ʉɚɥɚɧɬɚɣ ɩɿɫɚʆ ©ɉɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿ ɬɚɣ

ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɰɰɚ ɡ ɪɚɡɧɚɫɬɚɣɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɞɚɥɭɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɞɚ Ʉɚ

ɪɨɧɵ  ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɟ ɩɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ɞɨɛɪɚɚɯɜɨɬɧɚɟ ʆɦɨɜɵ  ɚɫɚɛɥɿ ɜɚ ɠ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɬɨ ʆɫɟ ɜɚɪɭɧɤɿ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɫɚɛɟ

ɝɷɬɚɟ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɚɛɭɦɨʆɥɿɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɣɦɟ unionis >ɫɚɸ

ɡɚ@ ɹɤ ɞɥɹ ʆɫɹɝɨ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɧɤɪɷɬɧɵɯ ɚɫɨ

ɛɚʆ  ɦɚɸɰɶ ɛɵɰɶ  ɧɟɩɚɪɭɲɧɵɦɿ ɿ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɵɦɿ ʆ ɰɷɥɚɫɰɿ Ɂɦɟɧɚ

ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɩɚɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɜɚɪɭɧɤɚʆ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɿɰɶ ɿɧɚɤɲ  ɹ ɤ

ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɡ ɚɞɧɚɝɚɥɨɫɧɚɟ ɡɝɨɞɵ ʆɫɿɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɧɚ ɦɨɰɵ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵ

ɹʆ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɯ ɜɚɹɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɦɿª

Ⱥɧɚɥɿɡɭɸɱɵ ɝɷɬɵ  ɬɷɤɫɬ   ȿ Ɇɚɥɟɰ ɩɪɵ ɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɞɚ ɜɵɫɧɨ

ɜɵ  ɲ ɬɨ Ʉ ɚɥɚɧɬɚɸ ©ɬɭɬ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɰɶ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɚɤ ɭɧɿɿ

ɚɞ ɹɤɨɟ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵ  ɧɿɤɨɥɿ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚ ɧɟ ɚɞɦɨɜɿɥɿ ɫɹ ɛ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɩɪɵ

ɮɚɤɬɵ ɱɧɵɦ ɭɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɿ… ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɚʆ  ɹɤɿɹ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿ ɡɭɸɰɶ ɞɡɹ ɪ

ɠɚʆɧɵ ɚɩɚɪɚɬª

  Ɂ ɪɚɡɜ ɚɝɚʆ Ƚ Ʉ ɚɥɚɧɬɚɹ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɚɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɧɚ

ɜɵɧɿɤɚɥɚ ɲɬɨ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚ  ɹ ɤɚɹ ɦɟɥɚɫɹ  ɩɟɪɚɬɜɚɪɵɰɶ Ɋɷɱ ɉɚɫ

ɩɚɥɿɬɭɸ ʆ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɜ ɚɧɭɸ ɭɧɿɬɚɪɧɭɸ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɭ  ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵ ɥɚ

ɧɚɫɬɭɩɿɰɶ  ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɡ ɚɞɧɚɞɭɲ ɧɚɟ ɡɝɨɞɵ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɶ ɧɵɦ

ɫɨɣɦɟ ɚɥɟ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɹ ɝɚ ʆɯɜɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɨɣɦɿɤɚɦɿ ɜɵɪɚɠɚ

369

ɧɚɝɚ ʆ ɩɚɫɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɯ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵ ɹɯ ɿ ɫɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɚɝɚ ʆ ɬɵɦ ɠɚ ɧɚ

ɩɪɚɦɤɭ  Ƚ Ʉ ɚɥɚɧɬɚɣ ɹ ɤɿ ɛɵʆ ɿ ɞɚɫɜɟɞɱɚɧɵɦ ɬɚɤɬɵɤɚɦ ɦɭɫɿʆ

ɡɞɚɜɚɰɶ  ɫɚɛɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɲ ɬɨ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɰɶ  ɬɚɤɨɟ ɦɷɬɵ  ɩɪɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ

ɧɟɦɚɝɱɵɦɚ  ə ɦɹɪɤɭɸ ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɜ ɵɤɚɡɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ

ɜɚɰɶ  ɹ ɤ ɞɷɤɥɚɪɚɰɵ ɸ ɚɛ ɧɚɦɟɪɚɯ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɜɵɛɚɪɚɦɿ ʆ ɥɿɫɬɚɩɚɞɡɟ

ɝ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɧɚ ɑɚɬɵɪɨɯɝɚɞɨɜɵ  ɋɨɣɦ  ə ɧɚ

ɦɟɥɚɫɹ  ɩɟɪɚɤɚɧɚɰɶ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɜɵ ɛɚɪɰɚʆ  ɲ ɬɨ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚ ɞɡɹɪ

ɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɿ ɦ ɧɚɤɿɞɚɰɰɚ  ɚ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɜɵ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɿ ɿ ɯ

ɭɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚ ɩɪɵɧɹ ɬɵɯ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɚʆ  Ɇɷɬɚ Ʉɚɥɚɧɬɚɹ ɡɚ

ɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɹɡɦɟɧɧɚɸ  Ⱥɞɦɵɫɥɨɜɭɸ ɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɰɵɸ ɩɪɵɫɜ ɹ ɰɿʆ

ɹɦɭ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɡ Ʉɚɥɚɧɬɚɟɦ ɤɫɺɧɞɡ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɲɚɤ ɋ ɚɥɟɡɵ  əɡɟɪɫɤɿ

əɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ «: ]PL DQND NUyWND R ]M HGQRF]HQLX .VLĊVWZD

/LW HZVNLHJR ] .UyOHVWZHP3ROVNLP Z GXFKX MHGQRĞFL L UyZQRĞFL»

ɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚɦ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɿɦ ɭ ɞɭɯɭ ɟɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɪɨʆɧɚɫɰɿª   əɟ

ɧɚɰɹɝɧɭɬɵɦɿ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɵɦɿ  ɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɦɿ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɿª

 ɲɬɨ

ɫɚɞɚɯ ɞɪɷɜɚ ʆ ɞɪɷɜɚ ɞɡɟ ɡ ɩɚɞɜɨɣɧɚɝɚ ɞɪɷʆɰɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ

ɚɞɧɚ ɪɚɫɥɿɧɚɅɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ ɤɪɚɿ ² ɝɷɬɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɡɹɦɥɹ  ɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɹ

ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵ ɿʆ ɫɜɚɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ ² ɡɹ ɦɥɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹª

Ɂɜɟɪɧɟɦ ɬɭɬ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɭɸ ɪɨɡɧɿɰɭ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɿ ɧɤɚɪɩɚ

ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ;9, ɫɬ  ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ ɦɚɥɚɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ ɹ ɩɚɫɥɵ ɩɚɬɪɚ

ɧɚɣ ɿ  ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɚɣ ɱɚɫɨʆ Ⱥɫɜ ɟɬɧɿɰɬɜɚ  Ƚɷɬɚɹ

ɚɩɨɲɧɹ ɹ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɞɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɦɚɧɚɥɿɬɧɚɟ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɵ  ɚɥɟ

ɧɟ ɲ ɥɹɯɚɦ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ   ɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɧɰɟ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɡɥɭ

ɱɷɧɧɹ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɹɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɚɤ

  Ƚɷɬɵɹ ɭɧɿɬɚɪɧɵɹ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɿ ɫɭɬɵɤɚɥɿɫɹ  ɡ ɩɟɪɚɲɤɨɞɚɦɿ

ɹ ɤɿ ɹ  ɜɵɧɿ ɤɚɥɿ ɡ ɦɨɰɧɚɟ ɭɧɿɣɧɚɟ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɿ  ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜ ɚɧɚɟ ɧɚ

ɩɪɵɡɧɚɧɧɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɫɭɛ¶ɟɤɬɧɚɫɰɿ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ Ƚɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɣ

ɲɥɨ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɭ ɬɷɤɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚʆ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵ ɣɧɚɟ ɤɚɦɿɫɿɿ  ɩɚɤɥɿ

ɤɚɧɚɟ  ɜɟɪɚɫɧɹ ɝ ɋɨɣɦɚɦ ² Ⱦɷɩɭɬɚɰɵɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɥɹɩɲɷɧ

ɧɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ  ɩɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ ɦɚɪɲ ɚɥɤɚɦ ɧɚɞɜɨɪɧɵɦ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɦ ȱɝɧɚɰɵɟɦ ɉɚɬɨɰɤɿɦ Ⱦɵɤɬɚɜɚɥɿ ɿɯ ɿ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɚ

ɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɹɪɷɚɥɿɿ ɹɤɿɹ ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚɥɿɫɹ  ɧɚ sacrosancta vincula unionis

ɧɚɣɫɜɹɰɟɣɲɵɹ ɩɨɜ ɹɡɿ ɭɧɿ ɿ ɍ ɩɟɪɲɵɦ ɩɪɚɟɤɰɟ ȱɝɧɚɰɵɹ  ɉɚ

ɬɨɰɤɚɝɚ ɚɞ  ɬɪɚʆɧɹ ɝ ɧɚɩɿɫɚɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ

370

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜ ɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ  ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɰɶ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɥɶ 

ɧɭɸ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɭ >un État confédére ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɚɤɬɭ ɍɧɿɿ  ɜɚ ʆɫɺɣ

ɫɜ ɚɺɣɩɚʆɧɚɰɟ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɚɝɚ >ratifié] ɝɷɬɚɸ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹɣª

ɉɪɚɟɤɬ  ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɵ  ʆ ɠɧɿʆɧɿ  ɝ Ⱦɷɥɟɝɚɰɵɹ ɣ  ɿɲɨʆ ɭ

ɬɵ ɦɠɚ ɤɿɪɭɧɤɭ  ɯɨɰɶ ɪɚɛɿʆ ɛɨɥɶɲɵ ɧɚɰɿɫɤɧɚ ɧɟɪɚɡɥɭɱɧɚɫɰɶ

ɿ ɜɹɱɵɫɬɚɫɰɶ  ɫɚɸɡɚ  ɇɟ ɡɧɚɣɲɥɨɫɹ  ʆ ɿɦ ɿ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚɝɚ ɚɤɪɷɫ

ɥɟɧɧɹ  Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɹ ɤ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɵ  ɉɪɚɟɤɬ

ɩɚɱɵɧɚʆɫɹ ɡ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɧɹ ʆɡɚɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ ȼɹɥɿ

ɫɤɚɟ ² ɱɵɬɚɟɦ ɭ ɚɪɬ  ² ɡɥɭɱɚɧɵɹ ɜɹɱɵɫɬɚɣ ɭɧɿ ɹɣ… ɹɤ ɿ

ɿɧɲɵɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɲ ɬɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɰɶ  ɚɞɧɨ ɰɟɥɚ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ  ɛɭ

ɞɭɰɶ  ɩɟɪɚɛɵɜɚɰɶ  ɧɟɪɚɡɞɡɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɡ ɝɷɬɵ ɦ ɫɜ ɚɿɦ ɰɟɥɚɦ Ƚɷɬɵ

ɡɚɤɨɧ ɦɵ ʆɪɚɱɵɫɬɚ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɺɦ ɤɚɪɞɵɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ»

  Ɂɦɹɲ ɱɷɧɧɟ

ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɡɚɩɿɫɭ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɚɠɧɨ  ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥɚʆ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɭ

Ʉɚɪɞɵɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚʆ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɥɚ ɩɪɚ ɜ ɚɝɭ ɹɤɚɹ  ɹ ɦɭ ɧɚɞɚɜɚ

ɥɚɫɹ

ɍ ɩɪɨɰɿɥɟɝɥɚɫɰɶ  ɬɷɤɫɬɚɦ Ⱦɷɩɭɬɚɰɵɿ ɭ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚɯ ɩɪɚɞɵɤ

ɬɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɿɧɫɩɿɪɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɋ ɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜɚɦ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚɦ ɿ ʆɤɥɚɞɡɟ

ɧɵ ɯ ɦɚɧɭɚɥɿɫɬɚɦ ɫɚɤɪɚɬɚɪɨɦɪɷɞɚɤɬɚɪɚɦ ɹ ɤɿɦ ɛɵʆ ɧɚ ɬɨɣ

ɱɚɫ ɿɬɚɥɶ ɹɧɟɰ ɤɫɺɧɞɡ ɋ ɰɵɩɿɺɧɷ ɉ¶ ɹɬɨɥɿ Scipione Piattoli),

ɜɵɪɚɡɧɚ ɜ ɵɹ ʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ ɭɧɿɬɚɪɵɫɬɵ ɱɧɚɹ  ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ  ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ ɍ

ɩɟɪɲ ɵɦ ɩɪɚɟɤɰɟ ɹɝɨɧɚɝɚ ɩɹɪɚ ɚɞ  ɫɧɟɠɧɹ   ɝ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚ

ɜɚɧɧɟ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɍɧɿ ɿ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɚɪɬ   ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɚɝɚ ɡɦɟɫ

ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɧɚɪɨɞ >ne seront désormais qu’une seule et meme

ɫɬɚɫɰɿ ɰɿ ɚɥɶɬɷɪɧɚɬɵɜɵ ɩɚɫɚɞɚʆ ɡɜɚɧɧɹʆ ɿ ɪɚɧɝɚʆª  Ƚ ɷɬɭɸ

ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɤɚɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɚɜɟɫɰɿ ɧɟ ɡɞɨɥɟʆ ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɩɪɚɩɚ

ɧɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɩɚɩɪɚɜɚɤ ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɿɧɲɚɟ ɝɭɱɚɧɧɟ ɹɤɨɟ ɫɩɚ

ɞɵ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɿ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ >a jamais@ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɰɶ Ɋɷɱ

ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɭɸ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɚɤɬɭ ɍɧɿɿ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɚɝɚ ɝɷ

ɬɚɸ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹɣ  ɡɚ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɡɦɟɧɚʆ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɛɭɞɭɰɶ

ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɧɵɹ ɧɿ ɠɷɣª  Ƚɷɬɵ ɹ  ɡɦɟɧɵ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɿ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɹ

ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ȱ ɉɚɬɨɰɤɚɝɚ ȱ ɬɭɬ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɿʆ ɚɥɟ ʆ ɫɜɚɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ

ɞɚɦɨɝɫɹ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɚɪɦɭɥɺʆɤɿ ɩɪɚ ɜ ɹ ɱɵɫɬɵ  ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɭɧɿɿ

ɲɬɨ ɞɚɩɭɫɤɚɥɚ ɹɟ ɡɦɟɧɭ ʆ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɚɣ ɛɭɞɭɱɵɧɿ  ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɪɷɜɿ

ɡɿɹ ɣ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ

371

ɍ ɱɚɪɝɨɜɚɣ ɪɷɞɚɤɰɵɿ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɭ ɹɤɚɹ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚ  ɚɪɬɵɤɭ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ  ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ  ɛɭɞɭɰɶ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚ ʆɬɜ ɚɪɚɰɶ  >f ormeront

ensemble@ Ɋ ɷɱ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɭɸ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɚɤɬɭ ɍɧɿɿ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɚɝɚ

ɝɷɬɚɸ ɤɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵ ɹ ɣª

 ȼɨɫɶ  ɠɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɥɭɱɧɚɫɰɿ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ  ɡ

Ʌɿɬɜ ɨɸ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɚ ɜɹ ɞɭɱɚɟ ɦɟɫɰɚ ʆ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɣɧɵɯ

ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚɯ

ɋɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɪɚɞɜ ɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɚɣ ɤɚɥɿ ʆ ɜɵ ɧɿɤɭ ɩɪɚ

ɰɹ ɝɥɵ ɯ ɫɨɣɦɚɜɵɯ ɫɩɪɷɱɚɤ ɚɞ ɠɧɿʆɧɹ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ ɫɧɟɠɧɹ  ɝ

ɋɨɣɦ ɭɯɜɚɥɿ ʆ ɚɞɡɿɧɚɰɰɚɰɶ ɩɭɧɤɬɚʆ Ʉɚɪɞɵɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɇɟɩɚɪɭɲ 

ɧɵɯ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ  ɦɚɪɲɚɥ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ ɇɚɥɷɧɱɆɚɥɚɯɨʆɫɤɿ

ɡɚɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ  ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɹ  ɝ ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɚɤɰɟ ʆɡɚɟɦɚɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɚɦ

Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɛɵʆ ɩɪɵɫɜ ɟɱɚɧɵ ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥ 9 Ȭɧ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ« ɭɡɚɟɦɧɚ ɡɥɭɱɚɧɵɹ  ɜɹ ɱɵɫɬɚɣ ɭɧɿɹ ɣ ɩɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ʆɪɚ

ɱɵɫɬɵɯ ɜɚɪɭɧɤɚʆ ɧɚɡɚʆɠɞɵ ɦɚɸɰɶ  ɡɚɫɬɚɜ ɚɰɰɚ ʆ ɧɟɩɚɪɭɲ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɟ ɫɭɛ¶ ɟɤɬɧɚɫɰɿ Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ Ƚɷɬɚ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɥɚ ɡ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɚɝɚ

ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥɚ  ɹ ɤɿ ɪɷɝɭɥɹɜɚʆ ɹ ɤ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɰɶ ɫɜɚɟ ʆɡɚɟɦɚɚɞ

ɿ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɰɰɚª

ɗ  Ɋ ɚɫɬɜɚɪɨʆɫɤɿ ɧɚɞɡɜɵɱɚɣ ɫɥɭɲɧɚ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ  ɲɬɨ ʆ

ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɫɭɜ ɹɡɹʆ ȼ ɹ ɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɡ Ʉɚɪɨɧɚɸª  ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ

ɡɦɭª

 ɉɟɪɲ ɚɟ ɹɤ ɦɵ ɛɚɱɵɥɿ  ɡɧɚɣɲɥɨ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɭ ɦɟɫɰɵ  ɹɤɨɟ

ɡɚɣɦɚɥɚ ʆ ɩɚɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɯ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚɯ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɧɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɵɯ ɩɵɬɚɧ

ɧɹʆ  ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ² ɭ ɪɚɡɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɥɿɜɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɹʆ

ɐɹɠɤɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɵ ʆɡɝɚɞɧɟɧɧɿ ɝɷɬɵ ɯ ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩɨɜɵɯ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɹ ʆ

ɩɪɵ ɧɟɫɥɿ ɩɥɺɧ  ɹ ɤ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲ ɵ ɩɨɝɥɹɞ  ɧɟɱɚɤɚɧɵ ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ ɭ

ɱɚɪɝɨɜɵ ɦ ɫɤɚɪɨɱɚɧɵ ɦ ɞɚ  ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥɚʆ  ɩɪɚɟɤɰɟ  ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ

ɧɵɦ ɉ¶ ɹɬɨɥɿ ɿ ɞɚɬɚɜɚɧɵɦ ɥɸɬɵɦ±ɫɚɤɚɜ ɿɤɨɦ ɝ  ɫɩɪɚɜɚ

ʆɡɚɟɦɚɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɅ ɿɬɜ ɵ ɿ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ʆɜɨɝɭɥɟ ɡɧɿɤɚɟ ɡ ɩɨɥɹ ɡɪɨɤɭ

Ȼɟɪɭɱɵ ɩɚɞ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɹɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɥɚɞɭ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɝɷ

ɬɚɝɚ ɧɟɥɶɝɚ ɜ ɵɬɥɭɦɚɱɵɰɶ ɚɧɿ ɩɚɫɩɟɲɥɿɜ ɚɫɰɸ ɚɧɿ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚ

ɧɚɫɰɸ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜ ɭ  ɹ ɤɿ ɪɵɯɬɚɜɚʆ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ

ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɛɚɱɵ ɰɶ  ² ɿ ɬɚɤ ɦɹɪɤɭɟ ɗ  Ɋ ɚɫɬɜɚɪɨʆɫɤɿ

² ɬɚɤɬɵ ɱɧɭɸ ɯɿɬɪɚɫɰɶ  Ⱦɚɞɚɦɨ  ɲ ɬɨ ɹɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɵɰɶ  ɞɨɤɚɡɚɦ

ɫɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɚɜɚɧɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɝɭɥɶ ɧɿ ɹ ɤɚɹ ɿɲɥɚ ɜ ɚɤɨɥ ɪɵ ɯ

ɬɚɜɚɧɚɟ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ  ȱɞɡɟɰɰɚ ɩɪɚ ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤ±ɤɪɚɫɚɜ ɿɤ  ɝ 