Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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162

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ Ɇɟɬɪɵɤɿ

  ɇɟ ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɟɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɞɥɹ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ

ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ ɦɚɧɚɝɪɚɮɿɹ ȱ  Ʌɚɩɩɨ ɦɚɥɨɞɲɚɝɚ ɩɪɵɫɜ ɟɱɚɧɚɹ

ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɦ ɚɤɬɚɦ  ɹɤɚɹ  ɡɚɤɪɚɧɚɥɚ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɿ ɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɭ ɞɚ

ɫɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɤɧɿɝ

 ɍɪɷɲɰɟ ɬɭɬ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɰɶ ɩɪɚɰɭ ɧɹɞɚʆɧɚ ɩɚ

ɦɟɪɥɚɝɚ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤɚ ɇ  Ȼɟɪɚɠɤɨɜɚ ɩɪɵ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɭɸ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ Ɇɟɬɪɵ ɰɵ ɞɚ ɩɚɥɨɜ ɵ  ɝ

 ɍ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɺɧ

ɡɪɚɛɿʆ ɰɿɤɚɜɭɸ ɫɩɪɨɛɭ ɪɷɤɚɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵɿ ɩɟɪɲɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɨɜɚɣ ɫɿɫɬɷ

ɦɵ ɤɧɿ ɝ Ɇɟɬɪɵɤɿ  ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɞɚɣɲɥɿ ɞɚ ɧɚɫ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɚ ʆ ɤɨɩɿɹɯ

ɤɚɧɰɚ ;9,ɫɬ

Ʉɚɥɿ ɿɞɡɟɰɰɚ ɩɪɚ ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɦɿ  ɦɵ  ɜ ɵɤɚɪɵ

ɫɬɚɥɿ ɞɪɭɤɚɜɚɧɵɹ ʆ ɪɚɡɧɚɫɬɚɣɧɵɯ ɡɛɨɪɚɯ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɟɪɵɹ

ɞɭ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ I ɿ ɪɭɤɚɩɿɫɧɵ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹ ɥ  ɡɦɟɲɱɚɧɵ

ʆ ɜɚɪɲɚʆɫɤɚɣ ɤɨɩɿɿ ɤɧɿɝ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ Ɇɟɬɪɵɤɿ ʋ ± Ʉɧɿɝɿ

Ɂɚɩɿɫɚʆ ± ±ɝɚɞɨʆ ɇɨɜɵɹ  ɤɪɵɧɿɰɵ ɦɨɝɭɰɶ ɹɲ ɱɷ

ɞɚɩɨʆɧɿ ɰɶ  ɭɡɛɚɝɚɰɿɰɶ ɚ ɦɚɝɱɵ ɦɚ  ɜ ɵɩɪɚɜ ɿɰɶ ɧɚɲ ɩɨɝɥɹ ɞ ɭ

ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹɯ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɦɵ ɬɭɬ ɡɚɤɪɚɧɚɟɦ

ɋɩɪɷɱɧɵɹ ɿɧɟɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɵɹ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ

ʆɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ

ɇɟɚɞɧɨɣɱɵ ɡɞɚɪɚɥɚɫɹ  ɲ ɬɨ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɥɹ ɪɵɹ ɀɵ 

ɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ , ɜɵ ɫɬɚʆɥɹ ɥɚ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ  ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɵɥɿ  ɚɞɡɿɧ ɚɞɧɚ

ɦɭ  ɉɪɵ ɱɵ ɧɵ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɛɵɜɚɥɿ  ɪɨɡɧɵɹ  ɇɟ ʆɫɟ  ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɫɺɧɧɹ

ʆɞɚɫɰɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ  Ɍ ɚɤ  ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ  ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɹɤ ɜɵɤ

ɥɸɱɷɧɧɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɧɚ ɹ ɜɭ ɩɨɞɤɭɩ  ɹɤɿ  ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɚ ɞɷ

ɡɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɜ ɚʆ ɩɪɚɰɭ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɥɹ ɪɵ ɿ  Ʌ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ  ɤɚɧɰɵ ɥɹ ɪɵ ɹ ɫɚɦɚ

ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɜ ɚɥɚ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɥɿɜɚɫɰɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɵɯ ɺɸ ɚɤ

ɬɚʆ ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɩɹɲɚɸɱɵ ɫɹ ɩɪɚʆɞɚ ɬɥɭɦɚɱɵɰɶ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɵ

ɝɷɬɤɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɪɷɱɚʆ  ɹɤɨɝɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɧɟ ɦɚɝɥɚ ɚɛɵɫɰɿ  ɦɚʆɱɚɧɧɟɦ

Ɍɚɤ  ɭ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɥɚɣ ɫɩɪɷɱɰɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɤɭɩɤɿ ɧɚ

ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɛɥɿɡɿɧɿ ɞɚ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɧɵ ɯ ɭɥɚɞɚɧɧɹʆ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɞɡɜɸɦɚ ɪɚɫ

ɩɥɨɞɠɚɧɵɦɿ ɫɟɦ¶ɹ ɦɿ ɩɚɞɥɹ ɲɫɤɚɟ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɵ ȿɲɤɚʆȾɭɛɧɿɰɤɿɯ ɿ

Ɍ ɵɛɨɪɚʆ -HV]NyZ 'ĊEQLFNLFK L 7\ERUyZ  ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ I ɫɚɦ

ɫɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ  ɲɬɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɞɚɫɥɚɧɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɦ ɞɪɚɝɿɱɵɧɫɤɿɦ

ɫɭɞɨɦ ɞɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɡ ɩɪɵɱɵ ɧɵ ɫɭɩɹ ɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɹ ɤɿɹ

ɜɵɣɲɥɿ ɡ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɿ

  ɉɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ

ɜɵɫɥɭɯɚʆɲɵ ɛɚɤɿ ɿ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɞɡɟʆɲ ɵ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɵɹ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ

ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ ɚɞɚɫɥɚʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ ʆ ɡɟɦɫɤɿ ɞɪɚɝɿɱɵ ɧɫɤɿ ɫɭɞ  «cognito

eoque contrarie ab utraque per errorem ex cancelaria nostra

praesertim pro parte nobilium Tyborovie… obtentae litterae in

163

contrarium commissi onis nostrae» [ɞɚɜɟɞɚʆɲɵɫɹ ɲɬɨ ɺɧ ɫɭɩɹ

ɪɷɱɥɿɜ ɵ ɡ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɛɚɤɨʆ ɩɪɚɡ ɩɚɦɵ ɥɤɭ ɡ ɧɚɲɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɥɹ ɪɵ ɿ,

ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ʆ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɲ ɥɹɯɟɬɧɵɯ Ɍɵɛɨɪɚʆ   Ⱥɬɪɵɦɚɧɵɹ

ɥɿɫɬɵ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɚɰɶ  ɧɚɲɚɣ ɤɚɦɿɫɿɿ]  Ƚɷɬɭɸ ɤɚɦɿɫɿɸ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ

ɜɵɹ ɡɞɠɚɸɱɵ  ɡ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ʆ Ʉɚɪɨɧɭ ɞɚɪɭɱɵʆ ɞɪɚɝɿ

ɱɵɧɫɤɚɦɭ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɭ  ɹɤɿ «propt er cont rarias litteras» [ɡɡɚ ɫɭɩɹ

ɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɥɿɫɬɨʆ] ɞɪɭɝɿ ɪɚɡ ɚɞɚɫɥɚʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɞɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ  ɀɵ

ɝɿɦɨɧɬ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɧɟ ʆɡɹ ʆɫɹ ɹ ɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚɰɶ  ɚ ɜɹɪɧɭʆ ɞɪɚɝɿɱɵɧ

ɫɤɚɦɭ ɡɟɦɫɤɚɦɭ ɫɭɞɭ ɧɚ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚɟ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɟ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɡɚɤɨ

ɧɚɦ ɞɪɚɝɿɱɵɧɫɤɚɟ ɡɹɦɥɿ

ɋɭɩɹ ɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɶ ɞɚɪɭɱɷɧɧɹ ʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵ ɿ

ɜɵɹɜɿɥɚɫɹ ɿ ɩɚɞɱɚɫ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɭ ɹɤɿ  ɜɺʆɫɹ  ʆ ɜɿɰɟɛɫɤɿɦ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɦ

ɫɭɞɡɟ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɜɚɹɜɨɞɚɦ əɧɚɦ ɘɪɷɜɿɱɚɦ Ƚɥɹɛɨɜɿɱɚɦ V ɝ

ɉɚɞɥɹ ɫɤɿ  ɜɚɹɜɨɞɚ ȱɜɚɧ Ȼɚɝɞɚɧɚɜɿɱ ɋɚɩɟɝɚ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜɿʆ © ɥɿɫɬª

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɡ ɡɚɝɚɞɚɦ ɚɞɞɚɰɶ  ɹ ɦɭ ʆ ɚɩɟɤɭ ɞɚɱɤɭ ɹɝɨɧɚɝɚ ©ɞɹɞɶ

ɤɚª,  ɋ ɟɧɶ ɤɚ Ⱦɚɲɤɨɜɿɱɚ ɹɤɭɸ ɦɟʆ ɭ ɚɩɟɰɵ ²  ɜɿɞɚɜ ɨɱɧɚ ɪɚ

ɡɚɦ ɡ ɹɟ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚɦɿ ² ɜɿɰɟɛɫɤɿ ɛɚɹɪɵɧ Ɇɿ ɯɚɣɥɚ Ʉɭɪɷɣɲ ɚʆ

ɉɚɡɜɚɧɵ Ʉɭɪɷɣɲɚʆ ɫɬɚʆ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɡ ɠɨɧɤɚɸ ɿ ɩɚɞɱɚɪɤɚɸ

ɀɨɧɤɚ ɹɝɨɧɚɹ  ɩɚɤɚɡɚɥɚ  ɲ ɬɨ ʆɠɨ ɧɟɤɚɥɿ ɋɚɩɟɝɿ  ɦɟɥɿ ɝɷɬɭɸ

ɞɚɱɤɭ ɡ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚɦɿ ʆ ɚɩɟɰɵ ɚɥɟ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɧɚ ɹɟ ɫɤɚɪɝɭ ɩɚɫɥɹ

ɫɭɞɭ ɡ ɋɚɩɟɝɚɦɿ ɩɪɵɡɧɚʆ Ʉɭɪɷɣɲɚɜɭɸ ɚɩɟɤɭ ɧɚɞ ɞɚɱɤɨɸ ɿ ɹɟ

ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚɦ  ɧɚ ɲ ɬɨ ɹ ɧɚ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɚɞɚɥɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿ ɥɿɫɬ Ɂ

ɩɪɵ ɱɵ ɧɵ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɚɣ ɫɭɩɹ ɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɥɿɫɬɨʆ ɩɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ

ɜɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ ɫɭɞɭ  ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɹ  ɥɿɫɬɵ ©ɧɚ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɨɧɵ ɜɵɲ

ɥɢª Ƚɥɹ ɛɨɜɿɱ ɹ ɤɿ ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞɚʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ  ɚɞɚɫɥɚʆ ɹɟ ʆɫɸ ɞɚ ɝɚɫɩɚ

ɞɚɪɚ ɿ ©ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɢ ɢ ɪɨɡɫɭɞɤɭ ɟɝɨ ɦ ɢɥɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ

ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɫɬɟɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ« ɡɨɫɬɚɜɢɬª

ɋɮɟɪɚɸ ɞɡɟ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɜɵɞɚɜ ɚɥɿɫɹ  ɚɤɬɵ ɪɨɡɧɚɝɚ ɭɡɚɟ

ɦɚɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɡɦɟɫɬɭ ɛɵɥɿ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɚɞɧɚɟ ɿ ɬɚɟ ɠ ɡɹ

ɦɟɥɶ ɧɚɟ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ   ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚ  ɩɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɷɧɧɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɧɧɹ

ɚɩɵɧɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɡ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟɦ Ɍ ɚɤ  ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ Ƚɪɵ ɧɶ

ɿ ȿɫɤɚ Ɍ ɷɪɚɟɜ ɿɱɵ +U\Ĕ L  -HVNR 7HUDMHZLF]H) ɦɟɥɿ ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɚɟ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɨɦ ɩɚɰɜɹ ɪɞɠɷɧɧɟ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚ  ɹɤɨɟ ɫɭɩɹɪɷ

ɱɵɥɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɦɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɸ ɬɵ ɯ ɠɚ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚʆ ɞɜ ɚɪɚɧɿɧɭ

ɋɹɦɺɧɭ ȱɜɚɧɚɜɿɱɭ

 ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɚʆ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɵɜɨɞɡɿɰɶ

ɿ ɛɨɥɶɲ

 əɤɿɹ ɠ ɛɵɥɿ ɿɯ ɩɪɵ ɱɵɧɵ"

ɑɚɫɬɚ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɚɸ ɬɚɤɿɯ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɚʆ ɦɚɧɚɪɲɚɟ ʆɥɚ

ɞɵ ɛɵɜɚɥɚ ɬɨɟ ɲɬɨ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɶ ɧɿɤɿ  ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɸɱɵ  ɜɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɵɯ

ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɯ ɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɸɱɵ ɫɬɚɧ ɪɷɱɚʆ ɧɹɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɩɪɚʆɞɚɸ

ɭɜɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ʆ ɡɦɚɧ ɍ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɚɞ ɩɨɞɤɭɩɭ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ

Ⱥɛɩ ɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ ɣɤɚɧɰɵɥ ɹɪɵɿ

164

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɚɤɚɥɿɱɧɚɫɰɶ   ɹ ɤɭɸ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵ ɹ  ɩɪɵɡɧɚɜ ɚɥɚ ɚɯɜɨɬɧɚ ɛɨ ɝɚ

ɥɨʆɧɚɹ  ɚɞɤɚɡɧɚɫɰɶ  ɬɭɬ ɩɚɞɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɧɹ ɞɨɛɪɚɫɭɦɥɟɧɧɵ  ɛɨɤ ɍ

ɬɚɤɿ ɯ ɜ ɵɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɭ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɟɰɰɚ ɲ ɬɨ ɛɨɤ ɫɜɚɸ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ

ɭɤɪɚɫɢɥ ² ɭɩɪɵ ɝɨɠɵʆ  əɤ ɜɵɝɥɹ ɞɚɥɚ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɷʆɮɟɦɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɟ

ɤɚʆ Ɍ ɚɤ ɭ  ɝ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬI ɜɵɞɚʆ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿɦ ɥɸɞɡɹɦ Ɏɺɞɚ

ɪɭ ɡ ɛɪɚɬɚɦɿ ɥɿɫɬ ɧɚ ʆɫɬɭɩ ɜɚ ʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɚɣ ɩɚ ɛɚɰɶɤɭ

ɹɤɭɸ ʆ ɿɯ ɧɿɛɵɬɚ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɚ ɡɚɛɪɚʆ ȱɜ ɚɲɤɚ Ɂɹ ɧɨɜ ɿɱ Ɍɵɦ ɱɚ

ɫɚɦ ɜɵɹɜɿɥɚɫɹ ɲɬɨ ȱɜɚɲɤɚʆ ɛɚɰɶɤɚ ɤɭɩɿʆ ɝɷɬɭɸ ɡɹɦɥɸ ʆ ɛɚɰɶɤɿ

ɿɫɬɰɨʆ ɿ ʆ ɿɯ ɫɚɦɿɯ ɉɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ Ɏɺɞɚɪ «ɧɟɫɥɭɲɧɵɦ ɨɛɵɱɚɟɦ ɩɟɪ

ɜɟɣ ɬɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɵ ɭɧɚɫ ɛɪɚɥɢ ɢ ɬɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦ ɢ ɜɤɪɚɫɢ

ɥɢª, ɡɚɦɨʆɱɜɚɸɱɵ ɮɚɤɬɤɭɩɥɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɩɪɵɫɭɞɡɿʆ ɡɹɦɥɸ ɬɚɦɭ

ɛɨɤɭ  ɭ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɹɧɚ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɞɫɭɞɠɚɧɚ

. ɍ ɬɵɦ ɠɚ ɝɨɞɡɟ

ɚɞɯɿɥɹɸɱɵ ɫɤɚɪɝɭ ɤɭɩɰɨʆ ɡ Ʉɚɮɵ Kaffy ɧɚ ɦɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɦɵɬɧɿ

ɤɚ  ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɧɚɤɚɡɚʆ ɬɪɨɰɤɚɦɭ ɜɚɹ ɜ ɨɞɭ ɿ ɧɚɞɜ ɨɪɧɚɦɭ ɦɚɪ

ɲɚɥɤɭ Ɋɵɝɨɪɭ Ɉɫɰɿɤɚɜɿɱɭ ɤɚɛ ɬɨɣ ² ɤɚɥɿ ɬɵɹ ɤɭɩɰɵ ©ɡɚɨɱ

ɧɟ ɜɤ ɪɚɫɢɜɲɢ ɪɟɱ  ɫɜɨɸª ɡɚɯɨɱɭɰɶ  ɹ ɲɱɷ ɰɹ ɝɚɰɶ ɬɚɝɨ ɦɵɬɧɿɤɚ

ɩɚ ɫɭɞɚɯ ² ɧɟ ɞɚʆ ɿɦ ɜɵ ɫɬɭɩɚɰɶ  ɡ ɩɚɡɨɜɚɦ ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ ɹɝɨ

Ƚɷɬɚɟ ©ʆɩɪɵɝɨɠɚɧɧɟª  ɫɬɚɥɚ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɵɦ ɬɚɦɭ  ɲ ɬɨ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ 

ɪɵɹ ɜɵ ɞɚɜ ɚɥɚ ©ɥɿɫɬɵª  ɧɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɚɞɧɚɛɚɤɨɜ ɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆ

ɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɵ  ɧɟ ɜɵɫɜɹɬɥɹɸɱɵ ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɭ  Ⱥɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ

ɜɵɧɿɤɚɥɿ  ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹ ɧɟɩɚɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɿ ɿ ɤɥɨɩɚɬɵ  Ɍ ɚɤ  ɭ  ɝ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɚɞɤɥɿɤɚʆ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɫɜɚɣɦɭ ɞɜɚɪɚɧɿɧɭ ə ɧɭ ȸɤɨɥɚɜɭ na

U]HF]« -DQD :NRáRZ D ɹɤɿ ɞɚɦɨɝɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɰɟɲ ɱɵ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ

ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚ ɡɦɚʆɱɚʆɲ ɵ ɲɬɨ ʆ ɬɚɟ ɺɫɰɶ ɹɲɱɷ ɿ ɫɵɧ

 ɍ  ɝ.

ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ I ɋɬɚɪɵ ɫɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɲɬɨ ȼɚɫɶ ɤɚ Ⱦɚɲɤɨɜ ɿɱ :DĞNR

Daszkow icz) ©ɡɚɨɱɧɟ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɜɩɪɨɫɢɥª ɧɟɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚ ɩɪɚɞ

ɫɬɚʆɥɹ ɸɱɵ ɫɜɨɣ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɵ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ  ɉɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞɡɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɝɚɫ

ɩɚɞɚɪ ɚɞɫɭɞɡɿʆ ɚɞ ɹɝɨ ɧɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɭɸ ɹɦɭ ɪɚɧɟɣɡɹɦɥɸ

 ɍ ɝ

ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɫɤɚɪɝɿ ɦɫɰɿ ɫɥɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɰɵ  ɡɚɬɪɵ 

ɦɚʆ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɧɚɞɚʆɱɵ ɚɤɬ ɩɪɚ ɜɵ ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɧɚ

Ɇɫɰɿ ɫɥɚʆ ɤɧɹɡɹ  Ɇɿɯɚɥɚ Ɂɚɫɥɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɹɤɿ ɯɚɞɚɣɧɿɱɚʆ ɚɛ ɬɚɤɿɦ

ɚɤɰɟ

  Ɇɚɬɵɜɚɰɵɹ ɬɚɹ  ɠ Ɂɚɫɥɚʆɫɤɿ ɡɞɚɛɵʆ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ

©ɡɚɨɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɵɱɚɟɦ ª Ƚɷɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɠ ɩɚɜɺʆ ɫɹ ɛɟ ɛɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɿ ɫɬɚ

ɪɚɫɰɿ ɱ ɋ ɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ ȱɥɥɿɧɿɱ ɭ ɫɩɪɷɱɰɵ  ɡ ɧɚɞɜɨɪɧɵɦ ɤɚɧɸɲɵɦ

ȼɚɫɿɥɺɦ ɑɵɠɚɦ ɿ ɹɝɨ ɛɪɚɬɚɦ Ʌɶɜ ɨɦɋɩɹɪɲɚ ɺɧ ɡɝɚɞɡɿʆɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɞ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɨɩɧɵ ɫɭɞ ɧɚ ɹɤɿ ɚɛɨɞɜɚ ɛɚɤɿ ɩɚɛɪɚɥɿ ɫɭɞɞɡɹ ʆ

ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɱɚɧɵɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɨɦ ɉɚɡɧɟɣ ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɺɧ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɫɭɞ ɧɟ

ɫɬɚʆ ɿ ɡ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ  ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ©ɡɚɨɱɧɟ ɥɢɫɬɵ«

ɚɛɵ ɬɵɟ ɫɭɞɵ ɬɚɦ ɧɟɜɵɟɠɞɠɚɥɵ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɨɧɟɯɚɥɢª ɍ

165

ɚɤɰɟ ɡ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɦɵ ɩɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɞɚɜɟɞɜɚɟɦɫɹ ² ɩɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɡɚɤɿɞɚʆ ɧɚ

ɚɞɪɚɫ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɰɿɱɚ ² ɱɵ ɬɚɟɦ  ɲ ɬɨ ȱɥɥɿɧɿ ɱ ɩɪɵɫɥɚʆ ɞɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚ

ɪɚ «ɩɨɜɟɞɚɸɱɢ ɢɠɛɵ ɟɫɥɢ ɡ ɧɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɜɢɥɢ ɪɨɤɭ

ɧɟ ɩɪɢɣɦɨɜɚɥ ɚɛɵɯɦɨ ɬɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɨɛɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɵɥɢ« ɢ ɦɵ ɧɚ

ɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɬɜɨɟ ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɬɨɟ ɧɚɞɟɢ ɢɠɛɵ ɬɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɹɤ ɬɵɞɨ ɧɚɫ

ɩɢɫɚɥ ɞɚɥɢ ɬɨɛɟ ɥɢɫɬ ɧɚɲ« ɞɨ ɩɚɧɨɜ ɪɚɞ ɧɚɲɢɯª  Ⱥɞɧɚɤ

ɩɨɬɵɦ ɩɚɞɱɚɫ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɩɚɧɨʆɪɚɞɵ ɩɿɫɚɪ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿ ȼɚɫɿɥɶ  Ʉɨɩɚɰɶ Ʉɨɩɨɬɶ ɫɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ  ɲ ɬɨ ȱɥɥɿ ɧɿɱ

ɡɚɛɚɜɹ ɡɚʆɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɜɹ ɥɿ ɤɿ ɦ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ ɫɬɚɰɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɱɚɧɵɦ ɫɭ

ɞɨɜɵɦ ɪɨɤɭ

. ɉɟɪɲɚɹ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɬɷɪɦɿɧɭ ɤɨɩɧɚɝɚ

ɫɭɞɭ ɦɟɥɚ ɦɟɫɰɚ ʆ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ  ɚ ɥɿɫɬ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɵ ɡ ɩɪɵ ɧɹɬɚɸ ʆ

ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɚɸ  ȱɥɥɿɧɿɱ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɡ Ʉɪɚɤɚɜ ɚ  ɇɚ ɝɷɬɭɸ

ɚɤɚɥɿɱɧɚɫɰɶ ɧɚɦ ɹɲ ɱɷ ɞɚɜɹɞɡɟɰɰɚ ɡɜɹɪɧɭɰɶ  ɭɜɚɝɭ

ȼɵɞɚɱɚ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɥɹ ɪɵɹ ɣ © ɡɚɜɨɱɧɵ ɯ ɥɿɫɬɨʆª ɫɩɪɵ ɱɵɧɹɥɚ

ɦɧɨɫɬɜɚ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɍɠɨ ʆ , ɋɬɚɬɭɰɟ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚɤɧɹ ɫɤɿɦ ɭɪɚɞ

ɧɿ ɤɚɦ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɹ  ɝɚɪɚɧɬɚɜ ɚɰɶ ɫɚɛɟ  ɲɬɨ ɚɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ©ɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ

ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɡɚɨɱɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɦɚɸɬ ɨɬɧɢɦ ɚɧɵ ɛɵɬɢª

 ɍ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɫɩɪɚ

ɜɚɯ  ɚɞɧɚɤ © ɥɿɫɬɵ ɡɚɜɨɱɧɵɹ ª ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɥɿ ɜɵɯɨɞɡɿ ɰɶ ɡ ɝɚɫɩɚ

ɞɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ Ɍɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɞ ɤɚɧɟɰ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚI

ɧɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɫɨɣɦɚɯ ɡɚɝɭɱɚɥɿ ɝɚɥɚɫɵ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɠɚɞɚɥɿ ɿɯ ɚɛɦɟɠɚ

ɜɚɧɧɹ  ɚɫɚɛɥɿ ɜɚ ʆ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ  ɭ ɹɤɿɯ ɡɥɨʆɠɵɜɚɧɧɿ ɡɞɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɚɣ

ɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɿ ɬɚɦɭ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶ ɲ ɛɿɥɿ ɩɚ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɿɯ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɯ Ɍɚɤ ɧɚ

ɛɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɿɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ  ɝ  ɫɬɚɧɵ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɫɿɥɿ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɤɚɛ ɡ ɹɝɨɧɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɿ ©ɥɢɫɬɵ ɡɚɪɭɱɧɵɟª ɝ  ɡɧ

ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɥɿ  vadium >ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦ@ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ©ɧɚ

ɡɚɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɛɵ ɥɢ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɧɵª

 Ƚɷɬɵɹ ©ɥɿɫɬɵª  ɦɿɠ

ɿɧɲɵɦ  ɩɚɪɭɲɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɚɪɵ ɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɪɷɱɧɵɦɿ

ɡɟɦɥɹɦɿ ɡɚɛɚɪɚɧɹɸɱɵ ʆɜ ɚɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɿɯ ɧɚɜ ɚɬ ɩɚɞ ɜɵɫɨɤɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ

Ƚɷɬɚɟ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ  ɛɚɪɨɧɹɱɵ  ɫɜɚɟ ɞɵɫɤɪɷɰɵɣɧɵɹ

ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɵ  ɩɪɵ ɧɹʆ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɚ

ɋɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɥɿ ɫɬɨʆ ɧɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɚɞɧɚɛɚɤɨɜ ɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆ

ɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ  ɛɟɡ ɹɟ ɜɵɜ ɭɱɷɧɧɹ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɤɿ ɩɟɪɚɞ

ɧɚɰɿɫɤɚɦ ɭɩɥɵɜɨɜɵɯ ɚɫɨɛɚʆ  ɩɪɵ ɜɨɞɡɿɥɚ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɞɚ ɡɦɟɧɵ

ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ  ɱɚɫɬɚ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɧɟɚɞɧɚɪɚɡɨɜɚɣ Ɍɚɤ  ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɚɣ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɟ

ɩɚɞɡɟɥɭ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɵ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿɯ ɦɹ ɲɱɚɧ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬI ɬɪɨɣɱɵ ɦɹ 

ɧɹ ʆ ɩɚɡɿ ɰɵɸ  ɉɟɪɲɵɦ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɺɧ ɤɚɡɚʆ ɜɨɣɬɭ ɛɭɪɦɿɫɬɪɭ ɿ  ɪɚɞ

ɰɚɦ ɡɞɡɟɣɫɧɿɰɶ  ɩɚɞɡɟɥ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ  ɩɚ

ɜɨɞɥɟ ɹ ɤɨɝɚ gerada [ɞɚɱɱɵɧ ɲɥɸɛɧɵ  ɩɚɫɚɝ@ ɦɟɥɚɫɹ ɩɪɵɩɚɫɰɿ

ɞɚɱɰɷ ɚ hergewet [ɞɨɥɹ ɹɤɚɹ ɜɵɞɡɹɥɚɫɹ ɫɵɧɭ@ ² ɫɵɧɭ

 ɉɚɡ

ɧɟɣ ɭ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚ Ƚɚɲɬɚʆɬɚ  ɺɧ ɡɦɹɧɿʆ ɩɚ

Ⱥɛɩ ɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ ɣɤɚɧɰɵɥ ɹɪɵɿ

166

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɡɿɰɵ ɸ ɿ  ɚɞɫɬɭɩɚɸɱɵ  ɚɞ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɚɝɚɞɚʆ ɩɚ

ɞɡɹɥɿɰɶ ɭɜɟɫɶ  ɦɚɺɧɬɚɤ ɧɚ ɪɨʆɧɵɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɹ ɤ ɪɚɛɿɥɚɫɹ  ɞɚɝɷ

ɬɭɥɶ

2 1

 ɚ ɩɪɚɡ ɬɪɵ ɝɚɞɵ ɜɹɪɧɭʆɫɹ ɞɚ ɩɟɪɲɚɝɚ ɜɵɪɚɤɭ

2 2

ɉɪɚ ɧɟɩɚɪɚɞɤɿ ɲ ɬɨ ɩɚɧɚɜ ɚɥɿ ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ ɿ ɤɥɨɩɚɬɵ

ɹɤɿɹ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɥɿɚɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ ɥɿɫɬ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɞɚ ɩɚɧɨʆɪɚɞɵ

ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ ɡɚ ɩɭɲɱɭ Ʌɹɫɿɲɱɚ Lesiszcza ɩɚɦɿɠ ɫɬɚɪɚɫ

ɬɚɦ ɛɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɿ ɦ ɿ ɥɿɞɫɤɿɦ  ɧɚɞɜ ɨɪɧɵɦ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɤɚɦ ɘɪɵɟɦ

ȱɜɚɧɚɜɿɱɚɦ ȱɥɥɿɧɿ ɱɚɦ ɡ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ ɿ  ɦɚɝɭɬɧɵɦ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿɦ ɜɚ

ɹɜɨɞɚɦ ɿ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚɦ Ɉɥɶ ɛɪɚɯɬɚɦ Ɇɚɪɰɿɧɚɜɿɱɚɦ Ƚɚɲɬɚʆɬɚɦ ²

ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ  ɋ ɭɞ ɩɚɧɨʆɪɚɞɵ ɩɪɵɫɭɞɡɿʆ ɩɭɲɱɭ Ƚɚɲɬɚʆɬɭ  ɚ ɝɚɫ

ɩɚɞɚɪ ɫɜɚɿɦ ɥɿɫɬɨɦ ɩɚɰɜ ɟɪɞɡɿʆ  ɡɚɩɷʆɧɿʆɲɵ  ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɜɵɪɚ

ɤɚɦ ɫɭɞɭ ɩɚɧɨʆɪɚɞɵ  ɲ ɬɨ Ƚɚɲ ɬɚʆɬ ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ɞɚɜɟɫɰɿ  ɬɨɥɶɤɿ

ɞɚʆɧɚɫɰɶ  ɞɡɹɪɠɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɟ ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ɭɞɚɜɚɰɰɚ ʆ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɭ ɡ

ȱɥɥɿɧɿɱɚɦ  Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɧɟʆɡɚɛɚɜɟ ɧɚɫɭɩɟɪɚɤ ɭɥɚɫɧɚɦɭ ɩɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɷɧ

ɧɸ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɜ ɵɞɚʆ ȱɥɥɿɧɿɱɭ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɹɝɨɧɚɟ ɩɪɨɫɶ ɛɵ  ɥɿ ɫɬ ɧɚ

ɤɚɦɿɫɚɪɫɤɿ ɫɭɞ ɡ Ƚɚɲɬɚʆɬɚɦ ɡɚ ɬɭɸ ɩɭɲɱɭ  ɑ ɚɪɝɨɜɵ  Ƚ ɚɲ ɬɚʆ

ɬɚʆ ɥɿɫɬ ɭ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɟ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚʆ ɭ ɫɜ ɚɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ ɚɞɤɥɿɤɚɧɧɟ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɨɦ ɪɚɲ ɷɧɧɹ ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɤɚɦɿɫɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɭɞɭ  ȼɵɞɚɱɭ ɠ

ɥɿɫɬɚ  ɹ ɤɿ  ɡɚɝɚɞɜɚʆ ɩɪɚɜ ɟɫɰɿ ɬɨɣ ɫɭɞ  ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɩɚɬɥɭɦɚɱɵ ʆ

ɧɟɞɚɝɥɹ ɞɚɦ

2 3

  ɑ ɚɫɬɵɹ ɿ ɞɨʆɝɿɹ  ɩɟɪɚɛɵɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ʆ Ʉɚ

ɪɨɧɟ ɫɥɭɠɵɥɿ ɩɪɵ ɱɵɧɚɣ ɬɚɝɨ ɲɬɨ ©ɥɿɫɬɵª  ɜɵɞɚɜɚɧɵɹ ɿɦ ɭ

Ʉɪɚɤɚɜɟ ɉɺɬɪɤɚɜɟ ɰɿ ɹ ɲɱɷ ɞɡɟ  ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɟ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɫɩɚɫɵ ɥɚɰ

ɰɚ ɧɚ ɞɚʆɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɵɸ ɩɚ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɚɥɟ ɱɚɫɬɚ

ɧɚɜɚɬ ɚɩɵɧɚɥɿɫɹ  ʆ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɡ ɜɵ ɪɚɤɚɦɿ ɿ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹɦɿ ɩɚ

ɧɨʆɪɚɞɵ  ɹɤɿɹ  ʆ ɚɞɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ ɜ ɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ  ɡɞɡɹɣɫɧɹ ɥɿ  ʆ

ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɣɜɵɲɷɣɲɭɸ ʆɥɚɞɭ

2 4

  Ɂɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɦɚɧɚɪɯ ɧɟ

ɚɞɧɚɪɚɡɨɜɚ ɦɭɫɿʆ ɚɩɪɚʆɞɜɚɰɰɚ  ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɤɚɫɭɸɱɵ ɫɜɚɟ ɩɚ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɵ  ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɵɹ ɡ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹɦɿ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɪɚɞɵ

2 5

ɍ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɿɦ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ

ɲɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɤɚʆ ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɦ ɫɭɞɨɦ  ɫɭɞ ɩɚɧɨʆ

ɪɚɞɵ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɩɚɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɚɧɨʆɪɚɞɵ ɧɟ ɡɦɹɧɹɟ

2 6

 Ɇɚɧɚɪɯ ɬɚɤ

ɫɚɦɚ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩ ɧɟɚɞɤɥɿɤɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ʆ  Ƚɷɬɚ

ɦɟɥɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɚʆ Ɍɭɬ ɧɚɣɜɵɪɚɡɧɟɣ ɞɡɟɣ

ɧɿ ɱɚʆ ɧɚɰɿɫɤ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɚʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵɹ ʆ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɿɡɚ

ɰɵɿ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ   ɛɚɪɚɧɿɥɿ ɫɹ ɚɞ ɮɨɪɦɵ © ɡɚɜ ɨɱ

ɧɵ ɯª  ɜɵɪɚɤɚʆ ɿ ɪɚɲ ɷɧɧɹʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɟ

ɱɵɧɿ ɚɞ ɩɚɧɨʆɪɚɞɵɿ ɤɧɿɝ Ʌ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ Ɇɟɬɪɵɤɿ ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ

ɹɤ ɦɵ  ʆɠɨ ɛɚɱɵɥɿ ɜɵɲɷɣ  ɜɹ ɥɿɤɿ ɤɧɹɡɶ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɚʆ ɚɞ ɝɷ

ɬɵɯ ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩɚʆ  Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɺɧ ɪɚɡɭɦɟʆ ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɚ ɩɚɞɪɵ ɜ ɚɟ ɩɷʆ

ɧɚɫɰɶ  ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɿ  ɭ ɹɤɨɣ ɛɵɥɿ  ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵ ɩɟɪɚ

167

ɞɭɫɿɦ ɩɚɧɵ ɿ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ʆ ɰɷɥɵɦ Ⱥɥɟ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ɿ ʆɥɚɫɧɵ

ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫ ɿ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫ ɛɭɣɧɚʆɥɚɫɧɿɰɤɿ ɩɪɚɦɚʆɥɹɥɿ  ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ  ɧɟɚɞ

ɤɥɿɤɚɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹʆ ɍ ɜɵ ɧɿɤɭ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɛɵɥɚ

ɩɨʆɧɚɹ ɧɟɩɚɫɥɹ ɞɨʆɧɚɫɰɹ ʆ  Ɍ ɚɤɭɸ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɸ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɟ ɯɨɞ

ɫɩɪɚɜ ɵ  ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɇɟɩɚɪɨɬɚʆɫɤɚɣ ɜ ɨɥɚɫɰɿ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɚɝɚ ɜ ɚɹɜɨɞ

ɫɬɜɚ  ɹɤɿɯ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ, ɚɞɞɚʆ ɤɧɹɡɹɦ ȼɚɫɿɥɸ ɿ Ⱥɧɞɪɷɸ ɋɚ

ɤɚɥɟɧɫɤɿɦ ɚɥɟ ɩɨɬɵ ɦ ɿɯ ɡ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɞɚɧɫɬɜɚ  ɹ ɤ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɧɵɯ

ɩɨɥɚɰɤɚɦɭ ɡɚɦɤɭ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɿʆ ©ɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɟɫɦ ɨ ɥɢɫɬɵ ɧɚɲɢ ɜɵ ɡ

ɜɨɥɟɧɵ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɢ  ɩɨɞɥɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɡɜɨɥɟɧɹ  ɢ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɧɚ

ɲɢɯ ɜɨɟɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɥɨɰɤɢ« ɢɯ ɤ ɡɚɦ ɤɭ ɧɚɲɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɨɰɤ ɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ

ɜɟɪɧɭɥª

2 7

  Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɧɚ ɫɤɚɪɝɿ ɤɧɹɡɹ  Ⱥɧɞɪɷɹ ɋɚɤɚɥɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ

ɹ ɝɨɧɵ ɯ ɩɥɹ ɦɟɧɧɿɤɚʆ ɫɵɧɨʆ ɩɚɦɟɪɥɚɝɚ ȼɚɫɿɥɹ   ɹɤɿ ɩɚɞɚʆ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɭ ©ɥɢɫɬɵ  ɞɚɧɢɧɭ ɢ ɩɨɬɜɟɪɠɟɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɣ ɧɚɲ  ɢɠ

ɦ ɵ ɢɦ  ɜɚɫ >ɝ  ɡɧ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɇɟɩɚɪɨɬɚʆɫɤɚɣ ɜ ɨɥɚɫɰɿ@ ɞɚɥɢ ɢ

ɩɪɢɜɢɥɢɟɦ  ɧɚɲɢɦ  ɩɨɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ  ɂɧɨ« ɦɵ ɛɵɯ

ɦɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɵ ɢɯ ɥɚɦɚɬɢ ɨ ɱɨɦ ɠɟ ɨɧ ɡɞɟɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ ɨɱɟɜɢ

ɫɬɨ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɫ ɜɚɦɢ ɦɨɜɢɬɢª ɍ ɝɷɬɤɚɣ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵ ɿ ɝɚɫɩɚ

ɞɚɪ ɜ ɵ ɡɧɚɱɵʆ ɬɷɪɦɿɧ ɤɚɛ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ ɜ ɨɥɚɫɰɿ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɩɟɪɚɞ

ɿɦ ɧɚ ɫɭɞ  ɧɚ ɹ ɤɿ ɦ ɚɛɨɞɜɚ ɛɚɤɿ ɦɟɥɿ ɚʆɬɷɧɬɵɱɧɵ ɹ  ɚɥɟ ɩɚ

ɥɹ ɪɧɚ ɫɭɩɹ ɪɷɱɧɵɹ  ɦɿɠ ɫɚɛɨɸ ɚɤɬɵ  ɜɵ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɹ  ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚɦ

ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵ ɦ ɱɵ ɧɚɦ ɭ ɫɩɪɷɱɰɵ ɩɪɚ ɜɵ ɫɥɭɝɭ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɛɚɹ ɪɚɦɿ

ȼɚɫɶɤɚɦ Ⱦɚɲ ɤɟɜɿɱɚɦ ɿ ȼɚɫɿɥɺɦ ɀɚɛɚɦ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚʆ

©ɂɧɨ ɧɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɚ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɟɣ ɡɞɟɫɟ ɛɭɞɭɱ ɵɜ Ʉ ɨɪɨ

ɧɟ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɨɱɧɟ ɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɬɢɫɹ  ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɜ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɥɚɦ ɚɬɢ

ɨɬɤɥɚɞɚɟɦ  ɬɨ ɞɨ ɧɚɲɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɟɯɚɧɹ ɤ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦɭ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɭ Ʌɢ

ɬɨɜɫɤ ɨɦ ɭª

  ȼ ɨɫɶ ɠɚ ɭ ɜ ɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɚɹ ʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɞɜ ɭɯ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱ

ɧɵɯ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɚɞɤɥɚʆ ɪɚɲ ɷɧɧɟ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɛɨɪɭ ɫɩɪɚ

ɜɵ ʆ ɩɪɵ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ ɛɚɤɨʆ  ɛɨ ©ɲɬɨ ɫɹ  ɞɨɬɵɱɟɬ ɞɚɧɢɧɵ ɢ

ɩɪɢɜɢɥɢɹ ɩɨɬɜɟɪɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɲɨɝɨ ɦɵ ɛɵɯɦɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɵ ɧɢɤ ɨɦ ɭ

ɢɯ ɥɚɦ ɚɬɢª

ȱɦɤɧɭɱɵɫɹ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɵɰɶ ɩɷʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɭ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧ

ɤɚɯ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ʆɩɥɵʆ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ʆ  ɩɚɧɵɪɚɞɚ ɩɪɵ

ɜɵɞɚɧɧɿ I ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɡɚɫɰɟɪɚɝɚɥɿ ɲɬɨ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɧɚɞɚ

ɜɚɰɶ  ɧɿ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚʆ  ɧɿ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɩɚɞɱɚɫ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ ʆ

Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ ɚ ʆɫɹɥɹɤɿ ɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɡɞɡɹɣɫɧɹ ɰɶ «ɜɟɫɩɨɥɨɤ ɡ ɩɚɧɵ

ɪɚɞɚɦɢ ɧɚɲɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɣɦɟª

Ⱦɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɧɚ ʆɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɭɩɥɵɜɚʆ ɮɚɤɬ

ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵ ɿ  ɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɯ

ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɿɯ ɩɿɫɚɪɚʆ Ɍɚɦɭ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵ ɛɨɤ  ɩɪɚɰɿʆɧɿɤ

ɹ ɤɨɝɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɥɿɜ ɚʆ  ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ  ɪɭɫɤɿ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬ  ɫɬɚɪɚʆɫɹ ɡɞɚ

Ⱥɛɩ ɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ ɣɤɚɧɰɵɥ ɹɪɵɿ

168

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɛɵɰɶ ɞɪɭɝɿ ɰɹɩɟɪ ɭɠɨ ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɿ Ɍ ɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ʆ ɫɩɪɷɱɰɵ ɩɚɦɿɠ

ɋɨɮ¶ɹ ɣ ȱɡɞɷɛɫɤɚɣ =RIL ą ,]GHEVNą ɿ ɦɭɠɚɦ ɹ ɟ ɡ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ

ɿ ɞɚɪɚɝɿɱɵ ɧɫɤɿɦ ɡɹ ɦɹɧɿɧɚɦ Ʌɭɤɚɲɨɦ ɋɤɿɪɜɿɧɚɦ (àXNDV]HP

Skirwinem) ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ  ɭ ɫɩɪɷɱɰɵ ɚɛ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɭ Ȼɭɹɤɿ  ɋ ɩɪɚɜ ɭ

ɝɷɬɭɸ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚʆ ɧɚ ɫɨɣɦɟ ʆ Ƚɨɪɚɞɧɿ  ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɩɚɧɚɦɿ

ɪɚɞɚɣ ɿ  ɜɵ ɞɚʆ ɜɵɪɚɤɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ ȱɡɞɷɛɫɤɚɣ Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɹɤ

ɱɵɬɚɟɦ ɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɨɜɵɦ ɥɿɫɰɟ  © ɬɨɬ ɋɤ ɢɪɜɢɧ ɩɪɢɟɯɚɜɲɢ ɤ

ɧɚɦ >ɭ Ʉɪɚɤɚʆ@ ɪɟɱ ɫɜɨɸ ɭɤɪɚɫɢɥ ɢ ɜɵɩɪɚɜɢɜɲɢ ɜ ɧɚɫ ɥɢɫɬɵ

ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɫɹ  ɜ ɬɨɟ ɢɦ ɟɧɟ ɭɜɹɡɚɥɫɹª  Ɍ ɚɞɵ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɚɞ

ɤɥɿɤɚʆ ɬɵ ɹ ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɿɹ ɥɿɫɬɵ ɿ ɜɹɪɧɭʆ ɫɿɥɭ ɝɚɪɚɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɦɭ ɜɵɪɚ

ɤɭ

 ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵ ɠ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɦɟɥɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ ɹ ɤɨɣ ɡ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ

ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿ ɞɜ ɚɪɚɧɿɧ Ʌɟɧɚɪɬ Ʉɚɫɿɧɫɤɿ Lenart

.RVL ĔVNL  ɚ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ² ɞɚɪɚɝɿɱɵɧɫɤɿɹ ɡɹ ɦɹɧɟ Ʉɚɪɚɧɺʆɫɤɿɹ

(Korzeniowscy Ʉɚɫɿɧɫɤɿ ɩɪɚɫɿʆ ɚɞɬɷɪɦɿɧɚɜɚɰɶ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɭ ɡ ɩɪɵ

ɱɵɧɵ ɡɟɦɫɤɚɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ Ʉ ɚɪɚɧɺʆɫɤɿɹ ɚɞɧɚɤ ©ɡɚɨɱ ɧɟ ɨɞɟɪɠɚ

ɥɢ ɥɢɫɬ ɧɚɲ ɥɚɬɵɧɫɤɢ ɚɛɵ  ɜɵ >ɝ ɡɧ ɞɚɪɚɝɿɱɵɧɫɤɿ ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤ

ɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ  ɫɭɞɞɡɹ  ɹɤɿɦ ɚɞɪɚɫɚɜɚʆɫɹ ɰɵ ɬɚɜɚɧɵ ɜɵ ɲ ɷɣ ɝɚɫɩɚ

ɞɚɪɫɤɿ ɥɿɫɬ] ɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɡɵɫɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɦ  ɨɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɚɛɨ ɜ ɢɦɟɧɟ ɟɝɨ

ɜ ɬɨɦ  ɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɭɜɹɡɚɬɵ  ɤɨɬɨɪɵɠɨ ɥɢɫɬ ɜɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɵɢ ɧɚɲɨɣ

ɧɟ ɛɵɥ  ɉɪɨɬɨ« ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭɟɦ ɜɚɦ  ɚɠɛɵ ɟɫɬɟ ɨ ɬɨɬɥɢɫɬ ɧɚɲ

ɥɚɬɵɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵ ɨɧɢ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɦɟɬɢ ɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɧɟɞɛɚɸɱɢ«

ɧɢɜɱɨɦ  ɩɨɞɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɨɜɚɥɢª  ɿ ɝɷɬɚ ² ɩɚɞ ɩɚɝ

ɪɨɡɚɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ɩɚɫɚɞɵ

3 3

  ɇɹɹɫɧɚ  ɹɤɿ ɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɥɿɫɬ ɚʆɬɷɧɬɵɱ

ɧɚɫɰɶ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɦɚɧɚɪɯ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɿɰɶ ɩɚɞ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ  ɦɨɝ ɛɵɰɶ  ɜ ɵɞɚ

ɞɡɟɧɵ ɚɛɦɿɧɭʆɲɵ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɭɸ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɸ Ɍɭɬ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɚ ɚɧɭ

ɥɹɜɚɧɧɟ ɜ ɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɚɝɚ ɥɿɫɬɚ ɚɞɤɥɿɤɚɧɧɟ ɹ ɤ ɿ ʆ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɿɦ

ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɜ ɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ ɚɛ ɜɵɤɚɧɚɧɧɿ ɜɵɪɚɤɭ

əɲɱɷ ɪɚɡ Ʉ ɚɫɿɧɫɤɿ ɫɤɚɪɵɫɬɚʆ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɚɬɷɤɰɵɸ

ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɞɡɟ ʆ ɹɤɚɫɰɿ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ɜ ɵɫɬɭɩɿɥɿ ɜɚʆɤɚɜɵɫɤɿ ɦɚɪ

ɲɚɥɚɤ ɿ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɰɚ Ɇɚɰɟɣ ȼɚɣɰɹɯɨɜ ɿɱ ɿ ɋɨɮ¶ ɹ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿɥɚɜɚ

(0DFLHM :RMFLHFKRZ LF] RUD] =RILD 5DG]LZL ááRZ D Ʉɚɫɿɧɫɤɿ ɫɩɪɚ

ɜɭ ɩɪɚɣɝɪɚʆ  ɚɥɟ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɚɞɦɵɫɥɨɜ ɵɦ ɥɿɫɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɚɣ

ɦɨɜɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɞɚɪɚɝɿɱɵɧɫɤɿɦ ɩɚɜɟɰɟ ɩɪɵɩɵɧɿʆ

ɜɵɤɚɧɚɧɧɟ vadium ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɡɵɫɤ ɨɜ ɝɡɧ  ɤɚɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɵɿ

ɫɬɪɚɬ ɩɚɧɟɫɟɧɵɯ ɭ ɜ ɵɧɿ ɤɭ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɭ ɬɵɦ ɛɨɤɚɦ ɹɤɿ ɜɵ ɣɝɪɚʆ

ɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɚɠ ɞɚ ɹɝɨ ɜɹɪɬɚɧɧɹ ʆ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ  Ɍɵ ɦ ɱɚɫɚɦ

ɩɪɚɰɿʆɧɵ ɛɨɤ ɭɡɹ ʆ ɚɞ ɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɿɫɚɪɚ ɞɪɭɝɿ ɥɿɫɬ  ɤɚɛ ɬɵɹ  «ɩɟ

ɪɟɡɵ ɫɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɤɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɢ Ʌɟɧɚɪɬɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɢɬɢª. ɍ ɚɞɤɚɡ ɧɚ

ɩɪɨɫɶɛɭ Ʉ ɚɫɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɚɧɭɥɹɜ ɚʆ ɪɭɫɤɿ  ɥɿ ɫɬ  ɩɪɵɡɧɚʆ

ɲɵ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɧɟɣɲɵ ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɿ

169

ɐɹɠɤɚɫɰɿ  ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɧɵɹ  ʆɡɚɟɦɧɚ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɵɦɿ ɥɿɫɬɚɦɿ ɹɤɿɹ

ɜɵɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɡ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɿ  ɱɚɫɬɚ ɩɪɵɜɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɞɚ

ɬɚɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɦɭɫɿʆ ɫɚɦ ɞɷɡɚɜɭɹ ɜɚɰɶ  ɫɜɨɣ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɫɤɿ

ɚɩɚɪɚɬ  ɍ ɬɚɤɿɯ ɜ ɵɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɦɵ ɞɚɜɟɞɜɚɟɦɫɹ ɩɪɚ ɰɿ ɤɚɜɵɹ ɩɚɞɪɚ

ɛɹɡɧɚɫɰɿ   ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɡɭɸɰɶ ɦɟɬɚɞɵ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚ

ɰɵ  Ɍɚɤ ɚɩɪɚʆɞɜɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɥɭɰɤɿɦ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɚɦ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ Ɏɺ

ɤɭª ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ ʆɞɚɜɵ ɥɭɰɤɚɝɚ ɜ ɨɣɬɚ ɡ ɹ ɟ ɡɹ ɰɟɦ ɫɭɩɹ

ɪɷɱɧɭɸ ɡ ɜɵɪɚɤɚɦ ɬɪɨɰɤɚɝɚ ɜɚɹɜ ɨɞɵ ɹ ɤɿ ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞɚʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɚɞ

ɹɤɨɟ ɪɷ ɱɵ ɡ ɧɚɲɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɿ ɤɚɠɚɦ  ɜɵɞɚɜɚɰɶ ɥɿɫɬɵ ɹɤ

ɯɬɨ ʆ ɧɚɫ ɩɚɩɪɨɫɿɰɶ»

 Ƚɷɬɚɟ ɫɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɩɚɜ ɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚ

ɬɥɭɦɚɱɵɰɶ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɶ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ  ɹɤɿɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɡ ɝɚɫɩɚ

ɞɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ 

ɍ ɝɷɬɤɚɣ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɿ ² ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ ɩɪɵ ɧɟɜɹ ɥɿɤɿɯ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɯ

ɡɜɹɪɬɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɩɚ ɹɤɿɹ  ɩɪɨɫɶɛɿɬ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɬɚɤ

ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬ ɚɛ ɹɤɿɦɺɧ ɩɪɨɫɿɰɶ ɝɷɬɚ ɩɭɫɬɤɚ ɹɤɚɹ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚ

ɧɟ ɩɪɵ ɧɨɫɿ ɰɶ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɭ ɞɚɯɨɞɭ  ² ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚ ʆɠɵɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ ɜɹ 

ɞɨɦɚɹ ʆɠɨ ʆ XV ɫɬ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ  ɹɤɚɹ ɦɟɥɚ ɯɚɪɚɤ

ɥɸɞɢ ɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɞɚɥɢ»

 Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɤɥɚʆɡɭɥɚ ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹ ɥɚ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɦɭ

ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɭ ɜɵɤɚɡɜ ɚɰɶ ɩɹɪɷɱɚɧɧɿ  ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ² ɲ ɬɨ ɧɟ

ɛɵɥɨ ɪɷɞɤɚɫɰɸ ² ɿ ɚɛɥɹ ɝɱɚɥɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɭ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɹɝɨ ʆ

ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɤɚɥɿ ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɵ ɫɬɚɧ ɧɟ ɫɭɩɚɞɚʆ ɡ ɬɵɦ ɹɤɿ ɩɪɚɞ

ɫɬɚʆɥɹ ʆ ɛɵʆ ɩɪɨɫɶ ɛɿɬ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɜ ɵɤɥɿɤɚʆ ɩɹɪɷɱɚɧɧɿ ɜɚɹɜ ɨɞɵ ɰɿ

ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɚ  ɍ ɤɪɵ ɧɿɰɚɯ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɚɦ ɧɚɩɚɬɤɚɰɶ ɧɹ ɦɚɥɚ ɩɪɵ ɤɥɚ

ɞɚʆ ɜ ɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɹ  ɝɷɬɚɟ ɡɚɫɰɹ ɪɨɝɿ  ɋɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɛɵɥɿ  ɬɚɤ

ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɵ  ɲɬɨ ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬ  ɝ  ɩɪɵɫɜɹ ɰɿʆ ɚɞɦɵɫɥɨɜɵ

ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɤɚɥɿ ɛ ɯɬɨ ɜ ɵɩɪɚɫɿʆ ɫɚɛɟ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɝɚɫɩɚ

ɞɚɪɚ ɿ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɚ ɬɵɦ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɯɬɨ ɿɧɲɵ  ɦɟʆ

ɬɨɟ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɩɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɷɧɧɹ ʆɠɨ ɧɟ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɝɨɞ

ɧɢ ɜɨ ɲɬɨ ɦ ɚɟɬ ɨɛɟɪɧɟɧ ɛɵɬɢª

. Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚ

ɲɚɥɚ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɭɫɿ ɯ ɰɹɠɤɚɫɰɹʆ ɲɬɨ ɜɵ ɧɿɤɚɥɿ ɡ ɧɚɞɡɜ ɵɱɚɣ ɧɟ

ɞɚɫɤɚɧɚɥɚɟ ɩɪɚɰɵ  ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɿ

ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɡɞɚɪɚɥɚɫɹ  ɲɬɨ ɦɚɧɚɪɯ ɦɭɫɿʆ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɸɱɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ

ɧɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞ ɫɭɞɭ ɚɮɿɰɵɣɧɚ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɰɶ ɭɫɟ ɫɜɚɟɩɚɩɹ ɪɷɞɧɿɹ ɚɤɬɵ

Ɍ ɚɤ  ɭ ɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɣ ɭɠɨ ɧɚɦ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɟ ȿɲɤɚʆȾɭɛɧɿɰɤɿɯ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ

Ɍ ɵ ɛɨɪɚʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ  ɤɚɛ ɥɿɫɬɵ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɿ ɧɟ

Ⱥɛɩ ɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ ɣɤɚɧɰɵɥ ɹɪɵɿ

170

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ʆɜɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɫɭɞɞɡɹʆ ɭ ɡɦɚɧ ɿ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɲɤɚɞɠɚɥɿ  ɛɟɫɫɬɚɪɨɧɧɚɦɭ

ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞɭ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɵ  ɡɚɹ ʆɥɹɟ «quas ( litteras) nos cassamus per

praesens, ne errores ulterius in ea causa earum vigore subor

(iantur)»

[ɬɵɹ  ɥɿɫɬɵ ɦɵ ɤɚɫɭɟɦ ɝɷɬɵ ɦ ɥɿ ɫɬɨɦ ɤɚɛ ɧɟ

ʆɡɧɿɤɚɥɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɩɚɦɵ ɥɚɤ ɭ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɡɡɚ ɿɯɧɹɣ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞ

ɧɚɫɰɿ@ ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɭ  ɝ  ɭ ɫɩɪɷɱɧɚɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ʆɞɚɜɵ

ɥɭɰɤɚɝɚ ɜɨɣɬɚ ɡ ɹɟ ɡɹ ɰɟɦ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ ɞɚɪɭɱɵʆ ɥɭɰɤɚɦɭ ɫɬɚɪɚ

ɫɬɭ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɰɶ ɭ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɡ ɜɵɪɚɤɚɦ ɩɚɧɨʆɪɚɞɵ  ɚ ɤɚɥɿ

ɥɿɫɬ ɡ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵ ɿ  ɛɭɞɡɟ ɫɭɩɹ ɪɷɱɵ ɰɶ ɝɷɬɚɦɭ

ɜɵɪɚɤɭ  ɬɨ ɹɝɨ ɩɚɩɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɰɶ

 ɑɚɫɚɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɫɵɰɶ ɪɚɫ

ɩɚɪɚɞɠɷɧɧɹ ɚɛ ɬɵɦ  ɤɚɛ ɥɿɫɬɵ ɡ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɿ

ɩɪɵ ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞɡɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɧɟ ɛɪɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɞ ɭɜ ɚɝɭ Ɍɚɤ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɚɣ

ɫɩɪɷɱɰɵ ɚɛ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɟ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɵ  ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɦɟɫɬɚɜɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ

ɦɟɫɰɚ ɤɨɫɤɿ ɡɚɥɟɠɵɰɶ ɚɞ ɬɚɝɨ   ɲɬɨ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ  ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɧɚɤɚ

ɡɚʆ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ« ɰɿ ɩɚɞɡɟɥ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɵ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ«ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɧɚɤɚ

ɡɚʆ ɦɟɫɬɚɜɵɦ ɭɥɚɞɚɦ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ  «ɚɠɛɵ ɟɫɬɟ ɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɜɲɵɟ ɥɢɫ

ɬɵ ɧɚɲɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɬɥɨɠɢɜɲɢ  ɤ ɚɡɚɥɢ« ɢɦ ɟɧɢɹ  ɜɫɢ« ɜ

ɪɨɜɧɵɣ ɞɟɥ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɢ»

  ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬI,

ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɹ ɸɱɵ ɛɚɹɪɤɭ Ɇɿɯɚɥɚɜ ɭ Ɂɟɧɚɜɟɜ ɿ ɱɚɜ ɭ 0L FKDá RZą

ɞɪɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɟª ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɛɚɰɶ ɤɿ ɿ ɛɪɚɬɚ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɛ ɩɚɫɥɭ

ɠɵɰɶ ɺɣ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɚɸ ɞɥɹ ʆɡɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɭ

 ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɠɚ

ɱɵɧɚɦ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ I ɤɚɡɚʆ «ɫɨɞɪɚɬɢª ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɣ ɜ ɵ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ

ɭ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɥɹɪɵɿ ɜɨɣɬ ɛɟɡ ɿɯɧɹɟɡɝɨɞɵ ɿ ɜɨɥɿ

 Ȼɵɜɚɥɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ

ɲɬɨ ɥɿɫɬɵ ɚ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɩɟɪɝɚɦɟɧɬɧɵɹ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɚɞɞɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ʆ

ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵ ɸ ɧɚ ɚɧɭɥɹɰɵɸ ɩɪɚɡ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɲɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ

©ɫɤɚɠɷɧɧɟɦ ª

 ɿ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɚɝɚɜɨɪɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɜɵ ɪɚɤɭ Ɍɚɤ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɡ ɩɚɧɚɦɿɪɚɞɚɣ ɧɚɤɚɡɚʆ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɰɶ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɵ ɡ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚɦ ɡɚɩɿɫ ɩɚɧɚ Ʌɿɬɚɜɨɪɚ ɏɪɚɩɬɨɜɿɱɚ Litaw ora Chreptowicza)

ɑ ɚɫɚɦ ɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɚ ɝɚɜ ɨɪɵɰɰɚ ɩɪɚ ɡɧɹ ɩɪɚʆɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɭ

 Ƚɷɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɦɵ ɱɭɟɦ ɩɪɚ ɞɚɪɭɱɷɧɧɿ ɚɛ ɫɩɚ

ɥɟɧɧɿ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ  ɲɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɚɸ ɮɨɪɦɚɸ ɿɯ

ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɹ

 Ʉ ɚɥɿ ɝɚɜɨɪɤɚ ɿɲɥɚ ɩɪɚ ɚɤɬɵ ɭ ɹɤɿɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤ

ɛɪɚʆ ɧɚ ɫɹɛɟ ɩɷʆɧɚɟ ɡɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɧɧɟ ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ ɩɚɪɭɱɧɵɹ ɥɿɫɬɵ 

ɞɵɤ ɿɯ ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɤɚɫɚɜɚɥɿ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɡɜɚɪɨɬɭ ɿ ɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɶ ɧɿɤɭ

171

ɬɚª ɬɚɞɵ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɹ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɧɨɜ ɵ ɹɤɿ ɚɧɭɥɹɜ ɚʆ ɿ ɧɿɲɬɨ

ɠɵʆ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬ  ɞɡɟ ɡɦɹɲɱɚɥɿɫɹ  ɡɚɛɚɜ ɹɡɚɧɧɿ

ɋɭɩɹ ɪɷɱɧɵɹ  ɭɡɚɟɦɚɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɵ ɹ ɚɤɬɵ  ɚɧɭɥɹɜɚɧɧɟ ɝɚɫ

ɩɚɞɚɪɨɦ ɭɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ ʆ ɩɚɞɪɵɜɚɥɿ  ɹɫɧɚɹ ɪɷɱ ɞɚɜ ɟɪ ɞɚ

ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɜɵ ɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɡ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɤɧɹ ɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ  ȼɨɫɶ

ɠɚ  ɛɨɤ  ɹ ɤɿ ɩɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɨɰɧɚɝɚ ɜ ɵɪɚɤɭ ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɧɚɣ

ɜɵɲ ɷɣɲɚɝɚ ² ɦɚɧɚɪɲɚɝɚ ² ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ ɪɚɩɬɚɦ ɚɩɵɧɚʆɫɹ  ʆ

ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɿ ɤɚɥɿ ɹɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɵ ɡɧɨʆ ɫɬɚɜɿ ɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɞ ɫɭɦɧɟʆ ɩɪɚɝɧɭʆ

ɞɪɭɝɿɦ ɧɚɜɚɪɚɬɚɦ ɡɚɫɰɟɪɚɝɱɵɫɹ ɚɞ ɦɚɝɱɵ ɦɵɯ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɨɜɚɫɰɹʆ

Ʉɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɹ ɭ ɫɜɚɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ ɚɞɤɚɡɧɚɹ  ɡɚ ɝɷɬɤɿ ɫɬɚɧ ɧɟ ɦɚɝɥɚ

ɩɪɨɰɿɫɬɚɹ ɰɶ ɹɝɨɧɵɦ ɹ ɤ ɜ ɵɧɿɤɚɥɚ ɡ ɞɨɫɜɟɞɭ ɧɟɛɟɫɩɚɞɫɬɚʆ

ɧɵ ɦ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɍ ɜɵɧɿ ɤɭ ʆ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɡ¶ ɹʆɥɹɥɿɫɹ ɤɥɚʆɡɭɥɵ

ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɫɚɦɿ ɧɚɣɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɟɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɡɚɜɚɥɿ  ɫɬɚɧ  ɹ ɤɿ ɩɚɧɚɜɚʆ ɭ

ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹ ɪɵɿ Ɍɚɤ ɋɨɮ¶ɹ ȱɡɞɷɛɫɤɚɹ  ɡ ɦɭɠɚɦ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɹɤɿɯ ɜ ɵɣ

ɝɪɚɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɿ ɩɚɧɨʆɪɚɞɵ ɪɚɩɬɚɦ ɫɭɪ¶ɺɡɧɚ

ɩɚɯɿɫɧɭɥɚɫɹ  ɛɨ ɩɪɚɰɿʆɧɿɤ ɡɞɚɛɵʆ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɵ ɜɵɪɚɤɭ ɞɚɤɭ

ɦɟɧɬ ɡ ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɥɹ ɪɵ ɿ  ɇɚɫɬɚɹʆɲɵ ʆɪɷɲɰɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɿɦ

ɹɧɵ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ʆ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɰɟ ɹɤɿ  ɩɚɰɜɹ ɪɞɠɚʆ ɿɯ ɩɪɚɜɵ  ɤɥɚʆɡɭ

ɥɭ ɲɬɨʆɫɟ ɚɤɬɵ ɹɤɿɹ ʆ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɦɨɝɭɰɶ ɭ ɛɭɞɭɱɵɧɿ ɜɵɣɫɰɿ

ɡ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿ  ɿ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ  ɦɟɰɶ ɚɞɜɚɪɨɬɧɚɟ ɝɭɱɚɧ

ɧɟ ɧɟ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɦɟɰɶ ɧɿ ɹɤɚɟ ɦɨɰɵ

 Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɚ ʆɦɚ

ɰɚɜɚɧɚ ɩɹɱɚɬɤɚɦɿ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɯ ɩɚɧɨʆɪɚɞɵ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɝɷɬɤɿ ɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ

ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɥɿ  ɜ ɚɝɭ ɩɟɪɲɚɝɚ ɜ ɵ ɪɚɤɭ  ɩɪɵɧɹɬɚɝɚ ɡ ɿɯɧɵɦ ɭɞɡɟ

ɥɚɦ

Ƚɷɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɚɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ȿɲ ɤɚʆȾɭɛɧɿɰɤɿɯ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ

Ɍ ɵɛɨɪɚʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɱɵɹ  ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɹ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɭɩɹ ɪɷɱɧɵɹ

ɚɤɬɵ ɿ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ   ɞɚɪɭɱɚɟ ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɞɜɭɯɤɪɚɬɧɚɝɚ ɚɞɚɫɥɚɧɧɹ

ɪɷɦɿɫɿɿɫɩɪɚɜ ɵ ɝɪɨɞɫɤɿɦ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɞɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ  ɞɚɪɚɝɿɱɵ ɧɫɤɚɝɚ

ɫɭɞɞɡɿ ɿ ɩɚɞɫɭɞɤɚ ɤɚɛ ɬɵɹ  ɩɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ «cognit ionem

et determinationem faciatis secundum consuetudi nem iuris vestri

terrestris… non obtentis aliis nostris quibuscunque vis litteris alicui

partis datis et in futuro quomodolibet concessis nec aliter facturi»

[ɭɱɵɧɿɰɟ ɪɚɫɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɿ ɜɵ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɟ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɫɚ ɡɜɵɱɚɟɦ ɜɚ

ɲɚɝɚ ɡɟɦɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ    ɩɪɵ  ɝɷɬɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɚɸɰɶ ɦɨɰɵ ɥɸɛɵɹ

ɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɲ ɵɹ ɥɿɫɬɵ  ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɹ ɧɟɣɤɚɦɭ ɛɨɤɭ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɬɵɹ

ɲɬɨ ɹ ɤɿɦɫɶ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɹ ʆ ɛɭɞɭɱɵɧɿ  ɿ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɿ

ɰɟ ɿ ɧɚɤɲ@.

Ƚɷɬɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɫɚɦ ɩɟɪɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ ɜɚɝɭ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɩɚ

ɺɧ ɦɟʆ ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɵ ɹɤ ɧɚɣɜ ɵ ɲɷɣɲ ɵ ɫɭɞɞɡɹ 

Ⱥɛɩ ɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ ɣɤɚɧɰɵɥ ɹɪɵɿ