Анненков Ю.М., Ивашутенко А.С. Перспективные материалы и технологии в электроизоляционной и кабельной технике
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ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 122 ɦɟɬɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ Frisbie ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ
Detroit Edison, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ⱦɟɬɪɨɣɬɚ (ɋɒȺ). ɇɚ ɫɟ-
ɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ Pirelli ɜɟɞɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ 110 ɤȼ
400 ɆȼȺ, 132 ɤȼ 680 ɆȼȺ ɢ 225 ɤȼ 1000 ɆȼȺ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɜ ɞɨ-
ɛɢɥɚɫɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ Southwire (ɋɒȺ). ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ ɟɸ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɩɭ-
ɳɟɧɚ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɵɯ
ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ 12,4 ɤȼ
1250 Ⱥ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 30 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɦ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɨɦ. ɇɚ
ɪɢɫ. 1.49. ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ȼɌɋɉ-ɤɚɛɟɥɶ ɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ Southwire ɜ ɝ. Ʉɚɪ-
ɪɨɥɥɬɨɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɯɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ Ʉɚɪɪɨɥɥɬɨɧ.
ȼ ɦɚɟ 2001 ɝɨɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ NKT Cables (Ⱦɚɧɢɹ) ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɥɚ ɜ ɷɤɫ-
ɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ȼɌɋɉ-ɤɚɛɟɥɢ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. Ʉɚɛɟɥɢ ɫ ɬɟɩ-
ɥɵɦ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ȺɆɄ (Ʉɨɩɟɧɝɚ-
ɝɟɧ).
ɇɚ
ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Southwire ɢ NKT Cables ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɤ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɬɪɢɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ (ɤɨɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ) ȼɌɋɉ-
ɤɚɛɟɥɹ (ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.50) ɞɥɢɧɨɣ
300 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ Bixby ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ-
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ American Electric Power ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ Ʉɨɥɭɦɛɭɫ
(ɋɒȺ). ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 6 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɦɭɮɬɵ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɛɟɥɹ. ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɬɢ – 13,2 ɤȼ, ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ – 3000 Ⱥ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.49. ȼɌɋɉ-ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ Southwire ɜ ɝ. Ʉɚɪɪɨɥɥɬɨɧ
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ NEXANS ɬɨɠɟ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɟɪɯ-
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ 2003 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɋɒȺ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɥɨ ɫ ɧɟɣ
ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ȼɌɋɉ-ɤɚɛɟɥɶ 138 ɤȼ
ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 610 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ. Ʉɚɛɟɥɶ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ Ʌɨɧɝ Ⱥɣɥɷɧɞ
(ɋɒȺ), ɩɢɬɚɸɳɟɣ 300 000 ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 2005 ɝɨɞɚ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ
ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ NEXANS ɢ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ Innopower
Superconductor Cable ɜɟɞɭɬ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɛɟɥɹ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɵɦ ɞɢ-
94
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɨɦ 35 ɤȼ 2000 Ⱥ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ 2004 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ Ʉɢɬɚɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɘɧɧɚɧɶ.
ȼ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ 2005 ɝɨɞɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ (CAS, IEE,
TIPC) ɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ American Superconductor ɨɛɴɹɜɢɥɢ ɨɛ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɞɟ-
ɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ 76-ɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɛɟɥɹ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɵɦ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɨɦ ɜ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɟɬɢ. ɋ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 2004 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɚɩɪɟɥɶ 2005 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɚ-
ɛɟɥɶ ɩɢɬɚɥ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Changtong Power Cable ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ Ȼɚɣɢɧ
(Ʉɢɬɚɣ
). ɇɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɛɟɥɹ 6,6 ɤȼ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.50. Ɍɪɢɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ȼɌɋɉ–ɤɚɛɟɥɶ
Ɋɢɫ. 1.51. Ʉɨɧɰɟɜɚɹ ɦɭɮɬɚ ɬɪɢɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ȼɌɋɉ–ɤɚɛɟɥɹ
Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ Condumex Cable (Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ) ɨɛɴɹɜɢɥɚ ɨ ɫɬɚɪɬɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɩɨ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ȼɌɋɉ-ɤɚɛɟɥɹ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɵɦ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ
ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ Ɇɟɯɢɤɨ-ɋɢɬɢ. Ʉɚɛɟɥɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɥɢɧɭ 33 ɦɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢ-
ɬɚɧ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɬɢ 15 ɤȼ, ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ 1800 Ⱥ.
ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɥɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ 5 ȼɌɋɉ-ɤɚɛɟɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɧɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɱɟɦ–
ɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɛɟɥɹɦɢ, ɩɨ-
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɹ ɢɯ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɢɟ.
Ɉɩɵɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ (ɜ ɋɒȺ)
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10 ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ
ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ. ȼ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɜɟ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ
ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 200 ɢ 350 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚ-
ɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ Ȼɢɤɫɛɢ, ɲɬɚɬ Ɉɝɚɣɨ (68 ɆȼȺ) ɢ ɜ ɝ. Ɉɥɛɚɧɢ, ɲɬɚɬ
ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤ (48 ɆȼȺ). ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 2008 ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚɩɭɳɟɧɚ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ
ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 600 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ 574 ɆȼȺ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤɚ.
95
əɩɨɧɢɹ–ɋɒȺ, Ɉɥɛɚɧɢ – 350 ɦ.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬ LIPA – 600 ɦ.
Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ/ɬɨɤ–138 kV/2400 A, ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ~ 574 MVA. Ɍɨɤ ɤɨ-
ɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ–69000 A–200 ms. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ: ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ
ɬɪɭɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ – 11,7”/ 297 mm. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ȼɌɋɉ ɥɟɧɬɵ – (1-ɟ
ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟ, AMSC) – 128 km. Ɍɪɢ ɮɚɡɵ ɫ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɦ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɨɦ, ɤɚɠ-
ɞɚɹ ɜ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɪɢɨɫɬɚɬɟ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚ-
ɰɢɸ ɜ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ 2008 ɝ.
ɋɵɬɧɢɤɨɜ ȼ.ȿ ɢ ȼɵɫɨɰɤɢɣ ȼ.ɋ. Ɂɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ LIPA
ȼ 2011 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ əɩɨɧɢɢ ɩɨɹɜɹɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤɚɛɟɥɢ
ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɢ ɨɮɢɫɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪ-
ɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɤɚɛɟɥɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ Ƀɨɤɨɝɚɦɟ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬ-
96
ɜɨɦ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɡɚɣɦɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ TEPCO.
ȼɫɟɝɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ 300 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɢɦ, ɯɜɚɬɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ
ɩɨɥɭɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɚ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ.
ȼɌɋɉ-ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ
ȼɌɋɉ–ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ: ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢ əɩɨɧɢɢ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɢ ɜ 1997 ɝɨɞɭ ɨɛɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ
ɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɯ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ȼɌɋɉ-ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ.
Ɉɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɢɣ ɚɡɨɬ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɣ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɢɡɨɥɹ-
ɰɢɟɣ
, ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ. ɋɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɬ. ɤ. ɟɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɤ ɥɢɲɧɢɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɦ ɤɪɢɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ-
ɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ. Ɉɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɤɪɭ-
ɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɜɭɫɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɨɜ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ
ɤɪɢɨɫɬɚɬɨɜ), ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɷɩɨɤɫɢɞɚ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɩɨɞ-
ɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɤɭɭɦ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ.
əɩɨɧɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɪɦɚ Fuji Electric ɢ ȿIɟɫtric ɋorporation ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ
ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ 500
ɤȼɬ 6600/3300 ȼ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ȼɌɋɉ-ɥɟɧɬ.
Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ W.Electric ɢ IGC Super Power ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢ ɫɚ-
ɦɵɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ 1000 ɤȼȺ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ. ɇɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚ-
ɧɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ: ɜ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɚɯ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɨɜ, ɜ ɤɪɢɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨ-
ɞɢɥɢ ɭɬɟɱɤɢ ɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɫ-
ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ
ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ. ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ
ɞɟɧɶ ɷɬɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɚɞɤɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɟɧɞ, ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ.
ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɋɒȺ, ɫɞɟɥɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɜ 1993 ɝɨɞɭ
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ȼɌɋɉ-ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 30 ɆȼȺ, ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɫɪɨɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɩɪɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
ȼɌɋɉ-ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɡɚ-
ɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨ-
ɪɨɜ.
97
1.4. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɥɸɞ
ɇɚɝɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɥɸɞ. ɋɥɸɞɚ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢ-
ɩɨɜ – ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɟɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɬ Ȼɚɣɤɚɥɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ «ɋɥɸɞɹɧɤɚ».
ɋɥɸɞɚ – ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɫɥɸɞɵ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɵ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɱɟɲɭɣɱɚɬɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ (ɫɦɨɬɪɢ
ɪɢɫ. 1.52).
Ɋɢɫ. 1.52. ɋɯɟɦɚ, ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫɥɸɞɵ
ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ,
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɢɥɵ ȼɚɧ-ɞɟɪ-ȼɚɚɥɶɫɚ (ɦɟɠɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ
ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ). Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɚ-
ɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ 5–50 ɦɤɦ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɫɥɸɞɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1200–1300 °ɋ. ɉɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 900 °ɋ ɜ ɫɥɸɞɟ ɪɚɡ-
ɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɜɫɩɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ
ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɨɫɬɶ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨ-
ɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɜɫɩɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɡ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɫɥɸɞɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɥɸɞɚ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ:
1. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɦɭɫɤɨɜɢɬ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɫɥɟ-
ɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ – K
2
Al
2
(Si
3
Al)O
10
(OH)
2
ɢɥɢ K
2
O
3
Al
2
O
3
6SiO
2
2H
2
O. Ʉɪɢ-
ɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɟɪɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ, ɫɜɟɬɥɵɯ ɬɨɧɨɜ.
2. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɤɚɤ:
K
2
Al
2
(Si
3
Al)O
10
(OH)
2
ɢɥɢ K
2
O6MgOAl
2
O
3
6SiO
2
2H
2
O. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɫɥɸɞɵ
ɮɥɨɝɨɩɢɬ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɟɪɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ, ɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɬɨɧɨɜ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.13 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɥɸɞ.
ɉɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɸɞɟ–
ɦɭɫɤɨɜɢɬ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɮɥɨɝɨɩɢɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ.
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɥɸɞɚ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɥɸɞɹɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɨɨɬ-
ɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɚ.
98
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.13.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɥɸɞ
Ɍɢɩ
ɫɥɸɞɵ
Ɍ
ɊȺȻ
,
°ɋ
ȡ
V
,
(Ɉɦ·ɫɦ)
tgį10
–
4
(1ɆȽɰ)
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ,
(ɝ/ɫɦ
3
)
Ɇɭɫɤɨɜɢɬ 500–600 10
14
–10
16
3 2,8
Ɏɥɨɝɨɩɢɬ 800–900 10
13
–10
15
15 2,6
x
ɇɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɵ Ɍ
ɊȺȻ
= 120–200 °ɋ:
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɨ–ɛɢɬɭɦɧɵɣ ɥɚɤ, ɦɚɫɥɹ-
ɧɨ-ɝɥɢɮɬɚɥɟɜɵɣ ɥɚɤ, ɤɚɭɱɭɤ.
x
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɵ Ɍ
ɊȺȻ
= 400–500 °ɋ:
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɥɚɤ.
x
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɵ Ɍ
ɊȺȻ
ɞɨ 800 °ɋ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɟ ɷɬɨ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ (ɇ
3
ɊɈ
4
) ɢɥɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ.
ɋɥɸɞɢɧɢɬɵ. ɗɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɥɸɞɢɧɢɬɨɜɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɸɞɢɧɢɬɨɜɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ:
– ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɫɥɸɞɵ ɨɬɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ 800 °ɋ 40 ɦɢɧ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɢ-
ɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ;
– ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ (ɇɋl). Ɋɚɡɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɹ-
ɡɢ, ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɸɬ ɢ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ;
– ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɭɥɶɩɵ – ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ;
– ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɭɥɶɩɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ;
– ɩɪɨɤɥɟɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɭɥɶɩɵ.
Ʉɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɫɥɸɞɢɧɢɬ. ɉɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢɡ
ɫɥɸɞɹɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɥɚɤɨɦ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɧɢɡ-
ɤɨɜɨɥɶɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ.
Ɏɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɫɥɸɞɢɧɢɬ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ: ɫɥɸɞɢɧɢɬɨɜɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ,
ɫɬɟɤɥɨɬɤɚɧɶ, ɤɪɟɦɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɥɚɤ Ʉ–40. Ȼɭɦɚɝɚ ɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɬɤɚɧɶ ɩɪɨ-
ɩɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɚɤɨɦ. Ɋɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɨ 250 °ɋ
ɋɥɸɞɨɩɥɚɫɬ. ɋɥɸɞɭ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɫɭɸɬ ɛɟɡ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ. ɏɚ-
ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɫɥɸɞɢɧɢɬɚ ɦɢɤɚɥɟɤɫ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ – ɝɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɋɵɪɶɟ: ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ
ɫɥɸɞɵ ɦɭɫɤɨɜɢɬ ɢ ɛɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ. ɉɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ 600 °ɋ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
500 ɤɝ/ɫɦ
2
. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɢɤɚɥɟɤɫɚ: ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ 2,6–3,0 ɝ/ɫɦ
3
; ɬɟɩɥɨ-
ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ – 400 °ɋ; ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ – 1000 ɤɝ/ɫɦ
2
; ȡ
V
(Ɉɦ·ɫɦ) = 10
13
;
İ = 6–7; tgį (10
6
Ƚɰ) = 5·10
–3
; ȿ
ɉɊ
= 10–20 ɤȼ/ɦ.
ɋɥɸɞɨɩɥɚɫɬ ȽɂɆɄȼ – ɋɨɫɬɚɜ: ɫɥɸɞɚ–ɦɭɫɤɨɜɢɬ, ɤɪɟɦɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɚ;
Ɍ
ɊȺȻ
= 600 °ɋ, ȿ
ɉɊ
(20 °ɋ) = 18 ɤȼ/ɦ, ȿ
ɉɊ
(600 °ɋ) = 9 ɤȼ/ɦ.
ɋɥɸɞɨɩɥɚɫɬ ȽɂɎɄȼ ɋɨɫɬɚɜ: ɫɥɸɞɚ–ɮɥɨɝɨɩɢɬ, ɤɪɟɦɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɚ,
Ɍ
ɊȺȻ
= 600 °ɋ, ȿ
ɉɊ
(20 °ɋ) = 17 ɤȼ/ɦ, ȿ
ɉɊ
(600 °ɋ) = 8 ɤȼ/ɦ.
99
ɋɬɟɤɥɨɫɥɸɞɨɩɥɚɫɬ ȽɂɦɄȼ – Ɍ: Ɍ
ɊȺȻ
= 600 °ɋ, ȿ
ɉɊ
(20 °ɋ) = 13 ɤȼ/ɦ,
ȿ
ɉɊ
(600 °ɋ) = 7 ɤȼ/ɦ.
Ɇɢɤɚɧɢɬ. ɇɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ-
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɳɢɩɚɧɨɣ ɫɥɸɞɵ, ɫɤɥɟɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɦ. Ɇɢɤɚɧɢɬ
ɎɆȺȼ (ɫɥɸɞɚ ɦɭɫɤɨɜɢɬ): Ɍ
ɊȺȻ
= 600 °ɋ, ȿ
ɉɊ
(20 °ɋ) = 25 ɤȼ/ɦ,
ȿ
ɉɊ
(600 °ɋ) = 5 ɤȼ/ɦ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɸɞɵ.
Ɏɬɨɪɮɥɨɝɨɩɢɬ. ȼɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɩɪɢ 1200 ºɋ. Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɚ
ɮɬɨɪɨɦ. Ɇɢɤɚɧɢɬ ɎɎɫȺȼ (ɫɥɸɞɚ ɦɭɫɤɨɜɢɬ, ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɟ ɚɥɸɦɨɮɨɫɮɨɬ-
ɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ) Ɍ
ɊȺȻ
= 1000 °ɋ, ȿ
ɉɊ
(20 °ɋ) = 29 ɤȼ/ɦ, ɒ
ɉɊ
(850 °ɋ) = 8 ɤȼ/ɦ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.53. ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨ-
ɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɸɞ.
Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɢɫ. 1.53, ɫɥɸɞɚ–ɮɥɨɝɨɩɢɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɢ-
ɜɵɫɲɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɚɤ-
ɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɢɫ. 1.53 ɜ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɟɞɢɧ-
ɫɬɜɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɫɥɸɞ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.53. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɸɞ:
1 – ɫɥɸɞɚ–ɦɭɫɤɨɜɢɬ; 2 – ɫɥɸɞɚ–ɮɥɨɝɨɩɢɬ; 3 – ɦɢɤɚɧɢɬ–ɦɭɫɤɨɜɢɬ;
4 – ɦɢɤɚɧɢɬ–ɮɥɨɝɨɩɢɬ
1.5. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɵ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ
ɉɪɨɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɵ
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɢ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ, ɨɛ-
ɦɨɬɨɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɫɬɨɬ ɢ
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ Ɍ > 300 °ɋ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɜ:
100
– ɫɬɟɤɥɚ, ɧɟ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɭɝɨ-
ɩɥɚɜɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ;
– ɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɟ, ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜ-
ɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ;
– ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ ɧɚ-
ɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɢ.
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɵ ɦɚɪɨɤ
ɋɉȼ–9, ɋȺȼ–20. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɯɥɪɫɢɥɚɧɵ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɷɬɢɯ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ.
Ʉɪɟɦɧɢɣ-ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɄɈ) ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ
ɄɈ-ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɨɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ
ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ: ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɵɣ ɫɤɟɥɟɬ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɚɬɨɦɵ
ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɫɟɪɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ. ɋɬɪɭɤ-
ɬɭɪɵ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ.
ɉɨɥɢɨɪɝɚɧɨɫɢɥɨɤɫɚɧɵ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣ-ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɤɟɥɟɬ –
ɫɢɥɨɤɫɨɧɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ:
ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɚɬɨɦɨɜ Si ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɚ-
ɞɢɤɚɥɚɦɢ: ɋɇ
3
– ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɦɟɬɢɥɚ, ɋ
2
ɇ
5
– ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɷɬɢɥɚ, ɋ
6
ɇ
5
– ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɮɟ-
ɧɢɥɚ
ɉɨɥɢɨɪɝɚɧɨɫɢɥɚɡɚɧɵ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɚɯɨ-
ɞɹɬɫɹ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɚɡɨɬɚ:
ɉɨɥɢɨɪɝɚɧɨɫɢɥɬɢɚɧɵ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɱɟ-
ɪɟɞɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɪɵ:
ɉɨɥɢɨɪɝɚɧɨɫɢɥɚɧɵ. Ɍɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ
ɰɟɩɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ:
ɏɥɨɪɫɢɥɚɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɨɪɝɚɧɨɫɢɥɚɧɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ
ɯɥɨɪɚ.