Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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342

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

Ⱥɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵ ɡɚɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɚɞɵɪɨɦ © ɛɟɥɵɯª ɭ Ʌɿɬɜ ɟə ɤɭɛɚɦ Ƚɟɣ

ɲɬɚɪɚɦ ɹɤ © ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɫɬ ɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɚɯ ² ɤɪɵɜɚɠɷɪɧɵ

ɞɷɦɚɝɨɝª

 Ʉ Ʉɚɥɿɧɨʆɫɤɿ ɬɚɤ ɩɿɫɚʆ ɭ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɚɞɨɡɜɟ

©ɉɿɫɶɦɨ ɨɞ əɫɶɤɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɫɩɚɞ ȼ ɿɥɶɧɿª ©Ɇɵ ɲ ɬɨ ɟɦɨ ɯɥɟɛ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ  ɲɬɨ ɠɵɜɟɦɨ ɧɚ ɡɹɦɥɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɦɵ ɉɚɥɹɤɿ ɡ ɜɟɤɨʆ

ɜɟɱɧɵɯª

2 1

  Ⱦɜɭɯɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɫɰɶ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ²

ɫɩɚɞɱɵ ɧɚ ɭɧɿ ɿ ² ɫɭɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ʆ ɝɷɬɵ  ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞɧɵ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɡ ɧɨ

ɜɵɦɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɿ ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɹ ɦɿ ɹɤɿ ɹ ɹɤɪɚɡ ɧɚɪɚɞɠɚɥɿɫɹ

ɍ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɥɿ Ȼ Ʌɿɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɿ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚʆ

ɫɹ ɛɟ ʆɠɨ ɹɤ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚ ɺɧ ɛɚɱɵʆ ɛɭɞɭɱɵɧɸ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ʆ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ

ɡ Ʌɚɬɜɿɹ ɣ Ⱥɛɟɞɡɶɜɟ ɦɭɫɿɥɿ ɛɵɰɶ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵɹ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɸ  ɹɤɚɹ

ɜɵɡɧɚɟ ɩɪɵɧɰɵ ɩɵ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɵ Ʌɿ ɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɿ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ

ɲɬɨ ɡɵɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɦɭɫɿɰɶ ɛɵɰɶ

ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩ ɫɚɦɚɜɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ ɿ  ʆɜɚɯɨɞɭ ʆ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɜ ɵɝɚɞɧɵ ɹ

ɞɥɹ ɹ ɝɨ ɫɚɸɡɵ

Ⱥʆɬɚɪɤɚ ɦɚɧɚɝɪɚɮɿɿ ɩɪɵɫɜɟɱɚɧɚɣ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɦ ɩɚɬɪɵ ɹɬɵɱ

ɧɵ ɦ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹɦ ɭ Ɇɚɫɤɜɟ ʆ ± ɝɝ  Ɍ ɚɦɚɪɚ Ɏɹɞɨɫɚ

ɜɚ  ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜ ɿɥɚ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɿ  ɲ ɬɨ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿ

ɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɰɤɚɣ ɦɨɥɚɞɡɿ ɚɛ¶ɹ ɞɧɚɧɚɣ ɭ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɸ ©Ⱥɝɭɥª Ƚɷɬɚɹ

ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɝɪɭɩɚɜɚɥɚ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ  ɩɨɬɵɦ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ

ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ  əɧɵ ɜɹɥɿ ɡɚʆɡɹɬɵɹ ɞɵ ɫɤɭɫɿɿ ɡɜɹ ɡɚɧɵɹ ɡ

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟɦ

©Ⱥɞɧɨɸ ɫɚ ɫɩɪɷɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɚʆ ɭ ©Ⱥɝɭɥɟª ² ɩɿɲɚ Ɏɹɞɨ

ɫɚɜɚ ² ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɦɿ ɿ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɛɟɥɚ

ɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɝɪɭɩɚɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɵɫɤɭɫɿɹ ɩɪɚ ɦɟɫɰɚ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ Ȼ ɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ

ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɣ ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɵ Ƚɷɬɭɸ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɭ ɚɛɦɹɪɤɨʆɜɚɥɿ  ɡ ɩɚɥɹ

ɤɚɦɿ ɲɬɨ ɜɹɪɬɚɥɿɫɹ ɡ ɜɵɫɵ ɥɤɿ  Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ  ɝɪɭɩɚ ɜɵ

ɤɚɡɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɡɚ ɫɚɸɡɧɭɸ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɭ ʆ ɛɭɞɭɱɚɣ ɧɟɡɚ

ɥɟɠɧɚɣ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ  ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ ɱɚɝɨ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɚ ɜɵ ɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ ɧɟɤɚɬɨ

ɪɵɹ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɹ ª

ȼɵɞɚɬɧɵ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤ ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɫɬɭɞɷɧɬ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ Ɍ ɚɞɷɜɭɲ

Ʉɨɪɡɚɧ ɪɨɞɚɦ ɡ Ɇɟɧɲɱɵɧɵ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵʆ  ɚɞɧɚɤ © ɫɹ ɛɪɨʆɫɤɿ ɹ

ɤɩɿɧɤɿ ɫɚ ɠɦɭɞɡɿɧɚʆ  ɲ ɬɨ ɬɵɹ ɦɚɪɚɰɶ  ɩɪɚ ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ Ɍ ɷɥɶ 

ɲɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚª   ɿɧɚɤɲ ɤɚɠɭɱɵ  ɩɪɚ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɭɸ

Ʌɿɬɜɭ

Ɍ ɭɬ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ  ɫɭɬɵɤɧɟɧɧɟ ʆɫɺ ɹɲɱɷ ɠɵɜɭɱɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ

ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ȼ ɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɡ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɫɜɹ

ɞɨɦɚɫɰɸ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɹ ɤɚɹ ɬɚɞɵ ɹɤɪɚɡ ɧɚɪɚɞɠɚɥɚ

ɫɹ

  ɒɭɤɚɸɱɵ  ɩɪɵ ɱɵɧ ɠɵɜɭɱɚɫɰɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ

ɥɶ ɝɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɛ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɚɞɧɨɣ ɡ ɿɯ ɿ ɧɟɦɚɥɚɜɚɠɧɚɸ ɛɵʆ

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɵ ʆɰɿɫɤ ɹɤɿ  ɡɚɡɧɚɜɚɥɿ  ʆɫɟ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨ

343

ɪɵɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɚɣ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ  ɍɡɦɚɰɧɟɧɧɟ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ʆɰɿɫɤɭ ɦɭɫɿɥɚ ²

ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɪɷɚɤɰɵɿ ² ɩɪɚɞɨʆɠɵɰɶ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɚ

ɪɵɱɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɹɤɚɹ ʆ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ XIX ɫɬ  ɛɵɥɚ ʆɠɨ

ɚɧɚɯɪɚɧɿɱɧɚɣ

 Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɞɧɚ ɡ ɩɪɵ ɱɵɧ ɞɡɟɥɹ ɹɤɿɯ ɮɚɪɦɚ

ɜɚɧɧɟ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɯ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ  ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɚ

ɫɹ  ɫɚ ɫɩɚɡɧɟɧɧɟɦ ɇɚ ɿɯ ɩɟɪɲ ɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɪɨɫɬ ɪɨɥɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɿ

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɭ ɥɿ ɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ  ɹɤɭɸ ɦɵ ɩɚɞɚɺɦ ɬɭɬ ɞɡɟ

ɥɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɿ ɮɿ ɤɚɰɵɿ  ɿ ɲɨʆ ɹɲ ɱɷ ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɭɧɿɣɧɚɣ

ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɿ ɯɨɰɶ  ɡ ɰɹ ɝɚɦ ɱɚɫɭ ʆɫɺ ɦɚɰɧɟɣɲ ɵ ɚɤɰɷɧɬ ɤɥɚʆɫɹ ɧɚ

ɫɭɛ¶ ɟɤɬɧɚɫɰɶ ɬɨɟɫɧɚɫɰɶ  ɤɪɚɸ ɹɤ ɚɯɜɨɬɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱ

ɧɭɸ Ʌɿɬɜɭ  Ɍ ɚɤɫɚɦɚ ʆɫɺ ɡɜɵɤɥɟɣɲɵɦ ɪɚɛɿɥɚɫɹ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɜɚɧɧɟ

ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɚɞ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɭɠɨ ʆ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ

ɯɨɰɶ  ɚɛɟɞɡɶɜ ɟ ɿɯ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɥɿ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɰɶ Ʌɿɬɜɨɸ

Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɟɞɧɚɫɰɶ  ɦɟɥɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɬɷɪɦɿɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵ  ə ɟ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɵ ɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵ ɚɫɹɪɨɞɚɤ ² ȼɿɥɶ ɧɹ

² ɛɵʆ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɬɚɥɿɰɚɣ ɞɥɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɛɵʆ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦ ɛɟ

ɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɝɚ ɪɭɯɭ  ɛɵʆ ɚɞɧɵɦ ɡ ɜɹɞɭɱɵɯ ɚɫɹɪɨɞ

ɤɚʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ  ɛɵʆ ɭɪɷɲ ɰɟ ©ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ȿɪɭɫɚɥɿɦɚɦª

ɞɥɹ ɹʆɪɷɹʆ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚȸɫɯɨɞɧɹɟ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ

ɉɨɥɶɫɤɿɹ©ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɿɅɿɬɜɵª

ɿ ɿɯɪɨɥɹ ʆɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦɿɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɦ

 ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɞɪɚɞɠɷɧɧɿ

ɍɩɥɵʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚʆ ɧɚɰɵ

ɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɚɞɪɚɞɠɷɧɧɹ  ɚ ɤɚɧɤɪɷɬɧɟɣ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚʆ ɭɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ

ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɯ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ  ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɜɚɪɬɚ ɩɪɚɫɚɱɵɰɶ

ɧɚ ɩɚɪɵ ɪɷɩɪɷɡɟɧɬɚɬɵʆɧɵɯ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɚʆ

ɉɟɪɲɵɦ ɛɭɞɡɟ Ʌɸɞɜɿɤ Ʉɚɧɞɪɚɬɨɜɿɱ ± ɹɤɿ ɩɿ ɫɚʆ

ɩɚɞ ɩɫɟʆɞɚɧɿɦɚɦ ɍɥɚɞɵɫɥɚʆ ɋɵɪɚɤɨɦɥɹ  ɚɞ ɧɚɡɜɵ ɮɚɦɿɥɶ ɧɚ

ɝɚ ɝɟɪɛɭ Syrokomla). ɉɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟɦ ɡ Ɇɟɧɲ ɱɵ ɧɵ  ɡ ɞɪɨɛɧɚ

ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɚɣ ɫɹ ɦ¶ɿ  ɺɧ ɫɬɚʆ  ɲ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɹ ɝɨɧɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɫɜɹ

ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ  ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɚɦ ɠɵɜɵɯ ɩɚɥɟɦɿɤ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɵ ɦɚɸɰɶ  ɹɝɨ ɡɚ

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɷɬɚ  ɛɨ ɩɿɫɚʆ ɜɟɪɲɵ ɿ ɩɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭ  ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿɹ

ɦɟɫɬɚɱɤɨʆɰɵ  ɜɵɤɚɡɜɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɡɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɟ ɧɚ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆ

ɧɚɫɰɿ ɫɭɠɵ ɰɰɺ ʆɫɿɯ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ʆ

ɚɞɧɵɦ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɦ ɚɪɝɚɧɿ ɡɦɟ  ɛɚɱɵɥɿ ʆ ɿɦ ɛɚɪɞɚ ɿɯɧɚɣ ɿɞɷɚ

ɥɨɝɿɿ ə ɲɱɷ ʆ ɦɿɠɜɚɟɧɧɚɟ ɞɜɚɰɰɚɰɿɝɨɞɞɡɟ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɦɟɫɬɚɱɤɨʆɰɚʆ

«3U]HJOąG :LOHĔVNLª ɩɚɥɟɦɿɡɭɸɱɵ ɫɚ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚɜɚɦ ɐɵɜ ɿɧɶ ɫɤɿɦ

ɹɤɿ ɡ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ ʆ ɚɞɦɚʆɥɹʆ ɋ ɵɪɚ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹɩɚɥɹɤɿɿɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ

344

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɤɨɦɥɸ ʆ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɧɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚ ɥɿɱɚɱɵ ɹɝɨ ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦ ɩɿɫɚʆ ©Ⱦɥɹ

ɧɚɫ ɬɷɪɦɿɧ ©ɥɿɬɜɿɧª « ɧɟ ɚɡɧɚɱɚɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ  ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚ ɹɤɿ ɝɚɜɨ

ɪɵɰɶ  ɧɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ  ɚɥɟ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ ɬɚɝɨ  ɹ ɤɨɸ ɦɨɜ ɚɸ

ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɟɰɰɚ ɤɨɠɧɚɝɚ ɫɵɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɹɟ ɫɭɦɥɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹ 

ɧɿ ɧɚ  Ⱥ ɹɤɪɚɡ ɬɚɤɿɦ ɛɵʆ ɋɵɪɚɤɨɦɥɹª

 ɋɭɝɭɱɧɚ ɡ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɩɚɡɿ

ɰɵ ɹɣ ɝɭɱɚʆ ɝɨɥɚɫ ɫɥɚɜɿɫɬɚ ɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɤɚ ɚ ʆ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɰɵ ² ɤɚɧ

ɫɟɪɜɚɬɚɪɚ ɿ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɫɬɚ  ɹ ɤɿ  ɡɜɹ ɪɬɚʆɫɹ ɞɚ ɦɿɧɭʆɲɱɵɧɵ  ɹ ɲɱɷ

ɞɚ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɚʆ ² ɩɪɚɮɟɫɚɪɚ Ɇɚɪ¶ ɹ ɧɚ Ɂɞɡɹɯɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  Ⱦɥɹ Ɂɞɡɹ 

ɯɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɋ ɵɪɚɤɨɦɥɹ ɛɵʆ ©ɚɞɧɵ ɦ ɡ ɧɚɣɩɪɵɝɚɠɷɣɲɵ ɯ ɭɜɚ

ɫɚɛɥɟɧɧɹʆ ɞɭɯɭ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ ɿȻɟɥɚɣ Ɋɭɫɿʆ ɧɚɲɚɣɩɚɷɡɿɿ >«@ȱɦɹ ɹɝɨ

² ɩɿ ɫɚʆ Ɂɞɡɹ ɯɨʆɫɤɿ ² ɧɟɩɚɪɵʆɧɚ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɚɟ ɡ ȼɿɥɶɧɹɸ ɚ ɧɚ

ɬɯɧɟɧɧɟɦ ɹɝɨɧɵɦ ɚɞ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɚɠ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɚɟ ɩɪɚɰɵ  ɛɵɥɚ

ʆɥɸɛɺɧɚɹ ɿɦɅɿɬɜɚ >«@ɋɵɪɚɤɨɦɥɹ ɚɞɱɭɜɚʆ ɫɹɛɟ ɫɵɧɚɦ ɿ ɝɪɚ

ɦɚɞɡɹ ɧɿɧɚɦ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚª

 Ɋɨɛɹɱɵ ɡɚɩɿɫ ɭ

ɚɥɶ ɛɨɦ Ⱥɪɰɺɦɚ ȼɹɪɵɝɿȾɚɪɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɹ ɤɿ ɩɿɫɚʆ ɩɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭ

ɋɵɪɚɤɨɦɥɹ ɜɵɤɚɡɜ ɚʆ ɩɚɠɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɹ ɤɨɟ ɫɜ ɟɞɱɵ ɥɚ ɿ ɩɪɚ ɬɨɟ

ɲɬɨ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚɦɿ  ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚɦɿ ɪɚɛɿɥɚɫɹ  ʆɫɺ

ɜɵɪɚɡɧɟɣɲ ɵ ɦ  ɯɨɰɶ ɿ  ɧɟ ɧɚɛɵɜɚɥɚ ɪɵɫɚʆ ɩɪɨɰɿɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ

'D %yJ SRZWyUH QLHFK WZRMD NVL ĊJD

%LDáRUXVLQyZ ] /LWZą SRVSU]ĊJD

ɿ ɞɚɞɚɜɚʆ ɭ ɞɭɯɭ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɞɜɭɯɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɫɰɿ

1LHFKDM MHM NDUW\ VWDQą MDN ĞZ LDGNL

ĩH MHGQHM PDWNL MHVWHVP\ G]LDWNL

ĩH SU]HVWU]HĔ QLH MHVW GOD / DFKyZ WDPą

ĩH QDV]H VHUFD ELMą WDN VDPR

ɋɵɪɚɤɨɦɥɟʆ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɤ ɯɨɰɶ ɬɪɨɯɿ ɫɬɚɪɷɣɲɵ ɡɚ ɹɝɨ ɧɚɪ

ɭ  ɝ  ɘɡɷɮ ȱɝɧɚɰɵ Ʉ ɪɚɲ ɷʆɫɤɿ  ɪɨɞɚɦ ɡ ɉɪɭɠɚɧɫɤɚɝɚ

ɩɚɜɟɬɚ ɥɿɱɵʆ ɫɹɛɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚɦ ɜɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɚ ɭ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱ

ɧɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ ɿ  ɜ ɟɥɶɦɿ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɝɚɧɚɪɵʆɫɹ  Ⱦɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤ ɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ

ɩɿ ɫɶ ɦɟɧɧɿɤɚ ȼɿ ɧɰɷɧɬɵ Ⱦɚɧɷɤ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɹɤɪɚɡ ©ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ

ɫɜ ɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ ɩɪɵɦɭɲɚɥɚ Ʉɪɚɲɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ʆ ɩɚɡɧɟɣɲɵɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɦɨɰɧɚ

ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɰɶ ɲ ɬɨ ɺɧ ɥɿɬɜɿɧ« ɡ ɧɟɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɵɦɩɚɱɭɰɰɺɦ ɜ ɵ

ɲɷɣɲɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ  ɞɚ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ȼ ɚɪɲɚɜɵ ɿ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚª

ȼ Ⱦ ɚɧɷɤ ɭɫɬɚɥɹɜɚʆ ɪɷɝɿɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɿɟɪɚɪɯɿɸ ɜɚɪɬɚɫɰɹʆ ɹ ɤɚɹ

ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟ ʆ Ʉ ɪɚɲ ɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ʆ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɚɣ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɞɨʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɥɿ ɬɜɿɧ

ɩɚɥɹ ɤ ɡ Ʉ ɪɷɫɚʆ ɠɵ ɯɚɪ Ʉ ɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜ ɚ  ɉɨɡɧɚɧɿ  Ƚɚɥɿ ɰɵɿ

345

Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɩɚɬɪɵ ɹɬɵɡɦ ɡɧɚɣɲ ɨʆ ɚɞɛɿɬɚɤ ɭ ɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ Ʉɪɚ

ɲɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ  ɡ ɩɚɷɬɵɱɧɚɣɬɪɵɥɨɝɿɿ «Anafielas» ɹɤɭɸ

ɫɤɥɚɥɿ «Witolorauda», «Mindowe» ɿ «Witoldowe boje» ɩɪɚɡ ɧɚ

ɜɭɤɨɜɵɹ  ɩɪɚɰɵ ² ɞɜɭɯɬɨɦɧɭɸ ©Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɸ ȼɿɥɶ ɧɿª  ɬɪɨɯɬɨɦ

ɧɭɸ © Ʌɿɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɚɹ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ ɡɚɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɫɬɜ ɚ ɦɨɜɚ  ɡɜɵ

ɱɚɿ  ɩɟɫɧɿ ɩɪɵɤɚɡɤɿ  ɩɚɞɚɧɧɿ «ª  ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ ɬɜ ɨɪɵ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚ

ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɹ  ² ©Ⱥɩɨɲɧɹɹ  ɫɚ ɫɥɭɰɤɿɯ ɤɧɹ ɡɺʆª  © Ʉɭɧɿ ɝɚɫª  ɿ

ɿɧɲɵɹ  Ʉɪɚɲɷʆɫɤɿ ɩɚɬɪɚɧɚɜ ɚʆ ɿ ɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ ɍɥɚɞɵɫɥɚɜɚ ɋɵɪɚ

ɤɨɦɥɿ  ɹɤɿ ɞɷɛɸɬɚɜɚʆ ɭ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɧɵɦ ɿɦ ɭ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɞɜɭɯɦɟɫɹɱɧɿɤɭ

«Athenaeum» ±  ɞɡɟ ɲɦɚɬ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɚɞɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɣ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚɬɵɰɵ ɉɚɫɥɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ɋɵɪɚɤɨɦɥɿ

Ʉɪɚɲɷʆɫɤɿ ɩɪɵɫɜ ɹɰɿʆ ɧɹ ɛɨɠɱɵɤɭ ɩɪɚɧɿɤɥɿɜɚɟ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ

ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜ ɚɸɱɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɤɚɪɚɧɿ  ɿ  ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵ ɡɦɟɫɬ

ɩɚɷɬɚɜɚɣ ɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ

ɇɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɡɜɹ ɪɬɚɥɚɫɹ ɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɚ ʆɜɚɝɿ ɧɚ ɪɨɥɸ Ʉ ɪɚ

ɲɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɚ ʆɡɧɿ ɤɧɟɧɧɿ ɿ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ ɩɿɫɶɦɟɧɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ

ɦɨɜɟ Ƚɷɬɵ ʆɩɥɵ ʆ ɿɲɨʆ ɞɜɭɦɚ ɲɥɹɯɚɦɿ ɩɟɪɲɵ ² ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɞ

ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɦɿɧɭʆɲɱɵɧɵ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɹ ɤɨɟ ɛɭɞɡɿɥɚ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɞɭɯ

ɞɪɭɝɿ ² ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚɟ ɡɚɚɯɜɨɱɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɿ ɩɚɞɬɪɵ ɦɤɚ Ʉɪɚɲɷʆɫɤɿɦ

ɞɡɟɹ ɱɚʆ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɪɭɯɭ Ƚɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɣɲɥɨ ɜ ɵɪɚɡ

ɭ ɹ ɝɨɧɚɣ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɚɣ ɤɚɪɷɫɩɚɧɞɷɧɰɵ ɿ  ɇɚɩɪɵ ɤɥɚɞ  Ɇɿɤɚɥɚɣ

Ⱥɤɹɥɟɜɿɱ $NHODLWLV $NHOHYLþLXV ɡɜɹɪɬɚʆɫɹ ɞɚ Ʉɪɚɲɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɹɤ

ɞɚ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚ ɹɤɿ  © ɬɚɤ ɩɚɥɤɚ ɩɚɥɸɛɿʆ Ʌɿɬɜɭª ɧɚɡɵ ɜɚɸɱɵ ɹɝɨ

©ɚɩɟɤɭɧɨɦ Ʌɿɬɜɵª

  ɍɠɨ ɧɚ ɫɯɿɥɟ ɩɹ ɰɿɞɡɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ Ʉ ɪɚ

ɲɷʆɫɤɿ ɧɚɦɚʆɥɹʆ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɿɫɶɦɟɧɧɿ ɤɚʆ ɿ ɩɭɛɥɿɰɵɫɬɚʆ ɫɬɜɚ

ɪɵɰɶ  ɱɚɫɨɩɿ ɫ ɧɚ ɿɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ

 ɲ ɬɨ ɡɞɡɟɣɫɧɿɥɚɫɹ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ

ɩɪɚɡ ɱɜ ɷɪɰɶ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ 

Ɍɜ ɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ Ʉɪɚɲ ɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ  ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɹ  ɧɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɯ ɤɪɵ

ɧɿ ɰɚɯ ɿ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɫɬɚɥɚ ² ɡɚʆɜɚɠɚɟ ɉɺɬɪ Ʌ ɚɫɨʆɫɤɿ  ² ɭɥɸ

ɛɺɧɚɣ ɱɵɬɚɧɤɚɣ ɦɚɥɚɞɵɯ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɯ ɿɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɬɚʆ əɝɨɧɵ ɹ

ɤɧɿɠɤɿ  ɯɨɰɶ ɧɚɩɿɫɚɧɵɹ ɩɚɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɭ ɚɥɟ ɡɚɦɿɥɚɜɚɧɵɹ  ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ

ɹɣ Ʌɿɬɜɵ  ɫɥɚɜɿɥɿ ɹɟɦɿ ɧɭɥɭɸ ɦɚɝɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ ɿ ɫɥɚɜɭ ɞɵ ʆɡɛɭɞɠɚɥɿ

ɠɵɜɵɹ  ɩɚɬɪɵɹɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɩɚɱɭɰɰɿ  ɥɿ ɬɨʆɰɚʆɪɚɛɿɥɿɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɿɯ ɡɚɚɯ

ɜɨɱɜ ɚɧɧɟɦ ɞɚ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɚɟ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɧɿɜ ɟ ʆɠɨ

ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚ ʆ ɫɮɟɪɵ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɟ ɦɨɜɵ

ȼɚɪɬɚ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ʆ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɬɜ ɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ Ʉ ɪɚɲ ɷʆɫɤɿ

ɫɬɚɹʆ ɧɚ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹɯ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɟ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɍ

ɝɷɬɵɦ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚ ɹɝɨ ɿɧɬɷɪɩɪɷɬɚɰɵɹ  Ɇɚɬɷɣɤɚɜɚɣ

ɤɚɪɰɿɧɵ ©Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ ª ɉɿɲɭɱɵ ɩɪɚ ɹɟ Ɇɚɬɷɣɤɚ ɫɰɜɹ ɪ

ɞɠɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɝɥɹ ɞɚɱ ©«ɡ ɩɪɚɦɚʆɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɫɥɨɜɚ ©ɭɧɿɹª ɲɭɤɚɟ ɥɸ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹɩɚɥɹɤɿɿɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ

346

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɛɨɜɿ ɲɬɨ ɡɥɭɱɵɥɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ɯɚɰɟʆ ɛɵ ɛɚɱɵɰɶ ɛɪɚɬɧɿ ɩɨɰɿɫɤ

ɧɟɲɬɚ ɬɚɤɨɟ  ɲ ɬɨ ɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɛ ɫɚɸɡ ɫɷɪɰɚʆ Ʉɚɪɰɿɧɚ ɠ ɚɩɚɜɹ 

ɞɚɟ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ ɧɚɩɪɚʆɞɭ ɡɥɚɦɚɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿɜɭ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɹɤɚɹ ɧɚ

ɚɥɬɚɪɵ ɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɛɪɚ ɚɦɚɥɶ  ɫɚ ɫɥɹɡɶ ɦɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɟ ʆ ɚɯɜɹɪɭ

ɫɜ ɚɸ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɶ ɫɜɚɺ © ɹª  ɿ ɩɪɵɫɜɹ ɱɚɟ ɫɹɛɟ ɫɹɫɬɪɵɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ

ɍɜɟɫɶ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɛɨɤ ɤɚɪɰɿɧɵ  ɜ ɵɪɚɠɚɟ ɧɹɦɵ ɛɨɥɶ  ɭɠɨ ɡɥɚɦɚ

ɧɵ  ɩɟɪɚɦɨɠɚɧɵ  ɚɥɟ ɹɲɱɷ ɛɚɱɧɵª

Ɍɚɤɨɟ ² ɡɝɨɞɧɚɟ  ɡɪɷɲɬɵ  ɡ ɧɚɦɟɪɚɦ ɦɚɫɬɚɤɚ ² ɭɫɩɪɵ

ɧɹ ɰɰɟ ɚɤɬɭ ɭɧɿɿ ɦɨɠɚ ɬɥɭɦɚɱɵɰɶ  ɱɚɦɭ ɩɿɫɶɦɟɧɧɿ ɤ ɹ ɤɿ ɚɞɡɿ

ɧɵ  ɛɚɞɚɣ  ɭ ɫɭɫɜ ɟɬɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɜɚɠɵʆ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜɿɰɶ ɭ

ɫɟɪɵɿ  ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɯ ɚɩɨɜ ɟɫɰɹʆ ɭɫɸ ɧɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ

ɩɪɚɦɿɧɭʆ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɩɚɞɡɟɸ ɹɤ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ 

Ɍ ɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ Ʉɪɚɲɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɋɵɪɚɤɨɦɥɿ  ɩɪɚɫɹ ɤɧɭɬɚɹ ɥɸ

ɛɨʆɸ ɞɚ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ  ɚɞɵɝɪɚɥɚ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ʆ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɿɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ əɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɡɧɚɱ

ɧɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɚɦ ɧɚ ɲɥɹ ɯɭ ʆɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɹ  ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪ

² ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ Ɍɭɬ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɩɚɫɥɚɰɰɚ ɧɚ ɫɜ ɟɞɱɚɧ

ɧɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɞɡɟɹɱɚ ɿ ɩɭɛɥɿɰɵɫɬɚ Ɇɟɱɵɫɥɚɜɚ

Ⱦɚɜɨɣɧɵɋɵɥɶɜɟɫɬɪɚɜɿɱɚ 0LHF]\Vá DZ  'RZRMQD6\OZHVWURZLF])

± ɹɤɿ ɩɿɫɚʆ

«ə ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɰɿɱ  ɧɚɪɨɞɠɚɧɵ ʆ ɀɦɭɞɡɿ  Ɂ ɯɥɚɩɟɱɵɯ

ɝɚɞɨʆ ɩɚɞ ɭɩɥɵɜ ɚɦ ɬɵɯ ɠɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɯ ɚʆɬɚɪɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɡ ɫɿɦɩɚɬɵ

ɹɣ ɩɿɫɚɥɿ  ɩɪɚ Ʌɿɬɜɭ ɹ ɫɬɚʆ ɚɞɧɵɦ ɡ ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɪɭɯɭ >«@ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɹ  ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ ʆ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɞɭɯɭ

² ɧɿɛɵ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞ ɞɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɥɿ ɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ª

Ⱦɚ © ɚɦɚɬɚɪɚʆ Ʌɿɬɜɵª ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɩɿɫɶ ɦɟɧɧɿ ɤɿ 

Ɂɚɥɿɱɵɰɶ ɞɚ ɿɯ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɦɨɜɚɡɧɚʆɰɚʆ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ əɧɚɦ Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɿɱɚɦ

ɿ əɧɚɦ Ȼɚɞɭɷɧɚɦ ɞɷ Ʉɭɪɬɷɧɷ ɹɤɿ ɞɚɥɭɱɵʆɫɹ ɞɚ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɵ ɡɚ

ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɟ ʆ ± ɝɝ ɡɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɤ ɧɚ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɿ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ Ⱥɥɟɤ

ɫɚɧɞɪɚɦ Ȼɪɭɤɧɷɪɚɦ ɚʆɬɚɪɚɦ ɤɧɿɝɿ © ɋɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɚɹ  Ʌɿɬɜɚ ɇɚ

ɪɨɞɵ ɿ ɛɚɝɿª ɟ ɜɵɞ  ²  ɝ ɿ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹ © ɉɚɥɹɤɿ ɿ

ɥɿɬɨʆɰɵ  Ɇɨɜɚ ɿ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɚª (3RODF\ L / LWZLQL -Ċ]\N L OLWHUDWXUD),

ɞɡɟ ɛɚɪɚɧɿʆ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ  ɲɬɨ ɛɪɚɥɚɫɹ

ɧɚ ɚɞɪɚɞɠɷɧɧɟ Ⱥʆɬɚɪ ɬɥɭɦɚɱɵʆ ɭ ɿɦ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɦɭ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɭ

ɲɬɨ ©ɛɟɡ ɫɥɭɲɧɵ ɯ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɚɤ  ɛɟɡ ɩɷʆɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɚʆ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɚɝɚ

ɦɚɺɦɚɫɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɭ ʆ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɧɟ ɚɛɵɫɰɿɫɹ  ɝɷɬɚ ɞɚɪɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɿ ʆɫɟ

ɦɚɝɭɬɧɚɟ ɩɥɵ ɧɿ ɦɵ ɞɚɥɺɤɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɩɥɵɜɟɦ Ⱦɵɤ ɥɟɩɟɣ ɡɚɝɚɞɡɹ

ɚɞɞɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɵɰɶ  ɿ ɩɚɜ ɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɫɹ ɛɟ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɚɞɡɿɧɚ ɚɛ

ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɭ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɿ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɲ ɬɨ ɬɚɛɟ ɧɹɦɿɥɚª

347

ɇɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɜɵɛɚɪɫɹɪɨɞɷɥɿɬɚʆ

Ɏɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɿ  ɤɪɵɯɭ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɛɟɥɚ

ɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜ ɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɝɷɬɚɹ  ɚɩɨɲɧɹ ɹ ɧɟ ɚɯɚɩɿɥɚ

ɹ ɲɱɷ ʆɫɹ ɝɨ ɫɹ ɥɹɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜ ɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɚɫɬɚɜɿ ɥɚ ɡ

ɤɚɧɰɚ ;,; ɫɬ  ɚ ɧɚɩɨʆɧɿɰɭ ² ɡ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɚ

ɥɨɦɭ ± ɝ  ɩɟɪɚɞ ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦɿ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɯ ɛɵɥɨɝɚ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɭ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɚʆ ɞɚ ɦɚɥɚɞɵɯ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶ

ɧɵɯ ɪɭɯɚʆ

 

  ɍɠɨ ɰɹ ɠɤɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɰɶ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ

ɤɭɸª  ɚɛɨ © ɦɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɿɧɬɪɵɝɭª

 Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜ ɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚ

ɜɚɥɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɰɰɚ ɡɪɚɛɿɰɶ ɜɵɛɚɪ  ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ

ɹɲɱɷ ɰɹɠɷɣ ɱɵɦ ɭ ɬɷɨɪɵɿ  əɤ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿ ɰɶ ɦɹɠɭ ɞɡɟ ɤɚɧɱɚɥɚ

ɫɹ  ɩɚɱɭɰɰɺ ɪɷɝɿɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ  ɥɸɞɡɟɣ  ɱɚɫɬɚ ɡ ɞɨɦɭ

ɛɿɥɿɧɝɜɚʆ ɿ ɧɚɪɚɞɠɚɥɚɫɹ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɰɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ

ɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ"  ɑɚɫɚɦ ² ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɷɪɵɬɨ

ɪɵɹʆ ɞɡɟ ɡɚ ɩɚɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɧɚɞ ɞɭɲɚɦɿ ɫɩɚɛɨɪɧɿɱɚɥɿ ɦɿɠɫɨɛɤɭ

ɪɨɡɧɵɹ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ² ɚɞɡɿɧ ɿ ɬɨɣɠɚ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ

ɧɚ ɪɨɡɧɵ ɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɠɵɰɰɹ  ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚʆɫɹ  ɬɨ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚɦ  ɬɨ

ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚɦ ɰɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚɦ Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɰɿɤɚɜ ɵɹ ɦɚɬɵɜɵ ɡɦɟɧɵ ɜɵ

ɛɚɪɭ ɤɚɥɿ ɿɲɥɨɫɹ  ɩɪɚ ɚɫɨɛɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ ɞɚ ɿɧɬɷɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶ

ɧɚɣ ɷɥɿɬɵ ɤɪɚɸ  ² ɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ   ɬɚɦ  ɞɡɟ ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɚɫɿɦɿɥɹ ɰɵɿ

ɫɚɫɬɭɩɚʆ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɦɭ ɜ ɵɛɚɪɭ  Ƚɷɬɵɹ ɜ ɵɛɚɪɵ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɿ

ɫɹ ɡ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚɦɿ ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɯ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚ

ɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ  Ɂɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɦɨʆɧɵɯ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɛɟ ɩɭɛɥɿ

ɰɵ ɫɬ ɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿ ɞɡɟɹ ɱ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ ɇɚɪɭɬɨɜ ɿɱ  ɫɹɛɚɪ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ

ɬɚɣ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɚɷɬ Ɉɫɤɚɪ Ɇɿɥɚɲ  ɹɤɿ ɚɫɟʆ ɭ ɉɚɪɵɠɵ  ɚɥɟ

ɩɪɵɛɥɿɡɧɚ ɞɚ  ɝ  ɥɿɱɵʆ ɫɹɛɟ ɡɚ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚ  Ⱥɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚ Ɇɿɯɚɥ

Ɋ ɨɦɷɪ ² ɸɪɵɫɬ ɿ ɥɟɝɿɹ ɧɟɪ  ɚʆɬɚɪ ɩɪɚɰɵ «Litwa. Studium

odrodzenia narodu litew skiego» (Ʌɶ ɜɨʆ 1908) ɿ ɤɪɵɯɭ ɪɚɧɟɣ

ɲɚɝɚɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹ «Stosunki etnograficzno-kulturalne na Litwie»

(«Krytyka»,  ɞɡɟ ɺɧ ɡɦɹɫɰɿʆ ɤɚɲɬɨʆɧɵɹ ɪɚɡɜɚɝɿ  ɩɪɵɫɜ ɟ

ɱɚɧɵɹ  ɫɩɟɰɵɮɿɰɵ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ʆ Ʌɿɬɜɟ

ɉɚɫɥɹ ɜɵɛɚɪɭ  ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɚɝɚ ʆ  ɝ  Ɋ ɨɦɷɪ ɫɬɚʆ ɩɪɚɮɟɫɚɪɚɦ

ɚ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ² ɪɷɤɬɚɪɚɦ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿ ɬɷɬɚ ʆ Ʉɨʆɧɟ

ȱɧɲɵɹ ɫɩɵɧɹɥɿ ɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɚʆɞɚɪɨɡɟ ɹɤ Ɋ ɚɦɚɧ ɋɤɿɪɦɭɧɬ  ɫɬɚɪ

ɲɵɧɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɇɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ Ʉɚɦɿɬɷɬɚ ʆ Ɇɟɧɫɤɭ ɧɚ

ɦɹɠɵ ± ɝ  ɹɤɨɝɚ Ʉɚɡɿɦɿɪ Ⱥɤɭɥɿɱ  ɧɚɡɜɚʆ ©ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦ ɿ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹɩɚɥɹɤɿɿɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ

348

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚɦ ɭ ɚɞɧɨɣ ɚɫɨɛɟª

 əɤ ɦɟɫɰɿɱ  ɋɤɿɪɦɭɧɬ ɛɵʆ ɚɞ

ɧɨɥɶ ɤɚɜɚ ɩɪɵɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɞɚ ʆɫɿɯ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɤɪɚɸ ɇɚ ɩɟɪ

ɲɚɟ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɺɧ ɜɵɥɭɱɚʆ ɬɵɯ ɲ ɬɨ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹ ɥɿ ɧɚɪɨɞ  ©ɇɟ

ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ɿ ɧɟɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɚɹ ɿɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɰɵɹ ² ɩɿɫɚʆ Ɋ  ɋɤɿɪɦɭɧɬ  ²

ɚɮɚɪɛɨʆɜɚɸɰɶ ɫɰɹ ɝ ɤɪɚɸ  ɚ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɐɹɩɟɪ ɦɵ ɩɚɜ ɿɧɧɵ

ɫɬɚɪɚɰɰɚ ɩɪɚɰɚɜ ɚɰɶ  ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɦ ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɧɚɪɨ

ɞɚɦ ɡ ɹɤɿɦ ɦɵ  ɫɤɥɚɞɚɟɦ ɚɞɧɨ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɰɷɥɚɟ  ɞɥɹ ɫɭ

ɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɛɪɚ ɧɚɲɚɝɚ ɤɪɚɸª  Ɂ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɧɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɦ

ɪɭɯɚɦ ɤɚɡɚʆ ɺɧ ©ɬɪɷɛɚ ɩɚɹɞɧɚɰɰɚ ² ɫɬɪɵɦɚɰɶ  ɹ ɝɨ ɧɟ ʆɞɚɫ

ɰɚª  ȱ ɞɚɥɟɣ © Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɰɶ  ɞɭɯɨʆɧɭɸ  ɰɵ ɜɿɥɿ ɡɚɰɵɣɧɭɸ

ɥɭɱɧɚɫɰɶ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɚɸ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɰɰɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɸ ɦɨɜɚɣ ɿ ɚɞɧɚ

ɱɚɫɧɚ ɥɸɛɿɰɶ Ʌɿɬɜɭ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɜɭ ɿ ɞɛɚɰɶ

ɚɛ ɹ ɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ ª

Ɍ ɪɷɛɚ ɚɞɞɚɰɶ  ɭɜɚɝɭ ɿ ɜɵɛɚɪɭ ʆ ɚɫɹ ɪɨɞɞɡɿ ɤɚɫɰɟɥɶ ɧɚɣ

ɿɟɪɚɪɯɿɿ ɹɤɚɹ ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɡ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚ

ɤɥɿɤɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɧɚɞ ɪɨɡɧɵ ɦɿ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɦɨɜɵ

ɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɜɟɪɧɿɤɚɦɿ  ȱ ɬɭɬɜ ɵɹ ʆɥɹ ɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɹ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ  ɡ

ɧɟɩɚɡɛɟɠɧɵɦɿ ʆ ɩɚɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵ ɹɯ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɧɵɦɿ ɿ ɡɧɟɲ ɧɿɦɿ

ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɚɦɿ

 Ⱦɚ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɱɵ ɯ ɮɿɝɭɪ ɧɚɥɟɠɚʆ

ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɵ ʆ  ɝ ɧɚ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɫɤɿ ɩɚɫɚɞ ɛɚɪɨɧ ɗɞɜɚɪɞ

Ɋ ɨɩ ɧɚɪ  ɭ ɝ  ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɚ ɿɧɮɥɹɧɰɤɚɝɚ ɪɨɞɭ  ɲɬɨ ɩɚ

ɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɡ ȼɷɫɬɮɚɥɿɿ ɚɥɟ ɡ XIII ɫɬ ɚɫɟʆ ɭ ȱɧɮɥɹ ɧɬɚɯ  ə ɝɨɧɚɹ

ɦɚɰɿ ȱɡɚɛɷɥɚ ɡ Ɂɵɛɷɪɤɉɥɹɬɷɪɚʆ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɨ

ɝɚ ɿɧɮɥɹɧɰɤɚɝɚ ɪɨɞɭ ɋ ɚɦ Ɋ ɨɩɛɵʆ ɹɤ ɩɿɫɚʆ ɩɪɚ ɹɝɨ ʆ  ɝ

ɩɪɭɫɤɿ ɥɿɬɨɜɟɰ Ȭɝɚɧɷɫ ȼɪɨɧɤɚ ©ɬɪɨɯɿ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚɦ ɬɪɨɯɿ ɧɟɦɰɚɦ

ɬɪɨɯɿ  ɥɿ ɬɨʆɰɚɦ ɚɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨɦª  ɍ  ɝ  ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɸ

ɱɵɫɹ  ɦɚɧɿɮɟɫɬɚɦ ɩɪɚ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɭ ɫɭɦɥɟɧɧɹ  ɺɧ ɧɚɤɚɡɚʆ ɩɚɞɩɚ

ɪɚɞɤɚɜ ɚɧɚɦɭ ɹ ɦɭ ɞɭɯɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɭ ɜ ɭɱɵ ɰɶ ɞɡɹ ɰɟɣ ɪɷɥɿ ɝɿɿ  ɧɚ ɿɯ

ɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ ² ɝ  ɡɧ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɍ

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚ ɦɹɲɚɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɮɿɹ ɯ ɪɷɥɿ ɝɿɣɧɵɹ  ɫɩɟɜ ɵ  ɩɚɜɿ ɧɧɵ

ɛɵɥɿ  ɚɞɛɵɜɚɰɰɚ ɧɚ ʆɫɿ ɯ ɦɨɜ ɚɯ ɹɤɿɦɿ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɮɿ ɹɧɟ

ɍ ɝ Ɋ ɨɩ ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚʆ ɤɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵɣɧɚɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɭɸ ɩɚɪɬɵɸ

ɹɤɚɹ ɡɦɚɝɚɥɚɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɵ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɿ ɩɪɚɣɲɨʆ

ɚɞ ɹɟ ʆ I Ⱦɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɭɸ Ⱦɭɦɭ

ɋɚɫɥɚɧɚɝɚ ʆ  ɝ  ɭ ɝɥɵ ɛ Ɋ ɚɫɿɿ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɚ Ɋ ɨɩɚ ɡɚɦɹɧɿʆ

ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɚɪ ɞɵɹɰɷɡɿɿ ɩɪɷɥɚɬ Ʉɚɡɿɦɿɪ Ɇɿɤɚɥɚɣ Ɇɿ ɯɚɥɤɟɜɿɱ

±  Ɍɨɣ ɭɜɚɠɚɸɱɵ ɫɹɛɟ ɹɤ ɩɿɫɚʆȼɿɤɬɚɪ ɋɭɤɟɧɧɿɰɤɿ

ɞɚ ɩɚɹ ɞɧɚɧɧɹ ʆɫɿɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ɭ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ Ʌ ɿɬɜ ɟ Ȼ ɵʆ ɺɧ

ɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɵɦ  ɫɭɜɵɞɚʆɰɨɦ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿɯ ɜɵɞɚɧɧɹʆ «Vilkis»

349

ɧɵ  ɤɚɥɿ ɪɚɡɝɚɪɷɥɿɫɹ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɡɦɵ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɹ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɿ ɜɿɧɚ

ɜɚɧɧɿ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚɡɞɪɚɞɧɿɰɤɿ ɯ ɮɨɪɦɚʆ  ɲɬɨ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿ ɫɹ  ɞɚ ɩɚɥɚɧɿ

ɡɚɰɵɿª  Ƚɷɬɵɹ ɚɩɨɲɧɿɹ ɚɛɜɿɧɚɜɚɱɜɚɧɧɿ ʆɡɦɚɰɧɿɥɿɫɹ ɤɚɥɿ ʆ ɤɚɧ

ɰɵ   ɝ  Ɇɿɯɚɥɤɟɜɿɱ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɫɬɚʆ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɛɨɤ ɉɪɵ

ɡɧɚɱɚɧɵ ʆ  ɝ  ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜɵ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɚ Ɇɚɬɭɥɟɜɿɱɚ

ɡɛɥɿɡɿʆɫɹ  ɡ ɤɨɥɚɦɿ ɤɚɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɵʆɧɚɝɚ ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɫɬɵɱ

ɧɚɝɚ ɡɹ ɦɥɹ ɰɬɜɚ

Ȼɨɥɶɲ  ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɭɸ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ɡɚɣɦɚʆ ɧɹɞɚʆɧɚ ɛɟɚɬɵɮɿɤɚ

ɜɚɧɵ ȿɠɵ Ȼɚɥɹ ɫɥɚʆ Ɇɚɬɭɥɟɜ ɿɱ ɩɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭ Matulait is  ɩɚɡ

ɧɟɣ 0DWXOHYLþLXV  ɛɿɫɤɭɩ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ ʆ ± ɝɝ Ȭɧ ɛɵʆ ɜɵ

ɯɚɜ ɚɧɰɚɦ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɟ ɫɟɦɿɧɚɪɵ ɿ ʆ Ʉɟɥɶ ɰɚɯ ɞɡɟ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɚʆ ɹɝɨ

ɫɬɪɵɟɱɧɵ ɛɪɚɬ ɹɤɿ  ɧɚɡɵɜɚʆ ɫɹ ɛɟ ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦ  Ɇɚɬɭɥɟɜ ɿɱ  ɭ ɫɜ ɚɸ

ɱɚɪɝɭ ɧɚɡɜ ɚʆɫɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚɦ  Ⱦɛɚɸɱɵ  ɩɪɚ ɞɭɲ ɩɚɫɬɵ ɪɫɬɜ ɚ ɧɚ

ɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ ɺɧ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚʆ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ  ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫ

ɤɚɝɚ ɞɭɯɚɜ ɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɲ ɬɨ ɹ ɝɨ ɜɨɫɬɪɚ ɤɪɵɬɵɤɚɜɚɥɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ

Ⱦɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɹ  Ʉɚɥɿ ɩɚɞ ɹɟ ɧɚɰɿɫɤɚɦ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɹ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɧɚɜɚ

ɠɵɥɿɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɜɟɫɰɿ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɚ Ɇɚɬɭɥɟɜɿɱɚ ɡ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ  ɹɦɭ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚ

ɜɚɥɿ  ɦɿ ɠ ɿɧɲɚɝɚ ɩɚɫɚɞɭ ɪɷɤɬɚɪɚ ɤɚɝɚɞɡɟ ɬɚɞɵ  ʆɬɜ ɨɪɚɧɚɝɚ

Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɝɚ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿ ɬɷɬɚ Ƚɷɬɚ ɞɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɛ ɲɬɨ

ɞɚɥɺɤɚ ɧɟ ʆɫɟ ɥɿɱɵɥɿ ɹɝɨ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɫɬɚɦ əɤ ɩɿɫɚʆ

ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɵ «. XULHU : LOHĔVNL»  ɡ ɠɚɥɟɦ ɪɚɡɜ ɿɬɜ ɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɡ

ɡɥɚɝɨɞɠɜɚɰɶ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɚɧɬɚɝɚɧɿɡɦɵ  ɫɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚʆ ɞɭɯɚ

ɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɚɞ ɭɞɡɟɥɭ ʆ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɚɝɿɬɚɰɵ ɿª  Ⱦɚɞɚɦɨ ²

ɧɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɩɚɫɩɹɯɨɜɚ

 ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɹɧɿɫɬɵ

ɉɚɡɿɰɵɿ ɦɟɫɰɿɱɚʆ ɿ ɛɥɿɡɤɿɹ ɞɚ ɿɯ ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɥɿɫɹ ɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɫɹ

ɪɨɞ ɿɧɬɷɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɷɥɿ ɬɵ ɱɵɦ ɭ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɯ ɫɥɚɹ ɯ  ɉɟɪɚɜɚɠ

ɧɚɹ ɛɚɥɶ ɲ ɵɧɹ  ɦɹ ɫɰɨɜɚɣ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ ɿ ɿɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɰɵɿ ɚɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɧɚ

ɥɿɱɵ ɥɚ ɫɹɛɟ ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦɿ ɍ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɿɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɹɤ ɦɵ ɜɟɞɚɟɦ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ

ɲɦɚɬ ɭ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚɦɹ ɧɿɥɚɫɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɸ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɫɰɸ ɿ  ʆ

ɹ ɟ ɜɚɤɨɥɿɰɚɯ  ɇɟɥɶɝɚ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɧɟɞɚɚɰɷɧɶ ɜɚɰɶ ɪɨɡɧɿɰɵ  ɩɚɦɿɠ

ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ ɦɿ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɯ ɷɥɿɬ ɿ ɚɫɹɪɨɞɞɡɹ ʆ ɞɡɟ ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɝɪɚ

ɦɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɞɭɦɤɚ ɭ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹ ɯ ɭ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹɩɚɥɹɤɿɿɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ

350

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

Ɍɭɬ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɵɥɭɱɵ ɰɶ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ ɩɥɵɧɿ ɹɤɿɹ ɫɭɬɵɤɚɥɿɫɹ ɦɿɠɫɨɛ

ɤɭ

ɉɟɪɲ ɚɹ  ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɤɚɧɫɟɪɜ ɚɬɵʆɧɚɹ ɩɥɵɧɶ 

ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɚ ʆɫɜɟɞɚɦɥɟɧɧɟ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɚɣ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɿ

ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɛɵɥɨɝɚ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɡ ɩɚɬɷɪɧɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵ ɦ ɫɬɚʆ

ɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɞɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɰɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɫɹ ɥɹ ɧ  ɡ ɩɪɵ ɧɹ ɰɰɟɦ ɿ ɯ

ɦɨɜɚʆ ɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ȼɵɪɚɡɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɩɥɵɧɿ ɛɵɥɿ 

ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ ȼɚɥɹ ɪ¶ɹ ɧɆɹɣɲɬɨɜɿɱ ɗɞɦɭɧɞ ȼɚɣɧɿɥɨɜɿɱ Ɇɿɯɚɥ

Ʉ  ɉɚʆɥɿ ɤɨʆɫɤɿ  ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ Ʉ ɚɧɫɬɚɧɰɵ ɹ  ɋɤɿɪɦɭɧɬ

ɹ ɤɚɹ  ʆɯɜ ɚɥɹɥɚ ɧɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɵɹ  ɩɪɚɜ ɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ

ɩɪɵ ʆɦɨɜɟ  ɲ ɬɨ ɬɵɹ  ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɸɰɶ ɜ ɹɞɭɱɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɣ

ɲɥɹɯɬɵ 

Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ  ɩɥɵ ɧɶ ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɚɹ  ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɭɸ ɤɭɥɶ

ɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɫɜ ɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ ɡ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɧɧɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɟ ɩɚɥ

ɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɚɛɜɹ ɲɱɚɸɱɵ ɩɪɵɦɚɬ

Ʌɿɬɜɵ Ƚɷɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɵɹ ɦɟɫɬɚɱɤɨʆɰɵ ɚɦɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ Ɍɚɞɷɜɭɲ ɋ ɍɪɭɛ

ɥɟʆɫɤɿ Ʌɸɞɜɿɤ Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜɿɱ Ɂɵ ɝɦɭɧɬ ɘɧɞɡɿɥ,  Ʌ ɸɞɜɿɤ ɏɚɦɿɧɫɤɿ

ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ ʆ ,,Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɭ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɭ ɞɵɫɤɪɵɦɿɧɚɜ ɚɧɵɯ

ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɍ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɦ ɦɚɲɬɚɛɟ ɝɷɬɚɹ  ɩɚɡɿ

ɰɵ ɹ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɭ ʆ ɫɚɰɵɹ ɥɿ ɫɬɵ ɱɧɵɯ ɚɫɹɪɨɞɤɚɯ  ɉɪɚ

ɝɷɬɚ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɰɶ ɜɵɤɚɡɜɚɧɧɿ Ȼ Ʌɿɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  Ɇɟɱɵɫɥɚɜɚ ɇɟɞɡɹ ɥ

ɤɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ Ɍɚɞɷɜɭɲɚ Ƚɚɥɨʆɤɿ ɯɨɰɶ ɧɟ ʆɫɟ ɞɡɟɹ ɱɵ ɉɉɋ ɩɚɞɡɹ

ɥɹɥɿ ɿɯ ɩɨɝɥɹ ɞɵ ʆ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ

Ɍ ɚɞɷɜɭɲ  Ƚɚɥɨʆɤɚ ɱɭɥɵ  ɞɚ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɚʆ ɫɚɦ

ɪɨɞɚɦ ɡ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɹɤɿ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɫɬɚʆ ɚɯɜɹɪɚɣ ɭɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɿɯ ɬɷɪɚɪɵ

ɫɬɚʆ ɭ  ɝ ɩɿɫɚʆ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɧɤɚɯ ɱɚɫɨɩɿɫɭ «Robotnik»:

ɰɚʆ ɤɚɛ ɬɵɹ ɧɟɠɚɞɚɥɿ ȼ ɿɥɶɧɿ ɛɨ ɝɷɬɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ² ɩɪɵ

ɬɵɦ ɲɬɨ ɦɵ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɠɚɞɚɟɦ Ƚɞɚɧɶɫɤɭ ɹɤɿ ɝɷɬɤɚɟ ɠ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ

ɦɟɫɬɚ ɹɤ ȼ ɿ ɥɶ ɧɹ ² ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ  ɍ ɞɨʆɝɚɬɷɪɦɿɧɨɜɵɦ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɟ

ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɥɹɠɵɰɶ ² ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚʆ ɺɧ ɫɜɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɚɝɿ ² ɤɚɛ ȼɿɥɶɧɹ

ɯɨɰɶ  ɝɷɬɚ ɿ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɰɚɣ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɣ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ

ɩɪɵɹ ɡɧɚɣ ɞɚ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɰɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ  ɤɚɥɿ ɡɚɯɨɱɚ  ɩɚɜ ɹɡɚɧɚɣ ɡ ɺɸ

ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɣɵɧɵɦɿ ɩɨɜɹɡɹ ɦɿª

ɉɪɚɡ ɞɜɚɰɰɚɰɶ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɭ ɥɿɫɬɚɩɚɞɡɟ  ɝ ɡɧɚɤɚɦɿɬɵ ɝɿɫɬɨ

ɪɵɤ ɭɧɿɿ ɿ ɲɱɵɪɵ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤ Ɉɫɤɚɪ Ƚɚɥɟɰɤɿ ɬɚɤ ɩɚɞɫɭɦɚɜɚʆ ɞɨɫ

ɜɟɞ ɦɿɠɜ ɚɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɞɜɚɰɰɚɰɿɝɨɞɞɡɹ ʆ ɬ ɡɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɦ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɿ

ɤɚɸ ɞɥɹ  ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ ɇɿɜɨɞɡɿɧɩɚɥɹɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɚ ɥɿɱɵɰɶ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɜɨ

351

ɪɚɝɚɦɿ ɛɨ ɬɵɹ ɥɚɹɥɶɧɚ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɿ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɿɬɷɬ ɿ ɧɟ ɡɞɚɛɵɜɚɥɿ

ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɡɛɪɨɹɣ  ɍ ɰɹɩɟɪɚɲɧɿɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɩɚɥɹɤɿ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɸɰɶ

ɲɬɨ ɚɞɚɛɪɚɰɶ ɿ ɦ ȼɿɥɶɧɸ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɧɚɲɦɚɬ ɰɹɠɷɣ ɱɵɦ ɬɷ

ɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ  ɚɤɭɩɚɜɚɧɵɹ ɜɨɪɚɝɚɦɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɛɨ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɡ ɩɚɥɹ 

ɤɚɦɿ  ɡɥɭɱɵ ɥɚ misterium caritatis»

ɇɚɪɷɲɰɟ ɬɪɷɰɹɹ  ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ ² ɧɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɹ  ɩɪɚɞ

ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɚɹ  ɇɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ Ⱦɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɹɣ ² ɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ

ɹɯ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɵ ɿ ɬɨ ɛɨɤ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɚɣ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɣ ɚɫɿɦɿɥɹɰɵɿ ɧɹ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚʆ  ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜ ɚɸɱɵ ɡ ɝɷɬɚɸ ɦɷɬɚɣ ɫɮɚɪ

Ⱦɚ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɿ ɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɭ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿ ɰɤɚɟ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɧɟɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɹɡɶ

ɚɛɥɹɝɱɚɥɚ ɿɯ ɩɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɸ  Ɍɚɦɭ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ Ƚɪɚɛɫɤɿ ɩɿɲ ɭɱɵ ʆ

Ɋɵɡɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ ɬɷɪɵɬɚɪɵɹɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɷɬɷɧɡɿɹʆ ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ  ɚɛɝɪɭ

ɫɩɨɥɶɲ ɱɜɚɧɧɟ ɩɪɚɡ ɩɷʆɧɵ ɱɚɫ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ  Ɍɚɦɭ ɹ

ɥɿɱɵ ʆ ɩɚɠɚɞɚɧɚɣ ɞɥɹ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɬɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ Ȼ ɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ

ɧɚ ɹɤɨɣ ɭ ɫɭɦɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɿ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɰɶ ɪɚɲɭɱɭɸ ɛɚɥɶ ɲɵ

ɧɸª

4 5

  ɇɚɫɚɦɪɷɱ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɟɣɲ ɚɹ ɛɨ ɡ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ

ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ ɧɚɜ ɵɲɷɣɲɵɦ ɭɡɪɨʆɧɿ

ɛɪɚɥɚɫɹ  ɡɧɚɱɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ɯ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɡɟɹ ɱɚʆ

ɫɹɪɨɞ ɹɤɿɯ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɹɫɬɚɱɵ ɿ  ʆ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿɯ ɤɫɹɧɞɡɚɯ  əɧɵ

ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɦɟɪɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɬɜɨɪɰɚʆ ɿ ɩɪɵ ɯɿɥɶ ɧɿɤɚʆ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɏɪɵɫɰɿɹɧɫɤɚɣ Ⱦɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɿ ɚɛɜɟɲɱɚɧɚɣ ɩɚɡɚ ɡɚ

ɤɨɧɚɦ ɭ ɯɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ɬɪɵ ɰ

ɰɚɬɵɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ

ɉɟɪɲɚɹ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɜɚɣɧɚ  ɫɬɚɜɹɱɵ  ɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɞɚɤ ɞɧɹ ɫɩɪɚ

ɜɭ ɡɦɟɧɵ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɭ  ɝɚɞɨʆ ² ɚɞ ɜɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɚɧ

ɝɪɷɫɭ ² ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ  ɚɠɵ ɜɿɥɚ ʆ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɰɚʆ ɿ  ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɩɚɦɤɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɧ

ɧɹ  Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɚɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɹ ɩɥɵɧɿ ɲɬɨ ɿɫɧɚ

ɜɚɥɿ ʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɦ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ  ɇɚɩɚ

ɱɚɬɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɹɪɷɞɧɿ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵ ɫɬɭɩɿɥɚ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɣɧɚɹ ɩɥɵ ɧɶ əɧɚ

ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚɥɚɫɹ  ɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɸ ɭɧɿ ɿ ɿ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɧɚ ʆɥɿɱɜ ɚɥɚ ɮɚɤɬ

ɲɬɨ ɫɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵ ɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ² ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɿ  ɛɟɥɚ

ɪɭɫɤɿ ² ɹɤɿɹ ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦɿ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɞɚɦɿɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚ ɿ

ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚ  ɚɥɟ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɧɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɦɟɧɲɵɧɿ  ɡɚɹ ʆɥɹɥɿ

ɩɪɚɜ ɵ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɛɵɥɨɝɚ ȼ ɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ  ɇɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ

ɩɪɵ ɯɿ ɥɶɧɿɤɿ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɥɿɡɦɭ ɛɚɱɵɥɿ  ɛɭɞɭɱɵɧɸ ɤɪɚɸ ɧɚɞ ɇɺɦɚ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹɩɚɥɹɤɿɿɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ