Анненков Ю.М., Ивашутенко А.С. Перспективные материалы и технологии в электроизоляционной и кабельной технике

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201

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ɉɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ

ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ: ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɪɹɞɭ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ ɨɬ Ⱥ-ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤ

Ƚ-ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɘɧɝɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɬɚɧɨ-

ɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɦ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.21

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ

Ƚɪ

ɭɩ

ɩɚ

ʋ ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɚ Ɇɚɪɤɚ

Ɇɉɚ

ȿ,

Ƚɉɚ

Ⱥ 1

––

–––

500

900

0,8

0,6

100

Ȼ 3

ɉɆ–

ɎɅ

ȾɎɈ–

ɉɎ

–––

1650

2100

1250

1,6

2,2

130

110

100

ɉɆ

––

–––

650

460

520

202



ȼ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɚɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ

ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ: ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɹɞɭ 1–8 ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ

ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɘɧɝɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ

ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡ-

ɪɵɜɟ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɜ ɪɹɞɭ 1–8 ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ.

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ – ɨɞɧɢ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ɂɚ

ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ

ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɩɨɥɢɦɟ-

ɪɚɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɦ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɤɥɢɧɚɰɢɢ–ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɰɟɩɟɣ, ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɝɢɛɵ, ɫɤɪɭɬɤɢ, ɭɡɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.

2.9.4. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ

ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ, ɥɚɤɢ, ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ, ɜɨ-

ɥɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɋɒȺ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ–ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɢ ɩɨɥɢ-

ɢɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. Ʉɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 200 $.

ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ:

– ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɚ – 35 %;

– ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ – 20 %;

– ɚɷɪɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ – 25 %.

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɚɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɜɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢ-

ɢɦɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɤɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɞɢɦɟɬɢɥɮɨɪɦɚɦɢɞɚ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨ-

ɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ–ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɲɢ-

ɪɨɤɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ (ɨɬ –200 ɞɨ + 400 °ɋ).

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɢ,

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ, ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧ-

ɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ

ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.

Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɧɟɝɨɪɸɱɟɫɬɶ. ɂɫ-

ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ

ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɲɢɧ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɨ-

ɪɨɜ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢ ɜɟɫ.

ɉɥɟɧɤɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ.

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ–

ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɲɢ-

ɪɨɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ. Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨ-

ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɡɭɱɟɫɬɶɸ. ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɚɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɚ ɨɬ-

ɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ. Ɉɧɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚ-

ɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ, ɫɬɨɣɤɚ ɜ ɦɚɫɥɚɯ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ (ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ)

ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ. Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨ-

ɤɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ.

203

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ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ

4 Ʉ. Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ: ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ

ɢ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ, ɩɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɦɟɠɮɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ.

Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ: Ⱥ–105 °ɋ, ȼ–130 °ɋ,

ɇ–180 °ɋ, Ȼ–120 °ɋ, F–155 °ɋ, ɋ > 180 °ɋ.

ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ

ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫ Ɍ

ɊȺȻ

= 220 °ɋ.

Ⱥɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɫ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɚɦɢɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ.

Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ: ɂɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɠɢɥɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɷɤɫɬɪɭɡɢɢ. ɉɪɨ-

ɜɨɞ ɫ F–H-ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ

Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ: ɀɢɥɚ ɨɛɦɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ

ɩɥɟɧɤɨɣ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɚɦɢɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɣ

ɫɥɨɣ ɩɥɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɵ-

ɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɉɂ–

ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ

ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɸ ɜ ɜɟɫɟ ɞɨ 25 %. ɋɪɨɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ

ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢɡ ɉɂ: 2000 ɱɚɫ ɩɪɢ 523 Ʉ; 600 ɱɚɫ ɩɪɢ 548 Ʉ. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɝɨ-

ɪɸɱɢ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ: ɤɚɤ ɩɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ.

Ɋɢɫ. 2.34. ɉɪɨɜɨɞ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɨɣ (ɫɥɟɜɚ) ɢ ɩɨɥɢɨɥɟɮɢɧɨɜɨɣ(ɫɩɪɚɜɚ) ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ

ȼ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɡɚ

ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɜ 1,5–2 ɪɚɡɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟ-

ɩɥɨɨɬɜɨɞ ɨɬ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ.

ɉɥɟɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɉɂ–ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɯ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɜɨɡɨɜ. Ⱥɫɛɟɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɚɦɢɞɧɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨ-

ɥɹɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ 12 %. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɯ

ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ F-, H-ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ

ɧɚɝɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ

. ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɛɤɢɯ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɮɨɥɶ-

ɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɢ ɋu–ɉɂ–Al. Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɮɨɥɶɝɢ 30 ɦɤɦ, ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ

ɉɂ-ɩɥɟɧɤɢ – (20–60) ɦɤɦ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ – ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ

ɚɞɝɟɡɢɢ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɬɥɟɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɟ.

ɉɪɨɟɤɬ «ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɭɫ». ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɚɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ

ɦɚɬɟɪɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɟɬɚ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɭɫɚ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ

204

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ɞɥɹ ɦɟɠɩɥɚɧɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɥɟɬɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɹ

ɜɟɫɨɦ 8 ɬɨɧɧ ɧɭɠɟɧ ɩɚɪɭɫ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ 600 000 ɦ

(700 × 700) ɦ

. Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ

ɩɥɟɧɤɢ – 2 ɦɤɦ ɫ ɧɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɬɨɥ-

ɳɢɧɨɣ 0,1 ɦɤɦ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɫɥɨɣ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ. ɉɥɟɧɤɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚ ɤ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ (573 Ʉ) ɢ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɩɨɥɟɬ ɞɨ ɋɚ-

ɬɭɪɧɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɡɚ 5,5 ɥɟɬ

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ

ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ɂɦɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵ-

ɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ

ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ

ɢɞɭɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. Ⱦɸɩɨɧ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɩɥɚɫɬ-

ɦɚɫɫɵ ɦɚɪɤɢ SP–1: Ɍ

ɊȺȻ

= 533 Ʉ, ı

ɊȺɋɌ

= 70 Ɇɉɚ.

ɉɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ SP–8. ɉɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨ 25 %

ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ. ɂɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨ-

ɬɚɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɦɚɡɤɢ 10000 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ 220–533 Ʉ.

ȼ ɋɋɋɊ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɩɪɟɫɫɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɉɆ–67, ɉɆ–69 ɛɟɡ ɢ ɫ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢ-

ɬɟɥɟɦ ɬɢɩɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɬ, ɧɢɬɪɢɞ ɛɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟ-

ɥɟɦ–ɉȺɆ

ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ɉɆ–67. ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ–1,4 ɝ/ɫɦ

–3

; ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ

ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɚɧɢɹ–548 Ʉ; ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɠ.–120–130 Ɇɉɚ; ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨ-

ɫɬɢ – 3–5 Ƚɉɚ; ȇ

(Ɉɦ·ɫɦ)–10

(300 Ʉ); tgį (50 Ƚɰ)–3.10

–3

; İ (10

Ƚɰ) = 3,7.

ȼɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ 523 Ʉ–2000 ɱɚɫ.

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɣ ɩɟɧɨɩɥɚɫɬ

ȼɫɩɟɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɥɢ-

ɢɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɋɸɞɚ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ: ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɨɝɧɟɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ

ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ

ɤ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɸ, ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɡɜɭɤɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.

ɋɪɟɞɢ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɩɟɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɪɦɨ- ɢ ɡɜɭ-

ɤɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ, ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟɣ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɧɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚ

ɬɨɪɨɜ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɨɜ, ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨ-

ɞɨɜ ɢ ɚɷɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɛ. ɇɢɡɤɨɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɷɬɢ ɩɟɧɨ-

ɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ

ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ,

ɝɞɟ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨ-

ɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɟɧɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɭɯɨɜɵɯ ɲɤɚɮɨɜ, ɝɞɟ

ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɜ

ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɟɧɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ.

205



Ɋɢɫ. 2.35. ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɧɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɟɡɚɬɶɫɹ

ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɣ

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɥɚɤɢ ɢ ɤɥɟɢ

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɥɚɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɩɨɥɢɚɦɢɞɨɤɢɫ-

ɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟ. Ʌɚɤɢ ɢ ɷɦɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ

ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɚɦɢ.

ɇɚɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ

ɧɚɩɵɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɵ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ 300 °ɋ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ 300–400 °ɋ).

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.22

Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ–ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɥɚɤɨɜ

Ɇɚɪɤɚ ɥɚɤɚ ȼɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ

ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟ-

ɫɬɜɚ, %

ɍɫɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɜɹɡ-

ɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ

20 °ɋ, ɫɟɤ

ɑɢɫɬɨɬɚ ɥɚ-

ɤɚ, %

ȺȾ–9103 Ɉɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɹɡ-

ɤɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɨɬ

ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨ

ɞɨ ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɨɝɨ

ɰɜɟɬɚ

12 14 800 2500 99,97

ȺȾ–9103 ɉɋ

19,5 21,0 100 600 99,97

ȺȾ–9103 ɂɋ

12,5 14,0 >2500

ɇɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ-

ɟɬɫɹ

12,5

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ

260–290 °ɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɜɨɢ ɡɚ-

ɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟ-

ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɭ.

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ

ɬɚɤɭɸ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɸ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ

ɭɞɚɪɵ ɞɨ 400 °ɋ, ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ

ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ, ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ – 269 °ɋ. ɋɪɨɤ

ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 250 °ɋ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 20 000 ɱɚɫɨɜ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɥɟɬ), ɚ

ɩɪɢ 200 °ɋ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 100000 ɱɚɫɨɜ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 11 ɥɟɬ).

206



ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɥɚɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ: ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨ-

ɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ, ɞɥɹ ɷɦɚɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ),

ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜ,

ɩɥɟɧɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚ-

ɬɟɥɟɣ, ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɮɨɬɨɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɬɟɪɦɨ-

ɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɤɥɟɟɜɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɮɨɥɶɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɨɜ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ

ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɥɚɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɷɦɚɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ.

ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɤɚ

– ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɫɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ;

– ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ;

– ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ;

– ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ;

– ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ;

– ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ.

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ

ȼɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ:

– Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉȺɄ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ;

– Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ – ɢɦɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ (Ɍ, ɯɢɦɢɱ. ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ).

ɇɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ–ȼɇɂɂȼɋȺɇ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɯɚ-

ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ: ı

ɊȺɋɌ

= 200 Ɇɉɚ; ȿ

= 150 Ƚɉɚ.

ɋɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ: ı

ɊȺɋɌ

= 100 Ɇɉɚ; ȿ

= 60 Ƚɉɚ.

ɋɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ: ı

ɊȺɋɌ

= 300–1500 Ɇɉɚ; ȿ

= 200 Ƚɉɚ.

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɨɝɧɟɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ,

ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɸ ɜɫɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚ-

ɥɵ; ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɞɨ 350 °ɋ; ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢ-

ɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɚ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ

ɞɨ 1000 °ɋ, ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɵɦɚ; ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ

ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ; ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨ-

ɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ; ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧ-

ɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ; ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ

ɝɪɢɛɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɥɟɫɟɧɢ.

Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ:

– ɧɟɝɨɪɸɱɢɟ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɠɝɭɬɨɜ

ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɜ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ;

– ɬɟɩɥɨɲɭɦɨɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ,

ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɟɬɤɚɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ

ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ;

– ɫɚɦɨɫɦɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ

ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɧɚ-

ɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨ-

ɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ;

207

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– ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ – ɫɩɚɫɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ (ɫɩɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɬɵ, ɥɨɞɤɢ, ɬɪɚɩɵ, ɧɟɝɨɪɸɱɢɟ ɫɩɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ

ɠɢɥɟɬɵ, ɤɨɥɩɚɤɢ, ɩɚɥɚɬɤɢ, ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɟ ɜɵɟɡɞɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɩɢɬɚɥɢ, ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɱ-

ɧɨɟ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɧɚɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ);

– ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɨ-ɨɝɧɟɡɚɳɢɬɧɚɹ ɨɞɟɠɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɣɰɨɜ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨ–

ɫɩɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɥɨɬɚ ɢ

ɚɜɢɚɰɢɢ, Ɇɑɋ, ɛɨɟɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɵɯ ɛɪɢɝɚɞ, ɫɩɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɪɢɝɚɞ

ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ, ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ

, ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ;

– ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɚɹ ɨɞɟɠɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡ-

ɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ, ɰɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ, ɫɚɠɟɜɨɣ, ɫɬɟɤɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɣ

ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.23

ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ

ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɋɪɟɞɧɟ-

ɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ

ȼɵɫɨɤɨ-

ɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ

ȼɵɫɨɤɨɦɨ-

ɞɭɥɶɧɵɟ

Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɤɫ 11,1–100,0 29,4–58,8 29,4–58,8

ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɝ/ɫɦ

1,43–1,45 1,50–1,54 1,45–1,48

Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɇ/ɬɟɤɫ. 50–80 150–160 160–170

Ɋɚɡɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ, % 6–10 2,5–3,5 1,7–2,0

Ɇɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ, Ƚɉɚ 15–25 100–120 120–230

Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɟ ɜɥɚɝɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ, % 1,0–1,5 1,2 1,2

Ʉɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ, % 50–65 70–75 50–65

ɍɫɚɞɤɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɩɪɢ 300 °ɋ, % 0,2 0,2–0,5 0,2

ɍɫɚɞɤɚ ɜ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɟ, % 0 0 0,6

Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, % ɨɬ ɢɫɯ.

ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ:

ɩɪɢ 300 °ɋ, 100 ɱɚɫ 85–90 75–85 75–85

ɩɪɢ 350 °ɋ, 100 ɱɚɫ 80–85 70–80 70–80

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ɁȺɄɅɘɑȿɇɂȿ

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ

ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ-

ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ.

Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɪɚ-

ɛɨɬɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ Ɍɉɍ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ.

Ɇɵ ɧɚɞɟɟɦɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ

ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɚɪɜɥɟɧɢɸ «ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɗɧɟɪ-

ɝɟɬɢɤɚ», ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɢ ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɚɦ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɯ

ɫɜɨɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.

Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞ-

ɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ «Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ

ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ» ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ʋ 2.1.2/4756 ɬɟɦɚ «Ɋɚɡɪɚ-

ɛɨɬɤɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɣ

ɧɚɧɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ»

209

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ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ

1. ɉɚɜɥɭɲɤɢɧ ɇ.Ɇ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ. – Ɇ., 1970.

Ȼɟɪɟɠɧɨɣ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɋɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɢ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ. – Ɇ.: Ɇɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ,

1981.

ɋɨɥɨɦɚɯɨ ȼ.Ʌ., Ɍɨɦɢɥɢɧ Ɋ. ɂ., ɐɢɬɨɜɢɱ Ȼ.ȼ., ɘɞɨɜɢɧ Ʌ.Ƚ. ɋɩɪɚ-

ɜɨɱɧɢɤ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚ-ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɹ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜ-

ɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ. – Ɇ.: ȼɵɫɲɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ, 1988. – 272 ɫ.

McMillan P.W. The glass phase in glass-ceramics. – Glass Technolo-

gy, 1974. – V. 15 (1). – P. 5–15.

Holand, Wolfram and Beall, George H. Glass. Ceramic Technology.

Wiley, 2002. ISBN 978–1–57498–107–0.

Ⱦɭɞɧɢɤ ȿ.ȼ., Ɂɚɣɰɟɜɚ Ɂ.Ⱥ., ɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɨ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɢ ɞɪ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɮɨɪɦɨ-

ɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɹ. (Ɉɛ-

ɡɨɪ) // ɉɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɹ. – 1993. – ʋ 8. – ɋ. 16–23.

Ⱥɧɧɟɧɤɨɜ ɘ.Ɇ., Ⱥɩɚɪɨɜ ɇ.ɇ., ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜ ȼ.Ɇ. ɍɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɭɧ-

ɞɨ–ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ

ɭɥɶɬɪɚɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ // ɋɬɟɤɥɨ ɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ. – 1994. – ʋ 11.

– ɋ. 25–27.

ɂɜɚɧɨɜ ȼ.ȼ., ȼɢɯɪɟɜ Ⱥ.ɇ., ɇɨɡɞɪɢɧ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɉɪɟɫɫɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡ-

ɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ Al

ɩɪɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨ-ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ //

Ɏɢɡɢɤɚ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. – 1997. – ʋ 3. – ɋ. 67–71.

Ⱥɧɧɟɧɤɨɜ ɘ.Ɇ., ɂɜɚɲɭɬɟɧɤɨ Ⱥ.ɋ., ɋɢɜɤɨɜ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɭɧɞɨ-ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ

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10.

ɉɨɩɢɥɶɫɤɢɣ Ɋ.ə., ɉɢɜɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɘ.ȿ. ɉɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɟ-

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11.

Ʉɢɩɚɪɢɫɨɜ ɋ.ɋ., Ʌɢɛɟɧɫɨɧ Ƚ.Ⱥ. ɉɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɹ. – Ɇ.:

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Ⱦɢɞɟɧɤɨ Ⱥ.ɇ., Ʌɢɝɚɱɟɜ Ⱥ.ȿ., Ʉɭɪɚɤɢɧ ɂ.Ȼ.. ȼɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ

ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ. – Ɇ.: ɗɧɟɪɝɨɚɬɨɦɢɡɞɚɬ, 1987. –

184 ɫ.

210



16. Ⱥɧɧɟɧɤɨɜ ɘ.Ɇ., Ⱥɩɚɪɨɜ ɇ.ɇ., Ɏɪɚɧɝɭɥɶɹɧ Ɍ.ɋ., ȼɨɡɧɹɤ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɋɚ-

ɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ

// Ɏɢɡɢɤɚ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. – 1998. – ʋ 2. – ɋ. 18–23.

17.

Ⱥɧɧɟɧɤɨɜ ɘ.Ɇ. Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤ-

ɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɥɭɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. // ɂɡ-

ɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ. Ɏɢɡɢɤɚ. – 1996. – ʋ 11. – ɋ. 176–192.

18.

Ⱥɧɧɟɧɤɨɜ ɘ.Ɇ. Ⱦɟɮɟɤɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɜ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢ-

ɟɣ. Ⱦɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɢɫɤɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞ.ɮ.ɦ.ɧ. – Ɍɨɦɫɤ,

2002. – 471 ɫ.

19.

Ƚɨɝɨɰɢ Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ: ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ,

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ. – Ʉɢɟɜ, 1994. – 191 ɫ.

20.

ɑɟɪɧɨɩɥɟɤɨɜ ɇȺ. ɋɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ: ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ

ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɹɵ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ

ɊȺɇ. –2001. – ʋ 4.

21.

Ⱥɧɧɟɧɤɨɜ ɘ.Ɇ., ɋɭɪɠɢɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ɉ., ɉɪɢɬɭɥɨɜ Ⱥ.Ɇ. ɢ ɞɪ. Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢ-

ɨɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɬɬɪɢɣ-ɛɚɪɢɟɜɵɯ ɤɭɩɪɚɬɨɜ // ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ. – Ɍɨɦɫɤ. – 1990. – ɋ. 73–85.

22.

Ʉɚɣɧɚɪɫɤɢɣ ɂ.ɋ., Ⱦɟɝɬɹɪɟɜɚ ɗ.ȼ., Ɉɪɥɨɜɚ ɂ.Ƚ. Ʉɨɪɭɧɞɨɜɵɟ ɨɝɧɟ-

ɭɩɨɪɵ ɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ. – 1981. – 166 ɫ.

23.

Ȼɟɥɢɧɫɤɚɹ Ƚ.ȼ., ɉɟɲɤɨɜ ɂ.Ȼ., ɏɚɪɢɬɨɧɨɜ ɇ.ɉ. ɀɚɪɨɫɬɨɣɤɚɹ ɢɡɨ-

ɥɹɰɢɹ ɨɛɦɨɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ. – 1978. – 231 ɫ.

24.

ȼɟɪɲɢɧɢɧ ɘ.ɇ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɛɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɨɜ. –

1973. – 361 ɫ.

25.

Ƚɪɢɛɤɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ., Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜ Ɏ.ɂ., Ʉɚɥɢɧ Ȼ.Ⱥ., əɤɭɲɢɧ ȼ.Ʌ. ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤ-

ɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɩɭɱɤɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.

– 2001. – 527ɫ.

26.

ɋɟɦɤɢɧ Ȼ.ȼ., Ʉɭɪɟɰ ȼ.ɂ. ɢ ɞɪ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. –

1998. – 285 ɫ.

27.

Ȼɚɥɶɲɢɧ Ɇ.ɘ. ɉɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɹ. – Ɇ.: Ɇɚɲɝɢɡ, 1948. –

286 ɫ.

28.

Ⱥɧɧɟɧɤɨɜ ɘ.Ɇ., Ɏɪɚɧɝɭɥɶɹɧ Ɍ.ɋ., ɉɪɢɬɭɥɨɜ Ⱥ.Ɇ. Ⱥɩɚɪɨɜ ɇ.ɇ.

ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ-

ɩɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ. // Ɉɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɵ. – 1995. – ʋ 5. – ɋ. 12–16.

29.

Ⱥɧɧɟɧɤɨɜ ɘ.Ɇ., Ɏɪɚɧɝɭɥɶɹɧ Ɍ.ɋ., ɉɪɢɬɭɥɨɜ Ⱥ.Ɇ. Ⱥɩɚɪɨɜ ɇ.ɇ.

ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ-

ɩɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ // Ɉɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɵ. – 1995. – ʋ 5. – ɋ. 12–16.

30.

Ƚɟɝɭɡɢɧ ə.ȿ. Ɏɢɡɢɤɚ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ. – Ɇ.: ɇɚɭɤɚ, 1967. – 360 c.

31.

Ȼɟɥɵɣ ɂ.ȼ., Ɏɟɪɬɢɤ ɋ.Ɇ., ɏɢɦɟɧɤɨ Ʌ.Ɍ., ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬ-

ɧɨ-ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. – ɏɚɪɶɤɨɜ: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ

ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ «ȼɢɳɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ», 1977. – 168 ɫ.