Анненков Ю.М., Ивашутенко А.С. Перспективные материалы и технологии в электроизоляционной и кабельной технике
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ɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɧɚɧɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɢɨ-
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɯ. ɂɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜ, ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬ-
ɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɢ ɜɢɪɭɫɨɜ, «ɫɨɫɭɞɵ» ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɤɚɤ ɛɢɨɢɦɩɥɚɧɬɚɬ.
ɇɚɧɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɬɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɧɚ ɦɨ-
ɠɟɬ ɫɪɚɫɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ
ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɣɬɢ ɟɳɟ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ – ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɟ-
ɤɢɣ ɫɢɦɛɢɨɡ ɢɡ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ.
ȼ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɧɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɟ (ɩɶɟɡɨ-, ɫɟɝɧɟɬɨ-, ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɣ, ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɨɣ ɭɥɭɱɲɟ-
ɧɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ,
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɢ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ-
ɦɢ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.29. Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ Y
2
O
3
ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ 1 % MgO.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɩɟɤɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 1000 °ɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 20 ɱ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ 1080 °ɋ ɞɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ 76 %
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ
ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɦɚɲɢɧ,
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-
ɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ (ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɦ, ɷɧɟɪɝɨ- ɢ ɦɚɬɟ-
ɪɢɚɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ). ɂɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɱɢɫɬɨ-
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ɬɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɟ-
ɮɢɰɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɚ, ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɚ, ɧɢɤɟɥɹ, ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ, ɦɟɞɢ),
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɟ ɧɟɞɟɮɢ-
ɰɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ:
ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɫɩɟɱɟɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 100 ɧɦ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡ-
ɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ: ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɩɟ-
ɤɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɪɚɫ-
ɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ. ɋɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɚ-
ɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɢ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ. ɋɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɤɭɞɚ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɝɨ-
ɪɹɱɟɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɝɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɤɨɜ-
ɤɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ, ɧɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɚ, ɚ
ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɋɩɟɤɚɧɢɟɦ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɛɟɫɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɬɚ-
ɤɨɝɨ
ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɦɚɥɨ-
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦ, ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɧɚ-
ɝɪɟɜ, ɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɛɟɫɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɧ-
ɬɪɨɥɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɡɟɪɟɧ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɢ ɞɢ-
ɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹ-
ɬɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɹɦɢ.
Ɇɧɨɝɨ
ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɬɪɚɱɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɡɟ-
ɪɟɧ. Ɇɟɧɹɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɶ
ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɸ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɭɸ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɸ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸ-
ɳɢɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɸ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɢɬɶ
.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ: ɛɵ-
ɫɬɪɨɟ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ, ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ (ɨɛɴ-
ɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ) ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɫɩɟ-
ɤɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɡɟɪɟɧ, ɭɩ-
ɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɭɸ ɞɢɮ-
ɮɭɡɢɸ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɜɟɞɟɬ
ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟ-
ɧɢɸ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɧɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɭ ɫɩɟɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɛɵɫɬ-
63
ɪɨɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢ-
ɰɚɦ ɭɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɨɣɬɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ
ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɦɟɯɚ-
ɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ.
ȼɫɟ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ.
ȼ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɬɚɯ, ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɝɨ-
ɞɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. ɉɪɢ
ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɺɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡ-
ɰɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ
ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ZrO
2
+3 %Y
2
O
3
ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ
200 °ɋ/ɦɢɧ) ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɞɥɟɧ-
ɧɵɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɨɦ 2 °ɋ/ɦɢɧ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ-
ɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɸɬ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɥɨɟɜ ɧɚ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ. ɉɪɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɫ
ɞɨɛɚɜɤɨɣ ɢɧɞɢɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡ-
ɰɨɜ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ
ɧɢɠɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɥɨɬ-
ɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɪ.
ɋɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɪɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɪɚɫ-
ɬɹɝɢɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ «ɡɚɥɟ-
ɱɢɬɶ» ɨɛɴɺɦ ɩɨɪ ɞɨ 90 %.
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɞ-
ɧɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɨɫɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ
. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɨɛɲɢɪ-
ɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɡɟ-
ɪɟɧ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ-
ɠɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɨɫɬ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɵɫɨ-
ɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɸ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɧɟ-
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɬɨɦ ɛɟɡ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ. ȼ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɬɚɯ ɩɪɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ
ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ.
Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɧɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɷɬɨ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɚ-
ɞɢɣɧɨɟ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ. ɍɫɩɟɯɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɩɪɢ
ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ Y
2
O
3
. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬ ɢɡ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ
Y
2
O
3
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɥɫɹ ɞɨ 1310 qɋ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 10 qɋ /ɦɢɧ ɢ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɨɯɥɚɠ-
ɞɚɥɫɹ ɞɨ 1150 qɋ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 50 qɋ /ɦɢɧ. ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɪɨɫɬɚ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
64
1150 qɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 20 ɱɚɫɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ Y
2
O
3
ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ
115 ɧɦ. Ⱦɥɹ Y
2
O
3
ɞɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ MgO ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 60 ɧɦ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɛɵɥ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ BaTiO
3
ɢ Ni–Cu–Zn. Ⱦɥɹ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɚɞɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦ-
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 70 % ɨɬ ɬɟɨɪɟ-
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ
ɜɚɠɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ. Ʉɥɸɱɟ-
ɜɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɷɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɵ ɜ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɟɣ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɡɟɪɟɧ.
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 70 %, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɪɚ–ɡɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹ-
ɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɡɟɪɧɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ-
ɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɨɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ
ɡɟɪɟɧ, ɧɨ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɡɟɪɟɧ.
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɪɵ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵ ɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɭɫɚɞɤɢ ɧɚ
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɩɟ-
ɤɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɤɨ-
ɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ
ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ 100 % ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɛɟɡ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɡɟɪɟɧ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱ-
ɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɸ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɡɟɪɟɧ
ɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɡɟɪɟɧ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɞɟɦɨɧ-
ɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ
ɧɚ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɚɹ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ (ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɚɹ ɧɚ
ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ). ɏɨɬɹ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ, ɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ-
ɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɹɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ (6).
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ
ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ BaTiO
3
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭɩ-
ɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɡɟɪɟɧ, ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚ-
ɧɢɹ, ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɚɞɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ
(ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟɦ). ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɫ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ
, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ
ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɢ ɩɨɪ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨ-
ɥɢɥɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ BaTiO
3
ɛɟɡ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ, ɛɟɫɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɣ BaTiO
3
ɢɦɟɥ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɡɟɪɧɚ 108 ɧɦ. Ɂɚɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɩɪɢ
ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɨɬ 1,9 ɧɦ/ɱ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 1050 qɋ ɞɨ
18 ɧɦ/ɱ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 1150 qɋ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɭɡɤɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ-
ɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2 ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨ-
ɫɬɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ
. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢ-
65
ɝɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ 97,6 % ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 100 ɧɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 98 %, ɬɨ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ
ɡɟɪɟɧ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɞɨ 250 ɧɦ.
Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɧɚɧɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ. ɇɚɧɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ,
ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɜ, ɧɢɬɪɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɨɜ. ɋɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ
ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ, ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɨɫɨ-
ɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ
ɡɟɪɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɉɪɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɫɮɟɪɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɷɥɥɢɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɡɟɪɧɨɦ. Ɍɚɤ ɛɵɥɚ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɚɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢ-
ɤɚ ɢɡ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ZrO
2
ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɦɟɧɟɟ 100 ɧɦ. ȼ ɞɪɭ-
ɝɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ MgO ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 700–825 °ɋ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ 100–150 Ɇɉɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɛɵɥ ɩɨ-
ɥɭɱɟɧ ɛɟɫɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɣ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɣ MgO ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ
52 ɧɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɷɥɥɢɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɚɩɚɬɢɬɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ
ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 84ɯ33 ɧɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɭɩɥɨɬ-
ɧɟɧɢɟ
ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 825 °ɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 3 ɦɢɧ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɚɩɚɬɢɬ ɫ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɦ
ɡɟɪɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 130 × 98 ɧɦ. Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ Si
3
N
4
, ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ 10 ɧɦ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 1600 °ɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ
5 ɦɢɧ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 300 °ɋ/ɦɢɧ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧ-
ɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɛɵɥ ɛɟɫɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɣ ɫ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɦ Si
3
N
4
,
ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 70 ɧɦ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ Y
2
O
3
ɢ Al
2
O
3
ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɥɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɝɨ Si
3
N
4
ɧɟ ɜɨɡ-
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ-
ɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ Si
3
N
4
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.30. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ
ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɜ. ɇɚɧɨɫɬ-
ɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ȕ-SiC ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɡɟɪɧɚ 5–20 ɧɦ ɛɵɥ ɫɩɟ-
ɱɟɧ ɞɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ 98 % ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 1700 °ɋ ɢ ɞɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɢ 40 Ɇɉɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭ-
ɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ Si
3
N
4
ɢ SiC ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɟɪ-
ɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ 800 °ɋ ɢ 150 Ɇɉɚ MgO ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɱɚɫ-
ɬɢɰ 20 ɧɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1 ɦɢɧ, ɞɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 40 ɧɦ ɫɩɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ 8 ɦɢɧ ɢ 10 ɦɢɧ – ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 50 ɧɦ.
ɗɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ
ɛ
ɥ
ɞ
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-
ɨ
-
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-
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-
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.
ɢ
-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
ɨ
-
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-
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67
(100–1000 °ɋ/ɦɢɧ) ɩɪɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɢɫɤɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɦɢɧ) ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɧɚɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜ ɨɬɥɢ-
ɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ
ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɦ
ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɤ ɩɚɪɚ-
ɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 200 Ɇɉɚ), ɜɟ-
ɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɪɚɮɢ-
ɬɨɜɨɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɡɟ-
ɪɟɧ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢ-
ɟɦ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ
. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɟ-
ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ. ɗɬɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶ-
ɫɵ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶ-
ɲɢɬɶ/ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ. ȼɫɺ ɠɟ ɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɤɪɨ-
ɜɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɥ,
ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɱɺɬɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɤɪɨɜɨɦ
ɪɚɡɪɹɞɟ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɧɨ-
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟɦ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ
ɜɨɡ-
ɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
150 ɦɦ. ɉɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɤ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɩɟɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨɪɨɝɨɜɢɡɧɚ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɫɫ-
ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɞɨ 450 °ɋ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɢɤ-
ɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ.
ȼ Ɍɨɦɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɛ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɋɢɜɤɨɜɵɦ, ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨ-
ɬɚɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɭɧɞɨ-
ɰɢɪɨɤɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɫ ɧɚɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨ-
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ɬɨɪɨɣ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɩɥɚɡɦɵ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ.
Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɜɵ-
ɫɨɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ:
– ɩɥɚɡɦɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ;
– ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨ-ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɤ-
ɫɢɞɧɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ-
ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɨɜ;
– ɜɵɫɨɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɟ (
ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɟ) ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɧɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ – ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɭɧɞɨ-ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɧɚ-
ɧɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ 150–200 ɧɦ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɨɛɟɫ-
ɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ (ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɧɚ
250 °ɋ) ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ.
1.3. ɋɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
1.3.1. ɋɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
əɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɜɵɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ
ɧɢɠɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ (Ɍ
ɄɊ
). ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɨɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ.
ɋɜɨɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ Ʉɚɦɦɟɪɥɢɧɝ–Ɉɧɧɟɫ ɫɞɟɥɚɥ
ɜ 1911 ɝɨɞɭ. Ɉɧ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ. ɗɬɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɚɦɦɟɪɥɢɧɝ–Ɉɧɧɟɫ ɧɚɡɜɚɥ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ. Ʉɚɦɦɟɪɥɢɧɝ–Ɉɧɧɟɫ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɚɧɨ ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜɨɣ
ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɞɜɚ ɝɨɞɚ Ʉɚɦɟɪɥɢɧɝ–Ɉɧɧɟɫ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɥɚɭɪɟɚɬɨɦ ɇɨɛɟ-
ɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɦɢɢ; ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɠɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ-
ɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɢɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɚɤ-
ɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ – ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚ.
ȼɫɤɨɪɟ Ɏɪɢɰ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞ-
ɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɢɚɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɡɦ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ. Ƚɢ-
ɩɨɬɟɡɚ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɚ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɚɫɶ; ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ,
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬ-
ɫɬɜɢɟ ɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɢɚ-
ɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɡɦ.
ɑɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɠɞɚɬɶ
ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɝɨ. ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɢɞɟɹ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɚ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɜ-
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ɲɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ,
ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ. ɗɬɭ ɢɞɟɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɢ Ⱦɠɨɧ Ȼɚɪ-
ɞɢɧ, Ʌɟɨɧ Ʉɭɩɟɪ ɢ Ⱦɠ. Ɋɨɛɟɪɬ ɒɪɢɮɮɟɪ, ɭɞɨɫɬɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɇɨɛɟɥɟɜ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɦɢɢ 1972 ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚ «ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɢ-
ɦɨɫɬɢ». ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɱɟɫɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ «ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ
ȻɄɒ», ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɜ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɟ
ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ «ɤɭɩɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪ», ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɭɩɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɪɟɲɟɬɤɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɹ ɟɟ ɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɟ ɬɟɪɹɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ [28].
Ɉɩɵɬɵ Ʉɚɦɦɟɪɥɢɧɝ–Ɉɧɧɟɫɚ
9 ɢɸɥɹ 1908 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɲɥɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɏɟɣɤɟ Ʉɚɦɟɪɥɢɧɝ–
Ɉɧɧɟɫ (1853–1926 ɝɝ.) ɢɡ Ʌɟɣɞɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɥ ɫɠɢɠɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɝɟɥɢɹ. ɂɧɬɭɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɭ Ⱦɶɸɚɪɚ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ,
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɥɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ. Ɂɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɭɸ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɸ Ʉɚ-
ɦɟɪɥɢɧɝɚ–Ɉɧɧɟɫɚ ɜ Ʌɟɣɞɟɧɟ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧ ɫɬɚɥ ɜ 29 ɥɟɬ, ɧɚɡɵ-
ɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ–ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ XX ɜ.
ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ
ɨɩɵɬɚ Ʉɚɦɟɪɥɢɧɝ–Ɉɧɧɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɝɟɥɢɣ – ɷɬɨ ɟɦɭ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ. ɇɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɧ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɧ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɥ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸ-
ɳɟɦɭ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ–ɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɩɪɢ ɝɟɥɢɟɜɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ.
Ɉɧɧɟɫ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɥ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɥɨɬɚ, ɩɥɚɬɢɧɵ ɢ ɜɡɹɥɫɹ ɡɚ
ɪɬɭɬɶ. ɂ ɬɭɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ
ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ. 28 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1911 ɝɨɞɚ ɨɧ ɫɨɨɛɳɢɥ
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɬɭɬɢ ɞɨɫ-
ɬɢɝɥɨ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɱɬɨ «ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ». 27 ɦɚɹ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɨ: ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɬɭɬɢ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ,
ɚ ɪɟɡɤɨ, ɫɤɚɱɤɨɦ, ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɛ «ɢɫ-
ɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ».
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟ 1913 ɝɨɞɚ, Ɉɧɧɟɫ
ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɭɩɨɬ-
ɪɟɛɢɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ». ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.31. ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ
ɨɩɵɬɨɜ Ʉɚɦɟɪɥɢɧɝ–Ɉɧɧɟɫɚ.
ɍ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ: ɤɪɢɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ–Ɍ
ɄɊ
, ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ – ɇ
ɄɊ
, ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɤɚ–J
ɄɊ
. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ,
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ.
ɋɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɪɧɵɯ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ Ʉɚɦɦɟɪɥɢɧɝ–Ɉɧɧɟɫɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɯ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɵ ɧɢɠɟ.
70
Ɋɢɫ. 1.31. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɯɨɞ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɬɭɬɢ
ɩɨ Ʉɚɦɦɟɪɥɢɧɝ–Ɉɧɧɟɫɭ
Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
Ti (ɬɢɬɚɧ) – 0,39 Ʉ, Ru (ɪɭɬɟɧɢɣ) – 0,51 Ʉ, Zr (ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɣ) – 0,54 Ʉ,
Os (ɨɫɦɢɣ) – 0,65 Ʉ, Cd (ɤɚɞɦɢɣ) – 0,66 Ʉ, U (ɭɪɚɧ) – 0,68 Ʉ, Zn (ɰɢɧɤ) –
0,87 Ʉ, Ɇɨ (ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧ) – 0,92 Ʉ, W (ɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦ) – 1,07 Ʉ, Ga (ɝɚɥɥɢɣ) –
1,09 Ʉ, Al (ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ) – 1,1 Ʉ, Th (ɬɨɪɢɣ) – 1,37 Ʉ, Pa (ɩɪɨɬɚɤɬɢɧɢɣ) –
1,4 Ʉ, Re (ɪɟɧɢɣ) – 1,7 Ʉ, Tl (ɬɚɥɥɢɣ) – 2,4 Ʉ, In (ɢɧɞɢɣ) – 3,4, Sn (ɨɥɨɜɨ)
– 3,7 Ʉ, Hg (ɪɬɭɬɶ) – 4,15 Ʉ, Ta (ɬɚɧɬɚɥ) – 4,48 Ʉ, V (ɜɚɧɚɞɢɣ) – 5,38 Ʉ,
La (ɥɚɧɬɚɧ) – 6,0 Ʉ, Pb (ɫɜɢɧɟɰ) – 7,19 Ʉ, Tc (ɬɟɯɧɟɰɢɣ) – 7,77 Ʉ, Nb
(ɧɢɨɛɢɣ
) – 9,2 Ʉ, ɫɩɥɚɜɵ: UCo – 1,7 K, Ti
2
Co – 3,4 K, La
3
In – 10,4 K,
Nb
3
Au – 11,5 K, V
3
Si – 17,1 K, Nb
3
Sn – 18,05 K, Nb
3
Al – 17,5 K,
Nb
3
S(Al
0,8
Ge
0,2
) – 20,9 K.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ Ɍ
ɄɊ
= 0,3–21 Ʉ,
J
ɄɊ
= 10
6
–10
7
Ⱥ/ɫɦ
2
.
Ɋɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɟɦ ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ
ɋɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɹ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ (ɇ
ɄɊ
).
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɇ
ɄɊ
ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 1.32. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɤɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɇ
ɋ
ɢ Ɍ
ɋ
– ɷɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬ-
ɪɵ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɇ > ɇ
ɋ
, ɬɨ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɦ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨ-
ɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ (J
C
). ȿɫɥɢ ɬɨɤ ɜ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɟ J > J
C
, ɬɨ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ J
C
= 10
5
–10
7
A/cɦ
2
.