Анненков Ю.М., Ивашутенко А.С. Перспективные материалы и технологии в электроизоляционной и кабельной технике
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ɋɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ. ɋɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨ-
ɪɨɞ (ɩɟɪɥɢɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɚ) ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ-
ɜɨɥɶɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɲɬɵɪɟɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ [5].
ɒɥɚɤɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɬɢɩ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɲɥɚɤɢ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɲɥɚɤɨɫɢ-
ɬɚɥɥɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ ɲɥɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚ-
ɥɢɫɶ ɫɟɪɵɯ, ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɯ, ɡɟɥɟɧɨɜɚɬɨ
-ɛɭɪɵɯ ɬɨɧɨɜ. ɂɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢ ɜ ɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ. Ⱦɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɲɥɚɤɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1970 ɝ. ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɤɢ ɮɚɫɚɞɨɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ.
1.1.3. Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚɯ
ɋɬɟɤɥɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ:
– ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ – SiO
2
,
– ɛɨɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ – B
2
O
3
,
– ɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ – P
2
O
5
,
– ɚɥɸɦɨɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ – SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɛɵɬɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬ-
ɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɋɢ-
ɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɛɟɫɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɬɟɤɨɥ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.1. ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ. ɂɡ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.1. ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ –
ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɞɚɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.1
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ Ȼɟɫɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɓɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ
ȡ, ɝ/ɫɦ
3
ɌɄɅɊ, ɝ
–1
ȡ
v
, Ɉɦ
–1
ɫɦ
–1
ɩɪɢ 200 °C
İ
tgį ɩɪɢ 10
6
Ƚɰ ɩɪɢ 20 °ɋ
E, ɦȼ/ɦ
3–3,5
0,5
.
10
–6
10
13
–10
15
3–8
1
.
10
–3
20
2,2–3,0
2,5
.
10
–6
10
7
–10
8
5–7
6
.
10
–3
70
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.2 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ Na.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ. ɋɵɪɶɟ: ɩɟɫɨɤ (SiO
2
),
cɨɞɚ (Na
2
CO
3
), ɩɨɬɚɲ (Ʉ
2
ɋO
3
), ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤ (CaCO
3
), ɛɨɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ
(H
3
BO
3
), ɤɚɨɥɢɧ (Al
4
[Si
4
O
10
](OH)
8
), ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɲɩɚɬ Na, (K) SiO
2
.
12
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜɚɪɤɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ, ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɨɬɠɢɝ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɤ-
ɥɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ, ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 4–7 ɦɤɦ. ɋɬɟɤɥɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ
ɫɬɟɤɥɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɟɦ ɦɚɤɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɦ. ɂɡ
ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɬɤɭɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɬɤɚɧɢ.
ɇɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɧɚɧɨɫɬ-
ɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ: ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɡɟɪɟɧ ~ 10
–8
–10
–7
ɦ, ı
ɢɡ
~1000 Ɇɉɚ ~ 1 Ƚɉɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ı
ɢɡ
~150 Ɇɉɚ [6].
Ɋɢɫ. 1.2. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Na ɧɚ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ
Ⱦɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.3.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.3. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɩɨɥɹ ɧɚ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ
ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ
ɂɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɢɫ. 1.3. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɟ
ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɦ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɚɦ.
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1.1.4. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ-
ɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢɡɞɟ-
ɥɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɥɹ
ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɮɨɬɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨ-
ɛɚɜɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɲɥɚɤɢ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ, ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ
ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɲɢɯɬ ɬɟɯ
ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɮɚɡɵ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸ-
ɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɡɚɦɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɞɢɟɪɢɬ, ɫɩɨɞɭɦɟɧ LiAlSi
2
O
6
, ɷɜɤɪɢɩɬɢɬ LiAlSiO
4
; ɞɥɹ ɜɵ-
ɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ – ɲɩɢɧɟɥɶ, ɦɭɥɥɢɬ; ɞɥɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ–ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɨɜ
– ɤɨɪɞɢɟɪɢɬ, ɞɢɨɩɫɢɞ, ɜɨɥɥɚɫɬɨɧɢɬ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨ-
ɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭ-
ɝɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɮɚɡ ɢ ɚɞɞɢ-
ɬɢɜɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɚɡ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɚɠɧɟɣ-
ɲɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɇɚ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ
ɦɚɥɵɟ (ɞɨ 1,5 %) ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ (Na, K, Ca, Ba ɢ ɞɪ.), ɫɬɟɤɥɨ-
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ȼ, Ɋ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɡ, ɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɥɢ
ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚ-
ɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ: ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ Au, Ag, Cu, Pt, Pd ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɨɬ ɫɨɬɵɯ ɞɨ
ɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɞɨɥɟɣ %; ɨɤɢɫɧɵɟ TiO
2
, P
2
O
5
, Cr
2
O
3
, ZrO
2
, ZnO ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ
ɮɨɬɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ Au, Ag,
Cu ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɫɟɧɫɢɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɋɟɧɫɢɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ – ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɸ ɮɨɬɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ-
ɫɨɜ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɮɨɬɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɩɨ-
ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɮɨɬɨɯɪɨɦɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɜɟ-
ɬɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɟɧɫɢɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɨɞɧɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɡɨɥɨɬɨ, ɫɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ (Pt, Re, Pd, Os, Ir) ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɟɧɫɢɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ.
ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɞɟɲɟɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɵɪɶɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɵ: ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɲɥɚɤ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ
ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɵɦ ɩɟɫɤɨɦ – ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɲɥɚɤɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ; ɦɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɭ-
ɡɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɪɭɡɢɜɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ (ɛɚɡɚɥɶɬɵ, ɝɚɛɛ-
ɪɨ, ɬɪɚɩɩɵ), ɦɟɬɚɦɨɪɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ (ɬɪɟɦɨɥɢɬɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɬɚɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɥɚɧ-
14
ɰɵ), ɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ (ɥɟɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɹ ɝɥɢɧɚ), ɧɟɮɟɥɢ-
ɧɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬ – ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɬɪɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ
ɲɥɚɤɨɜ ɢ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɬɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚ-
ɜɭ. ɇɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɟɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɨɜ [7].
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɚɞɢɣɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬ-
ɤɚ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ – ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɲɢɯɬ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɨɩ-
ɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ 500–700 °ɋ. Ⱦɥɹ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɦɢ, ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɥɭɱɚ-
ɦɢ. ɉɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɟ-
ɤɨɥ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 8–
60 ɦɢɧ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɚ.
ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɨɬɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨ-
ɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ 900–1100 °ɋ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ – ɷɬɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɪɢ-
ɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɪɭɛɢ-
ɧɨɜɵɟ, ɨɩɚɥɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ, ɚ ɩɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ – ɫɬɟɤɥɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥ-
ɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɡ ɤ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ
95 %, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 0,05–1 ɦɤɦ.
Ⱥɥɸɦɨ–ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ: ɫɨ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɲɢɯɬɭ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɟɫɤɚ (SiO
2
), ɩɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɲɩɚɬɚ Na(K)
2
Ɉ SiO
2
.
6Al
2
O
3
, ɝɥɢɧɨɡɟɦɚ Al
2
O
3
, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ, ɩɪɢɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɭ ɧɭɠɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɒɢɯɬɭ ɩɥɚɜɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦ-
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 1200–1600 °ɋ. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɫɬɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ: ɥɢɬɶɟɦ,
ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɨɣ, ɷɤɫɬɪɭɡɢɟɣ. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ
ɨɬɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɜ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ (ɪɢɫ. 1.4.), ɤɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ.
ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ (ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɟɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢ-
ɡɚɰɢɢ) ɞɥɢɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 500–700 ºɋ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟ-
ɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɟɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɚɬɨɦɚɯ–
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɯ. Ⱥ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ (ɫɬɚɞɢɹ II ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.4.)
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɨɜ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. ɋɪɟɞ-
ɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 50–1000 ɧɦ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɭ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ. ɋɥɟ
-
ɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ 50 ɧɦ, ɬɨ
ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
15
Ɋɢɫ. 1.4. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ:
1 – ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɟɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɟ; 2 – ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɚ.
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ 2–5 °ɋ/ɦɢɧ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.2
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ Ʉɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ
1)Li
2
O (10 %)–
Al
2
O
3
(30 %)–
SiO
2
(60 %)
2)MgO–SiO
2
–Al
2
O
3
3)Li
2
O– MgO–SiO
2
4)Li
2
O– ZnO–SiO
2
Au, Ag, Cu, TiO
2
,
P
2
O
5
TiO
2
, P
2
O
5
P
2
O
5
Cu
2
O,P
2
O
5
, Au, Ag
SiO
2
,Li
2
O.SiO
2
–ɫɢɥɢ
ɤɚɬ ɥɢɬɢɹ
2 MgO
2
·Al
2
O
3
·5 SiO
2
,
MgO·SiO
2
,
MgO·SiO
2
, Li
2
O.SiO
2
2ZnO·SiO
2
, Li
2
O SiO
2
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɥɢɬɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɨɤɫɢɞ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ:
1) ɥɢɬɢɣ-ɚɥɸɦɨ-ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɵɣ ɫɢɬɚɥɥ;
2) ɦɚɝɧɢɣ-ɚɥɸɦɨ-ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɵɣ ɫɢɬɚɥɥ;
3) ɥɢɬɢɣ-ɦɚɝɧɢɣ-ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɵɣ ɫɢɬɚɥɥ;
4) ɥɢɬɢɣ-ɰɢɧɤ-ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɵɣ ɫɢɬɚɥɥ.
1.1.5. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 2400–
2950 ɤɝ/ɦ
3
, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɟ 70–350 Ɇɉɚ, ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɸ
7000–2000 Ɇɉɚ, ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ 84–141 Ƚɉɚ. ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɡɚ-
ɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚ-
ɥɢ (V = 7000–10500 Ɇɉɚ). Ɉɧɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɢ (f
ɬɪ
= 0,07–0,19).
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ (7–300)·10
–7
ɫ
–1
.
ɉɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ
16
ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ. Ɍɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ t = 500–900
º
ɋ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ.
ɋɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɨɧɢ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ), ɜɵɫɨ-
ɤɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ, ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ, ɠɚɪɨ-
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɰɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɋɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɥɨ-
ɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɟɤɥɭ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ɍɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ 6,5–7 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɩɨ Ɇɨɨɫɭ, ɩɪɟɞɟɥ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɞɨ 250 Ɇɉɚ, ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɨ 1000 °C.
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɦɭɥɥɢɬ, ɢɦɟ-
ɸɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɠɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣ-
ɫɬɜɚ; ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɫɢɬɚɥɥ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ b–
ɫɩɨɞɭɦɟɧ, ɬɨ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ (ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ)
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ, ɧɭɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟ-
ɦɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɦɚɥɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɥɨɬ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 2400–2700 ɤɝ/ɦ
3
, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ 100–
200 ɆH/ɦ
2
, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ 500–1000 ɆH/ɦ
2
. ɋɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ
ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɯ ɧɟɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵ, ɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɦɚɥɵ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɜ ɜɢ-
ɞɢɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵ, ɢ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨ-
ɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ 10 ɦɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 70–80 %. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɧɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɬɬɚɥɨɜ
ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ Al
2
O
3
~ 10 Ƚɉɚ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ Al
2
O
3
~ 100 Ɇɉɚ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɨ ɪɚɡ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ, ɱɟɦ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟ-
ɧɢɟ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ–ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬ-
ɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɬɟɥ:
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ Ƚɪɢɮɮɢɬɫɚ. Ƚɪɢɮɮɢɬɫ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢ-
ɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɝɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ
ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ. ȼɛɥɢɡɢ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ
ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ. Ɋɚɡɪɵɜ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ
ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɭ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨ Ƚɪɢɮɮɢɬɫɭ, ɞɨ ɞɨɫ-
ɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ, ɧɨ ɤɚɤ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨ, ɬɪɟɳɢɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɥɟ, ɪɚɫɫɟɤɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ.
17
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ Ƚɪɢɮɮɢɬɫɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ.
l
E
ɂɁȽ
V
, (1.1)
ɝɞɟ ȿ – ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ, l – ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ.
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɀɭɪɤɨɜɚ ɝɥɚɫɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɹɜ-
ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ:
– ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɬɟɥ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ-
ɧɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ.
Ɋɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ–ɷɬɨ
ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɡɚ-
ɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɨɦ ɬɟɥɚ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɇɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭɫɬɚ-
ɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɵɬɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ. ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɨ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ;
– ɨɬɪɢɰɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ. ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɟɡɤɨɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ;
– ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ
ɚɤɬɨɜ–ɪɚɡɪɵɜɨɜ ɦɟɠɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɨɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢ-
ɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹ-
ɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.3
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɬɬɚɥɨɜ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ ı
ɢɡɝ
, Ɇɉɚ
ɋɬɟɤɥɨ
ɋɢɬɚɥɥ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɚɪɮɨɪ
ɗɥ.ɮɚɪɮɨɪ (ɝɥɚɡ.)
Ʉɨɪɭɧɞɨɜɚɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ
50–70
100–350
70–80
80–100
200–350
ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.3. ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ: ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɪ, ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ, ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
18
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ
Ɂɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
en
P
V
,
(1.2)
V
U
V
1
, (1.3)
ɝɞɟ n – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ, μ – ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɟ – ɡɚɪɹɞ ɧɨ-
ɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ, ȡ
V
– yɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ (1.2)
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ
ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɨ-
ɧɵ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ
ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ (D) ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ (μ), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɗɣɧɲɬɟɣɧɚ
ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ:
D
kT
e
P
.
(1.4)
ɉɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ (1.4), ɡɧɚɹ D, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɲɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ (1.5), ɝɞɟ U
M
–
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ, ɚ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɢ, ȣ
0
– ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ
ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɬɨɦɚ.
2
0
4 exp( ).
Ɇ
U
Da
kT
Q
(1.5)
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɜ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɚɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
, (1.6)
ɝɞɟ n
0
– ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, U
0
– ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ (1.2), (1.4)–(1.6) ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ:
. (1.7)
0
exp( )
0
U
nn
kT
22 2
4
00 0
exp( )
anAe U U
M
ɂ
kT kT
Q
V
19
Ɋɢɫ. 1.5. ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɤɚɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɧɨ-
ɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.5. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ
Ɋɢɫ. 1.6 Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ:
I – ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ; II – ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ
Ɍɚɛɥ. 1.4–1.6 ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.4
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ȡ
v
, Ɉɦ ɫɦ
Li
2
O– MgO–SiO
2
Li
2
O– ZnO–SiO
2
ɋɬɟɤɥɨ ɛɨɪɨɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɨɟ
Ʉɨɪɭɧɞɨɜɚɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ
Ɏɚɪɮɨɪ
10
6
10
9
10
6
10
9
10
5
20
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.5
Ⱦɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ tgį (1 ɆȽɰ, 20 °ɋ) İ
ɋɢɬɚɥɥ Li
2
O– ZnO–SiO
2
ɉɥɚɜɥɟɧɵɣ ɤɜɚɪɰ
Ȼɨɪɨɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ
Ʉɨɪɭɧɞɨɜɚɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ
ɋɬɟɚɬɢɬɨɜɚɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ
Ɏɨɪɫɬɟɪɢɬɨɜɚɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ
ɋɟɝɧɟɬɨɷɥɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ:
Ɍɢɬɚɧɚɬ ɛɚɪɢɹ (BaTiO
3
)
ɇɢɨɛɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ (NaNb
2
O
5
)
Ɉɤɢɫɶ ɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɚ (WO
3
)
3
.
10
–
4
2
.
10
–4
6
.
10
–4
4
.
10
–4
1,3
.
10
–3
3
.
10
–4
5
.
10
–3
2
.
10
–2
1,2
5,8
3,8
4,0
9,0
6,0
6,0
2000
590
2100
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.6
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ȿ
ɉɊ
, Ɇȼ/ɦ
ɋɢɬɚɥɥ Li
2
O–ZnO–SiO
2
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɪɮɨɪ
Ʉɨɪɭɧɞɨɜɚɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ
47
25
30
1.1.6. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɋɢɧɬɟɡ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɡɚɞɚɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤɢɦ–ɥɢɛɨ
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱ-
ɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɞɪ., ɢɥɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟ-
ɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ȼ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟ-
ɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ 1960-ɯ ɝɝ. ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɨɧɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨ-
ɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɥɨɢ-
ɫɬɵɯ ɩɚɧɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ. ɇɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦ ɫɢ-
ɬɚɥɥ ɢ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ. ɂɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɠɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨ-
ɫɭɞɭ – ɤɚɫɬɪɸɥɢ, ɠɚɪɨɜɧɢ, ɫɨɬɟɣɧɢɤɢ. ɋɬɟɤɥɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ
ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɨɛɬɟɤɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɪɚɤɟɬ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ
ɫɬɟɤɥɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɧɚɧɨɫɢɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ-
ɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢɯ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ, ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɢ
ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ. ɇɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ,