Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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392

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɤɨɠɧɚɝɚ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɹɤɿ ʆɫɬɭɩɚʆ ɛɵ  ɧɚ ɬɪɨɧ ɩɪɵɫɹɝɿ ɩɚɤɬɵ ɤɚɧ

ɜɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɛɵɜɚɥɿ  ɩɿɫɚʆ ɗ  Ɋɚɫɬɜɚɪɨʆɫɤɿ  ©ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɫɬɚɥɚɝɚ ɿ

ɧɟɩɚɪɭɲɧɚɝɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ ɥɚɞɭ  ɦɚɹª

10 7

 ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ ɭ ɟɪɚɪɯɿɿ ɚɫ

ɧɨɜɚɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦɚʆ ɹɧɵ ɫɬɚɹ ɥɿ ɜɵɲɷɣ ɡɚ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɸ

10 8

ɍɪɚɱɵɫɬɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ  ɧɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɚɹ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵ ɧɚɦ ɚɞɩɚɜ ɹɞɚɥɚ ɦɨɰɵ

ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɚɤɬɭ

Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɵ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɰɶ  ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɟɦ ɞɷɥɟ

ɝɚɰɵɿ  ȼ ɹɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɑ ɚɬɵɪɨɯɝɚɞɨɜ ɵɦ ɋɨɣɦɟ ɍɠɨ ɩɚɫ

ɥɹ ʆɯɜɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɚɛ ɉɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ  ɦɚɹ  ɹɧɚ ɡɞɨɥɟɥɚ ɡɝɚ

ɞɠɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɧɚ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵ ɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚʆ ɡɞɚ

ɛɵɰɶ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɧɧɟ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɣɧɚɝɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɭ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚ

ɥɿɬɚɣ  ɡɚɫɧɚɜ ɚɧɚɝɚ ɧɚ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ  Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ  ɍɠɨ

ȼɿɬɚɥɶ ɞ Ʉɚɦɹɧɟɰɤɿ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿʆ ɲɬɨ © ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɹ ɫɚ

ɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵª  ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɚɹ  © ʆ ɿ ɦɹ ʆɡɦɚɰɧɟɧɧɹ ɫɭ

ɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɦɭª

10 9

 Ⱥɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚ ȿɠɵ Ɇɚɥɟɰ ɩɪɵɡɧɚʆ  ©ɛɟ

ɪɭɱɵ ɩɚɞ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɮɚɤɬ ɲɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɭ XVIII ɫɬ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹ

ɫɬɜɚ ʆɫɺ ɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɹ ɤ ɚɞɧɚ ɡ ɬɪɨɯ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɹʆ Ɋɷɱɵ

ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ« ɲɬɨ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɵ  ɛɵɥɿ ɚɤɬɚɦ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɤɚɪɵɫɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ

Ʌɿɬɜ ɵª

11 0

  Ƚ ɷɬɚ ɬɚɦɭ ɲ ɬɨ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɚɫɰɶ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ʆ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɹɤ ɰɷɥɚɝɚ ɛɨ ɩɚɥɨ

ɜɚ ɫɹ ɛɪɨʆ ɧɚɣɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɵɯ Ʉɚɦɿɫɿɹʆ ɦɭɫɿɥɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɡ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ

ɚ ɫɬɚɪɲɵɧɹ ɜɚɰɶ ɭ ɿɯ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚ ɱɚɪɡɟ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ Ʉɚ

ɪɨɧɵ ɿȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ

ɏɨɰɶ ɍɡɚɟɦɧɵɹ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɵ Ⱥɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɛɵ ɥɿ ɩɟɪɚ

ɞɭɫɿɦ ɩɨɫɩɟɯɚɦ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ  ɞɚɫɹ ɝɧɭɬɵ ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫ ɭɦɚ

ɰɨʆɜɚʆ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɿ ʆɫɹ ɝɨ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɬɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɥɚɝɟɪɚ  ɍɫɜ ɟɞɚɦɥɟɧ

ɧɟ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɚɤɬɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɹɥɿɤɿɦ

ɩɪɵɺɦɚɦ ɧɚɥɚɞɠɚɧɵɦ ɩɚ ʆɯɜɚɥɟɧɧɿ  Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɚʆ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦɿ ɫɟ

ɧɚɬɚɪɚɦɿ ɿ  ɩɚɫɥɚɦɿ ʆ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿɥɚʆɫɤɿɦ ɉɚɥɚɰɵ  ɉɪɵɺɦ ɛɵʆ ɡɜɹ

ɡɚɧɵ ɡ ɝɚɞɚɜɿɧɚɣ ɤɚɪɚɧɚɰɵɿ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜ ɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚ ɇɚ ɹɝɨ ɩɪɵ

ɛɵʆ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚɤ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɣ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ ɋ Ɇɚɥɚɯɨʆɫɤɿ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɹ ɞɚɫɬɨɣɧɿɤɿ  ɞɵɩɥɚɦɚɬɵɱɧɵ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ

11 1

  əɤ ɫɜɟɞ

ɱɵɰɶ  ɪɚɫɟɣɫɤɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɤ Ɇɿɤɚɥɚɣ Ʉ ɚɫɬɚɦɚɪɚʆ ɛɵʆ ɜɵ ɛɿɬɵ

ɩɚɦɹɬɧɵ ɦɟɞɚɥɶ  ɧɚ ɚɛɜ ɨɞɡɟ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɦɟʆɫɹ ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɿ ɧɚɞɩɿɫ ©ɉɪɵ

ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜ ɟ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɰɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲ ɚɧɚ ɧɚɣɫɰɿɫɥɟɣɲɚɹ  ɭɧɿɹ   ɭɫɬɚɥɹ 

ɜɚɧɚɹ ɧɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɩɪɵ ɀɵ ɝɿɦɨɧɰɟ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɰɟª

11 2

 ɭ ɩɟɪɚɤɥɚɞɡɟ ɡ

ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɟ  ɇɚ ɠɚɥɶ  ɭ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɯ ɡɛɨɪɚɯ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɦɟɞɚɥɹ  ɞɚɝɷ

ɬɭɥɶ  ɡɧɚɣɫɰɿ ɧɟ ʆɞɚɥɨɫɹ Ɇɚɝɱɵɦɚ  ɺɧ ɡɚɯɚɜɚʆɫɹ  ʆ ɉɟɰɹɪɛɭɪ

ɡɟ ɞɡɟ ɛɨɥɶɲ  ɹɤ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɹɝɨ ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɛɚɱɵʆ Ʉɚɫɬɚɦɚ

ɪɚʆ

393

ɇɟʆɡɚɛɚɜ ɟ ɩɚ ʆɯɜɚɥɟɧɧɿ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɚʆ   ɤɚɫɬɪɵ ɱɧɿɤɚ

ɝ ɛɵʆ ɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɵ ɿ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɚ ɋɤɚɪɛɨɜɭɸ Ʉɚɦɿɫɿɸ ɚ ɩɪɚɡ

ɩɚʆɝɨɞɚ   ɦɚɹ  ɝ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɚɦɿ ɛɵʆ ɞɚɩɨʆɧɟɧɵ

ɡɚɤɨɧ ɚɛ ȼɚɣɫɤɨɜɚɣ Ʉɚɦɿɫɿɿ Ⱥɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆ

11 3

 ɋɭɞɚɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɥɨɫɹ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɦ ɹ ɧɨɪɷɝɭɥɹ ɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɚɫɨɛ

ɧɵ ɦɿ ɞɥɹ  Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ  ɿ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɿ  ɡ

ɚɝɚɜɨɪɤɚɸ  ɲɬɨ ɹɧɵ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɰɶ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɤɨɜɵɦɿ ɞɚ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɰɹ

ɧɨɜ ɚɣ ɤɚɞɵ ɮɿ ɤɚɰɵɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ² Ʉɨɞɷɤɫɭ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚ

ɉɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɤɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɹɤ ɦɵ ɜɟɞɚɟɦ ɡ ɬɷɧ

ɞɷɧɰɵɹɣ ɞɚ ɹ ɝɨ ɭɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɿ  ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ ɹɤɨɣ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ  Ⱦɵ ɫɤɭɫɿ ɹ  ɪɚɫɩɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɹɲɱɷ ɞɚ ɩɪɵ ɧɹɰɰɹ

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ  ɦɚɹ  ɧɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɹ  ɝ  ɤɚɥɿ ɤɚɪɨɧ

ɧɵɹ ɩɚɫɥɵ ɥɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɿ ɩɚɫɨɥ ɋɟɛɚɫɰɹɧ Ⱦɥɭɫɤɿ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɚɧɵ ɛɪɚɫ

ɥɚʆɫɤɿ ɦ ɩɚɫɥɨɦ ɘɡɚɮɚɦ ɉɚɬɨɰɤɿɦ ɿ ɜɚɥɵ ɧɫɤɿɦ ɘɡɚɮɚɦ ɑ ɚɪ

ɬɚɪɵɫɤɿɦ ɡɪɚɛɿɥɿ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜɭ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɰɶ Ⱦɷɩɭɬɚɰɵɸ ɞɡɟɥɹ ʆɤɥɚ

ɞɚɧɧɹ ɰɵɜɿɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɿ ɤɚɪɧɚɝɚ ɤɨɞɷɤɫɚʆ  ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ

Ʌɿɬɜɵ

1 14

 Ʌɿɬɜɿɧɵ ɡɚɩɪɚɰɿɜ ɿɥɿɫɹ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜɟ ɚ ɦɚɪɲ ɚɥɚɤ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ Ʉɇ ɋɚɩɟɝɚ ɩɚɠɚɞɚʆ ɚɞɤɥɚɫɰɿ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɟ

ɛɨ ɹɤ ɺɧ ɤɚɡɚʆ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚɦ © ɩɪɚɜ ɿɧɰɵɹ ȼ ɹ-

ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɦɭɫɿɰɶ ɡɚɞɭɦɚɰɰɚ ɡ ɬɵ ɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɵɦ

ɤɥɨɩɚɬɚɦ  ɤɚɛ ɹ ɟ ɋɬɚɬɭɬ ɧɟ ɛɵʆ ɩɚɪɭɲɚɧɵ ʆ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɚɣ ɞɪɚɛ

ɧɿɰɵª Ⱦɚɪɦɚ ɛɥɿɡɤɿ  Ʉɚɥɚɧɬɚɸ ɩɿɧɫɤɿ  ɩɚɫɨɥ Ɇɚɰɟɣ Ȼɭɬɪɵɦɨɜɿɱ

ɫɬɚɪɚɸɱɵɫɹ ʆɪɚɬɚɜɚɰɶ ɚɛɜɟɲɱɚɧɵ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ  ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚɜ ɚʆ  ɤɚɛ ɤɚ

ɪɨɧɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɿ ɜɵɤɚɡɚɥɿ ɡɝɨɞɭ ©ɤɚɛ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɰɵ ɹ  ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɦɚɟ

ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɰɰɚ ɭɡɹ ɥɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ ɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɚ ɋɬɚɬɭɬ

Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ  ɬɚɞɵ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɞɚɩɭɲ ɱɚɧɚ ɚɞɧɚɞɭɲɧɚɟ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɰɟ ɩɪɚɟɤ

ɬɚª   Ʌɿɬɜ ɿɧɵ  ɩɚɠɚɞɚɥɿ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɣ ɤɚɞɵɮɿ ɤɚɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɰɵɿ

ɉɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɞɚ ɩɚɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɞɚɣɲɥɨ ɫɨɣɦɚɜɵ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚɤ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ

ɡ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜɚɣ Ʉɇ ɋɚɩɟɝɿ ɚɞɬɷɪɦɿɧɚɜɚʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɚɠ ɞɚ ©ɪɚɡɛɨ

ɪɭ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ >ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚ@ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɣɧɚɣ >ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ@ ɫɟɫɿɿª

11 5

ɘɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜ ɚɣ ɞɥɹ  ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɚɞɡɿɧɚɟ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ

ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɥɹ ʆɫɹɟ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɛɵʆ ɡɝɚɞɚɧɵ ɜɵɲɷɣ ɚɪɬ  9,,,

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ  ɦɚɹ  Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ ɩɚɫɥɵ ɧɟ ɫɯɿɥɿɥɿ ɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɞ

ɝɷɬɵɦ ɡɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɛ ɹ ɫɧɵɦ ɡɚɩɿɫɚɦ ɿ  ɹɤ ɿ ɧɚ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ

ɛɚɪɚɧɿɥɿ ʆɥɚɫɧɭɸ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ʉɚɥɿ ɱɷɪɜɟɧɹ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɿ ɩɚɫɨɥ

əɧ ɏɚɟɰɤɿ ɡɚɱɵɬɚʆ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜ ɭ ɚɛ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɧɿ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɟ ɞɷɩɭ

ɬɚɰɵɿ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɿ ʆɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ʉ ɇ ɋɚɩɟɝɚ ©ɡɚ

ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚʆ ɚɞ ɿɦɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɿ ɤɚɛ ɹɧɚ  ɩɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɦɚɟ

ɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ad codi cem ɿ ɞɡɟɥɹ  ɹɝɨ ɧɚɩɿɫɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɥɚ ɚɫɨɛ

ɧɭɸ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɰɵɸª

11 6

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɦ ɚɹɿ ©ȸɡɚɟɦ ɧ ɵɹɁɚɪɭɱɵɧɵª

394

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

Ʉɚɧɤɪɷɬɧɚ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɭɦɟ ɋɨɣɦɭ  ɱɷɪ

ɜɟɧɹ   ɤɚɥɿ ɩɚ ɚɞɱɵɬɚɧɧɿ  ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚ əɧɚ ɏɚɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɤɚɧɰɥɟɪ

ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵ  Ƚ ɭɝɚ Ʉ ɚɥɚɧɬɚɣ ɡɪɚɛɿʆ ɜ ɹ ɥɿɤɭɸ ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɧɭɸ ɩɪɚ

ɦɨɜɭ  ɭ ɹɤɨɣ ɜ ɵ ɤɥɚʆ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɵ  ɞɚɥɟɣɲɵɯ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚʆ  ɲɬɨ

ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ  ɛɵɥɿ ɫɬɜɚɪɵɰɶ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɦɚɞɷɥɶ ɥɚɞɭ Ɋ ɷɱɵ  ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿ

ɬɚɟ  ɉɚɞɤɚɧɰɥɟɪ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚʆ ɞɚɩɚʆɧɟɧɧɹ  ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɣ ɦɚɣ-

ɫɤɚɣ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ © ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹɣª  ɞɚɥɟɣ © ɦɚ

ɪɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵ ɹɣª  ² ɞɚɬɵ ɱɧɚɸ ɚɫɜɟɬɵ  ɿ  ɜɵɯɚɜɚɧɧɹ

ɿ  ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ  ɤɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɰɵɹɣ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ

1 17

 ɍ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɚɩɨɲ ɧɹɣ ɫɮɟ

ɪɵ Ƚ  Ʉ ɚɥɚɧɬɚɣ ɦɚɸɱɵ ɧɚʆɜɟɰɟ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɭɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɸ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚɜɚʆ ɡɪɚɛɿɰɶ ɹɝɨ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɚɸ ɋɬɚɬɭɬ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ  Ƚɷɬɵ

ɤɪɨɤ ɭ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɿ ɡ ɩɚɯɜɚɥɨɸ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɭ  ɹɤɭɸ ɺɧ ɜ ɵɤɚɡɚʆ

ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ɛɵʆ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɿ ɰɶ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɩɪɵ ɯɿɥɶɧɚ ɞɚ ɹɝɨ

ɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜɵ  © Ʉɚɠɭɱɵ ɩɪɚ ɋɬɚɬɭɬ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ² ɩɪɚɦɚʆ

ɥɹ ʆ Ʉɚɥɚɧɬɚɣ² ɹ  ɤɚɠɭ ɩɪɚ ɤɧɿɝɭ ɩɪɚ ɹɤɭɸ ɧɹɦɨɠɧɚ ʆɫɩɚ

ɦɿɧɚɰɶ  ɛɟɡ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɝɚ ɡɚɯɚɩɥɟɧɧɹ« >ɹɟ@ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɥɿɱɵɰɶ  ɧɚɣ

ɞɚɫɤɚɧɚɥɟɣɲ ɚɸ ɤɧɿɝɚɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ ɜɚ ʆɫɺɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ  ɜ ɵ ɤɥɸ

ɱɵʆɲ ɵ  ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ  ɧɟɞɚɯɨɩɵ  ɧɚɤɿɧɭɬɵɹ  >ɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɚɸ@ ɞɭɦ

ɤɚɣ  ɜ ɵɤɥɸɱɵʆɲɵ  ɩɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɫɭɪɨɜɚɫɰɶ  ɭ ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɯ ²

ɡɚɝɚɧɭ ɬɚɝɨ ɜɟɤɭ  ɹ ɤɿ ɧɟ ɦɟʆ ɹ ɲɱɷ ɧɚɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɚɦ ɦɚɪɤɿ ɡɚ Ȼɷ

ɤɚɪɵɹª

11 8

Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ  ɤɚɛ ɩɪɵ ɯɿɥɶɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɿɰɶ  ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɚ-

ɫɥɨʆ ɩɚɞɤɚɧɰɥɟɪ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɵʆ ɲɬɨ ʆ ɋɬɚɬɭɰɟ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ©ɡɦɟɲ

ɱɚɧɵ ʆɜɟɫɶ  ɡɛɨɪ Ʌɚɫɤɚɝɚ  ɧɚɤɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɬɨɣ ɡɜɹɪɬɚʆɫɹ  ɞɚ ɰɵ-

ɜɿɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆª   ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ  ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɹ  ɩɚɫɥɵ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɫɩɚɤɨɣɧɚ

ɩɪɵ ɧɹ ɰɶ  ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜɭ Ʉ ɚɥɚɧɬɚɹ  ɩɚɤɨɥɶ ɤɿ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɋɬɚɬɭɬ

ɩɟɪɚɧɹʆ ɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɹ ɝɨɧɵ ɹ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɵ

ȼɵɬɚɧɱɚɧɚɫɰɶ  ɪɚɡɜɚɝ Ʉ ɚɥɚɧɬɚɹ  ɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɯ

ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ȼɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɱɵ ɚɞ ɿ ɯ ɿɦɹ  ɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹ ɸɱɵ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɪɷ

ɡɚɥɸɰɵ ɿ   © ɭɡɝɨɞɧɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɚɣ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɫɟɫɿɿª 

Ʉɇ ɋ ɚɩɟɝɚ ɩɚɠɚɞɚʆ ɤɚɛ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɚ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɹ  ɞɷɩɭɬɚ

ɰɵ ɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɞɵɮɿ ɤɚɰɵ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ

11 9

  ɋ ɬɚɪɲɵɧɹ

ɫɨɣɦɚɜɚɝɚ ɩɚɫɟɞɠɚɧɧɹ  ɋ ɬɚɧɿ ɫɥɚʆ Ɇɚɥɚɯɨʆɫɤɿ  ɭɡɹʆɲ ɵ ɫɥɨ

ɜɚ ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɋɚɩɟɝɚɜ ɚɣ ɡɚɹ ɜɵ   ɫɤɚɡɚʆ ɩɪɚ ɫɜɚɟ ɫɩɚɞɡɹɜɚɧɧɿ

ɲɬɨ ɮɚɪɦɭɥɺʆɤɚ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜɵ Ʉ ɚɥɚɧɬɚɹ  ɛɭɞɡɟ ɩɪɵ ɧɹ ɬɚɹ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦɿ ɩɚɫɥɚɦɿ  Ɂ ɩɪɵ ɱɵɧɵ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɹ  ɞɡɜ ɸɯ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ

ɤɚɦɿ ɫɿɹ ʆ ɺɧ ɜ ɵ ɤɚɡɚʆ ɧɚɞɡɟɸ  ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɵ  ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɶɧɚ ɚɩ

ɪɚɰɚɜɚɧɵɹ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɣ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɞɷɥɟɝɚɰɵɹɦɿ  ɛɭɞɭɰɶ  ɛɥɿɡɤɿɹ

ɚɞɡɿɧ ɞɚ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɿ © ɚɛɨɞɜɚ ɚɤɚɠɭɰɰɚ ɡɝɨɞɧɵɦɿ ɞɚ ʆɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧ

ɧɹ  ɚɞɧɚɝɨ codicis >ɤɨɞɷɤɫɚ@ ɞɥɹ ʆɫɹɝɨ ɤɪɚɸª  Ƚɷɬɚɤ ɩɚɚɫɨɛ

395

ɤɭ ɩɚɫɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ ɫɹ ɧɚɩɟɪɚɞ  ɚɛɟɞɡɜɟ ɤɚɦɿ ɫɿɿ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ  ɛɵɥɿ 

ɹ ɤ ɫɩɚɞɡɹ ɜ ɚʆɫɹ ɋ  Ɇɚɥɚɯɨʆɫɤɿ  ɞɚɣɫɰɿ  ɞɚ ɚɞɧɚɟ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɟ

ɦɷɬɵ 

ɍ ɞɵɫɤɭɫɿɿ ɹɤɚɹ ɪɚɡɝɚɪɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɚɦ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ  ɤɚɪɨɧ

ɧɵɹ  ɩɚɫɥɵ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɠɚɞɚɥɿ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɰɵɿ

Ⱥɩɚɧɭɸɱɵ  ɿɦ ɩɚɞɤɚɧɰɥɟɪ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ  əʆɯɿɦ Ʌɿ ɬɚɜɨɪ ɏɪɚɩɬɨɜ ɿɱ

ɛɚɪɚɧɿʆ ɚɫɨɛɧɭɸ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɰɵɸ ɞɥɹ  Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ Ɇɷɬɵ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɷɬɚɟ

ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ ɺɧ ɧɟ ɬɚɿʆ  Ʌɿɬɜɚ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɫɬɚɪɚɰɰɚ  ɤɚɡɚʆ ɏɪɚɩɬɨɜ ɿɱ

ɚɛ ©ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɞɚʆɧɹɝɚ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɹɤɿ  ɞɥɹ  ɹɟ ɡɪɭɱɧɵª Ȭɧ

ɩɚɝɚɞɠɚʆɫɹ  ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɡ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɧɧɟɦ ɩɚɦɹɪɤɨʆɧɚɟ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɟ ɞɷɥɟɝɚɰɵɿ ɤɚɛ ɤɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɰɵɣɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɰɵ  ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ

ɞɷɩɭɬɚɰɵɹ ʆ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɿ ɜɚʆɡɚɟɦɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɿ

ɛɨ ɤɚɥɿ  ɚɞɧɚ ɡɧɨɣɞɡɟ ʆ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɧɟɲɬɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɧɚɟ  ɬɨ ɩɪɵɦɟ ʆ

ɫɜ ɚɸ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɭ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɿ ɩɚɫɨɥ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ ɉɚɬɨɰɤɿ ɛɵʆ ɡɚ ɬɨɟ

ɤɚɛ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɰɵɹʆ ɜ ɵɡɧɚɱɵʆ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɲɬɨ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɵɥɚ ɛ

ɯɭɬɱɷɣɲɭɸ ɭɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɸ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɞɜɚɿɫɬɚɫɰɶ ɞɷ

ɩɭɬɚɰɵɹʆ  ɚɥɟ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜɚ ɝɷɬɚɹ  ɩɪɚɜɚɥɿɥɚɫɹ  ɞɡɹ ɤɭɸɱɵ ɚɩɚɡɿ

ɰɵ ɿ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɇɚ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜɭ Ʉɇ ɋɚɩɟɝɿ ɛɵɥɨ

ɩɪɵɧɹɬɚ  ɲɬɨ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɰɵɿ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɰɶ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɵɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɿɧ

ɰɵ ɣɧɵɯ ɫɟɫɿ ɹɯ  ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿ ɤɭ ɿ ɫɩɚɦɿɠ ɚɫɨɛɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɧɟ ʆɜɚɯɨɞ

ɡɹ ɰɶ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɋ ɨɣɦɭ

120

 Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵ ɜ ɵɡɧɚɱɵɥɿ ɫɚɛɟ

ɬɚɤɿ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɤɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɰɵɣɧɚɟ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɰɵ ɿ  ɹ ɤɿ ɚɞɩɚɜɹɞɚʆ ɿɯ ɩɨ

ɝɥɹɞɚɦ ɿ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɚɦ

ɍɪɷɲɰɟ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɵ ɹ ɞɡɜ ɟ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɰɵɿ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɚ

ɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɵɧɹ ɰɶ ɡɚ ɚɫɧɨɜ ɭ ɋɬɚɬɭɬ Ʌɚɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɋɬɚɬɭɬ

Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ² ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɋɬɚɬɭɬ ɿ ɞɚɩɚʆɧɹɰɶ ɿɯ

ɩɚ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɵ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚɦɿ  ɡɚɱɷɪɩɧɭɬɵɦɿ ɡ ɿɧɲ ɵɯ ɤɪɚɺɜ ɵɯ ɿ

ɡɚɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ ɿ ɡ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɚʆ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ⱥɬɪɵ 

ɦɚɥɿɫɹ  ɞɜ ɚ ɡɛɨɥɶɲ ɚɝɚ ɬɨɟɫɧɵɹ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɵ  ɿ  ɚɛɨɞɜ ɚ ɤɚɧɱɚɥɿɫɹ

ɫɤɚɡɚɦ © ȱ ɬɚɤɿ ɡɛɨɪ ɰɵɜɿɥɶɧɵɯ ɿ ɤɪɵɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ  ɤɚɥɿ

ɫɬɚɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ  ʆ ɡɚɤɨɧ  ɛɭɞɡɟ ɧɚɡɵ ɜ ɚɰɰɚ Ʉɨɞɷɤɫɚɦ

(Codex ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚª

12 1

Ⱦɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤɿ ɡɚɞɚɸɰɰɚ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟɦ ɰɿ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ʆ ɜɵ

ɧɿɤɭ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɞɷɥɟɝɚɰɵɹʆ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɰɶ ɭɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚ ɚɛɨ ɹ ɝɨɞɚɥɺɤɚɫɹɠɧɚɝɚ ɡɛɥɿɠɷɧɧɹ  Ɏɚɤɬ ɲɬɨ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɭ ɿ ɡɦɟɫɬ

ɫɬɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ  ʆɡɝɚɞɧɹɰɶ ɞɚ ɱɚɝɨ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɿʆɫɹ Ƚɟɪɚɧɿɦ ɋɬɪɚɣɧɨʆɫɤɿ

ɹɤɿ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚʆ ɹ ɤ ɫɭɜɹɡɧɵ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɦɚ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɰɵɹ ɦɿ  Ɍɪɷ

ɛɚ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɩɚɦɹɬɚɰɶ ɩɪɚ ɬɨɟ ɲɬɨ ʆ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɚ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɰɵɸ

©ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɿɫɚɧɧɹ codicis civilis et criminalis ɞɥɹ ȼɄɅª ɡɦɹɲɱɚɥɚ

ɫɹ  ɚɝɚɜɨɪɤɚ ɚɞɫɭɬɧɚɹ ʆ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɟ ɩɪɚ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɰɵɸ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɪɨ

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɦ ɚɹɿ ©ȸɡɚɟɦ ɧ ɵɹɁɚɪɭɱɵɧɵª

396

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɧɵ  ɤɚɛ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɤɚɞɵ ɮɿ ɤɚɰɵɿ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɰɵ ɹ ©ɩɪɵɧɟɫɥɚ ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ

ɧɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞ ɭ ɩɪɚɜ ɿɧɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɫɟɫɿɿ ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɧɚ ɪɚ

ɲɷɧɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɚʆª  Ƚɷɬɵɦ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɲ ɬɨ ɋɨɣɦ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɟ

ɩɪɚɟɤɬ  ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɟ ʆɯɜ ɚɥɟɧɵ ɞɷɥɟɝɚɰɵɹɣ ȼɹ ɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɚ

ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ ɹ ɤɿ ɛɭɞɡɟ ʆɥɿɱɜɚɰɶ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɵɹ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚɦɧɨɪɦɵ ɹɤɿɹ

ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɹ ɧɟ ɤɚɧɟɱɧɟ ɦɭɫɿɥɿ  ɩɚɞɡɹɥɹɰɶ Ɍɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɬɵɬɭɥɵ ɚɛɟɞɡ

ɜɸɯ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɚʆ ɩɟɪɲɵ ɚɛɜɹɲɱɚʆ ɩɪɚ ɧɚɩɿɫɚɧɧɟ ɤɨɞɷɤɫɚ  ©ɞɥɹ

ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɹʆª  ɚ ɞɪɭɝɿ ɯɭɬɱɷɣ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚʆ ɲɬɨ

ɩɥɺɧɚɦ ɤɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɰɵɣɧɵ ɯ ɩɪɚɰ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵɰɶ ɭɡɚɟɦɧɚɟ

ɡɛɥɿɠɷɧɧɟ ɞɡɜɸɯ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚʆ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɥɭɱɚɧɵ ɯ ɹɤ ɲɚɩ

ɤɚɣ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɵ ɦ ɬɵɬɭɥɚɦ Ʉɨɞɷɤɫɚ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜ ɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚ

ɇɹɲɦɚɬ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɚʆ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɞɷ

ɩɭɬɚɰɵɿ ɹɤɚɹ  ɛɵɥɚ ɩɟɪɚɩɵɧɟɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɦɿ ɩɚɞɡɟɹ ɦɿ Ⱥɞ

ɧɚɤ ɹ ɤ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɡ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚʆ ɤɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɤɚɪɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɘɡɚ

ɮɚ ȼɷɣɫɷɧɝɨɮɚ Weyssenhof f  ɫɹɛɪɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɰɵ ɿ  ɹ ɧɵ

ɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɚɫɹɤɧɭɬɵɹ ɞɭɯɚɦ ɝɭɦɚɧɧɚɫɰɿ

12 2

  ɉɚɪɚʆɧɨʆɜ ɚɸɱɵ ɩɪɚ

ɟɤɬɵ ȼ ɷɣɫɷɧɝɨɮɚ ɡ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚɦ ɤɚɪɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɹɛɪɚ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɟ

ɞɷɩɭɬɚɰɵ ɿ ɘɡɚɮɚ ɒɵɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  Ⱥɞɚɦ Ʌɿɬɵɧɫɤɿ ɩɪɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ

ɞɚ ɜɵ ɫɧɨɜ ɵ  ɲɬɨ ɯɨɰɶ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɒɵɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɚɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵɣ

ɧɚ ɥɟɩɲɵ  ɚɥɟ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ȼɷɣɫɷɧɝɨɮɚ ɹɤ ɺɧ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɰɰɚ © ɧɚ

ɲɦɚɬ ɪɚɞɵɤɚɥɶ ɧɟɣɲɵª  ɍ ɿɦ ɡɧɚɣɲɥɿ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɿ  ɜɵɥɭ

ɱɚɧɵɹ  ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɣ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɤɚɪɧɚɸ ɞɭɦɤɚɸ Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿ ɜɚ ȼ ɷɣ

ɫɷɧɝɨɮ ɜ ɵ ɤɚɡɜ ɚʆɫɹ  ɡɚ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɫɦɹɪɨɬɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɿ

ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɚɞɫɹɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɚɤ ɰɟɥɚ ɞɵ ɡɚ ɜ ɵɯɚɜɚɧɧɟ ʆɡɚɦɟɧ

ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ  ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɜ ɨɥɿ  ɀɚɞɚɸɱɵ ɫɬɪɨɝɚɝɚ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɹ

ɿɧɞɵɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɚɞɤɚɡɧɚɫɰɿ ɺɧ ɜɵɤɚɡɜɚʆɫɹ ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ  ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧ

ɧɹ ɜɵ ɝɧɚɧɧɟɦ ɛɚɧɿɰɵɿ ɡɧɟɫɥɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɚɦɿɿ ɿ  ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɟɧ

ɧɹ  ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɫɬɜɚ ȼɷɣɫɷɧɝɨɮ ɛɵ ʆ ɩɪɚɰɿʆɧɿ ɤɚɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ  ɹ ɤ

ɒɵɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɿ  ɤɚɪɵ ɤɚɧɮɿ ɫɤɚɰɵɹ ɣ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɰɿ ɛɨ ɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɪɚɧɚɟ

ɿ ɫɹɦ¶ɸ ɡɥɚɱɵɧɰɵ  ɚɥɟ ɿ ² ɡ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɠ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ ² ɝɪɚɲɨ

ɜɵɯ ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧɧɹʆ ɋɬɨɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ ɫɭɛ¶ɟɤɬɵʆɧɚɟ ɜɿɧɵ  ɺɧ

ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɜ ɵɲɵɧɸ ɤɚɪɵ ɡɚ ɤɚɪɞɡɟɠ ɧɟ ɜɚɪɬɚ ɫɬɚɜɿɰɶ  ɭ

ɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ ɚɞ ɬɚɝɨ ɚɞɛɵ ɥɨɫɹ  ɡɥɚɱɵɧɫɬɜɚ ɡ ɭɡɥɨɦɚɦ ɰɿ ɛɟɡ

©Ʉɪɚɞɡɹɠɵ ɡ ɤɚɫɰɺɥɚª  ȼɷɣɫɷɧɝɨɮ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚʆ ɹɤ ɫɜɹ ɬɚɤɪɚ

ɞɫɬɜɚ  ɚɥɟ ɫɬɚɜ ɿʆ ɧɚɪɨʆɧɿ ɡ ɤɪɚɞɡɹ ɠɨɦ ɡ ɞɨɦɭ Ȭɧ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ

ɛɵʆ ɩɪɚɰɿ ʆɧɿɤɚɦ ɰɜɺɪɞɵɯ ɧɨɪɦɚʆ ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɩɚɚɫɨɛɧɵɹ

ɡɥɚɱɵ ɧɫɬɜɵ  ɩɚɬɪɚɛɭɸɱɵ ɲɵ ɪɨɤɚɝɚ ɚɛɫɹɝɭ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚɣ ɚɰɷɧɤɿ

ɫɭɞɚ ʆ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɚɞ ɚɤɚɥɿɱɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ

12 3

  © Ɂɚɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɰɚ

ʆɫɹ ɝɨ ɚɩɿɫɚɰɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɚ² ɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɺɧ² >ɬɨ@ ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ɩɚɤɥɚ

ɫɰɿ ʆ ɬɵɦ ɬɷɚɪɷɬɵɱɧɵɹ  ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶ ɧɵɹ  ɩɪɚɜ ɿɥɵ ɚ ɫɭɞɞɡɹ ʆ

397

ɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ  ɩɚɦɟɧɲɵɰɶ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɩɚɜɹ ɥɿɱɵɰɶ ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧɧɟ  ɚɡɧɚɱɚ

ɧɚɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɚɤɚɥɿɱɧɚɫɰɹ ʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ ɪɚɛɿɰɶ ɡɥɚ

ɱɵɧɫɬɜɚ ɰɹ ɠɷɣɲɵɦ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɥɹɝɱɷɣɲɵɦª

12 4

  Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɫɭɱɚɫ

ɧɵ ɹ ɩɨɝɥɹ ɞɵ ɹɤɿɹ ɚɩɹɪɷɞɠɜɚɥɿ ɷɩɨɯɭ

Ɂɥɚɱɵɧɫɬɜɵ ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ  ɪɷɥɿɝɿɿ  ɩɚɜɿ ɧɧɵ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɰɶ  ɦɟɪɤɚ

ɜɚʆ ȼɷɣɫɷɧɝɨɮ  ɞɚ ɤɚɦɩɟɬɷɧɰɵɿ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɵ ɯ ɫɭɞɨʆ  ɚ ɤɚɪɵ  ɧɚ

ɤɥɚɞɚɧɵɹ ɿɦɿ  ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɦɟɰɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɤɚɫɰɟɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧ

ɧɹʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɧɟ ɩɚɞɥɹɝɚɸɰɶ ɜɵɤɚɧɚɧɧɸ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɵɦɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɿ

Ɋ ɚɫɩɪɚɰɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɤɪɵ ɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ  ɘ ȼɷɣɫɷɧɝɨɮ

ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚʆɫɹ  ɧɚ Ɇɚɧɬɷɫɤ¶ ɺ  Ȼɷɤɚɪɵɸ ɿ Ȼɷɧɞɠɚɦɿɧɚ Ɏɪɚɧɤɥɿ

ɧɚ ɋɚ ɡɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɥɚ ɲ ɬɨ ɹɦɭ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɿ ɱɭɠɵɦɿ

ɩɚɝɥɹɞɵ ȼɚɥɶ ɬɷɪɚ ɿ ɷɧɰɵɤɥɚɩɟɞɵɫɬɚʆ  ɉɚɜɨɞɥɟ Ɂ Ɂɞɪɭɣɤɨʆ

ɫɤɚɝɚ ȼ ɷɣɫɷɧɝɨɮ  ɩɿɲɭɱɵ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɫɩɟɤɬ  ɜ ɟɞɚʆ ɩɪɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ 

ɪɚɫɩɪɚɰɚɜ ɚɧɵɹ ɘ ɒɵɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɿ ɦ ɿ ɩɪɵɫɬɚɫɨʆɜɚʆ ɞɚ ɿɯ ɫɬɪɭɤ

ɬɭɪɭ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɭ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɭɯɜɚɥɚɣ ɚɛ ɩɚɤɥɿ

ɤɚɧɧɿ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɤɚɦɿɫɿɹʆ  Ⱥɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɿ ʆ ɦɚɬɷɪɵ ɹɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɥɚ

ɠɷɧɧɹ ɯ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɿ ɫɬɨɬɧɵɹ ɚ ɩɪɵ ɹɪɵ ɬɷɬ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɞɷɩɭɬɚ

ɰɵ ɿ ʆ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɝɭɦɚɧɧɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚʆ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɤɪɵɦɿɧɚɥɶ

ɧɵɯ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ ʆ ɧɟɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɵ 

ɍ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɭɥɿɤɭ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɹʆ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɡɦɹɫɰɿɰɶ  ɿ

ɡɚɤɨɧ ɡɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɵ ʆ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɥɿɫɬɚɩɚɞɚ  ɝ  ɹ ɤɿ  ɛɵʆ ɞɚ

ɩɚʆɧɟɧɧɟɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ ɩɪɚ ɫɨɣɦ ɿ ɫɨɣɦɿɤɿ ² Ɋ ɚɫɤɥɚɞ ɜɚɹɜɨɞ

ɫɬɜɚʆ  ɡɟɦɥɹʆ ɿ ɩɚɜ ɟɬɚʆ ɡ ɚɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ  ɚ ʆ ɿɯ ɤɚɧɫɬɵ

ɬɭɰɵ ɣɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɰɚʆ ɞɥɹ  ɫɨɣɦɿɤɚʆ ɭ ɩɪɚɜ ɿɧɰɵɹ ɯ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵ ɯ ɿ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɉɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɹɝɨ ɡ ȼɹ ɥɿ ɤɚɩɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ

Ɇɚɥɚɩɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɦɟɥɚɫɹ ɚɛɿɪɚɰɰɚ ɩɚ  ɩɚɫɥɨʆ  ɍ ɜɵɧɿ

ɤɭ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ Ʌɿɬɜɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɧɚ  ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɛɨɥɶɲ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɩɨɥɶɲ ɱɚ

² ɬɨɥɶɤɿɧɚ  ɚ Ɇɚɥɚɩɨɥɶɲ ɱɚ ² ɧɚ 1

1 25

. ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ ɿ ɝɷɬɵ

ɡɚɤɨɧ ɛɵʆ ɤɚɪɵɫɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ  ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɶ  ɹ ɤɨɝɚ

ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜ ɚʆ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɭ ɫɜɚɿɦ ɬɵɬɭɥɟ

 ɇɟʆɡɚɛɚɜ ɟ ɩɚ ʆɩɚɞɤɭ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ  ɦɚɹ  ʆ ɚɩɭɛɥɿɤɚ

ɜɚɧɚɣ ɧɚ ɷɦɿɝɪɚɰɵɿ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵ ʆɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɰɵ ©ɉɪɚ ʆɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɟ ɿ

ɩɚɞɡɟɧɧɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵ ɿ  ɦɚɹ  ɝɨɞɭª  Ƚɭɝɚ Ʉɚ

ɥɚɧɬɚɣ ɬɚɤ ɚɰɚɧɿʆ ɪɨɥɸ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɚʆ ©ɒɥɹ ɯɟɬɧɚɹ  ɚ ɯɭɬɱɷɣ

ɛɪɚɬɷɪɫɤɚɹ  ɚɯɜɹɪɚ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɿɧɰɵɹʆ ɭɫɺ ɚɛɥɹɝɱɵɥɚ Ȼɵɥɿ

ɚɛɧɨʆɥɟɧɵɹ ɩɚɦɿɠ Ʌ ɿɬɜɨɣ ɿ Ʉɚɪɨɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɬɵ ɹ ɲɥɸɛɵ ɭɧɿɿ  ɛɵ ɥɚ

ɩɪɵɧɹɬɚɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɚɹ ʆɯɜɚɥɚ ɭ ɫɿɥɭ ɹɤɨɟ ɧɚ ʆɫɟ ʆɪɚɞɚɜ ɵɹ ɦɚ

ɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɭɪɵ  ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɛɿɪɚɰɰɚ ɩɚɥɨɜ ɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ

ɚ ɩɚɥɨɜɚ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɯɨɰɶ Ʌ ɿɬɜ ɚ ʆ ɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɿ ɡ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɚɣ ɧɟ

ɫɤɥɚɞɚɟ ɿ ɬɪɷɰɹɟ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ  ɚɧɿ ʆ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɟ  ɚɧɿ ʆ ɛɚɝɚɰɰɿª

12 6

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɦ ɚɹɿ ©ȸɡɚɟɦ ɧ ɵɹɁɚɪɭɱɵɧɵª

398

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

əɤ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ  Ʉ ɚɥɚɧɬɚɣ ɭ ɱɚɫɵ  ɑ ɚɬɵɪɨɯɝɚɞɨɜ ɚɝɚ ɋɨɣɦɭ ɝɚɥɨʆ

ɧɵ  ɩɪɚɩɚɝɚɧɞɵɫɬ ɩɨʆɧɚɟ ɿɧɬɷɝɪɚɰɵɿ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɵɯ ɱɚ

ɫɬɚɤ Ɋ ɷɱɵ  ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɡ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɵ ɱɚɫɭ ɚɰɷɧɶ ɜɚʆ ɩɪɚɰɭ

ɑɚɬɵɪɨɯɝɚɞɨɜɚɝɚ ɋɨɣɦɭ ɹɤ ɚɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɚɤɬɭ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ

ɩɪɵ ɩɿɫɜ ɚɸɱɵ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɭ ɝɚɬɨʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɞɚ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɣ ɞɷɥɟ

ɝɚɰɵɿ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɩɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɥɚ ɛ ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɫɰɶ  ɩɨɝɥɹɞɭ  ɲɬɨ ɡɚ

ɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɫɬɜ ɚ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɋɨɣɦɭ ʆ ɰɷɥɵ ɦ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɚ ɦɚɞɷɥɶ  ɮɟɞɷɪɚ

ɰɵ ɿ ɩɪɵ ɬɵɦ ɲɬɨ ɹɟ ɩɨɜɹɡɿ ɹɤ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜ ɚɥɿ  ʆɠɨ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɤɿ

ɡɪɚɛɿɥɿɫɹ ɲɱɵɥɶɧɟɣɲɵɹ

ɍ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹɝɪɚɮɿɿ ȸɡɚɟɦɧɵɹ  Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɵ  Ⱥɛɨɞɜɭɯ

ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɞɨʆɝɚ ɧɟɞɚɚɰɷɧɶ ɜɚɥɿ ɫɹ Ƚɷɬɚ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɚɫɹ  ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨʆ

ɱɚɣ ɚɰɷɧɤɚɣ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɣɵɧɵɯ ɿ ɭɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɣɧɵ ɯ ɬɷɧɞɷɧ

ɰɵ ɹʆ ɭ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ  ɦɚɹ Ɍɚɤ ɋ ɬɚɧɿ ɫɥɚʆ Ʉɭɬɲɷɛɚ ɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ

ɲɬɨ ɦɚɣɫɤɚɹ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ  © ʆɠɨ ɧɟ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɜ ɚɟ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɟ ɩɚ

ɥɨɜɵ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ >ɚ@ Ʌɿɬɜɭ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɟ ɹ ɤ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɸ ɧɚ

ɪɨʆɧɿ  ɡ Ɇɚɥɚɩɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɣ ɿ ȼɹɥɿ ɤɚɩɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɣª  ɉɪɵɡɧɚɸɱɵ Ɂɚ

ɪɭɱɵɧɵ ©ɞɚɩɚʆɧɟɧɧɟɦ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿª  ɺɧ ɡɜɨɞɡɿʆ ɡɦɟɫɬ ɝɷɬɚ

ɝɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɞɚ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɵɿ ɞɜ ɚɿ ɫɬɚɣ ɜɚɣɫɤɨɜɚɣ ɿ ɫɤɚɪɛɨɜɚɣ ɚɞɦ

ɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ Ɋɷɲɬɚ ɚɞɦɟɬɧɚɫɰɹʆ  ɩɟɪɚɥɿɱɚɧɵɯ ɭ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɚɯ ɝɷɬɚ

² ɧɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ Ʉɭɬɲɷɛɵ ² ©ɩɟɪɚɠɵɬɤɿ ɞɚʆɧɹɝɚ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɭ ɡɪɷɲ

ɬɵ  ɛɟɡ ɿ ɫɬɨɬɧɚɝɚ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹª

12 7

  Ƚɷɬɭɸ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ɩɚɞɡɹɥɿʆ ɍɥɚ

ɞɵɫɥɚʆ Ʉɚɧɚɩɱɵɧɫɤɿ ɩɿɲɭɱɵ  ɲ ɬɨ ɡɚɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɰɵ  ɑ ɚɬɵɪɨɯɝɚ

ɞɨɜɚɝɚ ɋɨɣɦɭ ©ɞɚɥɿ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɚɞɡɿɧɵ ʆɪɚɞ  ɭ ɩɪɨɰɿɥɟɝ

ɥɚɫɰɶ ɞɚ ɫɚɫɬɚɪɷɥɚɝɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɞɭɚɥɿɡɦɭ« Ɍɨɥɶɤɿ

ɪɷɲɬɤɿ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚʆ ɛɵɥɿ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɚɜ ɚɧɵɹ  ɥɿ ɬɜɿɧɚɦ ɭ Ɂɚɪɭ

ɱɵɧɚɯ Ⱥɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆª

12 8

ɇɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ Ʌɟɫɶ ɧɚɞɨɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɍɡɚɟɦɧɵɹ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɵ  ɯɨɰɶ

©ɭ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɞɚʆɧɟɣɲɵɹ  ɚɤɬɵ ɭɧɿɿ  ɭ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɚɫɰɿ«

ɫɰɜɹ ɪɞɠɚɥɿ  ɿ ɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵ ɸ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ ʆ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɭ ɡ ɡɚɛɟɫɩɹɱɷɧ

ɧɟɦ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɣ ɝ ɡɧ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɫɩɨɥɶɲɱɚɧɚɣ ɲɥɹɯ

ɰɟ ɲɵɪɨɤɚɝɚ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹª

12 9

 ɋ ɥɟɞɚɦ ɡɚ ɿɦ ȿɠɵ Ʌɨɟɤ ɚɰɷɧɶ

ɜɚʆ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɵ ɹ ɤ ©ɦɚɥɚɡɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɩɚɩɪɚʆɤɭª  ɛɟɡ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɚɝɚ ɡɧɚ

ɱɷɧɧɹ

13 0

Ⱥɞɪɨɡɧɵ ɚɞ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɵɯɨɞ ɭɠɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɚɧɤɭ II Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚ

ɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜ ɿʆ ȼ  ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɿ  ɉɚɞɜɵ ɲ ɚɸɱɵ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ

ɪɚɡɦɹɲ ɱɚʆ ɝɷɬɵ ɚɤɬ ɭ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɟ ɚɩɚɝɟɟɦ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɛɵɥɚ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫ

ɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ  Ȼɚɱɚɱɵ ʆ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɚɯ ɩɪɚɰɹɝ ɭɧɿɣɧɚɣ ɿɞɷɿ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧ

ɬɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚ ɺɧ ɫɬɚɜɿʆ ɿ ɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ ʆ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ

13 1

ɋɥɟɞɚɦ ɡɚ ɿɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ ɚɰɚɧɿʆ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɚʆ ȼ ɋɚɛɚɰɿɧɫɤɿ

399

ɡ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵɹɣ  ɦɚɹ ª  ɚɥɟ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɟ  ɤɚɛ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ ɿɦ

ɧɵ  ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɭɧɿɿ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹɣ  ɦɚɹ ª

13 2

 Ɍ ɵɦ ɱɚɫɚɦ Ʉɚɧ

ɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɩɪɚɦɿɧɚɥɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɭɧɿɿ  ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɤɚɫɚɜɚɥɚ ɹɟ expressis

verbis  ɞɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɱɵ ɬɵ ɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ  ɹɤ ɦɵ  ɛɚɱɵ ɥɿ  ɪɨɡɧɵɹ  ɪɚ

ɲɷɧɧɿ

Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ  ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɿ  ɧɚɣɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɩɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɹ ɚɰɷɧɤɿ

ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɸɱɵ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɵ ɹɤ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɛɭɞɨɜ ɵ ɚɞɡɿɧɚɟ ɞɡɹɪ

ɠɚɜɵ ɹɤɿ ɞɚɩɚʆɧɹ ɟɦɚɣɫɤɭɸ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɸ

13 3

. Ɍɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɹ ɦɧɨ

ɝɿɹ ɛɚɱɵɥɿ ʆ ɿɦ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ

13 4

ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɞɭɚɥɿ ɡɦɭ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɚʆ ɭɧɿɿ  ɧɟɞɚɚɰɷɧɟɧɵ ɯ Ʉ ɚɧ

ɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹɣ  ɦɚɹ  Ⱥ ɒɚɩɨɤɚ ɩɿɲɭɱɵ ɩɪɚ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɵ  ɫɰɜɹɪ

ɞɚ ɱɚɝɨ Ʌɿɬɜɚ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɹɤ  ɝɚɞɨʆª

13 5

ɍ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹɝɪɚɮɿ ɿ ɩɚɜɚɪɨɬ ɭ ɚɰɷɧɰɵ  Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɚʆ

ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵ ʆɫɹ ʆ ɩɪɚɰɚɯ ɗ  Ɋ ɚɫɬɜɚɪɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ Ɂɜɹɪɬɚɸɱɵ ɫɹ ɞɚ

ȼ  ɋ ɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɺɧ ɛɚɱɵʆ ɭ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɚɯ ɡ ɰɹ ɠɤɚɫɰɸ ɞɚɫɹ ɝɧɭ

ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚ ɩɹɪɚ ɉ¶ɹɬɨɥɿ ª

136

 Ɂɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɚʆ ɿ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɿɯ ɡɦɟ

ɫɬɭ ɜɵɹ ɜɿɥɿ  ȿ. Ɇɚɥɟɰ ɿ ȿ. Ɇɿɯɚɥɶɫɤɿ ɧɚ ɹɤɿɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɲɦɚɬ ɫɩɚ

ɫɵ ɥɚɤ ɜɵɲɷɣ ɯɨɰɶ ɚɩɨɲɧɿ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ  ɲɬɨ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɵ ɡ¶ ɹ

ɜɿɥɿɫɹ  ɹɤ ɫɩɨɫɚɛ ɜɵɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ  ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ ɩɪɚ ɋ ɤɚɪɛɨɜɭɸ Ʉ ɚɦɿ

ɫɿɸ

1 37

  ɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɡɞɚɟɰɰɚ ɩɷʆɧɵɦ ɡɜɭɠɷɧɧɟɦ ɝɟɧɟɡɿ ɫɭ ɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿ

ɲɱɚ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɚɤɬɭ

ɉɪɵɡɧɚɧɧɟ ɜ ɚɝɿ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɚʆ ɩɪɚɛɿɜ ɚɟ ɫɚɛɟ ɞɚɪɨɝɭ ʆ ɫɭ

ȿɠɵ Ɍ ɚɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ

13 8

  Ɍɚɞɷɜɭɲ ȼɚɫɿ ɥɟʆɫɤɿ

13 9

  Ɂɛɿɝɧɟʆ ɒɱɨɧɫ

ɤɚ ɹɤɿ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ  ɲɬɨ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɵ  ʆɜɚɣɲɥɿ ʆ ɲɷɪɚɝ ɤɚɧɫɬɵ

ɬɭɰɵ ɣɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɰɨɜɚɤ ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚʆɲɵ  ɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɝɪɷɫ

ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿ ɡɚɰɵ ɿ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɣɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ

1 40

Ʌɿɬɜɵª ȿɠɵ Ⱥɯɦɚɧɫɤɿ

1 41

Ʉɚɠɭɱɵ ɩɪɚ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹ ɝɪɚɮɿɸ  ɧɟɥɶ ɝɚ ɧɟ ɡɝɚɞɚɰɶ  ɚɰɷɧɤɭ

ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɭɧɿɿ ʆ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɑɚɬɵɪɨɯɝɚɞɨɜɚɝɚ ɋɨɣɦɭ ɹɤɭɸ ɞɚʆ ɉɚ

ɜɟɥ əɫɟɧɿɰɚ ɍ ɚɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɜ ɚɧɵɦ ɭ  ɝ  ɚɩɨɲɧɿɦ ɬɨɦɟ ɬɪɵ

ɞɨɜ ɵ  ɋ ɨɣɦ ɡɭɫɿɦ ɧɟ ɩɚɡɛɚɜɿʆ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɭ ɮɟɞɷɪɚ

ɰɵ ɿ  ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɚɞɚʆ ɺɣ ɫɰɿɫɥɟɣɲ ɵɹ  ɮɨɪɦɵ  ɛɨɥɶɲ  ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɵɹ

400

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɩɚɬɪɷɛɚɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɨʆª  ȱ ɞɚɞɚɜɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɑɚɬɵɪɨɯɝɚɞɨɜɵ ɋɨɣɦ

ɬɭɰɵɿ  ɝɚɪɚɧɬɚɜɚʆ ɿ ɡɪɚɛɿʆ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɵɦ ɩɪɚɡ ɍɡɚɟɦɧɵɹ  Ɂɚɪɭ

ɱɵɧɵ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɵ ɩɪɚɰɹɝ ɩɚɱɭɰɰɹ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɚª

14 2

ɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ   ɦɚɹ ɡɭɫɿɦ ɧɟ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɥɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ ɇɿɹ ɤɿ

ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɵ  ɚɤɬ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɚ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɰɶ  ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ  ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚɟ ɝɿɫɬɨ

ɪɵɹɣ Ⱥɞɱɵ ɧɿɥɚɫɹ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɞɚɪɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɫɰɿɫɥɟɣɲɵ ɯ  ɞɚɫɤɚɧɚɥɟɣ

ɲɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚʆ ɫɚɸɡɚª

14 3

ɉɪɵɤɥɚɞ ɥɺɫɭ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ ʆ ɱɚɫɵ ɑɚɬɵɪɨɯɝɚ

ɞɨɜ ɚɝɚ ɋ ɨɣɦɭ  ɹ ɤ ɡɞɚɟɰɰɚ  ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ  ɲ ɬɨ ɧɟɦɚɝɱɵɦɚ

ɡɞɡɟɣɫɧɿɰɶ  ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ ɛɟɡ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɣ ɩɚɞ

ɬɪɵɦɤɿ ɭ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ  ȱ

ɬɚɤ ɹ ɤ ɩɪɵɧɹ ɰɰɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦɿ ɫɟɧɚɬɚɪɚɦɿ ɿ ɩɚɫɥɚɦɿ  ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɚɛ

ɉɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ  ɦɚɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɤɚɸ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɦɭ ɛɨɤɭ ʆ ɿɦɹ ɜ ɵ

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Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɵ  Ⱥɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɛɵɥɿ  ɫɚɫɬɭɩɤɚɸ ɥɿɬɜ ɿɧɚɦ  ɹ ɤɿɹ

ɛɚɪɚɧɿɥɿ ɫɜɚɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɭɸ ɫɭɛ¶ɟɤɬɧɚɫɰɶ  Ʉɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫ ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ

ʆ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɿ ɫɧɭɸɱɚɣ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ  ɭɦɚɰɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ ɹɟ ɩɪɚɡ ɩɚɤɥɿ

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ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɣ ɧɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ

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1979. S. 203–214.

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// O dawnej i ni edawnej Litw ie. S. 201–2 11.

əɤ ɫɜɟɞ ɱɵɰɶ Ɇɿɯɚɥ Ʉɥ ɟɚɮɚɫ Ⱥɝ ɿɧ ɫɤɿ ʆ Memo ires / …/ s ur l a

Pologne et les Polonais depuis 1788 jusqu a la fin de 1815. T. 1. Paris,

18 26: « ɉɚɫɥɹɫɚɸɡɭ Ʌɿ ɬɜɵɡ ɉɨɥ ɶɲɱ ɚɸ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵɡ ɚʆɫɺɞɵɩɚɤɚɡ ɜɚɥ ɿ

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401

ɹɤɿ ɹɿɦ ɛɵɥɿ ɝɚɪ ɚɧɬɚɜɚɧɵɹɫɚɦɿ ɦɚɤɬɚɦ ɭɧɿɿ ɚɥɟɿɯɡ ɚʆɫɺɞɵɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɿ

ɝɚɬɨɜɵɦɿ ɧɚ ʆɫɟ ɚɯɜɹɪɵɹɤɿɹ ɚɞ ɿɯɩɚɬɪ ɚɛɚɜɚɥɿ ɫɹɤɚɥɿɡ ɚɯɨ ɞɡɿ ɥɚɩ ɪɚ

ɫɭ ɩɨɥ ɶɧɵɞɚɛɪɚɛ ɵɬ ɚɣɱ ɵɧɵª 

E. Rostworowski. « Marzenie dobrego obywatela» czyli królewski

proj ekt kons tytucji // Legen dy i fak ty XVIII w. Warszawa, 1 963. S. 407,

439–441, 451–453.

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1764–1786 // Lithuano-Slavica Posnaniensia. Studia Historica. T. II. 1987.

S. 167–18 4; ɿɚɩɭɛɥ ɿɤɚɜɚɧɵ ɪɚɧɟɣɚɪ ɬɵɤɭ ɥProblem st osu nku Pols ki

do Litwy w dobie Sejmu Wielkiego (1788–179 2). CPH, T. XXXIV. 1982,

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ɫɟɪɬɚɰ ɵɿ ɚʆɬ ɚɪ ɚ

J. Mi ch al sk i. Zag ad ni en ie u ni i p ol sk o-li tews ki ej w czasi e

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E. Rostworowski. Legendy i fakty. S. 451; J. Michalski, op. cit. S.

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S. 411.

J. Michal sk i, op. cit. S. 1 02– 105 ; J. Mal ec. P rób y zes pol en ia

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ɞɚɞ ɪɭ ɤɭ Ʌ ɐɹɥɤɚɲ ɨɜɚ). S. 1 78 . ɋɬ ɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚɌɵɡ ɟɧɝɚʆɡ ɚɹɤɿ ɮɚɤ

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ɩɚɞɦ ɚɰɚɜɚɥɚɩɚɜɵɲɷɧɧɟɹɝɨɧɚɟɩɚɫɚɞɵʆ ɝɞ ɚʆɡɪɨʆɧɸɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚ

J. Michal ski, o p. cit . S. 1 06.

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T. I. Warszawa-Kraków , 1954 . S. 2 20.

Ɍɚɦ ɫɚɦɚT. I. S. 24 5.

Ɍɚɦ ɫɚɦɚT. II. S. 1 0.

Ɍɚɦ ɫɚɦɚT. II. S. 37 0.

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J. Mal ec. Pro blem sto sun ku. S. 3 4.

J. Michals ki, op . cit. S. 97 –130, przyp. 51.