Анненков Ю.М., Ивашутенко А.С. Перспективные материалы и технологии в электроизоляционной и кабельной технике
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1.2.3. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ
Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɤ-
ɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨ-ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɟ (Ɇɂ) ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɦ ɢ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ.
Ɉɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɟ Ɇɂ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɜ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɍɊɈ ɊȺɇ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ Ɇɂ-ɩɪɟɫɫɚ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.8 [10].
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ Ɇɂ-ɩɪɟɫɫɚ: ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ
ɫɢɥɚ – 850
ɤɇ; ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɹ – 30 ɤȾɠ; ɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ
ɢɧɞɭɤɬɨɪɚ ɞɨ 50 ɤȺ; ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɨɤ – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɞɨ 30 ɦɦ, ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɞɨ
20 ɦɦ; ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ – 1,4 Ƚɉɚ; ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɬɨɤɚ –
300 ɦɤɫ.
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɰɢɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɧɡɨɪɟ-
ɡɢɫɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ Ɇɂ-ɩɪɟɫɫɚ.
ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢ-
ɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨ–ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ
ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɩɵɬɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢ-
ɡɢɤɢ ɍɊɈ ɊȺɇ ɝ. ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝɚ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ Ɍɉɍ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ, ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨ–
ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɫɫ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ
ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɟɦ ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɚɞ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨ-ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɷɬɚɩɚ:
ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ – ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ (ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ) Ɇɂ-ɩɪɟɫɫɚ, ɧɟɨɛ-
ɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɜɬɨ-
ɪɨɣ ɷɬɚɩ – ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ȾɆɂ-ɩɪɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ (ɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ) ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨ
-
ɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɨɬ 10 ɦɦ ɞɨ 30 ɦɦ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧ-
ɧɟɝɨ Ɇɂ-ɩɪɟɫɫɚ. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɦɚɝ-
ɧɢɬɧɨ-ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɚ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɢɫ. 1.9. ɂɧɞɭɤɬɨɪɵ (6) ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɟ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɢ ɢɡ ɦɟɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɧɬ, ɜɢɬɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɨɥɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ. ɂɧɞɭɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ
ɰɟɩɶ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɋ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 6 ɦɎ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɵ
(4) ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚ-
ɱɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧɵ (3). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɧ-
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɦɟɞɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɤɢ-ɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɵ (5), ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸ-
ɳɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ
ɫɢɥɭ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
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.
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ɬ
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ɨ
-
ɦ
ɨ
ɚ
-
ɜ
ɶ
ɍ
ɟ
-
ɜ
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-
ɤ
-
ɚ
-
ɚ
-
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-
ɬ
-
ɨ
-
ɵ
-
33
ɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɦɟ-
ɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧɵ (ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɞɭɤ-
ɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɦɟɞɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɤɢ (ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ
ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ) – ɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.9. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ ȾɆɂ–ɩɪɟɫɫɚ
1 – ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ; 2 – ɩɪɟɫɫ–ɮɨɪɦɚ; 3 – ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧɵ; 4 – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɵ;
5 – ɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɵ; 6 – ɢɧɞɭɤɬɨɪɵ
ɉɪɢ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨ-
ɪɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɹɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɧɢɦ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɬɨɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɬ
ɜ ɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɚɯ ɬɨɤ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɬɨɤɭ ɜ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɨɪɚɯ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɬɚ-
ɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧ-
ɬɪɚɬɨɪɵ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɫ ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧɚɦɢ,
ɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫ-
ɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ Ƚɉɚ.
Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ Ɇɂ-ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜ
Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ Ɇɂ-ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ
ɬɚɛɥ. 1.11.
34
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.11
Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ Ɇɂ–ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜ
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ
Ɇɂɉ
(ɥɚɛ.)
Ɇɂɉ
(ɩɪɨɦ.)
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɇ ɞɨ 600 ɞɨ 2000
Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɤɫ ɞɨ 400 ɞɨ 1000
ɗɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɹ, ɤȾɠ 75 150
Ɍɨɤ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɟ, ɤȺ ɞɨ 180 ɞɨ 200
Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɨɤ, ɦɦ ɞɨ 7 ɞɨ 30
ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɨɤ, ɦɦ ɞɨ 3 ɞɨ 10
Ƚɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ, ɦɦ
Ø 150,
ɜɵɫɨɬɚ
300
Ø 400,
ɜɵɫɨɬɚ
400
ȼɟɫ, ɤɝ 5 60
Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɚ ɨɬ ɥɚ-
ɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ-
ɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-
ɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɧɨ
ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ.
ȼ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨ-ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨ-
ɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɫɫ.
Ɋɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨ-ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨ-ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɝɨ
(ɊɆɂ) ɩɪɟɫɫɚ ɨɬ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɤ-
ɬɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɚɪɚɡɢɬɧɨɟ
ɛɨɤɨɜɨɟ ɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɟɫɫɮɨɪɦɵ,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ
ɨɫɟɜɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.
ȼ Ɍɉɍ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨ-ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɫɫ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɧɚ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɟ «ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ» ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɨɦ
ɋ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɤɚɪɚɱɤɢɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɦ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ Ⱥ.ɋ. ɂɜɚɲɭɬɟɧɤɨ ɩɨɞ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɘ.Ɇ. Ⱥɧɧɟɧɤɨɜɚ ɢ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɋɢɜɤɨɜɚ.
Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ Ɇɂ-ɩɪɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɪɢɫ. 1.10 Ʉɨɧɫɬ-
ɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɊɆɂ-ɩɪɟɫɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ: ɤɨɪɩɭɫ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧ-
ɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ ɧɟɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɦɚɪɤɢ 12ɏ18ɇ10Ɍ; ɦɧɨɝɨɜɢɬ-
ɤɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɨɪ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ; ɧɢɠɧɹɹ
ɨɫɶ; ɫɬɹɠɧɨɣ ɛɨɥɬ; ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ; ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɩɥɢ-
ɬɚ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ ɧɟɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ
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ɢ
ɹ
ɰ
ɢ
ɭ
ɫ
ɧ
ɨ
ɬ
ɪ
ɟ
ɢ
ɬ
ɶ
ɫ
ɬ
ɪ
ɢ
ɡɝ
ɨ
ɫ
ɩ
ɢ
ɦ
ɢ
ɚ
ɥ
ɩɟ
–
ɡ
ɰɢ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɨ
ɦ
ɮ
ɢ
ɰ
ɟ
ɨ
ɛ
ɦ
ɚ
ɝ
ɟ
ɦ
ɟ
ɹ
ɪ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɢ
ɢ
ɩ
ɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɟ
ɦ
ɢ
ɶ
ɜ
ɪ
ɭ
ɤ
ɨ
ɬ
ɨ
ɩ
ɨɫ
ɩ
ɨ
ɥɵ
ɪɚ
ɡ
ɚ
ɞ
ɢ
ɢ
ɩ
ɹ
ɢ
ɢ
ɦ
.
Ɍ
ɰ
ɢ
ɟ
ɛ
ɯ
ɨ
ɝ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
ɤ
ɪ
ɟ
ɚ
ɟ
ɫ
ɤ
,
ɜ
ɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɜ
ɧ
ɢ
ɬ
ɜ
ɵ
ɫ
ɤ
ɰ
ɢ
ɨ
ɜ
ɢ
ɨ
ɛ
ɨ
ɜ
ɵ
ɵ
ɧ
ɰ
ɢ
ɞ
ɚ
ɬ
ɩ
ɪ
ɧɟ
ɢ
ɧ
ɞ
Ɍ
.
ɤ
ɟ
ɧ
ɬ
ɨ
ɞ
ɢ
ɢ
ɬ
ɧ
ɤ
ɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɥ
ɢ
ɤ
ɢ
ɯ
ɜ
ɵ
ɩ
ɨ
ɲ
ɧ
ɚ
ɹ
ɫɹ
ɫ
ɨ
ɬ
ɢ
ɢ
ɢ
ɬ
ɶ
ɛ
ɧ
ɨ
ɵɲ
ɧ
ɚ
ɢ
ɢ
ɬ
ɶ
ɟɫ
ɫ
ɨ
ɛ
ɞ
ɭ
ɤ
ɤ
.
ɦ
ɬ
ɨ
ɦ
ɢɦ
ɧ
ɭ
ɸ
ɪ
ɩ
ɭ
ɢ
ɡ
ɚ
ɯ
ɧ
ɩ
ɨ
ɥ
ɲ
ɤ
ɨ
ɹ
ɷ
ɞ
ɟ
ɬ
ɭ,
Ɋ
ɶ
ɫ
ɨ
ɣ
ɲ
ɟ
ɧ
ɨ
ɫ
ɫɝ
ɢ
ɧ
ɭ
ɫ
ɚ
.
ɛ
ɯ
ɨ
ɤɬ
ɨ
ɦɚ
ɦ
ɦ
ɵ
ɦ
ɸ
ɭ
ɫ
ɚ
ɚ
ɰ
ɢ
ɧ
ɚ
ɧ
ɥɧ
ɨ
ɦ
ɷ
ɬ
ɨ
ɟ
ɮ
ɬ
.
ɊɆ
ɫ
ɥ
ɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɧɧ
ɫ
ɧ
ɨ
ɢ
ɛ
ɭ
ɠ
ɧ
.
ɑ
ɨ
ɞ
ɢ
ɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬɟ
ɪ
ɨɬ
ɧ
ɦ
ɫɬ
ɚ
ɚ
.
ɢ
ɢ
ɧ
ɨ
ɩ
ɧ
ɟ
ɧ
ɧ
ɚ
ɨ
ɦ
ɭ
ɨ
ɪ
.
ɟ
Ɇ
ɂ
–
ɨ
ɠ
ɛ
ɨ
ɧ
ɵ
ɦ
ɨ
ɜ
ɟ
ɚ
ɢ
ɧ
ɨ
ɟ
ɑ
ɬ
ɨ
ɢ
ɦ
ɨ
ɚ
ɜ
ɪ
ɢ
ɧ
ɨ
ɢ
ɫ
ɚ
ɥ
ɶ
ɝ
ɨ
ɩ
ɨ
ɧ
-
ɚ
ɭ
ɪ
-
ɟ
.
–
ɠ
-
ɨ
-
ɦ
ɟ
ɢ
ɟ
ɨ
-
ɨ
ɜ
ɢ
-
ɨ
-
ɫ
-
ɶ
ɨ
-
ɨ
-
36
1.2.4. Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ
ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ: ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɟ-
ɩɟɧɶ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ –
ɡɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɩɟ-
ɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɢ
ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ. Ɋɟɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨ–
ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɬɶ ɧɚɧɨɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ ɛɟɡ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɬɶ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɵ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɟ.
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɦ
ɜɜɢɞɭ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ
ɦɢɤɪɨɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ
ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɤɢ ɢɡ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɲ-
ɤɨɜ, ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ 10–100 ɧɦ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-
ɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ, ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɍɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɜɵ-
ɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɡɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɥ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ-
ɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɢ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹ-
ɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɤɢ (ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ) ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɫɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ
ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ: ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤ-
ɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ «ɲɟ-
ɟɤ»; ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɢɡɨ-
ɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ; ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ,
ɫɨɩɪɨ-
ɜɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɚɥɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɥɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɪ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭ-
ɪɟ, ɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ
ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɪ,
ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɡɚɥɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɪ, ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ
ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɤɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨ-
ɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɤɢ ɛɟɡ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɡɤɢɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ (ɩɨɪ) ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ.
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢ-
37
ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ
ɪɨɫɬɚ ɡɟɪɧɚ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɨɫɬ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨ-
ɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ
ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ. ɋ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɨɛ-
ɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɢ ɡɟɪɧɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɩɟ-
ɤɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɩɪɢ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ
ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɩɨɞɴɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɩɪɚ-
ɜɢɥɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɨɤ
ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɭ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɭɸ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɭɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɪ ɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɨɤ ɢɡ
ɧɚɧɨɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɬɚ-
ɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟ-
ɜɟ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɭɫɚɞɤɢ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɮɚ-
ɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ, ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
Ɋɟɡɸɦɢɪɭɹ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɨɤ ɢɡ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ: ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ, ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 0,4–0,5 ɨɬ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɭɫɚɞɤɢ, ɜ 10
4
–10
6
ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ,
ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ; ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɨɤ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ; ɧɟɨɛ-
ɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɭɫɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ-
ɧɨɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɮɚɡ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɦ
ɢɯ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɩɨɥɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɯ ɮɚɡ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟ-
ɪɨɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ
ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɫɨɩɪɨ-
ɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ. ɋɩɟɤɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɬɟɥɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ
ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɸ ɞɜɭɯ ɮɚɡ: ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɤɚɤ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ
ɫ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜ-
ɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ. Ⱦɜɢ-
ɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ (ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɟɺ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ). ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɢ-
ɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ: ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɢɫ-
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39
Ɋɢɫ. 1.12. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ:
1 – ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ;
2 – ɜɵɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ; 3 – ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ;
4 – ɡɚɥɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɪ; 5 – ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ
ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪ-
ɝɢɢ. ɋɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɭɫɚɞɤɨɣ
L
L'
.
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ:
n
Kt
L
L
'
, (1.9)
kT
Q
e
o
KK
.
(1.10)
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ n – ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɟ-
ɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ. ɋɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ.
kT
Ɇ
U
eDD
0
, (1.11)
15,0
n
. (1.12)
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ D
0
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ:
1) ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɜɹɡɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ;
2) ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ;
3) ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ;
4) ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɜɹɡɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 1.12, ɚ) ɱɚɳɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ
ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɬɟɥ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɟɧ-
ɬɪɚɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɨɧɢ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ: D
l
ɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ 0. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɤɨɧ-
ɬɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɣɤɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ:
x
2
~ t. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɨɷɮ-
ɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɭ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ: h ~ D
a
.
40
Ɋɢɫ. 1.12. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ (ɪɢɫ. 1.12, ɛ), ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɬɨɤɨɦ
ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɜɨɝɧɭɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɣɤɚ, ɹɜɥɹ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ:
D
l
= 0, x
5
~ t.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ (ɪɢɫ. 1.12, ɜ), ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɨɤɨɦ ɢɡɛɵ-
ɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɧɟɦɨɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ (ɚɦɨɪɮɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ)
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɪɭɩɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɧɢɯ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɱɚɫ-
ɬɢɰɵ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ D
l
ɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ 0, ɚ x
5
~ t.
ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 1.12, ɝ) D
l
= 0, x
7
~ t.
ɉɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɚɡɨɜɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ (ɪɢɫ. 1.12, ɞ) ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɜɨɝɧɭɬɨɣ ɢ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɲɟɣɤɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ Ʌɚɩɥɚɫɚ: ln(P
r
/P
ɛɟɫɤ
) = ± 2gV
m
/rRT.
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ D
l
= 0 ɢ x
5
~ t , ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ:
D
l
= 0 ɢ x
3
~ t.
Ƚɪɚɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 1.12, ɟ) ɜɞɨɥɶ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ: D
l
ɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ 0, ɚ x
4
~ t.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ – ɨɛɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ:
5
2
5
2
)
3
2
2
( t
kTR
D
L
L :
'
D
, (1.13)
ɝɞɟ R – ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɩɨɪɨɲɢɧɤɢ, ȍ – ɚɬɨɦɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ, Į –
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.13. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɭɫɚɞɤɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
5
2
t
L
L
{
'