Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

382

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɧɨɫɧɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɬɵɱɚɰɰɚ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ Ʌɿɬ>ɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ@ ɤɚɛ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɹ  ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɿ ɧɟ ʆɦɟɲɜɚɥɿ

ɫɹ ª  ɩɪɵ ɱɵɦ ɧɚ ɚɫɧɨɜ ɟ ʆɡɚɟɦɧɚɫɰɿ

ɍɠɨ ʆ  ɝ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ  ɫɨɣɦɿɤɿ ɜɵ ɤɚɡɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ

ɬɚɝɨ ɤɚɛ ɚɩɟɥɹ ɰɵɿ ɡ ɦɹ ɫɰɨɜɵɯ ɫɭɞɨʆ ɭ Ʌɿɬɜ ɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞɚɥɿɫɹ

ʆ ɚɫɷɫɚɪɫɤɿɦ ɫɭɞɡɟ ʆ ȼɚɪɲ ɚɜɟ ɹ ɤ ɿ ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ  ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɦ

ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɤɧɿɝ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ Ɇɟɬɪɵ ɤɿ  əɧɵ ɠɚɞɚɥɿ ʆɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɹ ʆ

ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɟ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɞɚ ɿ ɤɚɧɰɷɧɬɪɚɰɵ ɿ ɿ ʆɩɚɪɚɞɤɚ

ɜɚɧɧɹ  ɬɚɦ ɤɧɿ ɝ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ Ɇɟɬɪɵɤɿ Ƚɚɪɚɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɹ  ɿ ɧɫɬɪɭɤ

ɰɵɹ  ɚɞ ɬɚɝɨ ɠ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɵ ɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ  © ɤɚɛ Ⱥɫɷɫɨɪɵɹ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ

ɫɭɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ  ʆ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɿ ɿ  ɚɤɬɵ Ʌ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ Ɇɟɬɪɵɤɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿ

ɥɿɫɹ  ʆ ɬɨɣ ɠɚ ɩɪɚɜɿ ɧɰɵ ɿ  ɩɚɧɵ ɩɚɫɥɵ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ  ɫɬɚɪɚɰɰɚ ɩɚ

ɜɨɞɥɟ ɬɚɝɨ ɠ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɭɧɿ ɿª

ɉɚɤɨɥɶ ɤɿ  ɝɷɬɚɟ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɟ  ɧɚ ɹ ɤɨɟ ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚɥɿɫɹ  ʆ

ɿɦɹ  ɝɚɪɚɧɬɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɚɦ ɭɧɿɿ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ  ɿ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ

ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɭɪ ɿ ɚɪɯɿɜɚʆ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɫɮɟɞɷɪɚɜɚɧɵ ɯ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɚʆ

ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ʆɥɿɱɚɧɚ ɭ  ɝ  ɝɚɪɚɞɡɟɧɫɤɿ ɫɨɣɦɿɤ ɪɚɞɵɤɚɥɿ ɡɚ

ɜɚʆ ɫɜ ɚɸ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵ ɸ  ɉɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɩɚʆɬɚɪɷɧɧɟɦ ɡɦɟɫɬɭ ɩɚɩɹ 

ɪɷɞɧɹ ɟ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵɿ ɺɧ ɩɚɠɚɞɚʆ ɤɚɛ ɩɚɫɥɵ  ʆɧɟɫɥɿ ɧɚ ɪɚɡ

ɝɥɹɞ ɋɨɣɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧ ©ɹ ɤɿ ɧɚɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɡɚɛɚɪɚɧɹ ɟ ɬɪɵɜɚɧɧɟ ɝɷ

ɬɚɟ ɸɪɵɫɞɵɤɰɵɿ ext ra provi nciam >ɡɚ ɦɟɠɚɦɿ ɩɪɚɜ ɿɧɰɵ ɿ@ ɡ

ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹ ɧ >ȼ ɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ@ ɧɚɜ ɚɬ ɚɞ ɫɬɚ

ɜɚɧɧɹ  >ɩɟɪɚɞ ɬɚɤɿɦ ɫɭɞɨɦ@ ɿ ʆɫɹɥɹ ɤɚɟ ɩɚɞɥɟɝɥɚɫɰɿ ª  ɹɦɭ

ȱɧɲ ɵɹ  ɫɨɣɦɿɤɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɚʆɬɚɪɵɥɿ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɤɚɛ ©Ʌɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɿɹ  Ⱥɫɷɫɨɪɵɹ ɿ  Ɇɟɬɪɵ ɤɿ ɛɵɥɿ  ɩɟɪɚɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɹ  ʆ Ʌɿɬɜ ɭ  ɩɪɚ

ɲɬɨ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɪɚɡɨʆ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɡ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɿª  ²

ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚʆ ɫɨɣɦɿɤ ɭ Ʉɨʆɧɟ

 ɉɚɞɨɛɧɚ ɝɭɱɚʆ ɿ ɝɨɥɚɫ Ʌɿɞɫɤɚ

ɝɚ ɩɚɜ ɟɬɚ

əɤ ɜ ɿɞɚɰɶ  ɫɨɣɦɿɤɚɜ ɵɹ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵɿ ɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹ ɱɵ ɧɚ ɿɫɬɨɬ

ɧɵɹ  ɪɚɡɵɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɿ  ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ  ɛɟɪɭɱɵ ɧɚɣɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɟɣ  ɞɚ ɡɚ

ɯɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɫɭɛ¶ ɟɤɬɧɚɫɰɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜ ɚ ɿ ɯɚɪɚɤ

ɬɷɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɹ ɝɨ ɚɞɚɫɨɛɥɟɧɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɮɭɧɤɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɋɨɣɦɭ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ  ʆɥɚɞɵ ɿ ɫɭɞɨɜɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ

 ɉɚɞɫɬɚɜɚɦɿ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɚɪɬɵ

ɤɭɥɹɪɵɡɦɭ ² ɧɟ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɡɦɭ ² ɛɵɥɿ ɚɤɬɵ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ

ɍɧɿɿ ɿ ,,, ɋɬɚɬɭɬ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ  Ɏɚɪɦɭɥɸɸɱɵ ɫɜɚɟ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɧɧɿ

ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ ɫɨɣɦɿɤ ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚʆ ² ɹɤ ɭɠɨ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ² ɲɬɨ

ɿɦɿ ɩɚɜɿ ɧɟɧ ɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɰɶ  © ɉɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɇɚɪɨɞª  ɡɚɫɜɟɞɱɵʆɲɵ ɿɫɧɚ

ɜɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ² ɩɪɵɧɚɦɫɿ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ ² ɞɜɭɯɭɡɪɨʆ

ɧɟɜɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɹ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɚ ɹ ɤ ɰɷɥɚɝɚ ɹ ɤɨɟ ɚɯɨɩ

ɥɿɜ ɚɥɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ

383

Ɂ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵɹɦɿ ɫɨɣɦɿɤɚʆ ɥɿɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɫɥɵ ɹɤɿɹ ɧɚɨɝɭɥ ɿɞɷɧ

ɬɵ ɮɿɤɚɜɚɥɿ ɫɹɛɟ ɡ ɫɚɛɪɚɧɚɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɣɦɿɤɚɯ ɲɥɹɯɬɚɸ ɇɿɠɷɣ ɦɵ

ɩɚɛɚɱɵ ɦ ɭ ɹɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɧɵɹ ʆ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵɹ ɯ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚ

ɜɚɧɧɿ ɡɧɚɣɲ ɥɿ ɚɞɛɿɬɚɤ ɭ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɋ ɨɣɦɭ ʆ ± ɝɝ.

  Ⱥɛɹɰɚɧɧɟ ɛɚɪɚɧɿɰɶ  ɩɪɚɜɵ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ

ɝɚ ɰɹɝɚɦ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɰɹ ɞɷɬɚɥɺɜ ɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ ɡɦɹɲɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɜɚ ʆɫɩɨɦ

ɧɟɧɚɣ ɜɵɲɷɣ ɩɪɚɦɨɜ ɟ Ʉ  ɇ  ɋɚɩɟɝɿ  ɫɤɚɡɚɧɚɣ ɭ ɤɚɥɟɝɿɹɰɟ ɫɜ

əɧɚ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɩɪɵ ɫɹɝɚɸ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵ ɿ  ȼɹ ɪɬɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɡɚɫ

ɰɹ ɪɨɝɚʆ ɺɧ ɫɤɚɡɚʆ ɲɬɨ © ɩɚɦɵɥɤɿ ʆ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɯ ɥɺɝ

ɤɚ« ɦɨɠɚ ɩɚɩɪɚɜɿɰɶ ɫɚɦɚʆɥɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚª  ɚɥɟ ɜɚɣɧɚ ɿ ɩɚ

ɞɡɟɥ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜ ɵ ² ɝɷɬɚ ɩɚɪɚɡɚ

  ɋɭɝɭɱɧɚ ɡ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɜɵɤɚɡɚʆɫɹ

ʆɠɨ  ɦɚɹ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɭ ɫɜ ɚɿɦ ɩɚɹɞɧɚʆɱɵɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɟ ɭ ɚɞɤɚɡ ɧɚ

ɤɪɵɬɵɤɭ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɺɧ ɩɚɬɥɭɦɚɱɵʆ  ɲɬɨ ɩɚɡɚ ɜɵ ɪɚɲɚɧɵɦɿ ɋɬɚ

ɬɭɬɚɦ ɚɛ ɉɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ  ɫɩɪɚɜ ɚɦɿ  ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɧɚɫɰɿ ɬɪɨɧɭ ɿ ʆɫɬɚɥɹ 

ɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɚ ɩɚɞɧɚɡɜ ɚɸ 6W UDĪ\ 3UDZ Ⱥɯɨɜɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ ©ɚɫ

ɬɚɬɧɿ ɹ ɩɭɧɤɬɵ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ ɩɚɞɪɚɛɹ ɡɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɬɵɹ  ɿ ɪɚɫɬɥɭɦɚɱɚɧɵ ɹ

ʆɯɜɚɥɚɦɿ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɟɫɿɹʆª Ⱥɪɬɵɤɭɥɵ  © ɡɝɚɞɚɧɵɹ  ɚ ɧɟ ɰɚɥ

ɤɚɦ ɭɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɵ ɹª ʆ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵ ɿ  ² ɤɚɡɚʆ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬ

² ɩɚɞɥɹɝɚɸɰɶ  ɞɵɫɤɭɫɿɿ ɿ ʆɯɜ ɚɥɚɦ ɋ ɨɣɦɭ ɤɚɥɿ ɞɨɣɞɡɟ ɞɚ ɿɯ

ɭɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɞɷɬɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ʆ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɯ Ƚɷɬɚ ɚɞɱɵɧɹɥɚ ɞɚɪɨɝɭ

ɞɥɹ ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫɭ ɹ ɤɿ ɿɲɨʆ ɛɵ ʆ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɭ ʆɥɿɤɭ ɩɪɵɧɚɦɫɿ ɱɚ

ɫɬɤɨɜɚɝɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɯ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɹʆ

ɍɠɨ ɞɜɚ ɞɧɿ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɭ © Ⱦɷɤɥɚɪɚɰɵɿ ɚɛ¶ ɹɞɧɚɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɚʆª

ɚɞ  ɦɚɹ   ɦɵ ɦɨɠɚɦ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ  ɜɹ ɪɬɚɧɧɟ ɞɚ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵ ɣɧɚɟ

ɭɧɿɣɧɚɟ ɬɷɪɦɿɧɚɥɨɝɿɿ Ɇɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ Ⱦɷɤɥɚɪɚɰɵɹ  ɩɪɚɞɩɿɫɜɚɥɚ ɩɪɵ

ɫɹ ɝɭ ɧɚ ɜ ɟɪɧɚɫɰɶ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ©ʆɫɿɦ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɦ ɜ ɨɣɫɤɚɦ

ɪɚɡɦɟɲɱɚɧɵ ɦ ɭ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɚɯ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ

ɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚª  Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɦɚɯ ɧɚ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵ ɸ ɹɧɚ

ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɥɚ ɚɞɞɚɧɧɟɦ ɫɨɣɦɚɜ ɚɦɭ ɫɭɞɭ ©ʆ ɫɭɩɪɚɜɚɞɠɷɧɧɿ ɿɧɫɬɵ

ɝɚɬɚɪɚʆ >ɚɛɜɿɧɚɜɚʆɰɚʆ@ Ⱥɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆ«ª

  ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɦɨɠɧɚ

ɛɚɱɵɰɶ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɡɚɩɷʆɧɿɰɶ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ  ɲɬɨ ɞɭɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɞɡɹɪ

ɠɚʆɧɚɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿ ɡɚɰɵɹ  ɧɟ ɡɦɹɧɿɥɚɫɹ 

Ʉɪɨɤɚɦ ɭ ɬɵɦ ɠɚ ɤɿɪɭɧɤɭ ɛɵʆ ɡɚɩɿɫ ɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ ɩɪɚ ɫɨɣɦ

ɚɞ ± ɦɚɹ  ɝ  ɹɤɿ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚʆ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɤɨɜɭɸ ɡ  ɝ ɚɥɶ

ɬɷɪɧɚɬɭ ɫɨɣɦɚʆ

8 3

  Ɂɚɯɚɜ ɚɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɣɧɵɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɹ

ɫɟɫɿɿ ɧɚ ɹɤɿɯ ɭɫɬɚɥɺʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɹ ɞɷɥɟɝɚɰɵ ɿ ȼɹ

ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɪɵɯɬɚɜ ɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɵ ɪɷɡɚɥɸɰɵɹʆ ɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ

ɹɤɿɹ ɹɝɨ ɬɵɱɵɥɿɫɹ

Ʉɚɛ ɡɚɞɚɜɨɥɿɰɶ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɚɞɞɡɹɱɵɰɶ Ʉɇ ɋɚ

ɩɟɝɭ ɡɚ ɹ ɝɨɧɭɸ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ  ɺɧ ɛɵʆ ɩɚɤɥɿ ɤɚɧɵ  ʆɯɜɚɥɚɸ ɋɨɣɦɭ

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɦ ɚɹɿ ©ȸɡɚɟɦ ɧ ɵɹɁɚɪɭɱɵɧɵª

384

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɚɞ  ɦɚɹ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ Ⱥɯɨɜɵ ɡɚɤ ɨɧɚʆ ɡ ɬɵɦɿ ɠ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɿ  ɹɤɿɹ ɦɟʆ

ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚɤ ɋɨɣɦɭ ɿ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɟ Ʉɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ  ɋ  Ɇɚɥɚɯɨʆɫɤɿ

©ɏɨɱɭɱɵ ɞɚɰɶ  ɞɨɤɚɡ² ɝɭɱɚɥɚ ʆɯɜɚɥɚ² ɡɚɫɥɭɠɚɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɜɟɪɭ

ɡɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɥɵɹ   ɩɚɯɜɚɥɶ ɧɵɹ  ɿ ɩɪɚɰɚɜ ɿɬɵɹ ɫɬɚɪɚɧɧɿ >Ʉ ɇ  ɋɚ

ɩɟɝɿ@ ɞɡɟɥɹ ɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɛɪɚª  ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɪɚɡɚɦ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɚɦɿ ɫɚɛ

ɪɚɧɵɦɿ ɧɚ ɋɨɣɦɟ  ɚɛɜɹɫɰɿʆ © ɇɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɪɚɡ  ɝɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɵ ɰɶ ɞɚ

ɬɷɪɦɿɧɭ ɛɭɞɭɱɚɝɚ ɋɨɣɦɭ ɞɚɩɭɫɤɚɟɦ >ɹɝɨ@ ɭ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɣ

ɦɚɜɚɦɭ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɤɭ ɚɛɚɜɹ ɡɤɚɯ ɞɚ ɥɿ ɤɭ ɚɫɨɛɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɡɚɫɹ ɞɚɸɰɶ ɭ

Ⱥɯɨɜɟ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɰɶ ɝɷɬɭɸ Ⱥɯɨɜɭ»

 Ɂ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɝɷɬɵ ɚɤɬ ɛɭɞɡɿɰɶ ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜ ɚɧɵ ɹ ɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɿ ɛɨ ɚɪɬ VII Ʉɚɧ

ɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɚ ɿ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ Ⱥɯɨɜɵ  ɡɚɤɨ

ɧɚʆ.  Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɣ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ɫɨɣɦɚɜɵ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚɤ ɭɜɚ

ɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɭ ɹɟ ɫɤɥɚɞ ©ɛɟɡ ɭɞɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ʆ ɹ ɟ ɪɷɡɚɥɸɰɵɿª ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɞɡɟɥɹ

ɫɤɥɿ ɤɚɧɧɹ  ɝɚɬɨɜɚɝɚ ɋ ɨɣɦɭ ʆ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɵ ɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɚɯ

ɤɚɥɿ ɛ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɡɚɛɚɪɚɧɿʆ ɫɤɥɿɤɚɰɶ  ɋɨɣɦ ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ  ɫɨɣɦɚɜ ɵ

ɋɬɚɬɭɬ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɜɚʆ ² ɩɪɚʆɞɚ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɿ ɹɤ ɜ ɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟ

² ɩɚɞɨɛɧɵɹ  ɩɪɚɜɵ ɡɚ ɦɚɪɲ ɚɥɤɚɦ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ

ɯɨɰɶ ɧɿɜɨɞɧɚɟ ɩɚɥɚɠɷɧɧɟ ɧɟ ɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɚɦ ɫɚɛɪɚɧɵɦ

ɧɚ ɋ ɨɣɦɟ  ɡɦɹɧɹ ɰɶ  ɋɬɚɬɭɬ ɚɛ ɉɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ  ȼɿɞɚɜ ɨɱɧɚ  ɬɚɤɚɹ

ɩɚɬɪɷɛɚ ɚɞɱɭɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɛɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɵ ɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ ɯɭɬɤɚ  ɛɟɡ

ɞɵɫɤɭɫɿɹʆ ɿ ɡ ɩɚɯɜɚɥɨɸ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɚɦ ɧɨɜɚɝɚ ɫɹɛɪɚ Ⱥɯɨɜɵ ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ.

Ƚɷɬɵ  ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿɤ ɭɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹʆ ɿ ɩɪɷɫɬɵ ɠɭ ɦɚɪ

ɲɚɥɤɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ ɧɟ ɛɵʆ ɧɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɹ ɜɟɞɚɸ ɹɤ

ɦɚɟ ɛɵɰɶ ɚɰɷɧɟɧɵ ʆ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ

Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜ ɚ ɚɰɿɯɥɿ  ɫɤɿ ɪɚɜ ɚɧɵ ɹ ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ ɋɚɩɟɝɿ ɩɚɦɮɥɟ

ɬɵ  ɿ ɤɭɩɥɟɬɵ ɍ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɬɚɪɫɤɿ ɯ ɤɨɥɚɯ ɡɦɟɧɭ ɹɝɨɧɚɣ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ

ɚɰɚɧɿɥɿ  ɍ ȼ ɿɥɶɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɵɦ ɩɚɫɟɞɠɚɧɧɿ Ƚ ɚɥɨʆɧɚɣ Ʌɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɣ ɒɤɨɥɵ ɥɿɩɟɧɹ  ɝ  ɩɪɚɮɟɫɚɪ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɤɫɺɧɞɡ

Ƚɟɪɚɧɿɦ ɋ ɬɪɚɣɧɨʆɫɤɿ ɱɵ ɧɧɵ ɫɹɛɪɚ Ʌ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ Ʉ ɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɰɵɣ

ɧɚɟ Ʉ ɚɦɿɫɿɿ  ɤɚɠɭɱɵ ɩɪɚ ʆɯɜɚɥɟɧɧɟ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵ ɿ  ɦɚɹ ɬɚɤ

ɚɰɷɧɶɜɚʆ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɤɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ  © ɇɹ 

ɯɚɣ ɭ ɞɨɦɟ ɩɚɬɨɦɤɚʆ Ʌɶɜɚ ɋɚɩɟɝɿ ɡɚɫɬɚɧɟɰɰɚ ɩɨɦɧɵ ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦ

ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ Ʉ ɚɡɿɦɟɪɚ ɋɚɩɟɝɿ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɥɵɯ ɩɪɚɰɚɯ  ɹɤɿɦ

ɺɧ ɩɪɵɫɜɹɱɚɟ ɞɡɟɥɹ ɞɚɛɪɚ Ⱥɣɱɵɧɵ ɫɜɚɟ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɹ ɿ ɪɷɞɤɿɹ ɜɚɪ

ɬɚɫɰɿ  ɚɥɟ >ɹɤ@ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɬɪɵɹ ɬɵɡɦɭ  ɭ ɩɟɪɚɦɨ

ɡɟ ɧɚɞ ɫɚɛɨɸ ɫɚɦɿɦ ɭ ɧɚɣɞɚɪɚɠɷɣɲɵɦ ɚɯɜɹɪɚɜɚɧɧɿ ʆɥɚɫɧɵ ɦ

ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɞɡɟɥɹ ɡɝɨɞɵ ɟɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɲɱɚɫɰɹ ɇɚɪɨɞɚ ɉɭɛɥɿɱ

ɧɵ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ ɞɥɹ ʆɫɿɯ  ɯɬɨ ɪɨɡɧɿɰɰɚ ʆ ɥɚɞɡɟ ɦɵ ɫɥɟɧɧɹ  ɹɤɿ

ɱɵɧɧɚ ʆɡɛɭɞɠɚɟ ɞɚ ɚɞɧɚɞɭɲɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɬɭɧɤɭ Ⱥɣɱɵɧɵ  ɉɪɵɤɥɚɞ

ɡ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɲɥɹɯɟɬɧɚɣ ɚɞɤɪɵ ɬɚɫɰɸ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɭɫɿ ɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ ² ɚɞɡɧɚ

385

ɤɚɣ ɰɧɨɬɵ  ɚɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɵɝɨɠɚɟ ɞɭɲɵª

 Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ɜɹ

ɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɚ Ʌɨɠɵ ɦɚɫɨɧɭ Ƚ ɋɬɪɚɣɧɨʆɫɤɚɦɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ

ɡɞɚɬɧɚ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɰɶ ɿ ɯɜɚɥɿɰɶ  Ⱦɚɞɚɦɨ ɬɭɬ ɲɬɨ Ʉɇɋ ɚɩɟɝɚ ɞɚʆ

ɞɨɤɚɡ ɲɱɵɪɚɫɰɿ  ɫɜɚɿɯ ɩɟɪɚɤɚɧɚɧɧɹ ʆ  ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɱɵ ʆ  ɝ

ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ Ɍɚɪɝɚɜɿɰɵ  ɿ  ɚɫɭɞɠɚɸɱɵ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ ɡɚ ɞɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɟ ɞɚ ɹ ɟ

 Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɹ ɩɚɫɥɵ ɡɜɹɪɬɚɥɿ ɚɫɚɛɥɿ ɜɭɸ ʆɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɱɚɪɝɨ

ɜɵɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɹɤɿɹ ɬɵɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɜɟɞɚɦɫɬɜɚʆ ² ȼɹɥɿɤɿɯ

Ʉɚɦɿɫɿɹʆ  Ɂɵ ɯɨɞɧɵ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɫɩɪɵɹ ʆ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿ ɡɚɰɵɣɧɵɦ ɩɚɦ

ɤɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɍɠɨ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɭɯɜ ɚɥɟɧɟɦ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɩɚɤɥɿ

ɤɚɧɵɹ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɞɡɜɟ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɵɹ  ȼ ɹɥɿɤɿɹ Ʉɚɦɿ ɫɿɿ ɇɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ

Ⱥɞɭɤɚɰɵɿ ɚɞ  ɝ  ɿ ȼɚɣɫɤɨɜɚɹ  ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɚɹ  ʆ  ɝ  ɩɚɫɥɹ

ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɵɿ ɉɚɫɬɚɹɧɧɚɟ Ɋɚɞɵ  ɉɚɫɥɹ ɩɪɵ ɧɹɰɰɹ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵɿ

ɩɪɵ ɫɬɭɩɿ ɥɿ ɞɚ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɞɡɜɸɯ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɿ

ɫɿɹʆ ² ɉɚɥɿɰɵɿ ɿ ɋɤɚɪɛɭ

Ʉɚɥɿ  ɱɷɪɜɟɧɹ   ɝ  ɧɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞ ɋɨɣɦɭ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɿʆ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ

ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɩɪɚ Ʉ ɚɦɿɫɿɸ ɉɚɥɿɰɵɿ ɹɟ ɩɪɚɜɵ ɬɵɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚ

ɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɿɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɬɪɨɰɤɿ ɩɚɫɨɥ ȱɝɧɚɰɵ ɋɿɜ ɿɰɤɿ ɩɚɠɚ

ɞɚʆ ɭɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ Ʉ ɚɦɿɫɿɹʆ ɉɚɥɿɰɵɿ ɞɥɹ  ɤɨɠɧɚɣ ɡ ɬɪɨɯ

ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɹʆ  ɘɪɵɞɵɱɧɵ ɜɵɝɥɹɞ ɩɚɩɪɚʆɤɿ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ

ɧɚɞɚʆ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜɟ ɫɹɛɪɚ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɣɧɚɟ Ⱦɷɩɭɬɚɰɵ ɿ Ɍɚ

ɞɷɜɭɲ Ʉɨɪɫɚɤ ɹ ɤɿ ɿɩɚɫɥɹ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɰɹ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ  ɦɚɹ  ɩɪɚ

ɰɹ ɝɜɚʆ ɩɿɥɶ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɹ ɰɶ ɧɚ ɜɚɪɰɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɨʆ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ  ɉɚ

ɤɨɥɶɤɿ Ɇɚɥɚɩɨɥɶ ɲɱɚ ɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɩɨɥɶ ɲɱɚ ɧɟ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɫɹɛɟ

ɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɯ ɤɚɦɿɫɿɹʆ ɝɚɜɨɪɤɚ ɩɚ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ  ɿɲɥɚ ɩɪɚ ɞɚɡɜɨɥ ɞɥɹ

ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ Ʉɚɦɿɫɿɿ ɇɚ ɫɟɫɿɿ  ɱɷɪɜɟɧɹ ɋɿɜɿɰɤɿ

ʆɡɧɚɜ ɿʆ ɫɜ ɚɸ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜɭ  ɹ ɤɭɸ ɩɚɞɬɪɵ ɦɚʆ ɫɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɿ ɤɚɲɬɚ

ɥɹɧ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɿ ɋɭɯɚɞɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɭɸɱɵ ɲɬɨɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɵɹ ɤɚɦɿɫɿɿ

ɫɭɩɹ ɪɷɱɚɰɶ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ  ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɰɿɥɚ ɚɛɚɜɹ ɡɤɨɜ ɚɟ

ɦɨɰɵ  ɛɨ ɚɪɬ  III Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɲ ɥɹɯɰɟ ʆɫɟ  © ɩɪɚ

ɜɵ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɵ  ɿ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿª  ɋ ɭɩɪɨɰɶ  ɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɿɫɿ ɹʆ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɿʆ

ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɭɸɱɵ  ɲɬɨ ©ɤɥɨɩɚɬ ɬɵ ɯ  ɯɬɨ ɚɞɫɬɨɣɜɚɟ ɩɪɷ

ɪɚɝɚɬɵɜɵ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɿ« ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɿɰɶ ɭɫɿɯɧɚɦɭ

ɞɚɛɪɭª  ɹ ɤɨɟ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɭɟ ɤɚɧɰɷɧɬɪɚɰɵɿ ʆɥɚɞɵ ʆ ɚɞɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɟ

Ƚɷɬɵ ɦ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɚʆ Ʉ ɇ ɋ ɚɩɟɝɚ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɭɸɱɵ

ɩɟɪɚɝɚɥɚɫɚɜɚɰɶ  ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɭ ɮɚɪɦɭɥɺʆɰɵ  ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚɜ ɚɧɚɣ Ⱦɷɩɭ

ɬɚɰɵɹɣ  ɡ ɬɵɦ ɲ ɬɨ ɹɝɨɧɚɟ ɚɞɯɿɥɟɧɧɟ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɚɡɧɚɱɚɰɶ ɩɪɵ

ɧɹɰɰɟ ɩɚɩɪɚʆɤɿ Ʉ ɨɪɫɚɤɚ  ɍ ɜɵ ɧɿɤɭ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɩɪɚɣɲɨʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ

ɛɨɥɶ ɲɚɫɰɸ ɝɚɥɚɫɨʆ ɫɟɧɚɬɚɪɵ  ɩɚɫɥɵ  ɩɪɵ ɬɪɨɯ

ɭɫɬɪɵɦɚɧɵɯ  ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɋɿɜɿɰɤɿɦ ɿ Ʉɨɪɫɚɤɭ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɩɪɚɬɷɫɬɚ

ɜɚɥɿ ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɰɷɞɭɪɵ

. « Ʌɟɞɡɶ ɥɟɞɡɶ ² ɩɿɫɚʆ ɧɚ

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɦ ɚɹɿ ©ȸɡɚɟɦ ɧ ɵɹɁɚɪɭɱɵɧɵª

386

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɡɚʆɬɪɚ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɦɭ ɩɚɫɥɭ ʆ ɉɟɰɹ ɪɛɭɪɡɟ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɿɸ Ⱦɷɛɨ

ɥɸ ² ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɫɹɦɿɝɚɞɡɿɧɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɫɟɞɠɚɧɧɹ  ɦɵ ɧɚɪɷɲ ɰɟ ɩɪɚɩ

ɯɧɭɥɿ  ʆɱɨɪɚ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɨɜɵ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɩɚɥɿɰɵɿª ² ɿ  ɞɚɞɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɞɷ

ɬɚɥɺɜɵ ɹ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɵ ɡɨɣɦɭɰɶ ɭ ɋɨɣɦɚ ɹɲɱɷ ɞɡɟɧɶ ɚɛɨ ɞɜɚ

8 7

Ȼɟɪɭɱɵ ɩɚɞ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɲ ɬɨ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɿɯ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ ɭ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɹ

ɲɦɚɬ ɡɚɛɟɫɩɹɱɷɧɧɟ ɚɞɧɨɣ ɬɪɷɰɿ ɤɚɦɿɫɚɪɚʆ ɭ Ʉ ɚɦɿɫɿɿ ɉɚɥɿɰɵɿ

ɛɵɥɨ ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫɧɵɦ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɟɦ  ɹɤɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɜ ɚɥɶɧɹɥɚ ɩɚɦɹɪɤɨʆ

ɧɭɸ ɛɚɥɶ ɲɵɧɸ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɞɷɥɟɝɚɰɵɿ

ɉɚɫɥɹ ɜɚɤɚɰɵɣɧɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɚɩɵɧɤɭ ɹɤɿ ɫɤɨɧɱɵʆɫɹ   ɜɟɪɚɫ

ɧɹ  ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɞɷɥɟɝɚɰɵɹ ɚɤɬɵ ɜɿɡɚɜɚɥɚ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɭ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɣ

ɧɵɯ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɹ ʆ ȼ ɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜ ɚ  Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵ ɹɦɿ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɫɨɣɦɿɤɚʆ ɹɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɹ ɥɚ ʆ ɋ ɨɣɦɟ ɪɷɡɚɥɸɰɵɸ  ɲɬɨ

ɫɹ ɞɡɿɛɚɣ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɚɫɷɫɨɪɵɿ ɛɭɞɡɟ ȼɿɥɶɧɹ ɚ ɧɟ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ  Ⱥɞ

ɧɚɤ ɛɵ ɥɚ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɚ ɡɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɡɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɚɣ

ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ ɡ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɣ ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ ɱɚɝɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚʆ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɥɿɞɫɤɿ

ɫɨɣɦɿɤ  Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ  ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɣɧɚɹ ɫɟɫɿɹ ʆɩɚʆɧɚɜɚɠɵɥɚ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ

ɦɚɪɲɚɥɤɚ ɡɪɚɛɿɰɶ ɚɞɩɚɜ ɟɞɧɭɸ ɞɷɤɥɚɪɚɰɵɸ  ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɱɚɝɨ ɋɨɣɦ

ɚɞɧɚɞɭɲɧɚ ʆɯɜɚɥɿʆ  ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɚ  ɝ  ɡɚɤɨɧ © ɉɚɪɚʆɧɚɧ

ɧɟ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɚʆ ɭ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ ɿ ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦɄɧɹɫɬɜɟ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦª

  ɉɪɚɟɤɬ ɭɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ  ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɣ ɋɤɚɪɛɨɜɚɣ Ʉɚɦɿɫɿɿ ɹɤɨ

ɝɚ ɝɨɪɚɱɚ ɠɚɞɚɥɿ  ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬ ɿ Ƚɭɝɚ Ʉɚɥɚɧɬɚɣ  ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿʆ

ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɟɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɯ ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɭ Ʌɿɬɜɟ  Ɂɚ ɹɝɨ ɜ ɵɤɚɡɚɥɿ

ɫɹ  ɹ ɤ ɧɚɦ ɜɹ ɞɨɦɚ ɤɨɜ ɟɧɫɤɿ  ɿ ɚɪɲɚɧɫɤɿ ɫɨɣɦɿɤɿ  Ⱥɪɲ ɚɧɫɤɿ

ɩɚɫɨɥ Ʉ ɪɵɲɬɚɮ Ɇɹɫɤɨʆɫɤɿ  ɜɵɞɚʆ ɞɚ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɤɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɠɚɡɥɚ

ɿ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɵ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ  Ȭɧ ɛɵ ʆ ɚɞɱɵɬɚɧɵ  ɧɚ ɩɥɟɧɚɪɧɵɦ ɩɚɫɟ

ɞɠɚɧɧɿ  ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿ ɤɚ ɤɚɥɿ ɪɚɡɝɚɪɷɥɚɫɹ  ɞɵ ɫɤɭɫɿɹ ɧɚɞ ɫɬɜɚ

ɪɷɧɧɟɦ ɋɤɚɪɛɨɜ ɚɟ Ʉɚɦɿɫɿɿ ɪɚɫɩɚɱɚɬɚɹ  ɝɨɥɚɫɚɦ ɤɪɚɤɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ

ɩɚɫɥɚ Ɇɿ ɤɚɥɚɹ Ɋ ɭɫɨɰɤɚɝɚ  ɹɤɿ ɜɵɤɚɡɚʆɫɹ ɡɚɦɚɧɚɥɿɬɧɭɸ ɫɤɚɪ

ɛɨɜɭɸ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɸ ɡ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɸ ʆɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɹ ʆ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɞɷ

ɥɟɝɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɚɦɿɫɚɪɵɹɬɭ ©ɞɡɟɥɹ ɡɪɭɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹ

ɧɚʆª  ɡ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɵɦ ɚɛɫɹ ɝɚɦ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿ Ⱥɥɟ ɝɷɬɚɹ  ɫɚɫɬɭɩɤɚ

ɧɟ ɡɚɞɚɜɨɥɿɥɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɞɷɥɟɝɚɰɵɸ ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɞɚɦɚɝɚɥɚɫɹ  ɚɫɨɛ

ɧɚɣ ɋɤɚɪɛɨɜɚɣ Ʉɚɦɿ ɫɿɿ ɛɚɱɚɱɵ ʆ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɦ ɫɤɚɪɛɟ ɦɚɬɷɪɵ 

ɹɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɭ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ

 Ȼ ɚɪɨɧɹɱɵ ɝɷ

ɬɭɸ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ɋ ɚɩɟɝɚ ɤɚɡɚʆ ©ɉɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ  ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɧɟ ɡ¶ ɹʆɥɹɸɰ

ɰɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɸ ɹɝɨɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ ɚɧɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɰɷɥɚɝɚ ɠɵ ɜɭ

ɱɚɝɚ ɩɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɹ  Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɦɚɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜ ɵɪɚɤɚɰɰɚ ɿɯ ɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ

ɲɵ ɚɞ ɩɪɨɞɤɚʆ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɰɶ ɭ ɰɷɥɚɫɰɿ ɧɚɲɱɚɞɤɚɦª

ȱɦɤɧɭɱɵɫɹ ɞɚ ɚɛ¶ ɹɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ  ɭɠɨ ɧɚɡɚʆɬɪɚ ɫɟɫɿ ɹ

Ɂɝɭɪɬɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɋ ɹ ɛɪɨʆ ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɚɛ ɉɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɚɜ ɿɥɚ ɧɚ

387

ɋɨɣɦɟ ©ɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɣɜɚɰɶ ɛɨɥɶɲ  ɧɚ ɚɛ¶ɹ ɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɫɤɚɪɛɚʆ ɛɨ ɩɚɧ

Ƚɟɣɲɬɚɪ ɚɞ ɿɦɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɿ ɡɚɹɜɿʆ ɲɬɨ ɹɧɚ unanimit ate

>ɚɞɧɚɞɭɲɧɚ@ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɚɜɿɥɚ ɦɟɰɶ  ɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɫɤɚɪɛª  Ⱦɚɥɟɣɲ ɚɟ ɪɚɡ

ɜɿɰɰɺ ɩɚɞɡɟɹ ʆ ɩɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɥɚ ɛ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɚ

ɦɟɪɝɟɪɚ Ɇɿɤɚɥɚɹ  ȼɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɚɥɿ ɬɨɣ ɤɚɡɚʆ ɲɬɨ ©ɝɷɬɵ ɤɥɭɛ

ɛɵʆ ɫɨɣɦɚɦ ɧɚɞ ɫɨɣɦɚɦª

 ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɸɱɵ ɹ ɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɹɤ

ɰɷɧɬɪɭ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹʆ

ȼɚ ʆɡɝɚɞɧɟɧɧɿ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ ɩɚɬɪɵɹɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɩɚɪɬɵɿ ɡ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚɦ

ɬɪɷɛɚ ɛɚɱɵɰɶ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɡɦɟɧɭ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚ ʆ

ɯɨɞɡɟ ʆɡɧɨʆɥɟɧɚɝɚ ɚɛɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɵ  ɋɤɚɪɛɨɜɚɟ Ʉ ɚɦɿɫɿɿ 

Ʉɚɥɿ  ɤɚɫɬɪɵ ɱɧɿɤɚ ɩɚ ɚɞɱɵɬɚɧɧɿ  ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵɣɧɚɟ

Ⱦɷɩɭɬɚɰɵ ɿ  Ʉ ɇ  ɋɚɩɟɝɚ ɡɪɚɛɿʆ ɡɚɹɜɭ ɲɬɨ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɿɧ

ɰɵɣɧɚɹ ɫɟɫɿɹ  ɩɚɫɬɚɧɚɜɿɥɚ ɞɚɦɚɝɚɰɰɚ ɞɥɹ  ȼ ɹɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ

ɚɫɨɛɧɚɣ ɋɤɚɪɛɨɜɚɣ Ʉ ɚɦɿɫɿɿ  ɹ ɝɨ ɩɚɞɬɪɵ ɦɚʆ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɹ ɤɿ  ɞɚɝɷ

ɬɭɥɶ  ɛɚɪɚɧɿʆ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɸ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɣ ɋɤɚɪɛɨɜɚɣ Ʉɚɦɿɫɿɿ ©Ɇɵ

ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɞɛɚɰɶ ɩɪɚ ɬɨɟ² ɤɚɡɚʆ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬ

ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ  ɡɦɟɧɭ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ² ɲɬɨ ɦɨɠɚ ɜɵɤɥɿ ɤɚɰɶ

ɡɚɞɚɜ ɚɥɶɧɟɧɧɟ ɰɷɥɚɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɿ ɿ  ʆɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɰɶ  ɹɟ

ɞɚɜɟɪ ɞɚ ɧɚɫ  ɧɚɦ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɩɚɜɨɞɡɿɰɶ  ɫɹɛɟ ɬɚɤ  ɤɚɛ ɚɞɫɨʆɜ ɚɰɶ

ɭɫɹ ɥɹ ɤɿɹ  ɩɪɵɱɵ ɧɵ ɧɟɥɚɞɚʆ ɿ ʆɡɚɟɦɧɚɝɚ ɡɚɫɦɭɱɷɧɧɹ  Ɍ ɚɤɿɹ

ɧɚɲɵɹ  ɩɚɜɨɞɡɿɧɵ  ɫɬɚɧɭɰɶ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɚɣ ɿ  ɧɚɣɦɚɰɧɟɣɲɵɦ ɡɚɛɟ

ɫɩɹɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɚɞɡɿɧɫɬɜ ɚ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɿ ɞɥɹ ɦɹɧɟ ɧɚɝɨɞɚ ɹɤ ɧɚɣɦɚɰɧɟɣ

ɩɪɚɫɿɰɶ ɭɫɿɯ ɬɭɬ >ɩɪɵɫɭɬɧɵɯ@ ɯɬɨ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɭɟ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɭ ɡɥɭɱɷɧ

ɧɹ  ɫɤɚɪɛɭ ɩɪɵ ɯɿɥɿɰɰɚ ɫɺɧɧɹ  ɩɚɛɪɚɬɷɪɫɤɭ ɞɚ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɹʆ ɥɿ ɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵ ɿ ɿ ɩɚɤɿɧɭɰɶ >ɝɷɬɚ@ ɧɚ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɵ ɱɚɫ  ɤɚɥɿ ɫɚɦɿ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɤɚɧɚɸɰɰɚ ʆ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɡɥɭɱɷɧɧɹ

ɫɤɚɪɛɚʆª

Ɇɚɧɚɪɯ ɿ ɥɿɞɷɪɵ ɥɚɝɟɪɚ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚʆ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɿ ɥɿ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɩɚ

ɝɪɨɡɚɣ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɚ ɡ ɞɷɥɟɝɚɰɵɹɣ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɛɨ  ɹɤ ɩɿɫɚʆ

ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɭ ɱɚɪɝɨɜɵɦ ɥɿɫɰɟ ɞɚ Ⱦɷɛɨɥɹ ©ɜɿɞɚɜ ɨɱɧɚ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɛɵɥɨ

ɛɚɹ ɰɰɚ ɚɞɤɨɥɭ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɫɯɿɡɦɵ ª ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɩɟɰɹɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɿ

ɞɜɨɪ ɥɺɝɤɚ ɦɨɝ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɰɶ ɹɤ ɧɚɝɨɞɭ ɞɥɹ ʆɦɹɲɚɧɧɹ ɜɚ ʆɧɭɬ

ɪɚɧɵɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ

 ɍ ɯɨɞɡɟ ɞɵɫɤɭɫɿɿ ɡɚ ɫɬɜɚ

ɪɷɧɧɟ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɣ Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɋɤɚɪɛɨɜɚɣ Ʉɚɦɿɫɿɿ ɜɵɤɚɡɚɥɿ ɫɹ  ɬɚɤ

ɫɚɦɚ ɥɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɿ ɩɚɫɨɥ Ⱥɞɚɦ Ʉ ɚɡɿɦɟɪ ɑ ɚɪɬɚɪɵ ɫɤɿ   ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚɤ

ɋɬɚɧɿ ɫɥɚʆ Ɇɚɥɚɯɨʆɫɤɿ ɿ ɿ ɧɲɵɹ  ɍ ɬɵɦ ɠɚ ɞɭɯɭ ʆɠɨ ɧɚɡɚʆɬɪɚ

 ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿ ɤɚ ɛɵʆ ɩɟɪɚɪɷɞɚɝɚɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵɣ

ɧɚɟ Ⱦɷɩɭɬɚɰɵɿ

Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɫɨɣɦɚɜ ɵɹ ɩɚɫɟɞɠɚɧɧɿ   ɿ  ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɚ ɜɵɹɜɿɥɿ

ʆɫɺ ɠ ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩɨɜ ɵ ɹ ɪɚɡɵɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ ɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɦ ɚɹɿ ©ȸɡɚɟɦ ɧ ɵɹɁɚɪɭɱɵɧɵª

388

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɚɞɫɬɨɣɜɚɥɿ ɟɞɧɚɫɰɶ  ɫɤɚɪɛɭ ɿ

ɹɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ ɿ ɩɚɡɿ ɰɵɹɣ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɞɷɥɟɝɚɰɵɿ Ɍɪɨɰɤɿ ɤɚɲ

ɬɷɥɹɧ Ʉɚɡɿɦɿɪ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɉɥɹɬɷɪ ɛɚɪɨɧɹ ɱɵ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɵ ɚɫɨɛ

ɧɚɫɰɿ ɋ ɤɚɪɛɨɜɵɯ Ʉ ɚɦɿɫɿɹʆ ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɨʆɜɚʆ ɝɷɬɚ ɬɵɦ  ɲɬɨ ɤɚ

ɪɨɧɧɚɹ  ɛɚɥɶ ɲ ɵɧɹ  ʆ ɋɨɣɦɟ ɧɟ ɦɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɤɿɞɚɰɶ  ɥɿɬɜ ɿɧɚɦ

ɫɜ ɚɸ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɤɚɥɿ ɿɞɡɟɰɰɚ ɩɪɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɲɬɨ ɬɵɱɚɰɰɚ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ  ɇɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɉɥɹ ɬɷɪɚ Ʌɿɬɜɭ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɥɿ ɱɵɰɶ  ©ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ

ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ  ɹ ɤɿ ɫɺɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɚ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɰɶ ɞɡɟɥɹ

ɬɪɵɜɚɥɚɫɰɿ ɩɨɜ ɹɡɿ ɡ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɚ ɫɿɥɚɣ ɭ ɹ ɤɨɣ ɛɵʆ ɤɚɥɿ  ɡɥɭɱɵ ʆ

ɫɹ  ɡ Ʉɚɪɨɧɚɣ ɝɷɬɚɸ ɫɜɹɬɨɣ ɭɧɿɹɣª

ɉɪɚɝɧɭɱɵ ɩɚɡɛɟɝɧɭɰɶ ɝɚɥɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɹ ɤɨɟ ɩɚɝɥɵɛɿɥɚ ɛ ɪɨɡ

ɧɿ ɰɭ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɚɦɿ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ  ɥɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɿ ɩɚɫɨɥ

ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ ɉɚɬɨɰɤɿ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚɜɚʆ ©ɝɚɪɚɧɬɚɜɚɰɶ  Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɭ Ʌɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɦɭ ɪɨʆɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɫɤɚɪɛɨɜɵɯ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚʆ ɿ ɤɚɦɿɫɚɪɚʆ ɹɤ

ɭ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ  ɚ ɫɤɚɪɛɵ ɡɥɭɱɵɰɶª  Ʉ ɚɪɨɥɶ  ɩɚɞɯɚɩɿʆ ɝɷɬɭɸ ɩɪɚɩɚ

ɧɨɜɭ ɚ Ʉ ɇ  ɋ ɚɩɟɝɚ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚɜɚʆ ɚɞɬɷɪɦɿɧɚɜɚɰɶ ɩɥɟɧɚɪɧɚɟ ɩɚ

ɫɟɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɭ ɞɡɺɧ  ɤɚɛ ɩɪɚɜ ɟɫɰɿ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɣɧɵ ɹ ɫɟɫɿ ɿ

ɉɪɚɡ ɬɪɵ ɞɧɿ  ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɚ Ʉ ɇ ɋɚɩɟɝɚ ɩɚɜ ɟɞɚɦɿʆ ɧɚ ɩɥɟ

ɧɭɦɟ ɋ ɨɣɦɭ  ɲɬɨ ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɞɡɜɸɯ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɫɟɫɿɹ ʆ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɿɹ  ɫɬɚɧɵ  ɚɞɧɚɞɭɲɧɚ ɩɪɵ ɧɹɥɿ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɋ ɬɚɧɿ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɉɚɬɨɰɤɚɝɚ

Ʌɿ ɬɜɚ ɫɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɺɧ  © ɡɝɚɞɠɚɟɰɰɚ ɧɚ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɫɤɚɪɛ  ɧɚ ɚɞɧɭ ɹ ɝɨ

ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɸ  ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ  ɩɪɚɝɧɟ ɤɚɛ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɵɹ  ɜɚɪɭɧɤɿ

ɹɤɿɹ ɞɚɜɨɞɡɹɰɶ  ɹɟ ɚɞɚɫɨɛɥɟɧɚɫɰɶ ª

Ƚɷɬɵɹ ɜɚɪɭɧɤɿ ɛɵ ɥɿ ɫɮɚɪɦɭɥɹ ɜɚɧɵɹ ʆ ɚɞɪɷɞɚɝɚɜɚɧɵɦ ɹɤ

ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵʆ Ⱥɞɨɥɶɮɚɫ ɒɚɩɨɤɚ  ɩɚɫɥɚɦɿ Ʉɫɚɜɟɪɚɦ ɏɚɦɿɧɫɤɿ ɦ ɿ

ɘɡɚɮɚɦ ɇɟɫɹɥɨʆɫɤɿ ɦ ɩɪɚɟɤɰɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɵɦ ɍɡɚɟɦɧɵɹ

Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɵ  Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɛɨɤ ɩɪɚɝɧɭʆ ɧɚɞɚɰɶ ɹɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɩɪɵɧ

ɰɵɩɨɜɚɝɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɹ ɤɿ ɪɷɝɭɥɸɟ ʆɡɚɟɦɧɵɹ  ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɿ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ

Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ ɧɚ ɚɫɧɨɜ ɟ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ  Ⱥɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɚɞɦɵ ɫɥɨɜɚɟ ɫɥɨʆ

ɧɚɟ ʆɛɪɚɧɧɟ ɚɤɬɭ  ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɹɤɨɝɚ Ʉ ɇ  ɋɚɩɟɝɚ ɩɚɩɹ 

ɪɷɞɡɿʆ ɩɪɚɦɨɜ ɚɣ ɫɤɨɧɱɚɧɚɣ ɡɜ ɚɪɨɬɚɦ ɞɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ  ©ɉɪɨɞɤɿ ȼ ɚ

ɲɚɟ Ʉ ɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɚɟ Ɇɿɥɚɫɰɿ ɡ ɹɝɟɥɨɧɫɤɚɟ ɤɪɵɜɿ  ɹ ɤɚɹ ɩɥɵɜɟ ʆ

Ɍ ɜɚɿɯ ɠɵɥɚɯ  ɫɬɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ ɹɤ ɧɚɣɦɚɰɧɟɣ ɡɧɿɬɚɜɚɰɶ  ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ ɧɚ

ɪɨɞ ɡ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɉɚɧɚɜɚɧɧɸ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ɚɛɚ

ɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɹ ɭɧɿɹ ɣ  ɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɧɸ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ ɚɛɚɜɹ

ɡɚɧɵɹ  ɬɵɦ ɦɚɰɧɟɣɲɚɣ ɡɧɿɬɚɜ ɚɧɚɫɰɸ ɡ ɚɡɧɚɤɚɸ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɚɞɚ

ɫɨɛɥɟɧɚɫɰɿª

ɋɭɩɪɨɰɶ ɚɞɧɚɞɭɲɧɚɣ ɭɯɜɚɥɵ  ɛɟɡ ɝɚɥɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɜ ɵɫɬɭɩɿ ʆ

ɜɚɥɵɧɫɤɿ ɩɚɫɨɥ ȼɨɣɰɟɯ ɋɜɟɧɬɚɫɥɚʆɫɤɿ  ɩɪɚɩɚɧɭɸɱɵ ɡɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɟ

389

Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ ɧɟ ɡ Ʉɚɪɨɧɚɸ ɹɤ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɚ ɡ Ɇɚɥɚɩɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɸ ɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚ

ɩɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɸ  Ɂɚɦɟɫɬ ɞɭɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɺɧ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚɜ ɚʆ

ɬɪɵɹ ɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɧɟ ɡ ɞɡɜɸɯ ɚ ɡ ɬɪɨɯ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɹʆ

ɍ ɯɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɫɟɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɿʆ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬ  ɹ ɤɿ ɡɚ

ɡɚɩɿɫɚɧɵ ɹɤ ɧɚɣɲɱɚɫɥɿɜɟɣɲɵ ɿ ɧɚɣɫɥɚʆɧɟɣɲɵ  ɤɚɥɿɝɷɬɵ ɫɚɸɡ

ɹɤɨɝɚ ɬɚɤ ɭɫɟ ɠɚɞɚɸɰɶ ɿɹ ɤɿ  ɧɟ ɦɨɠɚ ɛɵɰɶ  ɪɚɡɚɪɜɚɧɵ  ɧɿɹɤɚɣ

ɥɸɞɫɤɨɸ ɦɨɰɚɣɩɪɵɣɞɡɟ ɞɚ ɠɵɰɰɹª  Ȭɧ ɡɜɹ ɪɧɭʆɫɹ ɞɚ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɡ

ɭɧɿɸ ɲɬɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɿɰɶ ɭɜɟɫɶ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɭ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɦɚɫɭ

ɹɤɚɹ  ɩɪɚɡ ɫɜɚɸ ɲɱɵ ɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɶ ɡɪɨɛɿɰɰɚ ɬɵɦ ɩɚɜ ɚɠɧɟɣɲɚɸ ɞɭ

ɠɷɣɲɚɸ ɿ ɧɟ ɩɚɤɿɧɟ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɞɤɨɩɚʆ ɿ ɩɚɞɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɧɚɦɟ

ɪɚʆª

 Ɇɚɧɚɪɯ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɰɶ  ɭɧɿɸ ɹ ɤ ɩɚɞɫɬɚ

ɜɭ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚʆ ɿ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɚ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɟ

ɹ ɟ ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɨʆɜɚʆ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɚɸ ɟɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɡɧɚɞɜɨɪ

ɧɵɦɿ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɚɦɿ  ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɦɨɝɭɰɶ ɿɦɤɧɭɰɰɚ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɰɶ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ

ɩɚɦɿɠ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɦɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦɿ ɉɪɵɧɹɰɰɟ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜɚɦ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚɦ

ɤɚʆ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɞɚɜɨɥɿɰɶ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɛɨɤ

ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɞɧɚɝɚɥɨɫɧɚɩɪɵɧɹɬɵɹ ɋɨɣɦɚɦ

 ɤɪɚɫɚɜɿɤɚ  ɝ ȱɯ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɵ ɬɵɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɹ ɩɪɚɞ

ɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ʆ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɿ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɹ

ɩɷʆɧɵɯ ɿɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵ ɣɧɵɯ ɚɞɦɟɬɧɚɫɰɹ ʆ ɚ ɦɟɧɚɜ ɿɬɚ

 ɝɚɪɚɧɬɚɜ ɚɥɿ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɪɨʆɧɭɸ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɣ ɤɨɥɶ ɤɚɫɰɶ ɩɪɚɞ

ɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ ɭ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɵɯ Ʉɚɦɿɫɿɹɯ ȼɨɣɫɤɚ ɿ ɋɤɚɪɛɭ ɍ Ʉɚɦɿɫɿɿ ɉɚ

ɥɿɰɵɿ ɛɵʆ ɩɚɤɿɧɭɬɵ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɟ ʆɡɝɨɞɧɟɧɵ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɤɚɦɿ ɫɚɪɚʆ 

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚª ɲɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɫɬɜɚ

ɪɚɰɶ ɩɪɷɰɷɞɷɧɬɭ  ɇɚ ɛɭɞɭɱɵɧɸ ʆɜɚ ʆɫɿɯ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɬɭ

ɪɚɯ ɦɭɫɿʆ ɛɵɰɶ ɪɨʆɧɵ ʆɞɡɟɥ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ

 ɡɚɛɚɜɹɡɜɚɥɿ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɰɶ ɭ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɿɦɄɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɝɷɬɤɭɸ ɠ ɤɨɥɶ

ɤɚɫɰɶ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚʆ ɿ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɨʆɰɚʆ ɹɤ ɿ ʆ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ  ɡ

ɬɵ ɦɿ ɫɚɦɵɦɿ ɬɵɬɭɥɚɦɿ ɿ ɤɚɦɩɟɬɷɧɰɵɹɦɿ

 ɭ Ʉɚɦɿɫɿɹɯ ȼɨɣɫɤɚ ɿɋɤɚɪɛɭ ɫɬɚɪɲɵɧɹɜɚɰɶ ɩɚɜ ɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ

ɩɚ ɱɚɪɡɟ ɿ ɪɨʆɧɵɹ ɬɷɪɦɿɧɵ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿ ɤɿ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ

ɫɬɜɚ

 ɫɤɚɪɛɨɜɚɹ ɤɚɫɚ ɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɵɯ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɞɚɯɨɞɚʆ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ

ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɰɰɚ ʆ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɿ ɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ

 ɫɭɞɨɜɵɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹ ɧ ɫɚ ɫɤɚɪɛɚɦ ɩɚ

ɜɿɧɟɧ ɛɵʆ ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞɚɰɶ ɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɫɤɚɪɛɨɜɵ  ɫɭɞ ɞɥɹ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ

390

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɫɬɜɚ ɲɬɨ ɦɟʆɫɹ  ɫɤɥɚɞɚɰɰɚ ɡ ɚɫɨɛɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɧɟ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɹ ɰɶ ɭ

ɫɤɥɚɞ ɋ ɤɚɪɛɨɜɚɣ Ʉɚɦɿɫɿɿ  ɿ ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɰɶ  ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɝɚ ɞɥɹ

Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ

ɉɟɪɚɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɵɦɿ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɦɿ ɿɲɥɚ ɩɪɷɚɦɛɭɥɚ ɹɤɚɹ ɩɚɞ

ɤɪɷɫɥɿɜ ɚɥɚ ɞɭɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵ  ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɵ  ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜ ɚɧɚɟ ɧɚ

ɭɧɿ ɿ ɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɥɚ ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɵɹ ɡɦɟɧɵ  ɹɤ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɤɪɨɤ ɭ

ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɹɟ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɚʆ ɍ ɺɣ ɦɵ ɱɵɬɚɟɦ ɲɬɨ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɵ

ɬɚɤ ɿ ɫɜɟɰɤɿɯ ɿ ɡɟɦɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɿ ȼɹ ɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ« ɦɚɸɱɵ ɩɪɵ ɬɵɦ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɜɚɱɵɦɚ ɫɥɚʆɧɵ ɿ

ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɧɵ Ⱥɛɨɞɜɭɦ ɇɚɪɨɞɚɦ ɫɚɸɡ ɿ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɶ  ɚɤɬɚɦ

ɭɧɿɿ« ɫɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɪɚɡɨʆ ɧɚ ɜɟɱɧɵɹ ɱɚɫɵ « ɭɱɵɧɟɧɵɹ ɿ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ

ɜɟɬɥɚɫɰɸ ɿ ɫɬɚɥɚɫɰɸ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɛɚɤɨʆ ɬɪɵɦɚɧɵ ɹ  ɩɚɫɬɚɧɚʆɥɹ 

ɟɦ ɲɬɨ >ɝɷɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ@ ɹɤ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɚɞɡɿɧɵ « ɋɬɚɬɭɬ ɚɛ ɉɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ

ɲɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɵ ɰɶ ɭɫɺɣ ɧɚɲɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɟ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɿ ȼɹ

ɥɿɤɚɦɭ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɭ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɦɭ  ɝɷɬɚɤ ɠɚ ɦɵ ɯɨɱɚɦ ɤɚɛ ɤɿɪɚɜɚ

ɥɿɫɹ  ɿ  ɧɚɲɚ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɿ ɫɤɚɪɛɵ  ɡɥɭɱɚɧɵɹ  ʆ ɚɞɡɿɧ

ɧɟɩɚɞɡɟɥɶ ɧɵ ɧɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɫɤɚɪɛ ɩɪɵɱɵ ɦ ɩɚɞ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɿ

ʆɦɨɜɚɦɿª

Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɿ ɡɦɟɫɬ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɚʆ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿ ɜɚɥɿ ɿɯ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɭɸ ɜɚɝɭ

ȱɦ ɛɵʆ ɧɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɲɬɨ ɡɪɚʆɧɨʆ

ɜɚɥɚ ɿ ɯ ɡ ɚɤɬɚɦɅɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ ɿ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥɚɦ pact a

conventa ɹɤɿɦ ɩɪɵ ɫɹɝɚɥɿ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿ ɭɡɵɯɨɞɡɹ ɱɵ  ɧɚ ɩɚɫɚɞ  ɍɫ

ɥɭɯɚɣɦɚɫɹ ʆ ɫɥɨɜ ɵ ɿɬɨɧ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵɧɚʆ ɛɨ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬ ɫɰɜɹɪ

ɞɠɚʆ

ɰɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɹɤɿɹ ɦɚɟɦ ɭ ɚɤɰɟ ɭɧɿɿ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɟ ɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɚɩɚɤɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɦɵ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɭɜɚɠɚɟɦɝɷɬɚ ʆɫɺ

ɡɚ ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥ pactorum conventorum ɬɨ ɯɨɱɚɦ  ɤɚɛ ɭɫɺ ɝɷɬɚɿ ɞɥɹ

ɇɚɲ ɵ ɯ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿɤɚʆ ɡɦɹɲ ɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɞɡɟɥɹ ɩɪɵɫɹ ɝɿ i nter pacta

conventa» .

ɉɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɦɟɥɚ pacta conventa ɞɚ Ʉɚɧ

ɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ  ɦɚɹ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɹɤɿɹ  ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ  ɚɛɨɞɜɚ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɸɪɵ

ɞɵɱɧɵɹ  ɚɤɬɵ  ɦɟɥɿ ɞɚ Ʉ ɚɪɞɵɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɇɟɩɚɪɭɲɧɵ ɯ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚʆ

ɚɞ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɹ  ɝ ɭɠɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɡ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɚ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤɚʆ

ɋɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɭɫɿɦ ɧɟ ɹɫɧɚɹ Ⱥɞɡɿɧɚɰɰɚɰɶ ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥɚʆ Ʉɚɪɞɵɧɚɥɶ 

ɧɵɯ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚʆ ɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɵɯ ɋɨɣɦɚɦ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ  ɚɞ ɠɧɿʆɧɹ  ɝ

ɿ ɡɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɵɯ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɬɪɨɯɦɟɫɹɱɧɚɟ ɚɞɬɷɪɦɿɧɨʆɤɿ ɦɚɪɲɚɥ

ɤɚɦ ɋ Ɇɚɥɚɯɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɹ  ɩɚɫɥɨʆ

 ɦɟɥɿ ɹɤ ɩɿɲɚ

Ɂɛɿɝɧɟʆ Ɋɚɞɜɚɧɫɤɿ  ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚ ɤɚɧɫɟɪɜɚ

391

ɬɵ ʆɧɵ

100

. əɧɵ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɫɚ ɡɦɟɫɬɚɦɿ ɞɭɯɚɦ

ɦɚɣɫɤɚɟ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ  ɉɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɭɪɚɱɵɫɬɵɦ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɧɟɦ

ɦɚɧɚɩɨɥɿɿ ʆɥɚɞɵ ʆ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ  ɿ ɜ ɵɤɥɸɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɹɟ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɹʆ

ɹ ɧɵ ɡɦɹɲɱɚɥɿ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɵ ɡ ɭɯɜ ɚɥɟɧɚɣ ɱɚɬɵ ɪɵ  ɦɟɫɹɰɵ ɩɚɡ

1 01

Ⱥɩɪɚɱɚ ɬɚɝɨ ɹ ɧɵ ɹɤ ɧɚɦ ɜɹɞɨɦɚ ɫɚɧɤɰɵ ɹɧɚɜɚɥɿ  ɜ ɹɱɵɫɬɭɸ

ɭɧɿɸ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɹɤɭɸ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ɩɪɚɦɿ

ɧɭɥɚ ɦɚʆɱɚɧɧɟɦ

ɇɹɡɝɨɞɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɚɦɿɠ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵɹ ɣ ɿ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɿɦ ɺɣ ɡɚ

ɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɫɬɜ ɚɦ ɩɚɜ ɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɥɿɤɜ ɿɞɚɜɚɰɶ ɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɚɹ  ɦɚɹ Ⱦɷ

ɤɥɚɪɚɰɵɹ ɚɛ¶ɹ ɞɧɚɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɚʆ  ɍ ɟɣɧɵɦ ɭɫɬɭɩɟ ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɥɚɫɹ

ɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɹɤɨɦɭɧɟɛɭɞɡɶ ɹ ɟ ɚɪɬɵ ɤɭɥɭ ɦɵ ɤɚɫɭɟɦ ɚ

ɩɚɚɫɨɛɧɵɹ  ɤɨɩɿɿ, ɩɚɬɪɷɛɧɵɹ ɞɚ ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥɚʆ ɿ ɤɨɠɧɚɣ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɿ

ɡɚɦɤɧɺɧɵ ɯ ɭ ɝɷɬɚɣ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɟɣ ɬɥɭɦɚɱɚɰɶ

ɚɛɚɜɹ ɡɤɿ ɿ ɥɚɞ ɩɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɜɹɲ ɱɚɟɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɚɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɚɣ ɝɷ

ɬɚɟ ɠ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵ ɿª

10 2

  ɉɚʆɫɬɚɟ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ  ɰɿ ɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɝɷɬɚ

ɚɞɯɿɥɟɧɧɟ Ʉɚɪɞɵɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɇɟɩɚɪɭɲ ɧɵɯ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚʆ ɭ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɚɛɨ

ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɡɚɩɿɫɚʆ  ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɵɯ ɡ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚɦ ɚɛ ɉɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚ

ɦɚ ² ɡɚʆɜɚɠɵɦ ² ɡ ɿɧɲɵɦɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɿ ɹɤɿɹ ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚɥɿ ɹɟ ɩɚ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɵ ɿ ɡɚɝɚɞɡɹ  ɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɧɵɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɚɸɱɚɫɬɤɚɣ Ʉ ɚɧ

ɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ

10 3

 ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɝɷɬɚ ɚɞɱɵɧɹɥɚ ɞɚɪɨɝɭ ɩɨʆɧɚɦɭ ɫɤɚ

ɫɚɜɚɧɧɸ Ʉ ɚɪɞɵɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚʆ.

Ɂ Ɋɚɞɜ ɚɧɫɤɿ ɡɜ ɹɪɧɭʆ ɭɜɚɝɭ  ɲ ɬɨ ʆ ɩɚɡɧɟɣɲɵɯ ɡɚɤɚɧɚ

ɞɚʆɱɵɯ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɬɚɪɵ ɩɚɡɛɹɝɚɥɿ ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚɰɰɚ ɧɚ Ʉ ɚɪɞɵ

ɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɹ  Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ

1 04

 Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɧɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ  ɩɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɚ

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɣɧɵ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɚɪɞɵɧɚɪɧɵ ɋɨɣɦ ɡɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɵ  ɦɚɹ

ɬɚɝɨ ɠ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɵɡɧɚɱɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɿɦ ɋɨɣɦɟ ɹɤɿ ɦɟʆɫɹ  ɫɤɥɿɤɚɰ

ɜɵɦ ɚɛɚɜɹ ɡɤɚɦ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɣɧɚɟ Ⱦ ɷɩɭɬɚɰɵɿ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɩɿɥɶɧɚɜ ɚɰɶ

ɤɚɛ ɧɿɜɨɞɡɿɧ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɧɟ ɡɦɹɲɱɚʆ ɧɿɱɨɝɚ ɬɚɤɨɝɚ  ɲ ɬɨ ɫɭɩɹɪɷ

ɱɵɥɚ ɛ ɇɟɩɚɪɭɲɧɵɦ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɚɥɶɛɨ pact a conventa» (ɚɪɬ

9, 

105

 ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ Ʉɚɪɞɵɧɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɇɟɩɚɪɭɲɧɵɹ Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɿ

ɚɞɯɿɥɟɧɵɹ ʆ ɰɷɥɵ ɦ ɯɨɰɶ  ɿ ɡɚɫɬɚɥɿɫɹ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɵ ɦ ɪɷɥɿɤɬɚɦ

ɛɟɡ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ  ȱɧɚɤɲ ɫɬɚɹɥɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɡ ɩɚɤɬɚɦɿ ɤɚɧ

ɭɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵɹ« ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ  ɛɵɥɿ ɛɵɰɶ ɧɹɡɦɟɧɧɵɦɿ  ɿ  ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆɡɧɚʆ

ɥɹɰɰɚ ɡ ɤɨɠɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿɤɚɦ ɤɚɪɨɧɵ   ɧɚ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞɡɹɰɶ

ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɫɟɫɿɿ ɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɪɷɞɚɝɨʆɜɚɰɰɚª

10 6

  ɋɬɜ ɨɪɚɧɵɹ  ɋ ɨɣɦɚɦ

ɞɥɹ  ɫɚɫɤɚɝɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɚɪɚ ɹ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿɤɚ ɬɪɨɧɭ ɚ ɩɚɫɥɹ  ² ɿ ɞɥɹ