Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

Ȼɿ ɛɥɿɹɬɷɤɚɱɚɫɨɩɿ ɫɚ

Ʉɧɿɝɚɜɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶɞɡɹɤɭɸɱɵɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɰɵ

ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚȱɧɫɬɵɬɭɬɚʆɆɿɧɫɤɭɞɵ

Ⱥɞɞɡɟɥɭɩɪɚɜɚɿɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɿȼɚɪɲɚʆɫɤɚɝɚɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚ

Ɂɚɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɭʆɩɚɞɪɵɯɬɨʆɰɵɜɵɞɚɧɧɹɲɱɵɪɚɞɡɹɤɭɟɦ

ȺɧɞɠɷɸɁɚɤɲɷʆɫɤɚɦɭȼɚɪɲɚɜɚɿȺɥɟɫɸɀɥɭɬɤɭɆɿɧɫɤ

ɘɥɿɭɲ Ȼ ɚɪɞɚɯ

Ɇ ɿɧ ɫɤ

2002

ɒɬɭɞɵɿ ɡ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ

ɍȾɄ > ]– 89 ”15/17”

Ȼ

Ȼɿɛɥɿɹɬɷɤɚ ɱɚɫɨɩɿɫɚ ȻȽȺ

ɋɟɪɵɹ Ⱥɥɶɛɚɪɭɬɷɧɿɤɚ

 Ȼɚɪɞɚɯ ɘ

Ȼ ɒɬɭɞɵɿɡɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚɄɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɅɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚɉɟɪɆɊɚ-

ɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɚɝɚɿȺȱɫɬɨɦɿɧɚɉɪɚɞɦȽɋɚɝɚɧɨɜɿɱɚ²Ɇɿɧɫɤ

²ɫȻɿɛɥɿɹɬɷɤɚɱɚɫɨɩɿɫɚ© ȻɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿȽɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵȺɝɥɹɞª 

ɘɥɿɭɲ Ȼɚɪɞ ɚɯ 

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭ ɫɤɿ ȽɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵȺɝɥ ɹɞ 

ɍɤɧɿɝɭɜɵɛɪɚɧɵɯɲɬɭɞɵɹ ʆɜɹɞɨɦɚ ɝɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɧɚɜɭ ɤ ɨʆɰɚ ɘɥɿɭ ɲɚ

Ȼɚ ɪɞɚ ɯɚ ʆɜɚɣɲɥɿɚɪɬɵɤɭɥɵɩɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚ ʆɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɨɣ ɝɿɫɬɨ ɪɵɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚ ɝɚ

Ʉɧɹɫɬ ɜɚɅɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  ɿɧɚɰɵɹɧɚ ɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɛ ɥɟɦɚɯɐ ɷɧɬ ɪɚɥɶɧɚ ȸɫɯ ɨɞɧɹɣ

ȿʆɪ ɨɩɵ ȼɵɞɚɧɧɟɡɦɹɲɱɚ ɟ ɩɨʆɧɭɸ ɛ ɿɛɥɿɹ ɝɪɚɮɿɸ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜ ɵɯ ɩɭ ɛɥɿɤɚ ɰɵɣ

ɝɿɫɬɨ ɪɵɤɚ

7 ɇɚɜɭɤɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝ ɚɝɿ ɫɬɨɪ ɵɤɚ Ƚɟɧɚɞɡ ɶɋɚɝɚ ɧɨɜ ɿ ɱ)

9 Ɂɚɱɚɪ ɚɜɚɧɵ ȼɹɥ ɿɤɿ ɦɄɧɹɫɬɜɚɦ ɿɧ ɬɷɪ ɜɿɸɡ ɘɥ ɿɭɲ ɚɦ

Ȼɚɪ ɞɚɯɚɦ

17 Ʉɪ ɷɜɚɿɅɸɛɥ ɿɧɁ ɩɪɚɛ ɥɟɦ ɚʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɟɭɧ ɿɿ

103 Ʌɚɞɦ ɟɫɬɚʆɧɚɦɚɝɞɷɛɭ ɪɝɫɤɿɦ ɩɪ ɚɜɟʆȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ

Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɞɚ ɫɹɪ ;9,,ɫɬ

161 Ⱥɛ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɥɿ ɬɨ ʆɫɤɚɣɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɿɱ ɚɫɨʆɀɵɝɿ ɦɨɧɬɚ,

ɋɬɚɪɨ ɝɚ

199 Ɂɜɵɱ ɚɺɜɚɟɲ ɥɸ ɛɧɚɟɩɪ ɚɜɚ ɪɭ ɫɿ ɧɚʆȼɹɥ ɿɤɚɝɚɄɧɹɫɬɜɚ

Ʌɿ ɬɨ ʆɫɤɚɝ ɚ ;9± ;9,, ɫɬ

280 Ⱦɚɱɵɧ ɟɧɧ ɿɩɚɦ ɿɠ ɤɚɬ ɚɥɿ ɤɚɦɿɿ ɩɪ ɚɜɚɫɥ ɚʆɧ ɵɦɿ ʆ

ȼɹɥɿɤɿ ɦɄɧ ɹɫɬɜɟɅɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɦɤɚɧɟɰXIV–XVIIɫɬ

296 ɒɦɚɬ ɭɡ ɪɨ ʆɧɟɜɚɹɧ ɚɰɵɹɧɚɥ ɶɧɚɹɫɜɹɞɨ ɦɚɫɰ ɶ ɧɚ

ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɪ ɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦ ɥɹɯɊɷɱɵɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɭ;9,,±;;ɫɬ

316 Ⱥɞ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯɞ ɚɷɬɧɿɱ ɧɵɯɧɚɪɨɞɚʆɭ ɐɷ ɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚ

ȸɫɯɨɞ ɧɹɣȿ ʆɪɨ ɩɟ

336 Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɹɩɚɥ ɹɤɿ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɪ ɨɞɵɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟɅɿɬɜɵ

ɋɩɪɨɛɚɫɿ ɫɬɷɦ ɧɚɝɚɚɧɚɥɿ ɡɭ

368 Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭ ɰɵɹ ɦɚɹɿ © ȸɡɚɟɦ ɧɵɹɁɚɪɭɱ ɵɧɵȺɛ ɨɞɜɭɯ

ɇɚɪɨɞɚʆª ɝ

413 Ȼɿ ɛɥɿ ɹɝ ɪɚɮ ɿɹ ɩɭɛ ɥɿ ɤɚɰɵɣ ɩɪɚɮɟɫɚɪ ɚɘɥɿɭ ɲɚ Ȼɚɪɞɚɯɚ

Ɂɦɟɫɬ

ȱɦɹ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚ ɘɥɿɭɲɚ Ȼɚɪɞɚɯɚ ɜɹɞɨɦɚɟ ʆ ɰɷ

ɥɚɣȿʆɪɨɩɟ  Ȭɧ ² ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɵ ɱɥɟɧ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ Ⱥɤɚɞɷɦɿ ɿ ɇɚɜɭɤ

ɿɬɚɥɶ ɹɧɫɤɚɣ Accademia Nazionale dei Li ncei  ɞɨɤɬɚɪ honoris

causa ȼɚɪɲɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ Ʌɨɞɡɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚʆ ɱɥɟɧ

ɦɧɨɝɿɯ ɦɿ ɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚʆ ɿ ɪɷɞɚɤɰɵɣɧɵɯ

ɪɚɞɚʆ

Ƚɷɬɚ ɜ ɭɱɨɧɵ ɲɦɚɬɝɪɚɧɧɚɝɚ ɬɚɥɟɧɬɭ  Ȭɧ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɫɤɪɭ

ɩɭɥɺɡɧɵ  ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤ ɿ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɵ ɩɚɩɭɥɹɪɵ ɡɚɬɚɪ ɧɚɜɭɤi  ɰɹ ɪ

ɩɥɿ ɜɵ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝ ɿ ɡɚʆɡɹɬɵ  ɩɚɥɟɦɿɫɬ  Ⱦɵɹɩɚɡɨɧ ɹ ɝɨ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ

ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚʆ ɧɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɲɵɪɨɤɿ ɹ ɤ ɯɪɚɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚ ² ɚɞ ɋ ɹɪɷɞ

ɧɹɜ ɟɱɱɚ ɞɚ ɏɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɬɚɤ ɿ  ɬɷɦɚɬɵɱɧɚ² ɚɞ © Ɋɭɫɤɚɣ ɩɪɚʆ

ɞɵª  ɿ  ɝɟɧɷɡɵ ɫɨɣɦɚ ɞɚ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹʆ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ

ɩɚɞɡɟɹ ʆ II ɫɭɫɜ ɟɬɧɚɣ ɜ ɚɣɧɵ ɿ ɦɟɬɚɞɚɥɨɝɿɿ ɞɵ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɝɿɫɬɚ

ɪɵɱɧɚɣ ɧɚɜɭɤɿ

ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɤɚɥɟɣɞɚɫɤɚɩɿɱɧɵ ɦ ɦɧɨɫɬɜ ɟ ɬɷɦɚʆ ɫɚɦɚ ɛɨɥɟɣ

ɭɜɚɝɿ ɿ ɱɚɫɭ ɜɭɱɨɧɵ ɩɪɵɫɜɹɰɿʆ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ  cɬɚɪɚɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹ ɪ

ɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɵ ɡɦɭ ʆ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ  ɚɥɟ ɫɬɚɥɚɣ

ɬɷɦɚɣ ɹ ɝɨɧɵ ɯ ɲ ɬɭɞɵɹʆ ɡɚʆɠɞɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɿ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɵ  ȼ ɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ± Ʉɪɷʆɫɤɚɹ ɿ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɿ ɫɥɚɜɭɬɵɹ

ɋɬɚɬɭɬɵ  ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɹ  ɜɹɥɿ ɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɧɰɵɥɹɪɵɹ ɭɡɚɟɦɚɞɚ

ɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɿ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ʆ ɝɚɞɵ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɫɨɣɦɚ

ɭɪɷɲɰɟ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ  ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚɬɵɤɚ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɯ ɛɵɥɨɣ Ɋ ɷɱɵ

ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɿ ɲɦɚɬ ɱɚɝɨ ɿɧɲɚɝɚ Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɦɟ

ɧɚɜɿɬɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɞɚɪɨɛɚɤ ɘ  Ȼɚɪɞɚɯɚ ʆ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɚɛ

ɲɚɪɚʆ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ± ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜ ɵ  ɹ ɤɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɿ ɧɚ

ɲɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɤɚɦ

ɍɫɬɨɣɥɿɜɚɹ ʆɜɚɝɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɭɱɨɧɚɝɚ ɞɚ ɦɿɧɭɥɚɝɚ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚ

ɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɨɜɚɹ  ə ɝɨ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɚɹ  ɛɿɹɝɪɚɮɿɹ ɩɚɱɵɧɚ

ɥɚɫɹ ʆ ȼɿ ɥɟɧɫɤɿɦ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿ ɬɷɰɟ ɿɦɹ  ɋ ɬɷɮɚɧɚ Ȼɚɬɨɪɵɹ  Ɍ ɭɬ 

ɝɚɞɨɜɵ  ɫɬɭɞɷɧɬɘ Ȼɚɪɞɚɯ ɛɪɚʆ ɭɞɡɟɥ ɭ VI ɍɫɟɚɝɭɥɶɧɵɦ ɡ¶ɟɡ

ɞɡɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ  ɧɚ ɹɤɿɦ ɚɞɜɚɠɵʆɫɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɿɰɶ

ɭ ɞɵɫɤɭɫɿɿ  ɩɚ ɪɷɮɟɪɚɬɚɯ ɦɚɫɰɿɬɵɯ ɜɭɱɨɧɵɯ  ɉɚɞ ɱɚɫ ɲɬɭɞɵɹʆ

ɭ ȼ ɿɥɶɧɿ ɹɝɨ ɡɚɯɚɩɿɥɚ ɧɟɩɚʆɬɨɪɧɚɫɰɶ ɫɿɦɛɿɺɡɭ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ  ɞɵ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɝɷɬɚɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ  ɿɧɲɵɦɿ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɿ ɹɤ ɫɚɦ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɜ ɚʆɫɹ  ʆ

ɿɧɬɷɪɜ ɿɸ ɡɚɱɚɪɚɜ ɚɥɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ 

ɇɚɜɭɤɚɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚ

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɉɪɚɰɵ ɘɥɿɭɲ ɚ Ȼɚɪɞɚɯɚ ɩɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɟ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɦ

ɞɚʆɧɨ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɤɥɚɫɿɤɚɣ  ȱɧɬɷɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɠɵ ɜɭɱɚɫɰɶ ɹɝɨ ɩɭɛ

ɥɿɤɚɰɵɹɦ ɡɚɛɹ ɫɩɟɱɵɥɚ ɧɟɚɫɥɚɛɧɚɹ  ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɶ  ɞɚ ɫɹɛɟ

ɹɤ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤɚ əɤ ɭɠɨ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ  ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ ɦɿ ɤɚɥɟɝɚɦɿ ɜɭɱɨ

ɧɚɝɚ  ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɚɝɚ ɧɨɜɚɝɚ ɜɵ ɞɚɧɧɹ  ɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɜɚɧɵ ɹ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɬɷɤ

ɫɬɵ ɺɧ ɪɷɞɚɝɚɜɚʆ ɩɚɧɨɜɚɦɭ ɞɚɩɚʆɧɹ ʆ ɧɚɣɧɨʆɲ ɚɣ ɥɿ ɬɚɪɚɬɭ

ɪɚɣ ɿ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɫɜɚɿ ɯ ɩɚɡɧɟɣɲɵɯ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹʆ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ  ɠ

ɩɿɫɚʆ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ɧɚɧɨɜ ɚ  Ɂɜ ɚɠɚɸɱɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɶ ɤɚɫɰɶ ɿ ɹɤɚɫɰɶ

ɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɰɵɹʆ ɘɥɿɭɲɚ Ȼɚɪɞɚɯɚ ɹɝɨ ɜɭɱɚɧɶ ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ Ɋ ɭɫɨɰɤɿ

ɬɪɚɩɧɚ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵʆ ɲɬɨ ɫɹɞɡɟɧɧɟ ɝɚɞɡɿɧɚɦɿ ʆ ɛɿɛɥɿɹɬɷɰɵ ɰɿ ɡɚ

ɩɿɫɶɦɨɜ ɵ ɦ ɫɬɚɥɨɦ ± ɝɷɬɚ ɩɷʆɧɚ ©ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚ ɩɚɫɬɚɹɧɧɚɣ ɫɚɬɵɫ

ɮɚɤɰɵɿª ɜɭɱɨɧɚɝɚ

Ɂɚʆɠɞɵ ɚɞɤɪɵ ɬɵ ɧɚ ɤɚɧɬɚɤɬɵ ɿ ɞɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɱɥɿɜɵ  ɘɥɿɭɲ

Ȼɚɪɞɚɯ ɦɧɨɝɚɦɭ ɧɚɜɭɱɵʆ ɿ ɜ ɭɱɵɰɶ  ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ ²

ɬɵɯ  ɤɚɦɭ ɩɚɲɱɚɫɰɿɥɚ ʆ ɚɫɚɛɿɫɬɵɦ ɡɧɚɺɦɫɬɜɟ ɡ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɵ ɦ

ɦɚɣɫɬɪɚɦ  Ɇɹɧɟ ɭ ɩɪɵ ɜɚɬɧɚɫɰɿ  ɭɪɚɠɜ ɚɥɿ ɹɝɨ ɪɷɮɥɟɤɫɿɿ ɧɚɞ

ɦɟɬɚɞɚɥɨɝɿ ɹɣ ɿ ɩɪɚɮɟɫɿɣɧɚɣ ɷɬɵɤɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɤɚ ɉɟɪɚɠɵʆɲɵ

ɧɟ ɚɞɧɭ ɡɦɟɧɭ ʆɥɚɞɚʆ ɦɚɸɱɵ ɛɚɝɚɬɵ ɞɨɫɜɟɞ ɠɵɰɰɹ ʆ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɣ

ɧɚɜɭɰɵ ɜɭɱɨɧɵ ʆ ɧɹ ɥɺɝɤɿɹ ɞɥɹ ɹɝɨ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɱɚɫɵɚɞɤɪɵɬɚ ɩɿɫɚʆ

©Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɿ ɹ ɤɿ ɜɭɱɨɧɵɹ ɿ ɧɲɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɵɹ ɥɶɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ²

ɤɚɥɿ ɝɷɬɚ ɫɩɚɬɪɷɛɿɰɰɚ ² ɦɟɰɶ ɫɿɥɭ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɩɚɫɬɚɜɿɰɶ  ɫɹɛɟ ʆɥɚ

ɞɡɟª  ɋɺɧɧɹ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɞɡɟ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹ ɝɪɚɮɿɹ ɡɧɨʆ ɫɬɚɜɿɰɰɚ ɩɚɞ

ɚɮɿ ɰɵɣɧɵ  ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɶ  ɝɷɬɵ ɹ  ɫɥɨɜɵ ɝɭɱɚɰɶ  ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɧɚɞɡɺɧɧɚ

Ɇɵ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛ ɰɹɩɟɪ ɩɚɜɭɱɵɰɰɚ ɧɨɧɤɚɧɮɚɪɦɿɡɦɭ ʆ ɧɚɲɵɯ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɯ ɤɚɥɟɝɚʆ

ɉɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɘɥɿɭɲɚ Ȼɚɪɞɚɯɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɡɹɰɶ

ɭɩɟɪɲɵɧɸ ɍ ɬɨɦɿɤ ɹɝɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵɯ ɲɬɭɞɵɹʆ ɭɤɥɸɱɚɧɚ ɞɡɟɜɹɰɶ

ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥɚʆ ɩɪɵɫɜ ɟɱɚɧɵɯ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɚ

ɩɪɚɜɚɜɨɣ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ  ȼɹɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɞɵ ɥɺɫɚɦ ɹ ɝɨ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɵ

ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɨʆɧɚɹ  ɛɿɛɥɿɹɝɪɚɮɿɹ  ɧɚɜ ɭɤɨɜ ɵ ɯ ɩɭɛɥɿ ɤɚɰɵɣ

ɜɭɱɨɧɚɝɚ ɐɹɩɟɪ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜ ɚɧɧɿ ɜ ɚɪɲɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɥɿɬɭɚɧɿɫɬɚɤɥɚɫɿɤɚ

ɛɭɞɭɰɶ ɞɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɹ  ɿ ɲ ɵɪɨɤɚɦɭ ɤɨɥɭ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɱɵɬɚɱɨʆ

ɍɩɷʆɧɟɧɵ  ɲ ɬɨ ɝɷɬɚɹ ɤɧɿɝɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɡɚɩɨʆɧɿɰɶ  ɫɭɪ¶ɺɡɧɵɹ

ɩɪɚɝɚɥɵ ʆ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɚɧɚɨɝɭɥ ɛɭɞɡɟ

ɜɟɥɶ ɦɿ ɤɚɪɵɫɧɚɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲ ɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹɝɪɚɮɿ ɿ  ɧɟ ʆɧɿɤɲɚɣ

ɚɞɱɭɜɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɮɪɭɫɬɪɚɰɵ ɿ ɚɞɪɚɞɠɷɧɰɤɚɟ ɩɚɪɵ

Ƚɟɧɚɞɡɶɋɚɝɚɧɨɜɿɱ

ɨɠɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɟɪɚɛɨɥɶ ɲɚɧɧɹ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚ

ɮɟɫɚɪɚ ɘɥɿ ɭɲɚ Ȼɚɪɞɚɯɚ ɜ ɟɞɚɸɰɶ ɭ ɧɚɜɭ

ɤɨɜɵɦ ɫɜ ɟɰɟ ɰɷɥɚɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɵ

ɜɵɞɚɬɧɵ ɜɭɱɨɧɵ   ɰɿɤɚɜ ɵ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɲɦɚɬɝɪɚɧ

ɧɚɫɰɸ  ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɸ ɇɚɣɩɟɪɲ ɺɧ ɦɟɞɵɹɜɿɫɬ ɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤ

ɩɪɚɜɚ  Ⱥɥɟ ɩɪɵ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɭ ɞɵɹɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɰɤɿɯ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚʆ

ɩɪɚɮɟɫɚɪɚ ɿ ɧɨɜɚɱɚɫɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚɬɵɤɚ  ɿ ɧɚɜ ɚɬ XXɫɬ ɘ Ȼɚɪ

ɞɚɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɵɰɶ  ɞɚ ɤɨɥɚ ɬɵɯ ɯɬɨ ʆɞɭɦɥɿɜɚ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɭɟ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɵ  ɿ

ʆ ɬɨɣ ɠɚ ɱɚɫ ɝɷɬɚ ɚʆɬɚɪ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɯ ɩɚɞɪɭɱɧɿɤɚʆ ɲɵɪɨɤɿɯ ɫɿɧɬɷ

ɡɚʆ ɩɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɿ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ȼɭɱɨɧɵ ɚɞɧɨɥɶ ɤɚɜ ɚ ɫɭɪ¶ɺɡ

ɧɚ ɡɚɣɦɚɟɰɰɚ ɿ ɦɟɬɚɞɚɥɨɝɿɹ ɣ ɞɵɫɰɵɩɥɿɧɵ  ɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɹɣ ɝɿɫɬɚ

ɪɵɹɝɪɚɮɿɿ  Ȭɧ — ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɶ ɧɵ ɤɪɵ ɬɵɤ ɿ ɫɦɟɥɵ ɩɚɥɟɦɿ ɫɬ

ɚɤɬɵ ʆɧɵ ɩɚɩɭɥɹ ɪɵɡɚɬɚɪ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɿ ɜɵɞɚɬɧɵ ɞɵɞɚɤɬɵ ɤ  ɚɪɝɚ

ɧɿɡɚɬɚɪ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɰɤɚɣ ɧɚɜɭɤɿ

Ⱥɩɪɚɱɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɿ  ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɘ Ȼɚɪɞɚɯ ɫɬɚɥɚ

ɪɚɫɩɪɚɰɨʆɜɚɟ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɵ  ɥɿɬɭɚɧɿɫɬɵɤɿ ɋɹɪɨɞ ɬɷɦɚʆ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚ

ɜɚɧɵɯ ɿɦ — ɚɞɨɩɰɵɹ  ʆ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɏV–ɏ9I ɫɬ Ʉɪɷʆɫ

ɤɚɹ ɿ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿ ɿ ɞɥɹ  ɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɯ ɜɭɱɨɧɵ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚ

ɜɚʆ ɧɨɜɵɹ  ɬɪɚɤɬɨʆɤɿ  ɫɬɚɬɭɬɵ ȼ ɄɅ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɿɹ ȼɄɅ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ

ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɚɣ ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɿ  ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɥɹɪɵɿ ȼɄ Ʌ ɱɚɫɨʆ

ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ ɋɬɚɪɨɝɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɫɜɟɰɤɿɯ ɲɥɸɛɚʆ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɭ

ȼɄɅ  ɤɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵɹ 1791 ɝ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɿɧɬɷɪɩɪɷɬɚɜ ɚɧɚɹ ɩɚɧɨɜ ɚ

ɦɭ  ɿ ɲ ɦɚɬ ɱɚɝɨ ɿɧɲɚɝɚ

Ⱥɞɦɟɬɧɚɣ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɸ ɘ  Ȼɚɪɞɚɯɚ ɹ ɤ ɜɭɱɨɧɚɝɚ ɺɫɰɶ

ɿɦɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɚʆɞɡɿɜɚɫɰɿ  ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚɫɰɿ — ɤɚɛ ɭɫɺ ɚɞɩɚɜɹɞɚɥɚ

ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ ɩɪɚʆɞɡɟ  ɇɟɡɞɚɪɦɚ ʆ Ȼ ɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɺɧ ɡɚɣɦɟʆ ɩɚɩɭ

ɥɹɪɧɚɫɰɶ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɚɛ¶ ɟɤɬɵʆɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɯ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ

ɉɪɚɩɚɧɭɟɦ ɿɧɬɷɪɜ ɿɸ  ɭɡɹɬɚɟ ʆ ɘ Ȼɚɪɞɚɯɚ ɪɷɞɚɤɬɚɪɚɦ Ȼ ȽȺ 10

ɫɧɟɠɧɹ 1994 ɝ  ɡ ɧɚɝɨɞɵ ɜɚɫɶɦɿɞɡɟɫɹɰɿ ɝɨɞɞɡɹ  ɩɪɚɮɟɫɚɪɚ

ɁɚɱɚɪɚɜɚɧɵȼɹɥɿɤɿɦɄɧɹɫɬɜɚɦ

ȱɇɌɗɊȼɿɘ ɁɘɅɿɍɒȺɆȻȺɊȾȺɏȺɆ

1 0

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ȻȽȺ : ɒɚɧɨʆɧɵ ɩɪɚɮɟɫɚɪ ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ȼ ɚɫ ɜɟɞɚɸɰɶ  ɩɚ

ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɯ ɩɪɚɰɚɯ ɡ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚʆ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɚɞ ɋɹɪɷɞɧɹ ɜɟɱ

ɱɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɲɵɯɞɡɺɧ ȼ ɟɞɚɟɦ ɲɬɨ ȼɵ ɞɚ ɬɚɝɨ ɠ ɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤ ɝɿɫɬɚ

ɪɵɹɝɪɚɮɿɿ  ɿ ɦɟɬɚɞɨɥɚɝ ȼɭɱɨɧɵɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɚ ɲɵɪɨɤɚɝɚ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵ ɰ

ɤɚɝɚ ɞɵɹɩɚɡɨɧɭ — ɪɷɞɤɚɫɰɶ  Ȭɫɰɶ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɿ ɹɤɿɹ ʆɫɺ ɠɵɰɰɺ

ɡɚɣɦɚɸɰɰɚ ɚɞɧɨɣ ɜɭɡɤɚɣ ɬɷɦɚɣ əɤ ȼɵ  ɩɪɵɣɲɥɿ ɞɚ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚ

ɥɿɡɦɭ"  ɍ ɱɵɦ ɹɝɨ ɩɥɸɫɵɿ ɦɿɧɭɫɵ "

ɘ Ȼ : ɒɵɪɨɤɿ ɞɵɹ ɩɚɡɨɧ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɧɹʆ  ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɿ ɞɚɫ

ɥɟɞɚɜ ɚɧɧɹʆ ɦɚɟ  ɹɤ ɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɫɥɭɲɧɚ ɡɚʆɜɚɠɵʆ ɫɜ ɚɟ ɩɥɸɫɵ ɿ

ɦɿɧɭɫɵ  ɉɥɸɫ ɬɨɟ ɲ ɬɨ ʆɜɟɫɶ  ɱɚɫ ɩɚɡɧɚɸɰɰɚ ɧɨɜ ɵɹ ɝɚɥɿɧɵ 

ɩɚɲɵɪɚɸɰɰɚ ɦɟɠɵ ʆɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɜ ɟɞɚʆ  ɲɬɨ ɡɦɭɲɚɧɵ  ɞɚ ɧɹɫɩɵɧ

ɧɵɯ ɿ ɧɬɷɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɿɥɤɚʆ ɤɚɥɿ ɯɨɱɚɲ  ɧɚɜɚɬ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɹ

ɡɚɰɶ ɚɥɟ ɩɪɵɧɚɦɫɿ ɫɮɚɪɦɭɥɹɜɚɰɶ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɿ ɹɤɿɹ ɫɬɚɜɹɰɰɚ ɞɚɫ

ɥɟɞɚɜ ɚɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚɬɵ ɤɚɣ

ɍɡɛɭɞɠɷɧɧɟ ɿɧɬɷɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɚɫɰɿ  ɿ ɹ ɟ ɡɚɞɚ

ɜɚɥɶ ɧɟɧɧɟ — ɤɪɵɧɿ ɰɚ ɚɫɚɛɿɫɬɚɣ ɫɚɬɵ ɫɮɚɤɰɵ ɿ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤɚ

ȼɵɹʆɥɹ ɟɰɰɚ ɲɬɨ ɺɧ ɧɟ homo faber ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɩɪɚɰɵ  ɚ homo

ludens ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɝɭɥɶ ɧɿ  ɩɚɤɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɡɚɣɦɚɟɰɰɚ ɪɷɱɚɦɿ ɹɤɿɹ  ɹ ɝɨ

ɫɚɦɨɝɚ ɧɚɣɠɵɜɟɣ ɰɿɤɚɜ ɹɰɶ  ɡɚɯɚɩɥɹ ɸɰɶ  ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɛɚ

ɜɹɰɶ  Ⱥɩɪɚɱɚ ɬɚɝɨ ɡɦɟɧɚ ɬɷɦɚɬɵɤɿ  ɫɜɨɟɚɫɚɛɥɿ ɜɚɹ ɜɚɧɞɪɨʆɤɚ

ɩɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ — ɝɷɬɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɩɫɿ ɯɿɱɧɚɣ ɝɿɝɿɟɧɵ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ

ɫɩɪɵ ɹɟ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɚɣ ɫɚɦɚɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ  Ʉ ɚɥɿ ɩɚɞɚɪɨɠɠɚ  ɬɭɪɵɫ

ɬɵɤɚ ʆ ɰɹɩɟɪɚɲɧɿɦ ɫɜɟɰɟ ɝɪɚɟ ɜɹɥɿɤɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɥɶɧɹɸ

ɱɵ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɵ ʆ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɚɡɧɚɧɧɹɯ  ɭɪɚɠɚɧɧɹɯ  ɡɧɚɺɦɫɬɜɟ ɡ ɹɲ ɱɷ

ɧɟ ɩɚɡɧɚɧɵɦɿ ɪɷɱɚɦɿ  ɞɵɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɰɚʆɧɿɤɚ ɧɚɜɭɤɿ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ

ɜɵɤɨɧɜ ɚɟ ɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɚ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ʆ  ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɹ ɲɱɷ ɧɟ ɞɚɫ

ɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɭɸ ɬɷɪɵ ɬɨɪɵɸ

Ƚɷɬɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɚɛ¶ ɟɤɬɵʆɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɜ ɭɤɿ

ȼɹɞɨɦɚ ɹɤɿɦ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɿɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɦ ɭ ɫɟɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɰɵ ɛɵʆ

ɫɟɜɚɡɜɚɪɨɬ Ʌɿɱɭ ɲ ɬɨ ɩɚɞɨɛɧɚ ɿ ʆ ɧɚɜɭɰɵ  ɋɩɟɰɵɹ ɥɿɫɬ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ

ɝɨɞɚ ɰɿ ɩɚɪɵ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɦɨɠɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ  ɿ ɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɜɚɰɶ ɧɨɜ ɵɹ ɩɪɵ

ɜɚɬɧɚɫɰɿ ɚɞɱɭɜɚɸɱɵ ɚɞ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɥɶ ɧɟɧɧɟ ɚɞɤɪɵɜɚɥɶɧɿɤɚ

ɚɥɟ ɝɷɬɚ ʆ ɦɿɡɷɪɧɚɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ ɪɭɯɚɟ ɧɚɩɟɪɚɞ ɧɚɜɭɤɭ ʆ ɲ ɵɪɷɣ

ɲɵɦ ɜɵɦɹ ɪɷɧɧɿ  Ⱦɚ ɬɚɝɨ ɠ ɜɭɡɤɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɵɹ ɥɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɹ

ɞɥɹ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɿɤɚ ɿɧɫɬɵɬɭɬɚ ɥɿɱɭ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶɩɚɤɚɡɚɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ  ɜɵ

ɤɥɚɞɱɵ ɤɚ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚ ɰɿ ɿ ɧɲɚɣ ɜɵ ɲɷɣɲɚɣ ɲ ɤɨɥɵ  əɝɨ ɥɟɤ

ɰɵɿ ɿ ɫɟɦɿɧɚɪɵ  ɩɚɜ ɿɧɧɵ ɚɯɚɩɥɹɰɶ  ɲɵɪɷɣɲ ɵɹ ɞɵɹɩɚɡɨɧɵ ɿ

ɪɨɡɧɵɹ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɿ ɲɬɨ ɜ ɵɦɚɝɚɟ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɣ ɤɚɦɩɟɬɷɧɰɵɿ ɲɵ

ɪɷɣɲ ɚɣ ɷɪɭɞɵɰɵɿ  ɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɞɚɫɹ ɝɚɟɰɰɚ ɞɡɹ ɤɭɸɱɵ ɚɫɚɛɿɫɬɵɦ

ɯɚɣ ɫɚɛɟ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ

1 1

ɇɚɣɛɨɥɶ ɲɵ ɦɿɧɭɫ ɞɥɹ  ɫɚɦɨɝɚ ɡɚɰɿ ɤɚʆɥɟɧɚɝɚ ² ɡɦɟɧɲɚ

ɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɿ ɧɟɩɚɦɟɪɧɚ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɚɧɵɹ ɜ ɵɫɿɥɤɿ ɹ ɤɿɹ

ɩɪɵ ɤɥɚɞɚɸɰɰɚ ɩɪɵ ɡɚɝɥɵɛɥɟɧɧɿ ʆ ɲɬɨɪɚɡ ɧɨɜ ɵɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ

ɤɪɵ ɧɿɰ ɿ ɥɿ ɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ  ɉɚɝɪɚɠɚɟ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɚɜɹɪɯɨʆɧɚɫɰɶ  ɞɵ

ɥɟɬɚɧɬɵɡɦ Ɂɚɫɰɟɪɚɝɱɵ ɚɞ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɦɨɠɚ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɫɬɚɥɚɹ ɚʆɬɚ

ɤɪɵ ɬɵɱɧɚɹ  ɩɚɫɬɚɜɚ Ʉ ɚɥɿ ɹɟ ɛɪɚɤɭɟ  ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤ ɚɩɵɧɚɟɰɰɚ

ɩɚɞ ɜɨɫɬɪɚɣ ɤɪɵɬɵɤɚɣ ɡɜɨɧɤɭ

ȻȽ Ⱥ: Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɹ  ɫɰɿɫɥɚ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɚɹ ɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ  ɞɥɹ  ɥɸɞɭ

ɩɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɝɚ ² ɞɡɜɟ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ ɪɷɱɵ ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ ʆ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɹɯ

ɩɚɦɿɠ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚɦ ɿ ɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɣ ɿɫɧɭɟ ɩɷʆɧɵ ɚɧɬɚɝɚɧɿ ɡɦ Ȭɫɰɶ

ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɤɿ ɹɤɿɹ  ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɩɿɲɭɰɶ ɩɚɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥɚʆ

ȼɚɦ ɠɚ ʆɞɚɟɰɰɚ ɩɪɵ ȼɚɲɚɣ ɚɛ¶ ɟɤɬɵʆɧɚɫɰɿ  ɿ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ

« Polityka»   ɐɿ  ɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɲ ɤɚɞɠɚɟ ɚɞɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ʆ ȼɚɲɚɣ

ɩɪɚɤɬɵ ɰɵ "

ɘ Ȼ : ɇɚɬɭɪɚɥɶ ɧɚ  ɿɫɧɭɟ ɪɨɡɧɿɰɚ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɫɩɟɰɵɹ ɥɶɧɚɣ

ɦɚɧɚɝɪɚɮɿ ɹɣ ɚɛɨ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɵ ɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɚɦ ɡ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɚɦ

ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚɤ  ɹɤɿ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɡɚɰɿ ɤɚɜɿɰɶ  ɜɭɡɤɚɟ ɤɨɥɚ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵ ɤɚʆ ɿ

ɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɰɵɹɦɿ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜ ɚɩɚɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɿ Ⱥɞɫɸɥɶ ɜɹɞɨɦɵ ɩɚɞɡɟɥ

ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɵ ɯ ɜɭɱɨɧɵ ɯ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɧɵɯ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɩɿɲɭɰɶ  ɞɥɹ

ɩɚɩɭɥɹɪɵɡɭɸɰɶ  ɜɟɞɵ ɩɪɚ ɦɿɧɭɥɚɟ  ɩɿɲɭɰɶ ɞɚɫɬɭɩɧɚ

ɡɚɣɦɚɥɶ ɧɚ  ɧɟ ɚɛɰɹɠɚɪɜ ɚɸɱɵ ɬɷɤɫɬɭ ɞɷɬɚɥɹ ɦɿ ɜ ɵɫɬɚʆɥɹ ɸɰɶ

ɧɚɩɟɪɚɞ ɧɚɣɜɚɠɧɟɣɲ ɵɯ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɰɿ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɹ ɧɵ

ɮɚɪɦɭɸɰɶ  ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜ ɚ Ⱥɞɫɸɥɶ

ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɚɩɚɩɭɥɹ ɪɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ  Ɍɪɷɛɚ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɜɚɰɶ

ɹɟ ɚɞɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɩɭɥɹɪɧɚɣ ɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɩɭɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ

ɭ ɹ ɤɨɣ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɚɹ  ɪɷɱɚɿɫɧɚɫɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɜ ɵɹʆɥɹ ɟɰɰɚ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ

ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹʆ ɛɵɜ ɚɟ ɞɷɮɚɪɦɚɜ ɚɧɚɣ ɞɡɟɥɹ  ɩɷʆɧɵɯ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵɯ

ɰɿ  ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɷɬɚʆ ɫɩɪɨɲɱɚɧɚɣ ɬɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɹɤɿ  ɡɦɹɧɹɟ

ɹɟ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ ɇɟɚɞɧɨɣɱɵ ɛɪɚʆɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɹ ɪɨ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɥɶ ɧɚ ɛɨ ɩɿɲɭ

ɚɫɚɞɤɚɣ  ɤɚɛ ɫɩɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɰɶ  ɫɩɚɥɭɱɵɰɶ ɞɚɫɬɭɩɧɚɫɰɶ ɡ

ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɜɵ ɧɿɤɚʆ  ɞɚɫɹ ɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ

ɧɚɜɭɤɚɣ Ʉ ɚɥɿ ɦɧɟ ɝɷɬɚ ʆ ɧɟɣɤɚɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ  ʆɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɞɵɤ ɦɟʆ

ɬɭɸ ɫɚɬɵɫɮɚɤɰɵɸ  ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚɦɚʆɥɹʆ ɭ ɞɪɭɤɭ ɞɚ ɲɵɪɷɣɲɚɣ

ɚʆɞɵɬɨɪɵ ɿ ɿ  ɤɚɪɵ ɫɬɚʆɫɹ ɲ ɚɧɰɚɦ ɜɵɤɚɡɚɰɶ ɬɨɟ  ɲ ɬɨ ɥɿɱɵʆ

ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵɦ ɿ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɵ ɦ ɜɵ ɧɿ ɤɚɦ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɭ

ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɯ ɜ ɟɞɚʆ ɩɚ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɟ

ȻȽȺ ɍ ɤɨɥɟ ȼ ɚɲɵɯ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚʆ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ  ɡɧɚ

ɯɨɞɡɿɰɰɚ ɦɿɧɭʆɲ ɱɵɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ʆ ɲɵɪɨɤɿ ɦ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ

Ɂɚɱɚɪɚɜ ɚɧɵȼɹɥ ɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚɦ