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101



ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɋɉȼ–9: ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɢ – ɚɥɭɧɞ (Al

), ɫɥɸɞɚ–ɮɥɨɝɨɩɢɬ, ɫɜɹ-

ɡɭɸɳɟɟ – ɯɥɨɪɫɢɥɚɧ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ-

ɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ – ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɮɥɨɝɨɩɢɬɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɨɤɨɥɨ 20 ɦɤɦ

ɊȺȻ

= 900 °ɋ ȼɵɲɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɫɥɸɞɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɪɚɫɬɪɟɫɤɢɜɚɧɢɟ

ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɤɨɪɞɢɟɪɢɬ: 2MgO·2Al

·5SiO

. ɉɪɢ 1200 °C ɤɨɪɞɢɟɪɢɬ ɨɫɧɨɜ-

ɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ–ɷɬɨ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɹ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚ-

ɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɄɈ-ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ

ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɋɉȼ–20: ɋɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɟ – ɦɟɬɢɥɫɢɥɨɤɫɚɧ

ɇɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ – ɚɥɭɧɞ (Al

). ɍɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɣ-

ɫɬɜɚ. Ɋɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 900 °ɋ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.14

ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɜ

ɋɨɫɬɚɜ

ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ

ɋɉȼ–9 ɋɉȼ–20

ɊȺȻ

(°ɋ)

ȡ (Ɉɦ·ɦ) ɩɪɢ 600 °ɋ

ɉɊ

(Ɇȼ/ɦ) ɩɪɢ 600 °ɋ

ɂɁȽ

(Ɇɉɚ) ɩɪɢ 600 °ɋ

800

–10

5–7

900

–10

5–7

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.15

Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ȿ

ɉɊ

(Ɇȼ/ɦ) ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ

ɋɌȺɊ

ȼɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ (ɱɚɫ)

0 1000 3000 6000

250

350

600

ɂɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.14 ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ. Ɉɛɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ

ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ɋɉȼ–20 ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɧɚ ɫɬɨ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ

ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɋɉȼ–9.

102



ɋɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɋɉȼ–20. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.15 ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛ ɭɞɢɜɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɋɉȼ–20. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɦɚɬɟ-

ɪɢɚɥɚɦ, ɭ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɧɚ-

ɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ. ɗɬɨɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɪɶ-

ɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ.

ɇɚɝɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ

Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ Ɍ > 300 °ɋ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢ-

ɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ: ɨɪɝɚɧɨɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɟ, ɦɚɬɚɥɥɨɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɤɟɪɚ-

ɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ.

Ɉɪɝɚɧɨɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɟ (Ɉɋ) ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨ-

ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɄɈ-ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ:

Ɉɋ-ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ – ɟɫɬɶ ɦɟɥɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɚɹ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɹ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɜ

ɬɨɥɭɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɄɈ-ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ. ɂɦɟɸɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɭɸ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɸ ɤ ɦɟ-

ɬɚɥɥɭ, ɫɬɟɤɥɭ, ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɟ

. ɇɚɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɥɚɤɨɤɪɚ-

ɫɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.

Ɇɚɬɚɥɥɨɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ. ɋɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟ-

ɥɟɣ (ɫɢɥɢɤɨɧɵ, ɨɤɫɢɞɵ) ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ–Al(PO

FePO

. Ɏɨɫɮɚɬɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɢɫɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢ ɨɪɬɨɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢ-

ɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ 100 °ɋ:

Al(OH)

+ H

ĺ AlPO

+ 3H

ɋɬɟɤɥɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ. Ɂɟɪɧɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ,

ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɭ Al

, SiO

– ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɫ-

ɬɜɨɪɵ ɧɚɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɭɥɶɜɟɪɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɭɸ ɞɨ 600 °ɋ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ.

Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɬɨɧɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢ-

ɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ. ɉɨ-

ɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɨɬɠɢɝɨɦ. ɇɚɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɨ-

ɞɚ, ɥɨɛɨɜɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ. ɉɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ

ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɗɬɨ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɟ ɧɚɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.

ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.16 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ

ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ

ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.16

ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ

ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ Ɉɪɝɚɧɨɫɢɥɢɤɚɬ.

Ɉɋ–52–04

Ɇɟɬɚɥɨɮɨɫ-

ɮɚɬɧɵɟ

ȺɎɋ–2

ɋɬɟɤɥɨɤɟɪɚ-

ɦɢɤɚ

ɊȺȻ

ȡ (Ɉɦ·ɦ) 700 °ɋ

ɉɊ

(Ɇȼ/ɦ) ɩɪɢ 600 °ɋ

600

8·10

700

4·10

900

3.10

–10

8–4

103



1.6. Ɍɨɧɤɢɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ

Ɍɨɧɤɢɟ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ

ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. Ɍɨɧɤɢɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɡ

ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ (ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɨɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɪɚɫɩɵɥɟɧɢɟ).

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.54. ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɵɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɧɚ

ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɭ. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɬɢɝɥɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ. ɂɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɷɥɟɤ-

ɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɥɭɱ, ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɭɱɟɤ, ɩɥɚɡɦɨɬɪɨɧ ɢ ɞɪ.

Ɋɢɫ. 1.54. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɧɚɩɵɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɭ:

1– ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɚ; 2 – ɩɨɬɨɤ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ; 3 – ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɫ ɧɚɩɵɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ

Ⱥɬɨɦɵ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɬɪɟɯ-

ɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɢ. Ɂɚɪɨɞɵɲɢ ɫɪɚɫɬɚɹɫɶ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ.

Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ

Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ: ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɟɣ ɢ ɪɨɫɬ

ɩɥɟɧɤɢ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ:

ɚ) Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɢ. Ⱥɬɨɦɵ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ

ɜ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɢ ɫɢ-

ɥɚɦɢ ȼɚɧ-ɞɟɪ-ȼɚɚɥɶɫɚ. Ⱥɬɨɦ, ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɣ ɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ

ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɞɚɬɨɦɨɦ. Ⱥɞɚɬɨɦ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪ-

ɝɢɟɣ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ

ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɤɚɱɤɨɜ. ɋɭɞɶɛɚ

ɚɞɚɬɨɦɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ:

– ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ;

– ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɚɞɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ;

– ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ Q

Ⱦȿɋ.

Ⱦȿɋ

= 0,5–1 ɷȼ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɚɞɚɬɨɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ

ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ:

)exp()

(

Ⱦȿɋ

, (1.32)

ɝɞɟ ȣ § 10

–10

Ƚɰ – ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ.

104



ɉɪɢ 300 °ɋ Q

Ⱦȿɋ

= 0,8 ɷȼ, ȼɪɟɦɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɚɞɚɬɨɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ

ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 10 ɫɟɤ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɚɞɚɬɨɦ ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢ-

ɪɭɟɬ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ:

)exp(

ȾɂɎ



, (1.33)

ɝɞɟ ɚ – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɫɤɚɱɤɚ; Ȟ – ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ, Ȟ § 5,10

1/ɫ,

ȾɂɎ

§ 0,5 ɷȼ.

Ɂɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ Ĳ

ɚɞɚɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ:

, (1.34)

ɝɞɟ X § 1 ɦɤɦ.

ɛ) Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɟɣ. Ɂɚɪɨɞɵɲɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚɯ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ (ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɢ, ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɪɵ, ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ) ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɧɢɦ

ɚɞɚɬɨɦɨɜ;

ɜ) ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɚɞɚɬɨɦɵ ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɭɸɬ ɤ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɚɦ, ɤɨ-

ɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɢ;

ɝ) ɫɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɤɨɚɥɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɨɜ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ

ɩɥɟɧɤɢ;

ɞ) ɡɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɪ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ

ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɫɬ-

ɪɨɜɤɨɜ;

ɟ) ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ.

ɉɥɟɧɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ – ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɚɦɨɪɮ-

ɧɨɦ.

ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ (ɷɩɢɬɚɤɫɢɹ

). ɗɩɢɬɚɤɫɢɹ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ

ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɭ ɦɨɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ, ɩɨɜɬɨ-

ɪɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ. Ɋɨɥɶ

ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɢ:

– ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɚ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɪɟɲɟɬɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ;

– ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ, ɚɞɚɬɨɦɵ ɧɚɞɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟ-

ɲɟɬɤɭ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ

ɚɞɚɬɨɦɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟ-

ɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ

ɷɩɢɬɚɤɫɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɭɱɤɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢ-

ɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɢ.

ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɩɢɬɚɤɫɢɢ, ɧɨ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɢ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ (~300 °ɋ). ɉɨɫɥɟɪɨɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ

ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ.

Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ.

105



Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ

1) ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ:

, (1.35)

ɝɞɟ d – ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ.

ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɵɯɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢ-

ɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɯ.

2) ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ (ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɣ, ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ, ɩɨɪ).

3) ɉɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɚɫ-

ɫɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ. Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ d = 300 Ⱥɧɝɫɬɪɟɦ.

4) ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ.

ɍɪɨɜɧɢ Ɍɚɦɦɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ

ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ

ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɍɪɨɜɧɢ ɒɨɤɥ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ

ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɨɧɭ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ

ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɍ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɨ-

ɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ. Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɦɨ-

ɠɟɬ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɚɧɝɫɬɪɟɦ. Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɶ

ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɚ

ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ.

Ɋɢɫ. 1.55. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ

ɉɪɵɠɤɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ

ɋɭɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɵɠɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɥɟɧɤɚɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ

ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ. ȼ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɪɚɡ-

ɧɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ (ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ, ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɢ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). ȼɵɲɟ

(ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ Ɏɟɪɦɢ) ɷɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɷɥɟɤ-

ɬɪɨɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶ ɫɤɚɱɤɢ ɫ ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ ɥɨɜɭɲɟɤ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ.

106



Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɵɠɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ

Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɜɟ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɟ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ – i ɢ j

(ɪɢɫ. 1.54.). ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ i ɢ j ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ

ɢ E

ɫ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦɢ

ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.56, ɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹ-

ɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɬɭɧɧɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ:

i ĺ j. (1.36)

Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ:

ɞe

, (1.37)

ɝɞɟ n

– ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ; ȝ

–

ɞɪɟɣɮɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ.

Ɋɢɫ. 1.56. Ɍɭɧɧɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ

ɞɞ

(1.38)

ɝɞɟ V

– ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɣɮɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ.

ɋɄ

, (1.39)

ɝɞɟ R – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɫɤɚɱɤɚ, ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɚɦɢ,

ɋɄ

– ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɩɟɪɟ-

ɯɨɞɨɜ

i o

jiDɋɄ



, (1.40)

ɝɞɟ

– ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ;



– ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɪɶ-

ɟɪɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɦ

jiD



; (1.41)

ijjiji

PPW





; (1.42)

)( R





, (1.43)

107



ɝɞɟ

– ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɭɧɧɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ

ɩɨɥɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ

i o

ji m

ɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɵ

qERWW

 '

 0

– ɩɨ ɩɨɥɸ; (1.44)

qERWW

 '

 0

– ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɨɥɹ (1.45)

),(

qER

eeeeW



(1.46)

ɩɪɢ

qER 

qER

|1

(1.47)

)(

qER





(1.48)

)(



(1.49)

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ



, ɬɨ

(1.50)

25,0

)

(

Dɞ



(1.51)

25,0

)(74,2

(1.52)

ɞe

(1.53)

)exp(

25,0

nRq



(1.54)

Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ɍ

0,25

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɬɟɥ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ-

ɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɟɡɤɚɹ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɡɨɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚ-

ɪɹɞɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɪɵɠɤɨɜɨɝɨ

ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɨɬ ɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ.

108

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ɑɚɫɬɶ 2

ɉɈɅɂɆȿɊɇɕȿ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɂɁɈɅəɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ

ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɕ

2.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɯ

ɉɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ – ɷɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ

ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɧɨɦɟɪ-

ɧɵɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ – ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪ-

ɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ (Ɇ). ɉɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɯ

ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ, ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟ-

ɧɶɸ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ

ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ.

Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ

ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɥɨɤ-ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ. ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ

ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ

ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦɢ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɹɦ,

ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɗɬɨ

ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ – ɯɥɨɩɨɤ, ɤɚɠɚ, ɲɟɪɫɬɶ, ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ,

ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɞɪ.

ȼɫɹ ɷɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɰɟɩɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɫ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ-

ɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɰɟɩɢ (ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɦɟɠɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɹ-

ɡɢ). Ⱥɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɥɢɧɟɣ-

ɧɵɯ ɰɟɩɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɵɦɢ ɦɟɠɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ

ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ – ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ

ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ:

ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ – ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨ-

ɫɬɶɸ;

ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɹɯ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ

ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦɢ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ: ɝɟɥɢ, ɡɨɥɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.;

ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ – ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨ-

ɤɨɣ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ.

Ƚɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɥɢɦɟ-

ɪɚ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ

ɤɨɦɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ. ɉɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɭɸ

ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɭ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɲɢɜɤɢ ɦɨɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ. ɍɬɪɚɬɚ ɰɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟ-

ɤɭɥ – ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɥɨɛɭɥ ɢ ɫɲɢɜɨɤ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɬɪɚɬɟ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ

ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɧɚɞɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ. ɇɚɞɦɨɥɟ-

ɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɷɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜ

ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ. ɉɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ – ɷɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨ-

109

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ɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵ

ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ – ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ (Ɇ). ɉɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɤɪɨ-

ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ, ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɟɞɢ-

ɧɢɰ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ, ɞɥɹ

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ

ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ. Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɹɜ-

ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɥɨɤ

-ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ. ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ

ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ

ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦɢ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɹɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɢ ɬɜɟɪ-

ɞɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɗɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚ-

ɥɨɜ – ɯɥɨɩɨɤ, ɤɨɠɚ, ɲɟɪɫɬɶ, ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼɫɹ ɷɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ

ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ

ɯɚ-

ɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɰɟɩɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɫ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɢ

ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɰɟɩɢ (ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɠɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ). Ⱥɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ

ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɰɟɩɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟ-

ɤɭɥ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɵɦɢ ɦɟɠɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ–ɜ

ɷɬɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ.

ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɧɚɞɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ

ɇɚɞɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɷɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɢ ɦɚɤ-

ɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ

ɜɢɞɚ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ: ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɟ ɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ.

Ⱥɦɨɪɮɧɨɟ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɥɢɠɧɢɦ ɩɨɪɹɞ-

ɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ 10–15 ǖ. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɯɚ-

ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɬɪɟɯɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ ɜɵɲɟ

1000 ǖ.

Ɋɢɫ. 2. 1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ

110

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ɗɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɟɣ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɤɚɱɤɚɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ

ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɮɚɡ. ȼ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ-

ɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ, ɞɢɫɥɨɤɚ-

ɰɢɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ

ɠɢɞɤɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ. Ɉɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧ-

ɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɟɣ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ.

Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ

Ⱦɥɹ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ

ɬɪɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ: ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɜɹɡ-

ɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɟ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɜ

ɤɚɤɨɦ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ.

Ɋɢɫ. 2.2. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ-

ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɟ (ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɟ) ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (1–10 %). ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ-

ɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɨ-

ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɟɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɮɨɪ-

ɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɠɟ ɧɚ 0,1–1 %. ɉɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɪɢ-

ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ;

ȼɵɫɨɤɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨ-

ɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ

ɜɫɟ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɢ. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ;

ȼ ɜɹɡɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɹɡɤɚɹ

ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɭɸ ɞɟɮɨɪ-

ɦɚɰɢɸ (ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ). ɗɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵ-

ɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɢɡ-

ɞɟɥɢɹ.