Анненков Ю.М., Ивашутенко А.С. Перспективные материалы и технологии в электроизоляционной и кабельной технике
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41
5
2
t
L
L
{
'
(1.14)
Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ:
1) ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ;
2) ɡɚɥɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɪ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ Ƚɟɝɭɡɢɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɥɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɵ ɪɚɞɢɭ-
ɫɨɦ R
ɩ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
D:
D
kTR
t
ɉ
ɁȺɅ
6
3
(1.15)
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ƚɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɩɪɢ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɦ ɞɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɟ-
ɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɋ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɩɨ-
ɪɨɲɤɨɜ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɸ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨ-
ɛɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢ
ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ:
1) ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ;
2) ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ,
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɤ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥ-
ɥɨɜ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɚ-
ɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ 100%-ɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɬɟɦ ɧɢɠɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɨɩɪɟ-
ɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,1–0,2 ɞɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ƚɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɚɜ-
ɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɫɫɚɯ. Ɉɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɫɫ–ɮɨɪɦɚɯ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɡ
ɠɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ (ɞɥɹ
ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɞɨ
1000 °ɋ), ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦɚɯ, ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɨ ɧɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
(ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ). ɋɬɚ-
ɞɢɣɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟ-
42
ɦɟɧɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɢɫ. 1.14, ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɫɬɚɞɢɢ:
1) ɞɨ 90 % ɨɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɫɞɜɢɝ ɢ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ;
2) ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɨɛɴɺɦɧɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ;
3) ɨɛɴɺɦɧɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.14. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɢ
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
200–400 ɤȽɫ/ɫɦ
2
. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.15. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ:
– ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨ-
ɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ;
– ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ;
– ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ;
–
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.15. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ:
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6.
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6.
)
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,
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-
44
ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ.
Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɫɤɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ
Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ Spark Plasma Sintering System (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɤɪɨɜɨ-
ɝɨ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ SPSS) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɪɦɵ SPS
SYNTEX INC, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫ-
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɧɨ-
ɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɫɤɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ
ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ (50 Ɇɉɚ). Ɂɚɬɟɦ
ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ, ɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɣɤɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɪɢɥɚ.
ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɫɤɪɨɜɨɝɨ
ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɟɱɟɧ-
ɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɡɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɪ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɡɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɹɜ-
ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɚɬɟ-
ɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ,
ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭ-
ɦɟ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɞɨ 2400 °ɋ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.17.
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 1.17 ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɥɚɡɦɵ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɤ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɭ ɩɨɪɨɲɢɧɨɤ.
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɩɪɢɥɨ-
ɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɥɟ-
ɱɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɪ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɚ-
ɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɭ.
45
Ɋɢɫ. 1.17. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɫɤɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ
Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ SPS ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɩɨɦɨ-
ɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɢɫ-
ɤɪɨɜɨɟ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɮɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɜ ɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɚ, ɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɤɨɜ,
ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-
ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤ.
ȿɳɟ
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧ-
ɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ SPS ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ əɩɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚ-
ɧɢɣ, ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɷɥɟɤ-
ɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɝɚɡɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ
ɗɬɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɜ
ɝɚɡɨɫɬɚɬɟ (ɪɢɫ. 1.18) ɩɪɢ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɚ-
ɡɚ Ɋ ~ 10 Ƚɉɚ.
46
Ɋɢɫ. 1.18. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɂɆȿɌ ɊȺɇ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ
ɧɚɧɨɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ:
1 – ɜɯɨɞ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ;
2 – ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɚ; 3–ɧɚɤɨɜɚɥɶɧɹ; 4 – ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ; 5 – ɜɵɜɨɞ ɝɚɡɚ;
6 – ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ, 7 – ɬɟɪɦɨɩɚɪɚ; 8 – ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧ; 9 – ɫɢɥɶɮɨɧ;
10 – ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 1.19. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɝɚɡɨɫɬɚɬɚ: 1 – ɪɚɦɚ; 2 – ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɛɤɚ; 3 – ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪ;
4 – ɬɟɪɦɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɩɚɤ; 5 – ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ; 6 – ɨɛɦɨɬɤɚ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɚ;
7 – ɬɟɪɦɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɤɚ; 8 – ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɤɚ;
9 – ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɛɤɚ; 10 – ɨɛɦɨɬɤɚ ɪɚɦɵ; 11 – ɤɚɩɫɭɥɵ ɫ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɦ
Ƚɚɡ ɩɨɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɫɬɚɬ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɫɩɟ-
ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɛɚɥɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ. Ʉɚɩɫɭɥɵ ɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢ-
ɛɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɝɚɡɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɪɚɡɦɟɲɟɧ-
ɧɵɦ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɝɚɡɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢ-
ɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɝɚɡɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚ-
47
ɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭpa. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɜɡɪɵɜɨɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪ ɢ ɪɚɦɭ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ
ɥɟɧɬɵ ɢɡ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ. Ʉɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪ ɝɚɡɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɝɚɡɨɫɬɚɬɵ ɫ ɨɫɟɜɵɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɟɦ
20–500 Ɇɇ (ɪɢɫ. 1.19 ɢ 1.20).
Ɋɢɫ. 1.20. Ƚɚɡɨɫɬɚɬ ɫ ɭɫɢɥɢɟɦ 125 Ɇɇ:
1 – ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɢɧɚ; 2 – ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɛɤɚ; 3 – ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɢɧɚ; 4 –
ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪ; 5 – ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ; 6 – ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɬɨɪ; 7 – ɫɬɨɥ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɤɨɣ
Ɇɢɤɪɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɹɜɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɥɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɣ (MB) ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɬɟɪɦɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ [14–16]. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɢ
ɨɛɠɢɝɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɫ
ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ.
Ʉ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɭ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɥɧ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ ɨɬ 0,3 ɞɨ 300 ȽȽɰ ɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɦ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɜɨɥɧ ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 0,001 ɦ. Ɇȼ-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɬɥɢ-
ɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɝɨ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ) ɤɨɝɟɪɟɧɬɧɨ, ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɨ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ. ɑɢɫɬɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɩɪɨ-
ɡɪɚɱɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ
ɋȼɑ-ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚɯ. Ⱦɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ
ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɦɚɝɧɢɹ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦ-
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ Ɇȼ-ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ
48
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞ-
ɧɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ, ɨɥɨɜɚ, ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ, ɦɟɞɢ
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɬɶ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɥɧɵ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɟ. Ⱦɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ZrɈ
2
ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ: ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɨɬ 20 ɞɨ 1000 °ɋ ɭɪɨ-
ɜɟɧɶ Ɇȼ-ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɧɚ 2–4 ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. Ⱦɨɥɸ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ
Ɇȼ-ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɪɨɡɪɚɱ-
ɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɥɧ ɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢ-
ɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ-
ɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ [ɋɭɜɨɪɨɜ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ɍɭɪɤɢɧ ɂ.Ⱥ., ɉɪɢɧɰɟɜ Ʌ.ɇ.,
ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ Ɇɢɤɪɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɵɣ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ // Ɉɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɵ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ. – ʋ 9. – 2000. – ɋ. 9–13.].
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ Ɋ
Ɍ
, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɚ
ɩɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ
2
0
2 Etg
ɦ
fP
Ɍ
GHHS
, (1.16)
ɝɞɟ f – ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ, İ
0
– ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟ-
ɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɚ, İ
Ɇ
– ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, tgį – ɬɚɧɝɟɧɫ ɭɝɥɚ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ȿ – ɧɚ-
ɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ.
ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ Ɇȼ-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ
ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɫɤɢɧ-ɫɥɨɹ (D) – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 2,7 ɪɚɡɚ:
0
0
686,8
3
H
H
S
O
M
D
, (1.17)
ɝɞɟ Ȝ
0
– ɞɥɢɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɵ Ɇȼ-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ tgį – ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡ-
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ Ɇȼ-ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ
tgį. ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɨɫɬ tgį ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (Ɍ
ɤɪɢɬ
), ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢ-
ɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ tgį, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɭɸ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɥɚɜɢɧɨɨɛ-
ɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ȼɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ tgį ɜ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɣ
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;
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)
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ɪ
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.
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.
ɶ
,
ɧ
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ɡ,
ɭ
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ɥ
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ɝɟ
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ɨ
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ɧ
ɢ
ɫ
ɪ
ɪ
ɢ
ɢ
ɤ
ɨ
ɢ
ɡ
ɢ
ɪ
ɵ
;
ɢ
ɡ
ɨ
ɬ
ɞ
ɟ
ɥ
ɢ
ɦ
Ɇ
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ɫ
ɤ
ɫ
ɨ
ɝ
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ɧ
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ɨ
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ɡ
ɞ
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ɪ
ɭ
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ɥ
ɹ-
ɟ
ɥ
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ɢ
ɫ
Ɇȼ
ɤ
ɢ
ɯ
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ɥ
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ɧ
ɵ
ɟ
ɧ
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ɡ
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ɪ
ɢ
ɨ
ɞ
ɵ
ɨ
-
ɦ
ɫ
-
ɟ
-
ɦ
,
ɟ
-
ɟ
-
-
ɶ
-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
ɪ
-
ɡ
-
ɸ
-
ɢ
-
ɵ
50
ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ 3, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬ-
ɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ – ɜ
ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ 4, ɢ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ. ɉɨɞɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɤ
ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɬɨɹɱɭɸ ɜɨɥɧɭ, ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ 5 ɫ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɦɢ.
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ Ɇȼ-
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ 6. Ɍɟɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɢɪɨɦɟɬɪɨɦ 7 (ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɬɟɪɦɨɩɚɪ) ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɞɚ 8.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.22. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ Ɇȼ-ɩɟɱɢ.
1 – ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɛɪɢɤɟɬɵ ɢɡ ɤɨɪɭɧɞɚ; 2 – ɤɨɪɭɧɞɨɜɚɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ;
3 – ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ; 4 – ɬɟɪɦɨɩɚɪɚ
Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɡ-
ɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɪɭɧɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ, ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɢɡ ɢɝɨɥɶɱɚ-
ɬɨɝɨ ɦɭɥɥɢɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɢɡ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɭɧɞɚ (ɪɢɫ. 1.22.).
ȼ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ [14–16] ɩɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɸ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫ ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ – ɦɚɝɧɟɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɝɢɪɨɬɪɨ-
ɧɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
Ɇɚɝɧɟɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ-
ɪɟɡɨɧɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɧɟɬɪɨɧɵ – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ, ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.23.
ɐɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɬɨɞ 1 ɷɦɢɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɨɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɦ ɡɚɡɨɪɟ 5 ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɚɬɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟ-
ɦɨɣ – ɚɧɨɞɨɦ. Ɂɚɦɟɞɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɚɝɧɟɬɪɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɰɟ-