Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɇɚɪɨɞ ɿɧɚɰɵɹ

ɚɫɩɪɚɛɭɣɦɚ ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ ɭɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɿ ɰɶ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɚɫ

ɧɨʆɧɵɯ ɩɚɧɹɰɰɹʆ  ɉɚɱɧɺɦ ɚɞ ɪɨɡɧɿɰɵ ɩɚɦɿɠ

ɩɚɧɹ ɰɰɹ ɦɿ  ©ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵ  ɧɚɪɨɞª  ɲ ɬɨ ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚɟ

ʆɫɿɯ ɱɚɥɶɰɨʆ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ©ɧɚ

ɪɨɞ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵª  ɭ ɹ ɤɿɦ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɜɵ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɰɶ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ

ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɹɜ ɚɧɵɦ

ɍ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɚɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ©ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɭª ʆɜɺʆ

Ɇɚɪɰɷɥɿ Ƚɚɧɞɷɥɶɫɦɚɧ

 ɚ ɪɚɡɜɿʆ ɿ ɩɚɝɥɵɛɿʆ Ɍɚɞɷɜɭɲ Ʌɷɩɤɨʆɫɤɿ

ɫɬɪɚɬɭ ɹ ɤɨɝɚ ɦɵ ɛɚɥɸɱɚ ɚɞɱɭɜ ɚɟɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ

ȱɞɭɱɵ  ɫɥɟɞɚɦ ɡɚ ɿɯ ɞɭɦɤɚɣ ɩɚɫɩɪɚɛɭɟɦ ɜɵɹ ɜɿɰɶ ɪɵɫɵ ɹ ɤɿɹ

ɜɵɧɿɤɚɸɰɶ  ɫɚ ɫɩɟɰɵɮɿɱɧɵ ɯ ɭɦɨɜɚʆ ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ  ɲɬɨ

ɰɹ ɩɟɪ ɧɚɫ ɰɿɤɚɜ ɹɰɶ

ɋɭɱɚɫɧɵ ɧɚɪɨɞ  ² ɩɿɫɚʆ Ɇ  Ƚɚɧɞɷɥɶɫɦɚɧ ɭ  ɝ  ²

ɧɚɪɚɞɠɚʆɫɹ ʆ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹɦɿ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɵ

Ɂɦɚɝɚɧɧɟ ɡ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɵ ɦ ɥɚɞɚɦ ɪɚɫɩɚɱɚɥɨ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ

ɩɥɟɛɫ  ɩɚɰɹɝɧɭʆɲɵɡɚ ɫɚɛɨɣ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɹɤɨɟ ɡ ɰɹɝɚɦ ɱɚɫɭ ɫɬɚ

ɥɚ ɹɞɪɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ Ƚɷɬɵ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɚɦɹɲɱɚɧɫɤɿ ɧɚɪɨɞ ©ɹɤ

ɧɨɜɵ ɧɨɫɶɛɿɬ ɞɚʆɧɹɟ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɵ ɯɨɰɶ ɚɞɦɟɬɧɚɣ ɿ ɩɚɲɵɪɚɧɚɣ

ɚɞɧɚɤ ɚɛɰɹɠɚɪɚɧɚɣ ɭɫɩɚɦɿɧɚɦɿ ɦɿ ɧɭʆɲɱɵɧɵ ª  ɩɟɪɚɣɦɚɟ ɫɚɛɟ

ʆɫɸ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɸ ɚ ɞɚʆɧɿɹ ɩɚɧɭɸɱɵɹ ɫɥɚɿ ɦɭ

ɫɹɰɶ  ² ɧɟ ɛɟɡ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿɜɭ ² ɩɪɵɡɧɚɰɶ  ɡɞɡɟɣɫɧɟɧɵɹ ɡɦɟɧɵ

ɤɚɛ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɰɶ  ɯɨɰɶ ɛɵ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɚ  ɞɚɦɿɧɭɸɱɭɸ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ

Ƚɷɬɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɪɚɡɜ ɿɰɰɹ   ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜ ɚɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɚɣ

ɦɚɞɷɥɿ  Ƚɚɧɞɷɥɶɫɦɚɧ ɞɚɫɬɚɫɨʆɜɚʆ ɿ ɞɚ ©ɧɟɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɯ ɧɚɪɨ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹɩɚɥɹɤɿɿɿɧɲɵɹɧɚɪɨɞɵ

ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟɅɿɬɜɵ

ɋɩɪɨɛɚɫɿɫɬɷɦɧɚɝɚɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ

333

ɞɚʆª  ɡ ɬɵɦ ɲɬɨ ɬɭɬ  ɩɪɵ ɚɞɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɵ  ɞɚ

ɥɟɣ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵ ɥɨ ɚɞɛɵɰɰɚ ɚɬɚɹ ɫɚɦɥɟɧɧɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ©ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɚɦ

ɦɚɬɷɪɵ ɹ ɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɭɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɚ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿ ɦ ɡ ɹɝɨ ɞɚɝɷɬɭ

ɥɹ ɲɧɹɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɣª

ɍ  ɝ Ɇ Ƚ ɚɧɞɷɥɶɫɦɚɧ ɜɵɫɬɚʆɥɹʆ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɵ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵ

ɪɚɲ ɚɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɫɹ ɥɹɧɫɬɜɚ  Ɍ ɵɦ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ

ɦɚɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɿ ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɿɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɰɵ

ɹ ɣ ² ɩɨɫɬɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɚɸ ɿ  ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧɫɤɚɸ  ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɡɿ

ɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɋɺɧɧɹ  ɡ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɜɵ ɤɚɧɰɚ ;;ɫɬ

ɦɵ ɫɯɿɥɶ ɧɵɹ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɚɤɰɷɧɬɚɜ ɚɰɶ  ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɫɭ

ɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ  əɟ ɞɵɮɟɪɷɧɰɵɹɰɵɹ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɿɥɟɝɥɚɫɰɿ ɚɧɿ

ɧɟ ɜɵ ɤɥɸɱɚɸɰɶ ɩɪɚɰɹ ɝɥɚɫɰɿ  ȿɠɵ ɒɚɰɤɿ  ɬɪɚɩɧɚ ɡɚʆɜɚɠɚɟ

ɲɬɨ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɹ  ɧɚɪɨɞɵ  ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɡɭɸɰɰɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɬɚɣ ɝɪɚ

ɦɚɞɫɤɚɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ɮɿ ɤɚɰɵɹ ɣ ɦɟɥɿ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɸ ©ɩɟɪɚɤɿɞɚɰɶ  ɦɚɫ

ɬɵ  ɩɚɦɿɠ ɤɥɚɫɚɦɿ ʆ ɜɵɝɥɹ ɞɡɟ ɿɞɷɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɹɤ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ ɫɭ

ɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ ɥɸɞɡɟɣª

ɇɚɝɥɹɞɧɵ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ɬɨɟɫɧɚɣ

ɞɥɹ ʆɫɿɯ ɹɟ ɱɚɥɶ ɰɨʆ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɟ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɹ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɚ Ʉɚɥɿ ɡɥɵ ɥɺɫ

ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɹ ʆ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɭɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɟ ɡɚ ɹɟ ɜɹɪ

ɬɚɧɧɟ  ɡɚ ɡɞɚɛɵɰɰɺ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɪɚɛɿɥɚɫɹ ɩɨɜɹɡɡɸ ɹɤɚɹ ɡɥɭ

ɱɚɥɚ ©ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɹ ª ɫɥɚɿ ɡ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ ɇɚɹʆɧɚɫɰɶ ©ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɵɯ

ɫɥɚɺʆª  ɹɤɿɹ ʆ ɱɚɫɵ  ancien regime¶ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵ ɧɚ

ɪɨɞ ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹ ɥɚ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɫɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɰɰɚ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɦɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ Ƚɷɬɵ ɹ

ɫɥɚɿ ɦɟɥɿ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɵ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɞɨɫɜɟɞ ɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɞɚɬɧɵɹ ɜ ɵɥɭ

ɱɵɰɶ  ɡ ɫɹ ɛɟ ɷɥɿ ɬɵ ɡɞɨɥɶɧɵɹ  ɫɮɚɪɦɭɥɹ ɜɚɰɶ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɭɸ

ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɸ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɵ ɫɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɵɹ ɧɚ ɹɟ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚ

ɰɵ ɸ Ɍɚɤ ɫɬɚɹɥɚ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɚ ʆ XIX ɫɬ ɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ ɧɹɝɥɟ

ɞɡɹɱɵ  ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɭ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɍ ɿɧɲɚɣ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɿ ɚɩɵɧɭɥɿɫɹ

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ  ɭɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɿɯ ɧɚɣɚɝɭɥɶɧɟɣ

ɧɚɡɜ ɚɰɶ ɫɹ ɥɹ ɧɫɤɿɦɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦɿ  ɍ ɜ ɵɧɿɤɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɵ ɯ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱ

ɧɵ ɯ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚʆ ɹɧɵ ɫɬɪɚɰɿɥɿ ɫɜɚɟ ɩɚɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɫɥɚɿ ɿ ɧɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɵ ɥɿ

² ɬɭɬ ɝɚɜɨɪɤɚ ɩɪɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɿ  ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ² ɭɥɚɫɧɚɝɚ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧ

ɫɬɜɚ ɿ  ɿ ɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɰɵɿ ɚɠ ɞɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɵ ɝɨɧɭ  Ʉɪɵɯɭ

ɪɚɧɟɣ ɿ ɩɚɿɧɲɚɦɭ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɵ ɧɚ ȸɤɪɚɿ

ɧɟ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɟɧɚɣ ɩɚɦɿɠ Ɋɚɫɿɹɣ ɿ Ⱥʆɫɬɪɵɹ ɣ  Ⱥɥɟ ɩɚʆɫɸɥɶ  ɧɚɰɵ

ɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɸ ɮɚɪɦɭɥɹɜɚɥɚ ɿ ɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɰɵɹ  Ɍɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɿ

ɬɚɞɵ ɤɚɥɿ ɝɷɬɚɹ ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɹ ɫɩɚɫɵ ɥɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɹ ɥɹ ɧɫɬɜ ɚ ɿ ɧɚ ɿɦ

ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɥɚ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ

Ⱦɚ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɹʆ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ɮɿɤɚɰɵ ɿ  ʆɡɵɯɨɞɡɿ ʆ

ɜɹɞɨɦɵ ʆ ɝɚɛɫɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɣ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɿ ɩɚɞɡɟɥ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɧɚ © ɝɿɫɬɚ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹɩɚɥɹɤɿɿɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ

334

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɪɵɱɧɵɹª  ɿ ©ɧɟɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɹª  ɩɚɞɡɟɥ ɞɵɫɤɪɵ ɦɿɧɚɰɵɣɧɵ ʆ ɞɚ

ɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɚɩɨɲɧɿɯ

ɍ ɫɟɬɰɵ ɩɚɧɹɰɰɹʆ ɹɤɿɦɿ  ɦɵ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɟɦɫɹ  ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ©ɧɚ

ɪɨɞɚɦª   naród ɮɿɝɭɪɭɟ ɿ ©ɧɚɰɵɹ ª QDURGRZRĞü Ɂɚʆɜɚɠɵɦ

ɲɬɨ Ɇ Ƚɚɧɞɷɥɶɫɦɚɧɧɟ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɜɚʆ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɚɧɹɰɰɹʆ ɭɠɵ

ɜɚɸɱɵ  ɿɯ promiscue >ɭɩɟɪɚɦɟɠɤɭ@  ɋɹ ɪɨɞ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧ

ɧɹ ʆ ɧɚɰɵɿ ɹ  ɜɵɥɭɱɵ ʆ ɛɵ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɸ Ɋɚɣɦɨɧɚ Ⱥɪɨɧɚ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ

ɡ ɹɤɨɣ ɧɚɰɵɹ  ² ɝɷɬɚ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵʆ ]ELRURZRĞü, ɹɤɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɡɭ

ɟɰɰɚ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɦ ɫɬɵɥɟɦ ɠɵɰɰɹ ɭɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɦɨɜɚɣ ɿ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɚɣ  ɹ ɤɿ

ʆɫɜ ɟɞɚɦɥɹɟ ɫɜɚɸ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɶ ɿ ɠɚɞɚɟ ɹɟ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɰɶ  ɇɚɪɨɞɵ ɠ

² ɝɷɬɚ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɵ ɹɤɿɹ ɡ¶ɹ ʆɥɹɸɰɰɚ ɫɭɛ¶ɟɤɬɚɦɿ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɟ ɞɡɹ ɪ

ɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ

Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ Ɋ Ⱥɪɨɧɚɦ  ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɨɜ ɚɸ ɪɨɡɧɿɰɚɣ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɧɚ

ɪɨɞɚɦ ɿ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɣɫɥɭɠɵɰɶ  ɩɭɧɤɬ ɚɞɥɿɤɭ  ɹɤɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɚ

ɇɹɦɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɛɟɡ ɭɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ

  Ɍ ɚɦɭ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɟ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ² ɚɫɧɨʆɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ  ɇɚ

ɪɨɞ ɬɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ  ² ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɵ ɹɤɚɹ ʆ

ɝɷɬɚɣ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɿ ɦɭɫɿɰɶ ɛɵ ɰɶ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɣ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ

Ƚɷɬɤɚɟ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɧɟ  ɭɥɚɫɰɿɜɚɟ ɞɥɹ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹ ɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ  ɧɟ

ɛɵɥɨ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɿ ȸɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨ

ɩɵ  ɞɡɟ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɲɦɚɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɟɣɲ ɚɸ ɇɟ ɜ ɵɬɪɵɦɥ

ɿɜ ɚɟ ɤɪɵɬɵɤɿ  ɩɨɝɥɹɞ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɹɤɿɦ ɭɫɟ ɧɚɰɵɿ  ɹɤɿɹ ɞɚ ɦɨɦɚɧ

ɬɭ ɩɚɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɰɚɪɫɤɚɣ Ɋɚɫɿɿ ɿ Ⱥʆɫɬɪɚȼɟɧɝɪɵɿ ɛɵɥɿ  ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɟɧɵ

ʆɥɚɫɧɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ  ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ ɦɨɦɚɧɬ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɹ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠ

ɧɚɫɰɿ ɩɟɪɚɬɜɚɪɵɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ Ɂ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ɭɥɚɫɧɚɹ ɞɡɹɪ

ɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɶ ² ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿɤ ɭɡɧɿ ɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɚɡɜɿ ɰɰɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ

Ʉɚɥɿ ɧɚɜ ɚɬ ɭ ɡɦɟɧɥɿɜɵɦ ɛɟɝɭ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɝɷɬɚɹ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ

ɚɤɚɡɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɱɚɧɚɸ  ɬɨ ɮɚɤɬ ɿ ɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ʆɥɚɫɧɚɟ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆ

ɧɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɦɿɧɭɥɵɦ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɧɵ ɡ ɩɪɚɝɚɸ ɹ ɟ ɜɹɪɬɚɧɧɹ  ɛɵʆ ɦɨɰ

ɧɵ ɦ ɮɚɤɬɚɪɚɦ  ɹɤɿ ɰɷɦɟɧɬɚɜɚʆ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɜ ɚʆ

ɹ ɦɭ ɪɵ ɫɵ  ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɉɪɵɤɥɚɞɚɦ ɦɨɝɭɰɶ ɫɥɭɠɵɰɶ ɡɚɯɨɩɥɟɧɵɹ

ɬɭɪɤɚɦɿ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɿɹ  ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ² ɫɟɪɛɵ  ɛɚɥɝɚɪɵ  ɝɪɷɤɿ ɭ ɐɷɧɬ

ɪɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ ² ɜɭɝɨɪɰɵ  ɿ ɱɷɯɿ ɭɪɷɲ ɰɟ  ɧɚ Ɂɚɯɚɞɡɟ ²

ɿɪɥɚɧɞɰɵ

ɉɚʆɫɬɚɟ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɹɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɚɮɚɪɦɥɟɧɧɟ

ʆ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɚʆ  ɹɤɿɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɿ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɿ ɛɨɥɶɲ

ɦɟɧɲ ɞɚʆɝɨɝɚ ɩɟɪɵ ɹɞɭ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ  ɡɞɨɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɮɚɪ

ɦɚɜɚɰɶ  ɹɟ ɿ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɱɵɧɸ Ɍ ɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ  ɫɚ ɫɥɚɜɚɤɚɦɿ

ɥɚɬɵɲɚɦɿ ɿ ɷɫɬɨɧɰɚɦɿ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɚɥɛɚɧɰɚɦɿ Ⱦɭɦɚɸ ɲɬɨ ɝɷ

ɬɵ ɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ɪɚɛɿɥɿɫɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦɿ ɬɚɞɵ ɤɚɥɿ ɿɯ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɫɜ ɹ

335

ɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ ɞɚɫɩɹɜ ɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɰɹ ɥɨɡɭɧɝɚ ɰɿɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɵ ɛɭɞɨɜɵ

ʆɥɚɫɧɚɟ ɧɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ² ɰɿ  ɬɨ ʆ

ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɭɜɟɪɷɧɧɚɟ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɵ ɰɿ ɱɚɥɶ ɰɚ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ ɰɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ

ɚʆɬɚɧɨɦɧɚɣ ɚɞɡɿɧɤɿ ɲɦɚɬɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ 

ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɟ ɬɪɵɜɚɥɚɹ 

ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚ ɫɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɚ  ɡ¶ɹ ɞɧɚɧɚɹ  ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɸ

ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɵ  ɭ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɟ ɦɚɧɚɥɿ ɬɧɚɹ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɦɨɜɵ ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɧɚɫɹ

ɥɹɟ ɰɷɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɸ ɿ ɹɤɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɟ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɟ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ

ɰɷɥɚɟ ² ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɭ  ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɿɦɤɧɟɰɰɚ ɜɹ ɪɧɭɰɶ ɫɬɪɚɱɚɧɭɸ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɭɸ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɶ  ɰɿ ɡɞɚɛɵɰɶ  ɹ ɟ ɧɚɧɚɜɚ  ɲ ɬɨ ɩɪɚ

ɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚɟ ɜɚ ʆɫɿɯ ɜɵ ɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ 

ɧɚɣ ɫɜ ɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɣ ɺɣ ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɿ

 ɒɦɚɬ ɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɹɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ

ɇɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɹ  ɫɜ ɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ  ɰɹ ɩɟɪɚɲɧɿɦ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɫɥɭɠɵɰɶ

ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɚɦ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɣ ɰɿɤɚɜɚɫɰɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ  ɫɚɰɵɺɥɚɝɚʆ ɩɚɥɿ

ɬɨɥɚɝɚʆ

  ɇɚɨɝɭɥ ɥɿ ɱɵɰɰɚ ɲ ɬɨ ɹɧɚ ɧɚɥɟɠɵ ɰɶ ɞɚ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɫɚɰɵ

ɹ ɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɩɫɿɯɚɥɨɝɿɿ ɇɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜ ɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ  ɹɤɚɹ ɚɪɬɵ ɤɭ

ɥɸɟɰɰɚ ɿɧɞɵ ɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɚɛɨ ʆ ɝɪɭɩɚɯ ² ɜɵɪɚɡ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ

ɪɨɞɚ ɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɹ ʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ ʆ ɧɚɣɲ ɵɪɷɣ ɡɪɚɡɭɦɟɬɚɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɤɭɥɶ 

ɬɭɪɵ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɶ ɦɨɜɵ  ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɿ  ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ ɿ ɡɜɵɱɚɹʆ ɿ ʆ

ɫɮɟɪɵ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ ɿ ɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɿ  ȼɵ ɡɧɚɱɚɸɱɵ ɧɚɪɨɞ

ɹ ɤ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɵ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜ ɵ ɦɵ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɺɦ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ 

ɧɭɸ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ ɡɚ ɹɝɨ ɿɞɷɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɟɤɰɵɸ ɚ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ

ɧɭɸ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɭ ² ɡɚ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɹɝɨ ɫɚɦɚɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ

ɉɪɨɫɬɵɹ ʆ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɚɤɚɡɜɚɸɰɰɚ ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɫɤɥɚ

ɞɚɧɟɣɲ ɵɦɿ  ʆ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ ɪɷɱɚɿɫɧɚɫɰɿ ɧɚɲ ɚɝɚ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɭ  ɍɫɟ

ɱɚɬɵɪɵ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɩɪɚ ɹɤɿɹ ɿɞɡɟ ɝɚɜɨɪɤɚ ɭɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ʆ ɦɿ ɧɭɥɵɦ ɭ

ɫɤɥɚɞ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɦɭ ² ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ ɹɤɚɹ ʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ

ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹɝɪɚɮɿɿ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɧɚɡɜ ɭ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ Ⱥɛɨɞɜ ɭɯ

ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆ  ɉɚ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ Ɋɷɱ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɹ  Ɍ ɪɨɯ ɇɚɪɨ

ɞɚʆ ɛɨ ɞɚ ɹɟ ɧɚɥɟɠɚʆ ɿ © ɪɭɫɤɿª  ɧɚɪɨɞ ɹɤɿ ɡ ɰɹɝɚɦɱɚɫɭ ɞɵɮɟ

ɪɷɧɰɵɹɜɚʆɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ɭɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɿ ɧɚ ɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɚʆɫɯɨɞɧɿɯ

ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɹɤɿɹ  ɩɚɫɥɹ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ

ɭɧɿ ɿ ʆɜɚɣɲɥɿ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ɧɚ ɩɚʆɧɨɱɧɚʆɫɯɨɞɧɿɯ

ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɥɿɫɹ  ʆ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɚɣ Ʌɿɬɜɵ

ɍ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɟ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɵɹ  ɿ ɪɚɫ

ɰɹ ɝɧɭɬɵɹ ʆ ɱɚɫɟ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɵ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɚɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɰɵɿ ɜɟɪɯɧɿɯ ɫɥɚɺʆ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹɩɚɥɹɤɿɿɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ

336

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜ ɚ ² ɹ ɤ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ɪɭɫɿɧɚʆ ² ɩɪɵ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɿ

ɩɚɱɭɰɰɹ ɿɯ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɚɟ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɟ ɬɨɟɫɧɚɫɰɿ  ɍ ɜ ɵɧɿ ɤɭ ɧɚɣɦɟɧ

ɧɟɦ © ɥɿ ɬɜɿɧª  ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɿ ɧɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɡɚ

ɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ ɹɝɨ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɦɨʆɧɚɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɟ ɩɪɵ

ɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɍ ɝɷɬɵ ɦ ɤɚɧɬɷɤɫɰɟ ʆ XVII–XIX ɫɬ  ɭɠɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ

ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ © ɥɿɬɜɿɧª ² ©ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵª  ɉɚɪɚɥɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɡ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɬɷɪɦɿɧ

©ɩɚɥɹɤª  ɭ XVIɫɬ  ɜɵɪɚɡɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɿɥɟɝɥɵ © ɥɿɬɨʆɰɭª ɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩ

ɧɵ ɹ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɿ ɪɚɛɿʆɫɹ ɫɿɧɨɧɿɦɚɦ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɿɧɚ ʆɫɹɟ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫ

ɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ  ɋɿɬɭɚɰɵɹ ɹɲɱɷ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɭɫɤɥɚɞɧɿɥɚɫɹ ʆ ;,; ɫɬ  ɤɚɥɿ

ɩɚɥɚɧɿ ɡɚɰɵɣɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɵ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ Ʌɿɬɜ ɟ ɬɨ ɛɨɤ ɭ ɷɬ

ɧɿ ɱɧɚɣɅɿɬɜɟ ɿ Ȼ ɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɜɚ ʆɦɨɜɚɯ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɣ ɧɹ

ɜɨɥɿ ² ɧɚɫɭɩɟɪɚɤ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɰɵ ɪɚɫɟɣɫɤɚɝɚ ɡɚɯɨɩɧɿɤɚ ɇɚ ɝɷɬɵ

ɜɟɤ ɩɪɵɩɚɥɚ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɜ ɚɤɨɥ ȼɿɥɶ ɧɿ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɵɫɬɚɣ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ

ɦɨʆɧɚɣ ɜɵɫɩɵ  ɷɥɿɩɫɚɿɞɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɿ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɟɧɲɵɯ ɚɧɤɥɚ

ɜɚʆ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ² ɜ ɚɤɨɥ Ʉɨʆɧɚ  ɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ² ɧɚ ɩɨʆɞɡɟɧɶ  ɚɞ

Ⱦɡɜɿɧɵ  ɭ ɪɚɺɧɟ ȿɡɹɪɨɫɵ .

ɇɟ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ ɹ ɲɱɷ ɜɵɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɿ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ  ɲ ɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ

ɩɚɫɥɹ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɚʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɫɰɶ   ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜ ɚɧɚɹ  ɪɚɧɟɣ ɭ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɿɦ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɦ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɤɿɦɿɩɚɥɚɰɚɦɿ  ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɿɦɿ ɞɜɚɪɚɦɿ  ɿ

ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɚ ² ɡɚɫɰɟɧɤɚɦɿ ɞɵ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɚɣ ɦɹɲ ɱɚɧ

ɫɬɜɚ  ɡɧɚɣɲ ɥɚ ɚɩɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɜ ɺɫɰɵ

  ɚ ɤɧɿɝɿ Ɇɿɰɤɟɜɿɱɚ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ

ɹɝɨ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɟɦ  ©ɬɪɚɩɿɥɿ ɩɚɞ ɫɬɪɷɯɿª  Ɍ ɭɬ ɦɭɫɿʆ ɛɵ ɰɶ ɧɟɦɚɥɵ

ʆɩɥɵ ʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɦɨʆɧɚɝɚ ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚ ʆ ɩɟɪɲ ɵɦ

ɬɪɵɰɰɚɰɿɝɨɞɞɡɿ XIX ɫɬ  ɿ ɹɝɨ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɚɟ ɚɩɚɫɪɨɞɤɚɜɚɧɚɟ ʆɡɞɡɟ

ɹ ɧɧɟ ɩɪɚɡ ɞɚʆɧɟɣɲ ɵ ɯ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɜɵ ɯɚɜɚɧɰɚʆ  ɇɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɭɸ

ɪɨɥɸ ɚɞɵɝɪɚʆ ɿ ɬɨɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɲɬɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ  ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚ

ɧɟɣ ɿ ɦɚɰɧɟɣ ɤɪɵ ɲɬɚɥɿɡɚɜɚɧɚɸ  ɭɡɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɸɱɵ ɹɤ ɛɵ ɚɩɟ

ɪɚɞɠɚɥɶ ɧɚ ɧɚ ɚɫɹ ɪɨɞɞɡɿ ɹɤɿɹ ɞɚɫɩɹɜ ɚɥɿ ɞɚ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɰɹ ɫɭɱɚɫ

ɧɚɟ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɿ

Ɍ ɪɷɛɚ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɰɶ ɲɬɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɞɨ

ɦɚɫɰɶ ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɣ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɧɚ ɚɞ

ɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɧɰɟ ɿ ʆ ɚɞɧɵɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɚ ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɞɡɟ ɛɚɥɶ

ɲɵɧɹ ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɚɤɪɚɦɹ ɤɚɥɚ

ɧɿ ɡɚɜɚɧɚɝɚ ɉɚɞɥɹɲɲɚ ɿ ɧɟɜ ɹɥɿɤɚɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ ȼ ɹɥɿ

ɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ² ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɿɦ ɝɪɭɧɰɟ ɿ ʆ ɞɪɭɝɿɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ

ɉɚɥɹɤɿ ɿ  ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɚɦɿ ɲɬɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɚɞɧɭ ɡ

ɪɵɫɚʆ ɿɯ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɚɞɦɟɬɧɚɫɰɿ  ɋɤɥɚɞɚɧɟɣɲɵɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɬɚ

ɧɨɜ ɿɲɱɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɭ ɛɚɥɶɲ ɵɧɿ  ɫɜɚɺɣ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɫɥɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɹɤɨɟ ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɭ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɯ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɚɯ ɿ ʆ ɰɷɧɬɪɵ Ɇɟɧɲ

ɱɵɧɚ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚ ɜɹɥɿɤɿ ɩɪɚɰɷɧɬ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɚɛɪɚɞɭ

337

Ƚɷɬɵ  ɮɚɤɬ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɚɝɚ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɭ  ɹ ɤɿ

ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ɧɟ ɛɵʆ ɪɚɫɩɚɡɧɚɧɵ ɧɚɜɭɤɚɣ ɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɟɛɭɞɡɶ ɝɥɵɛɨ

ɤɚ  ɇɚɣɚɝɭɥɶɧɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɲ ɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɚ ʆ ɹɝɨ ɚɫɧɨɜ ɟ

ɥɹ ɠɚʆ ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɦɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɚ ɡɚɬɵɦ ɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɝɚ ɡɛɟɥɚɪɭɲɜɚɧɧɹ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɹɫɤɨɜɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɭɠɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɝɚ  ɹɤɨɟ ɠɵ ɥɨ

ɧɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵ ɦɩɚɦɟɠɠɵ ʆ XV–XVII ɫɬ  ɇɚ

ɫɬɭɩɧɚɹ  ɯɜ ɚɥɹ ² ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞ ɭ ɪɵ ɦɚɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿ ɤɚɫɰɺɥ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫ

ɤɚɝɚ ɭɧɿɹɰɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿ ɰɬɜɚ ɹɤɨɟ ɛɚɪɚɧɿɥɚɫɹ  ɚɞ ɩɪɵ ɦɭɫɨɜɚ

ɝɚ ɩɟɪɚɜɨɞɭ ʆ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɟ  ɲɬɨ ɩɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ ɹɲɱɷ ɞɚɝ  ɤɚɥɿ

ɚɞɛɵɥɚɫɹ ɚɮɿɰɵ ɣɧɚɹ ɥɿɤɜ ɿɞɚɰɵɹ  ɭɧɿ ɿ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɿ

ɩɪɚɜɚɛɹɪɷɠɧɚɣ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɵ

 ɇɚɪɷɲɰɟ  ɬɪɷɰɹɹ ɯɜɚɥɹ  ² ɩɟɪɚɯɨ

ɞɵ ɹɤɿɹ ɚɞɛɵɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɜɵɞɚɧɧɹ ʆ  ɝ ɭɤɚɡɭ ɚɛ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɡɟ

ɫɭɦɥɟɧɧɹ  ɹ ɤɿ ɞɚʆ ɦɚɝɱɵ ɦɚɫɰɶ ɡɦɹ ɧɹ ɰɶ ɜɵɡɧɚɧɧɟ ɡ ɩɪɚɜɚɫ

ɥɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɧɚ ɿɧɲɚɟ  Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɫɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɥɿɫɹ  ɬɵɹ ɝɪɭɩɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧ

ɿɰɬɜɚ ɭ ɹɤɿɯ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɹ  ɭɧɿɿ ɚɞɡɟɧɿɞɡɟ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞɵ

ɦɟɥɿ ɦɚɫɚɜɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ  ɹɤ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ  ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ Ɇɟɥɶ ɯɿɺɪ

ȼɚɧɶɤɨɜ ɿɱ ɭ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɚʆɬɚɛɿɹ ɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɚɣ ɚɩɨɜɟɫɰɿ ©6]F]HQLĊF]H ODWD»

© ɒɱɚɧɹɱɵɹ  ɝɚɞɵª 

ɇɚɥɟɠɵ ɰɶ  ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɵɹ  ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɛɚɰɵɿ

² ɜ ɵɧɿɤ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɡɚɯɨɩɧɿɤɚ ɯɚɰɹ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɬɵ ɦ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɵ ɜɵ

ɤɥɿɤɚɧɵɹ  Ȼ ɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɹɣ  ɝ  ɧɟ ɩɚɪɭɲɚɥɿ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵɦ

ɱɵɧɚɦ ɡɝɨɞɧɚɝɚ  ɧɚɜɚɬ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɩɪɵɹɡɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɠɵ ɰɰɹ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ

ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɿ ɭɧɿɹɬɚʆ  ɲ ɬɨ ɜ ɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɵ ɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɡ

ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɚʆ ɿ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɧɧɹ ʆ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɦɟɥɚ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ʆ

ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɦɿɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ ɫɭɠɵɰɰɹ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦɿ ɛɵ

ɥɨɝɚ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ  ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɬɚɦɭ  ɲɬɨ  ɩɪɵɧɚɦɫɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɨ

ɜɚ  ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɵ ɩɥɸɪɚɥɿɡɦ ɚɞɩɚɜɹɞɚʆ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɞɵɮɟɪɷɧ

ɰɵɹ ɰɵɿ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ȼɵ ɧɿɤɚɥɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɿ ɡ ɬɚɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɚɞɦɟɬɧɚɹ

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ  ɫɜ ɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ ɧɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ  ² ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɚ ʆ

ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ² ɧɚ ɪɨɡɧɵ ɦ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɦ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɿ  Ƚɷɬɚ

ɡɛɥɿɠɚɥɚ ɜɹ ɫɤɨɜɚɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ  ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɫɚ ɡɜɵɱɚɺɜɚɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ

Ⱥɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɿ ʆ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɟ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ

ɚɩɨɪɭ ʆ ɦɨʆɧɚɣ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ ɛɨ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ  ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɡ

ɜɵɲ ɷɣɲɵ ɯ ɫɥɚɺʆ  ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɯ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜ ɚ ɛɵɥɚ ² ɹ ɤ

ɫɜ ɟɞɱɚɰɶ ɞɡɺɧɧɿ ɤɿ ȼɚɥɹ ɪ¶ɹ ɧɚ Ɇɟɣɲ ɬɨɜɿɱɚ ɭɫɩɚɦɿɧɵ Ɇɟɥɶ ɯɿɺ

ɪɚ ȼɚɧɶɤɨɜɿɱɚ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ ² ɞɡɜɸɯɦɨʆɧɚɸ  ɚ ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɜɹ ɫɤɨɜɚɝɚ

ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɹɤ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ  Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɲɚɤ ɋ ɹɥɿ ɰɤɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ

ɧɿɰɬɜ ɚ  ɹɤɨɟ ɞɷɤɥɚɪɚɜ ɚɥɚ ɫɹ ɛɟ ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦɿ ɝɚɜ ɚɪɵ ɥɚ ɩɚɛɟɥɚ

ɪɭɫɤɭ

ȱɧɲɚɸ  ɱɵɦ ɭ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ  ɛɵɥɚ ʆ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚʆ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ² ɝɚ

ɜɨɪɤɚ ɬɭɬ ɩɪɚ ɲɥɹɯɬɭ ɿ ɿɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɰɵɸ ² ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɵ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹɩɚɥɹɤɿɿɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ

338

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɰɵɹ   ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɫɩɚɫɵ ɥɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɧɚ ɦɿ ɧɭʆɲɱɵ ɧɭ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ȼɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɚ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ ɩɚɥɹɤɿ ɜɵɫɨʆɜɚɥɿ ɧɚ

ɩɟɪɲɵ ɩɥɚɧ ɭ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɦɿɧɭʆɲɱɵɧɟ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɸ ɭɧɿɿ ɩɨɜɹ ɡɶ ȼɹɥɿ

ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɡ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɚɸ  ɩɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ ɚɞ ɯɪɵɲɱɷɧɧɹ Ʌ ɿɬɜɵ

ɡɞɡɟɣɫɧɟɧɚɝɚ ɍɥɚɞɵɫɥɚɜ ɚɦ əɝɚɣɥɚɦ  ɤɚɥɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚ ɫɜɹ 

ɞɨɦɵɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɵ ʆɫɯɜɚɥɹɥɿ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ  ȼɿɬɚʆɬɚ ʆ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɭ ɫɚɦɚɫ

ɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɚ ɞɚɥɟɣ ² ɭɫɿ ɯ ɬɵɯ ɯɬɨ ɩɪɚɰɹ ɝ

ɜɚʆ ɝɷɬɭɸ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɸ Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɩɪɵɜɹɡɚɧɚɫɰɶ ɞɚ ɦɿɧɭʆɲ

ɱɵɧɵ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɜɚɥɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ

ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ ɚɞ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ

Ɍɪɷɛɚ ɬɭɬ ɭɡɝɚɞɚɰɶ ɹ ɲɱɷ ɚɞɧɭ ɡ¶ ɹɜɭ ɡ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ Ʌ ɿɬɜɵ Ƚ ɷɬɚ ɿ ɫɧɚɜɚɧ

ɧɟ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɡ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɛɚɥɶ ɲɵɧɺɣ ɝ ɡɜ  ɬɭɬɷɣ

ɲɵɯ  ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɫɹɥɹ ɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɡ ɧɟɞɚɤɥɚɞ

ɧɚɣ ɧɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɸ  ɹɤɚɹ  ɚɫɰɵ ɥɹ ɜ ɚɥɚ ɩɚɦɿɠ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɫɰɸ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɰɿ  ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɪɚɞɡɟɣ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɵ

ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɸ ɍ © ɬɭɬɷɣɲɵɯª ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɛɚɱɵɥɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿ

ɩɪɵɦɿɬɵɜɿ ɡɦ ɹɤɿ ɹɲɱɷ ɧɟ ɞɚɪɨɫ ɞɚ ʆɫɜ ɟɞɚɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɜɚɟ ɧɚɰɵ

ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɩɪɵ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɭɝɥɟɞɡɟɰɶ ɭ © ɬɭɬɷɣ

ɲɚɫɰɿª  ɿ ɫɩɟɰɵɮɿɱɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɚ ɦɟɧɚɜ ɿɬɚ ² ɦɟɫ

ɬɚɱɤɨɜɭɸ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ   ɇɚ ɜ ɺɫɰɵ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɟ

ɫɭɬɵɤɚɥɿɫɹ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ ɦɨɜɵ ɜɵɡɧɚɧɧɿ ɭɩɥɵɜɵ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ

ɝɷɬɚ ɧɚɛɵ ɜɚɥɚ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɚɞɦɨɜ ɵ ɜɵɤɚɡɜɚɰɰɚ ɡɚ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɛɨɤ  ɧɟɠɚ

ɞɚɧɧɹ ɞɷɤɥɚɪɚɜɚɰɶ ɚɛ ɜɵɛɚɪɵ  ɩɚɬɪɷɛɵ  ʆ ɹɤɿɦ ɧɟ ɚɞɱɭɜɚɥɚ

ɫɹ

1 2

 ɿ ɹɤɿ ɛɭɪɵ ʆ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɣɧɵɹ  ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɭɠɵɰɰɹ ɿ ɤɚɦɭɧɿɤɚ

ɰɵ ɿ  ɧɚɪɚɞɠɚɸɱɵ ɧɨɜɵɹ  ɱɚɫɚɦ ɥɟɞɡɶ  ɚɞɱɭɜɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤ

ɬɵ ɿ ɧɚɩɪɭɠɚɧɧɿ

ɍ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɫɹɪɨɞɞɡɹɯ ɚɣɱɵɧɧɚɣ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɬɵ ɿ ɩɚɲɥɹɯɟɰ

ɤɚɣ ɿɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɰɵɿ ©ɬɭɬɷɣɲɚɫɰɶª  ² ɭ ɫɷɧɫɟ ɩɪɵɦɚɬɭ ɪɷɝɿɹɧɚɥɶ

ɧɚɝɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ ² ɦɟɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɣ ɚɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɚɣ

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ  ɹɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɿɫɬɚʆɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɹ

ɫɜ ɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ ȼ ɹɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵ ɹ ɹɤɚɹ ɩɪɚ

ɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚɥɚ ɫɭɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɪɚɡɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚʆ  ɩɚɹɞɧɚɧɵɯ

ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɸ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ ɦɿɧɭʆɲɱɵɧɵ 

ȱɞɷɹ ɭɧɿɿ ʆ ɫɷɧɫɟ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɚɣ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɵ  ɿ ȼ ɹ

ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɜɚɸ ɠɵ ɜɭɱɚɫɰɶ ɿ ʆ ɩɚɪɭ Ⱥɫɜɟɬɧɿ

ɰɬɜɚ  ɉɪɨɰɿ ɫɬɚʆɥɹɸɱɵɫɹ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɩɚɦɤɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɛɚɥɶ 

ɲɵɧɿ  ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɚʆ  Ʌɿɬɜɚ ɚɛɚɪɚɧɿɥɚ ɮɟɞɷɪɚ

ɰɵɣɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɡɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɚɣ ɧɚ ɑ ɚɬɵɪɨɯɝɚɞɨɜɵ ɦ ɋ ɨɣɦɟ

Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɿ ʆɪɷɲɰɟ ɧɚɞɚɥɚ ɹɦɭ ɜɚ ȸɡɚɟɦɧɵɯ Ɂɚɪɭɱɵ 

339

ɧɚɯ Ⱥɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɣɧɭɸ ɫɚɧɤɰɵ ɸ  Ⱥɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ

ɝɷɬɚ ² ɧɚɫɭɩɟɪɚɤ ɩɚɲɵ ɪɚɧɚɦɭ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɲ ɬɨ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ

 ɦɚɹ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɠɵɰɰɹ ɦɚɧɚɥɿɬɧɭɸ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɜɚɧɭɸ ɞɡɹɪ

ɠɚɜɭ ² ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɫɭɛ¶ɟɤɬɧɚɫɰɿ ȼɹ ɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ

 Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚ

ɫɨɜ ɚ ɞɡɟɥɹ ɜ ɨɪɚɝɚ  ɹɤɿ ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚʆ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɜɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ

ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɡɛɥɿɠɷɧɧɟ  ɧɚɤɥɚɞɚ

ɸɱɵɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɟɣɲɵɹ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɵɹ ʆɩɥɵ ɜɵ ɿ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɧɟ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɵ ɹ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɵ  ɤɚɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ   ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ

ɦɹɲɱɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɚ ʆɫɺɣ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ȼɵɪɚɡɚɦ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɡ¶ ɹɜɚʆ

ɭ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɮɚɪɦɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɡ ɤɚɧɰɚ XVIII ɫɬ

ɞɜɭɯɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɣ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ  ɒɵɪɷɣɲɵ ʆɡɪɨ

ɜɟɧɶ ɚɯɨɩɥɿ ɜɚʆ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ɭɫɹ ɟ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ² ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ

ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɚɟ ɬɷɪɦɿɧɚɥɨɝɿɿ  ɇɚ ɞɪɭɝɿɦ ɭɡɪɨʆɧɿ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿ

ɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɠɵɯɚɪɵ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ² ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɹ Koroni arzy ² ɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚ

ɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ² ɥɿɬɨʆɰɵ ɉɚɞɡɟɥ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɿ  ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɦɟʆ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ  ɚ ɧɟ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɦɨʆɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ  Ⱥɞɧɵ ɿ

ɞɪɭɝɿɹ ɪɚɡɚɦɭɬɜ ɚɪɚɥɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ  ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɿ  ɩɨ

ɬɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɚɦɹɲ ɱɚɧɫɤɿ   ɉɚɞɨɛɧɚ ʆ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɟ

ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚɦɿ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɿ ɠɵ ɯɚɪɨʆ ɹɤ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɬɚɤ ɿ ɛɟɥɚ

ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹ ʆ

ɇɚ ɞɜɭɯɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɫɰɶ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɫɜ ɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɝɪɚɦɚ

ɞɡɹɧ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɧɚ ɚɩɨɲ ɧɿɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɹɟ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ  ʆ ɩɟ

ɪɵɹɞ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɜɵɡɜ ɚɥɟɧɱɵɯ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɡɜ ɹɪɧɭʆ ɭɜɚɝɭ

ȸɥɚɞɵɫɥɚʆ ȼɹɥɶ ɝɨɪɫɤɿ

 ɉɚɞɚɦɨ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɿɦ ɧɟɤɚɥɶ ɤɿ ɤɪɚɫɚ

ɦɨʆɧɵɯ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɚʆ

ɍ ɱɚɫɵ Ʉɚɫɰɸɲɤɚɜɚɝɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ  ɇɚɣɜ ɵɲɷɣɲɚɹ  Ɋɚɞɚ

Ʌɿɬɜɵ  ɡɜɹ ɪɬɚɸɱɵɫɹ  ɞɚ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ȼɹɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ʆ ɦɚɧɿ

ɮɟɫɰɟ ɚɞ  ɬɪɚʆɧɹ  ɝ  ɬɚɤ ɡɚɤɥɿɤɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɚɬɪɵ ɹɬɵɱɧɵɯ

ɩɚɱɭɰɰɹ ʆ  ɭ ɿɦɹ ɹ ɤ ɲɵɪɷɣɲɚɣ ɬɚɤ ɿ ɜɭɡɟɣɲɚɣ Ⱥɣɱɵɧɵ

ɇɚɪɨɞ ɡ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɚɝɚ ɹ ɪɦɚ ɧɹ ɜɨɥɿ  ɡɪɚɛɿ ʆ ɤɪɚɤɚʆɫɤɭɸ ɡɹ ɦɥɸ

ɤɚɥɵɫɤɚɸ ɧɨɜɚɟ ɜɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ ɿ ɜɨɫɶ  ɫɩɚɫɥɚʆ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɭɸ

ɫɜ ɹɬɭɸ ɡɹɦɥɸ ɧɚɲɚɝɚ ɫɭɚɣɱɵɧɧɿɤɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɿɧɚ Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ« Ɍ ɚ

ɞɷɜɭɲɚ Ʉɚɫɰɸɲɤɭ ɑ ɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɝɷɬɵ« ɭɞɵɯɧɭʆ ɩɚɜɟʆ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɚɞ

ɜɚɝɿ ʆ ɞɭɲɵ ɡɦɚɝɚɪɧɵ ɯ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ  ə ɦɭ ɦɵ ʆɞɡɹ ɱɧɵ ɹ ɧɚɲɚɣ

Ⱥɣɱɵɧɚɣ əɦɭ ɦɵ ʆɞɡɹɱɧɵɹ  ɜɹ ɪɬɚɧɧɟɦ ɧɚɲɚɟ ɫɥɚɜɵ ɩɚɥɹ 

ɤɚʆª

Ⱦɜɭɯɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɜɚɫɰɶ  ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿ

ɥɚ ɚɩɨɪɭ ʆ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵ ɿ ɪɚɦɚɧɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ  ɭ ɬɪɚɞɵ ɰɵɿ

ɮɿɥɚɦɚɬɚʆ ɿ ɮɿɥɚɪɷɬɚʆ  Ⱥɞɚɦ Ɇɿɰɤɟɜɿɱ ² ɚʆɬɚɪ ɚɩɚɫɬɪɨɮɵ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹɩɚɥɹɤɿɿɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ

340

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɧɵ  əɧɤɟɥɹ  ɫɥɨɜɵ  ɹɤɿɹ ɬɨɣ ɚɞɪɚɫɚɜɚʆ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɭ əɧɭ Ƚɟɧɪɵ ɤɭ

Ⱦɚɦɛɪɨʆɫɤɚɦɭ

-HQHUDO H U]HNá  &LHELH GáXJR / LWZD QDV]D

&]HNDáD ² GáXJR  MDN P\ ĩ\G]L 0HV\MDV]D

ĩ\M LZRMXM R 7\ QDV] « 0RZLąF FLąJOH V]ORFKDá

ĩ\G SRF]FLZ\ 2MF]\]QĊ MDNR 3RODN NRFKDá

(ɤɧɿɝɚ XII)

ɬɨɟ ɲɬɨ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɡɚɜɭɰɶ  ɍɥɚɞɵɫɥɚʆ ɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ² ȼɿɬɚʆɬ? ɉɪɨ

ɡɜɿɲɱɚ ʆ ɿɯ ɚɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɡɜɿɲɱɚ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚʆª  Ɍ ɭɬ ɦɚɟɦ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɟ ɡ

ɲɬɨ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ  ɩɪɚ ɚɫɿɦɿɥɹ ɰɵ ɣɧɵ ʆɩɥɵʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ  ɿ

ɩɪɚɠɵɜɭɱɚɫɰɶ  ɿ ɞɷɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɩɨɜɹ ɡɿ  ɲɬɨ ɡɥɭɱɚɥɚ Ʉɚɪɨɧɭ ɿ

Ʌɿɬɜɭ

 Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɭɧɿɣɧɚɹ  ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ ²ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɞɨ

ɦɚɫɰɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɨɜɚ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɚɸ ɚɞ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɣ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶ 

ɧɚɣ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ

Ɂɝɚɞɚɣɦɚ ɱɚɪɝɨɜɵ ɚɞɦɨʆɧɵ ɩɪɵ ɤɥɚɞ ɡ ɱɚɫɨʆ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ

 ɝ ɤɚɥɿ ȼ ɵɤɚɧɚʆɱɵ ɚɞɞɡɟɥ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɜɵɞɚʆ 

ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ  ɝ  ɦɚɧɿɮɟɫɬ ɭ ɹ ɤɿɦ ɱɵɬɚɟɦ

«ɋɭɚɣɱɵɧɧɿɤɿ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɿ  ɧɚɪɨɞ ɩɚʆɫɬɚʆ  ɤɚɛ ɫɤɿɧɭɰɶ ɝɚ

ɧɟɛɧɚɟ ɹɪɦɨ« ȼ ɵɤɚɧɚʆɱɵ ɚɞɞɡɟɥ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɞɡɟɣ

ɧɿɱɚɸɱɵ  ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɚ ɇɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ȸɪɚɞɭ  ɡɚɤɥɿɤɚɟ

ɧɚɲɵɯ ɛɪɚɬɨʆ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɰɶ ɧɟɩɚ

ɞɡɟɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɰɷɥɚɟ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɚɣ ɡ¶ɹ ɞɧɚɰɶ ɭɫɟ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɫɿ ɥɵ

ɜɚɤɨɥ ɲ ɬɚɧɞɚɪɭ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ  Ⱥɞɧɚ ɦɷɬɚ ɹɞɧɚɟ ʆɫɿɯ ɧɚɫ ɜɵɡ

ɜɚɥɟɧɧɟ Ⱥɣɱɵɧɵ ɋɭɚɣɱɵɧɧɿɤɿ ʆɫɿɯ ɜɵɡɧɚɧɧɹʆ ɿ ɤɥɚɫɚʆ ɛɪɚ

ɬɵ  Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ« Ⱦɚ ʆɫɿɯ ɭ ɤɿɦ ɛ¶ ɟɰɰɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ ɫɷɪɰɚ

ɤɥɿɱɚɦ ɭɩɟɪɚɞ ɩɚɞ ɲɬɚɧɞɚɪ Ȼɟɥɚɝɚ Ⱥɪɥɚ ɿ ɉɚɝɨɧɿª

1 7

Ɍ ɭɬ ɦɵ ɦɚɟɦ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɿ ɡɚɤɥɿɤɿ  ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɡɜɹ ɪɬɚɸɰɰɚ ɞɚ

ɩɚɬɪɵɹɬɵ ɡɦɭ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɭɡɪɨʆɧɹʆ ɉɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɵ ɡɜɚɪɨɬ ɞɚ ɷɬ

ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆª  ɚɥɟ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɦɨɰɧɚ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɚ ɧɟ

ɩɚɞɡɟɥɶ ɧɚɹ ɟɞɧɚɫɰɶ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ ɡ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɸ  ɉɚʆɫɬɚɧ

ɰɚʆ ɤɥɿɱɭɰɶ ɩɚɞ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɵ ɡɧɚɤ ² Ȼɟɥɚɝɚ Ⱥɪɥɚ ɿ ɉɚɝɨɧɿ Ƚɷɬɚ

ɫɬɚɥɚɫɹ  ʆɠɨ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɬɚɝɨ  ɹɤ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟɦ ɭɡɹ ɥɿ ɧɚ

341

ɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɿɰɤɿɦ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɚɫɹ ɪɨɞɞɡɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɦɚɰɧɟɣ

ɉɟɪɚɞ ɜɵɛɭɯɚɦ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ   ɝ ɡɦɨʆɧɿ ɰɤɚɹ  ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ

ɲɬɨ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɚ ʆ Ʌɿɬɜɟ  ɭɜɨɝɭɥɟ ɚɞɦɚʆɥɹɥɚɫɹ  ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɜ ɚɰɶ

ɜɵɲ ɷɣɲɚɫɰɶ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɤɚɦɿɬɷɬɭ ɐɇɄ

Ⱥɩɿɫɜɚɸɱɵ ɯɨɞ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɜ ɚʆ ɷɦɿɫɚɪɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɣɧɚɝɚ

ɤɚɦɿɬɷɬɭ ɗɞɦɭɧɞɚ ȼɹɪɵɝɿ ʆ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ ɋɬɷɮɚɧ Ʉɹ ɧɟɜ ɿɱ  ɡɚʆɜɚ

ɤɚɬɷɝɨɪɵ ɹɯ ɞɚ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɚʆ ɹɤ ɪɷɯɚ ɞɚʆɧɿɯ ɫɩɪɷɱɚɤ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɡ Ʉ ɚ

ɪɨɧɚɸ ɡɚ ɚɝɚɜ ɨɪɚɧɭɸ ʆ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɭɧɿɿ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɶ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ

ɫɬɜɚª

 ȼ ɨɫɶ ɠɚ ɭ ɫɜ ɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɚʆ ɧɚɡɟɦɥɹɯ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɟɞɧɚɫɰɶ ɭ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɜɨɪɚɝɚɦ ɧɟ ɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɚɞɦɨɜ ɵ ɚɞ

ɭɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɫɭɛ¶ ɟɤɬɧɚɫɰɿ  ɇɚɚɞɜɚɪɨɬ ɭ ɺɣ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿʆ

ɜɵɪɚɡ ɤɥɨɩɚɬ ɚɛ ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɧɧɿ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɹʆ ɿ ʆ ɫɭ

ɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɛɿɬɜɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɭ

ɇɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ɦɿɧɭɥɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ  ɦɚɥɚɞɚɹ

ɿɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɰɵɹ ɡɧɚɞ ɇɺɦɧɚ ɿ Ⱦɡɜɿɧɵ ɡɚɫɬɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɩɚɞ ɭɩɥɵɜɚɦ

ɧɚɪɨɞɧɿɰɤɿɯ ɿɞɷɹʆ ɿɦɤɧɭɱɵɫɹ ɞɚ ɿɞɷɧɬɵɮɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɡ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ

ɭɫɜ ɟɞɚɦɥɹ ɥɚ ɫɜɚɸ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɶ  ɚɞ ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ ɡ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ Ʉɚɲɬɨʆ

ɧɚɣ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɣ ɬɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɚɰɶ ɭɫɩɚɦɿɧɵ Ȼɚɥɹ ɫɥɚɜɚ Ʌɿɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɚ

ɝɚ ɹɤɿ ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ ɡɚɹʆɥɹ ʆ ɩɪɚ ɫɹɛɟ ɹɤ ɩɪɚ ɠɵɯɚɪɚ ȱɧɮɥɹɧɬɚʆ

ɞɚɥɟɣ ɹɤ ɩɪɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚ ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ  ɹɤ ɩɪɚ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚ ɉɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɸ

ɱɵɫɬɚɧ ɪɨɡɭɦɚʆ ɧɚ ɫɯɿɥɟɩɹɰɿɞɡɟɫɹ ɬɵɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ Ʌɿɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɿ ɩɿɫɚʆ

Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ ɪɭɩɿɥɚ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɬɨɟ ɤɚɛ Ʌɿɬɜɚ ʆɡɝɚɞɧɿɥɚ ɫɜɚɟ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɿ

ɡ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɹɦɿ Ʉ ɚɧɝɪɷɫɚɜɚɣ ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɵ  >«@ ɉɚɦɵ ɥɤɨɜɚ ɚɞɧɚɤ

ɝɷɬɚɟ ɧɚɲɚɟ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɧɧɟ ɞɚ ɡ¶ɹ ɞɧɚɧɧɹ  Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɡ Ʉ ɚɧɝɪɷɫɚɜ ɚɣ

ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɸ ɚɰɷɧɶ ɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɹɤ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿɫɬɵ ɱɧɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ

ɧɿɰɤɚɟ ɿ ɦɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ  ɜ ɵ ɤɥɸɱɧɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɿ ɋɚ

ɩɪɚʆɞɵ  ɦɵ  ɠɚɞɚɥɿ ɜ ɹ ɪɬɚɧɧɹ  Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ʆ ɹɟ ɞɚʆɧɿɯ

ɦɟɠɚɯ ɚɥɟ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɩɟɪɚɤɚɧɚɧɧɹʆ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵ ɦɿ ɪɷɫ

ɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɧɰɚɦɿ ɿ  ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɯɚɰɟɥɿ  ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɵɰɶ ɩɪɚɜɵ ʆɫɿɦ ɧɚ

ɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɹɦ  ɲ ɬɨ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ʆ ɹɟ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɚɥɟ ɹ ɤ ɧɚɪɨɞ

ɩɚɞɬɪɵ ɦɥɿɜɚɥɿ ɩɚɱɭɰɰɺ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɫɹɪɨɞ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ  ɹ ɤɨɟ ɹɤɪɚɡ ɚɛɭɞɠɚɥɚɫɹ  Ʉ ɚɠɭɱɵ

ɧɭɸ ɇɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɱɚɫɬɵɦ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɚɦ ɪɚɡɜɚɝ

ɫɹɪɨɞ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿ ɬɷɰɤɚɣ ɦɨɥɚɞɡɿ ɿ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɚɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɚ ʆ

ɧɚɲɵɯ ɩɟɪɚɤɚɧɚɧɧɹɯª

Ƚɷɬɚ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ  ɤɚɥɿ ɪɚɞɵɤɚɥ Ʉɚɫɬɭɫɶ  Ʉ ɚɥɿ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹɩɚɥɹɤɿɿɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɵɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ