Анненков Ю.М., Ивашутенко А.С. Перспективные материалы и технологии в электроизоляционной и кабельной технике

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ɆɂɇɂɋɌȿɊɋɌȼɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə ɂ ɇȺɍɄɂ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ

«ɇȺɐɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɕɃ ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɋɄɂɃ

ɌɈɆɋɄɂɃ ɉɈɅɂɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ»

ɘ.Ɇ. Ⱥɧɧɟɧɤɨɜ, Ⱥ.ɋ. ɂɜɚɲɭɬɟɧɤɨ

ɉȿɊɋɉȿɄɌɂȼɇɕȿ

ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɕ ɂ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɂ

ȼ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɂɁɈɅəɐɂɈɇɇɈɃ

ɂ ɄȺȻȿɅɖɇɈɃ ɌȿɏɇɂɄȿ

Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ

Ɋɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ

Ɍɨɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ

ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ

Ɍɨɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ

2011

ɍȾɄ 621.315.61+621.315.2.002(075.8)

ȻȻɄ 31.232.3+31.324ɹ73

Ⱥ68

Ⱥɧɧɟɧɤɨɜ ɘ.Ɇ.

Ⱥ68 ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹ-

ɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ: ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / ɘ.Ɇ. Ⱥɧɧɟɧ-

ɤɨɜ, Ⱥ.ɋ. ɂɜɚɲɭɬɟɧɤɨ; Ɍɨɦɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢ-

ɬɟɬ. – Ɍɨɦɫɤ: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ Ɍɨɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟ-

ɬɚ, 2011. – 212 ɫ.

ȼ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɪɢ-

ɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ. ɂɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɚɯ, ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɟ, ɜɤɥɸ-

ɱɚɹ ɧɚɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɚɪɫɟɧɚɥɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ,

ɬɟɪɦɨɷɥɚɫɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɷɫɤɨɩɨɧɨɜ, ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɨɥɢ-

ɝɨɦɟɪɨɜ, ɤɪɟɦɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɢ, ɫɥɸɞɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ.

Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚ-

ɥɨɜɟɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ.

ɉɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ 140600 «ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢ-

ɤɚ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ».

ɍȾɄ 621.315.61+621.315.2.002(075.8)

ȻȻɄ 31.232.3+31.324ɹ73

Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ

Ⱦɨɤɬɨɪ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɌɍɋɍɊɚ

ɉ.ȿ. Ɍɪɨɹɧ

ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ

ɈȺɈ «ɌɨɦɇɂɄɂ»

ɋ.Ⱥ. Ɉɤɭɧɟɜ

ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, 2011

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Ɉɝɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ

ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ......................................................................................................................... 5

ɑɚɫɬɶ 1. ɇȿɈɊȽȺɇɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɕ ............................................................... 6

1.1. ɋɢɬɚɥɥɵ .................................................................................................................... 6

1.1.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɚɯ ......................................................................... 6

1.1.2. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ............................................................................. 8

1.1.3. Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚɯ ....................................................................... 11

1.1.4. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ............................................................... 13

1.1.5. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ................................ 15

1.1.6. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ................................................................................ 20

1.2. Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ..................................................................................... 23

1.2.1. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ .............................................................................. 23

1.2.2. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ................................................. 27

1.2.3. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ........................................... 31

1.2.4. Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ................................ 36

1.2.5. Ɏɢɡɢɤɚ

ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ................................................. 55

1.2.6. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ Ʉɐ-ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ .................................................................................. 57

1.2.7. ɇɚɧɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ................................................................................................. 60

1.3. ɋɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ .............................................................................. 68

1.3.1. ɋɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ....................................................................... 68

1.3.2. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ Ȼɚɪɞɢɧɚ–Ʉɭɩɟɪɚ–ɒɪɢɮɮɟɪɚ (ȻɄɒ – 1957 ɝ.) ............................... 74

1.3.3. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɢ .................................................... 77

1.3.4. ɋɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤɚɛɟɥɢ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ............................................. 82

1.4. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɥɸɞ ....................................................... 97

1.5. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɵ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ .......................................... 99

1.6. Ɍɨɧɤɢɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ..................................................................................................... 103

ɑɚɫɬɶ 2. ɉɈɅɂɆȿɊɇɕȿ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɂɁɈɅəɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɕ ................ 108

2.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɯ ............................................................................ 108

2.1.1. ɇɚɞɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ................................. 111

2.1.2. ɇɚɞɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ...................... 114

2.1.3. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ȾɋɄ ............................ 119

2.2. ɉɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɜ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ ...................................................................... 122

2.3. ɉɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ .......................................................................................................... 125

2.3.1. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ............................ 125

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2.3.2. ɋɜɟɪɯɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ (ɋȼɆɉɗ) ................................. 127

2.3.3. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɲɢɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ........................................... 130

2.4. ɉɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞ (ɉȼɏ) ................................................................................... 136

2.4.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɉȼɏ-ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚɯ .............................................. 136

2.4.2. Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɚ ɉȼɏ-ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚɬɨɜ ....................................................................... 137

2.4.3. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɉȼɏ-ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚɬɨɜ ........................................................................ 144

2.5. ɗɫɤɚɩɨɧɨɜɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ ............................................................... 148

2.5.1. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɫɤɚɩɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ..................................... 148

2.5.2. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɫɤɚɩɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ .................................... 150

2.6. ɉɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɵ ........................................................................................................ 153

2.6.1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ .............................................................................. 153

2.6.2. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ................................................................................. 153

2.6.3. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ ....................................................... 155

2.7. Ɏɬɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ..................................................................................................... 159

2.7.1. ɉɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧ .................................................................................. 159

2.7.2. Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɬɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ................................................................... 167

2.7.3. Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɉɌɎɗ .................................................. 171

2.8. Ɍɟɪɦɨɷɥɚɫɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ............................................................................................. 176

2.8.1. Ⱦɢɟɧɜɢɧɢɥɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɷɥɚɫɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ......................................... 177

2.8.2. ɉɨɥɢɨɥɟɮɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɷɥɚɫɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ........................................................ 181

2.8.3. ɉɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɷɥɚɫɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ......................................................... 182

2.8.4. ɉɨɥɢɷɮɢɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɷɥɚɫɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ .............................................................. 183

2.9.1. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ ............................................. 186

2.9.2. ɋɢɧɬɟɡ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ ........................................................... 188

2.9.3. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ ............................ 190

2.9.4. Ɉɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ ................................. 194

2.9.4. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ..................................................... 202

ɁȺɄɅɘɑȿɇɂȿ .............................................................................................................. 208

ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ .............................................................................................. 209

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ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ

ȼ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɨ-

ɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɜ

ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ. ɂɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ

ɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɯ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵ-

ɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɪɦɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨ-

ɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ.

Ⱦɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ

ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ

ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫ

ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ʉɭɪɫ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɡɧɚ-

ɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ.

Ʉɭɪɫ «ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢ-

ɨɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ» ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢ-

ɫɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ, ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ.

ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɣ

ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟ-

ɬɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ

ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ

ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɫɚɦɢɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɪɚ-

ɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ

ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ

ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɬɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ

ɨɳɭɬɢɦɭɸ ɧɚɧɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜɟɞɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.

Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

140600 «ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ», ɧɨ

ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɚɦ, ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚɦ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ

ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɧɚɧɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɧɚ-

ɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɬɨ ɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ

ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ.



ɑɚɫɬɶ 1

ɇȿɈɊȽȺɇɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɕ

1.1. ɋɢɬɚɥɥɵ

1.1.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɚɯ

ɋɢɬɚɥɥɵ – ɫɬɟɤɥɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɺɦ-

ɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɪɢ-

ɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɡ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ.

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ «ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɨɟ»

ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɟ ɛɟɡ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ,

ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɣ ɯɢɦɢɤ Ɋ. Ɋɟɨɦɸɪ ɜ

1739. ȼɧɨɜɶ ɷɬɚ ɢɞɟɹ

ɜɨɡɪɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 20-ɯ ɝɝ. ɏɏ ɜ., ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ

ɪɹɞɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫ ɰɟɧɧɵɦɢ

ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ȼ ɋɋɋɊ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ

ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ ɢɦ. Ⱦ.ɂ. Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ.

ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ 1950-ɯ ɝɝ. ɜ ɋɒȺ ɛɵɥ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨ-

ɰɟɫɫɚ

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚ-

ɥɨɜ ɢɡ «ɪɚɫɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ». ɋ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚ-

ɰɢɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ (ɢɥɢ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɣ) ɢ ɩɪɢɧɨ-

ɫɢɜɲɢɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨ-

ɜɚɬɶ. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɟ-

ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ «ɫɬɟɤɥɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɭ» ɛɵɥɨ

ɫɞɟ-

ɥɚɧɨ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜ 1957 ɝ. ɇɨɜɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ «ɩɢɪɨɤɟɪɚɦ», ɩɪɟɞ-

ɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɚ-

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɢɦ ɫɜɨɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ. Ȼɵɥɢ

ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɵ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ «ɩɢɪɨɤɟɪɚɦɚ» ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ «ɩɢɪɨɮɥɚɦ»,

«ɰɟɧɬɭɪɚ», «ɮɨɬɨɤɟɪɚɦ» ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ «

ɩɢɪɨ-

ɫɢɥ», «ɫɥɚɝɰɟɪɚɦ». ȼ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ

– «ɫɢɥɢɬɚɥ», «ɤɜɚɡɢɤɟɪɚɦ», «ɲɥɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɤɜɚɡɢɤɟɪɚɦ». ȼ ɋɋɋɊ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ

ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ «ɫɢɬɚɥ-

ɥɵ» ɢɥɢ «ɲɥɚɤɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ». ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ,

ɷɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɥɨ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɪɢ-

ɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɚɡ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ.

ɋɬɟɤɥɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɹɞ

ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɜɚɠ-

ɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɡ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɢɫ-

ɬɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɢ ɲɥɚɤɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɟɲɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɵ-

ɪɶɹ – ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɲɥɚɤɨɜ.



Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɲɥɚɤɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɜ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɋɨɸɡɟ. ȼ

ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɚ

ɂ.ɂ. Ʉɢɬɚɣɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜɜɟɥ ɜ ɨɛɢɯɨɞ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ «ɫɢ-

ɬɚɥɥ» ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨ-

ɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɲɥɚɤɢ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɦɚɬɟ-

ɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɲɥɚɤɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɜ

ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ ɲɥɚ-

ɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɟɪɵɯ, ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɯ, ɡɟɥɟɧɨɜɚɬɨ-

ɛɭɪɵɯ ɬɨɧɨɜ. ɂɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ (ɧɚ-

ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɥɢɬɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɚ ɩɨɥɨɜ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɯɚɯ,

ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ).

ɋ 1960-ɯ ɝɝ., ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɰɢɨ-

ɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɲɢ-

ɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ.

ȼ 1950-ɯ ɝɝ. ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ

ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ «Ⱦɚɭ Ʉɨɪɧɢɧɝ» ɜ ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤɟ Ⱦɨɧɚɥɶɞ ɋɬɭɤɟɣ ɨɬ-

ɤɪɵɥ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ

ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ – ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɚɫ-

ɫɵ. ɇɨɜɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ «ɩɢɪɨɤɟɪɚɦ», ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹ-

ɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɢ-

ɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ.

Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ.

ɒɢɯɬɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɹɞɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɧɭɤɥɟɚɬɨɪɨɜ), ɩɨɞɜɟɪ-

ɝɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɸ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ

ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɞ-

ɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɟɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɭɛɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɢ-

ɪɨɤɟɪɚɦɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ

ɩɪɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ [1].

ɋɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ-ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ,

ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ (ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ) ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ

ɫɬɟɤɨɥ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɬɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ. ɋɢ-

ɬɚɥɥɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɡ, ɪɚɜɧɨ-

ɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ.

Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ-ɬɨɧɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɤ-

ɥɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ

ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧ-

ɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ, ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɬɟɪɦɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɚɯ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɫɜɟɬɨ-

ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɟ ɛɟɥɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ

ɬɪɟɯɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ [2].

Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶ-

ɲɢɦɢ, ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ (ɨɬ –7·10

–7

ɞɨ +3·10

–7

) ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧ-



ɬɚɦɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɨɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ

ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦ ɬɨ

ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ

ɨɧɢ ɧɟɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦ ɭɞɚɪɚɦ. ɉɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɪɚɡ-

ɦɟɪɨɦ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɩɨɥɭɜɨɥɧɵ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɬɚ (ɞɨɥɢ

ɦɢɤɪɨɦɟɬɪɚ), ɢ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ

ɮɚɡɟ. ɋɜɟɬɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɢ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɟ, ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ, ɤɨɫɦɨɫɟ, ɨɩɬɢɤɟ,

ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɯ. Ɍɚɤ, ɢɡ ɮɨɬɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ

ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɞɥɹ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ, ɮɨɬɨɤɟɪɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨ-

ɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɬ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ, ɢɡ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɚ – ɩɟɪɮɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ

ɞɢɫɤɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨ-ɥɭɱɟɜɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɤɚɯ.

ɀɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ-

ɜɢɫɹɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɮɚɡ, ɧɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ

ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɞɞɢɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ. ɉɥɨɬɧɚɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚ-

ɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɢɡɧɨɫɭ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟ-

ɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ.

ɍɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ

ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ

ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ.

ɏɨɬɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɨɧɤɨ-

ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨ-

ɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ

ɩɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ

ɪɨɫɬɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ.

1.1.2. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.1. ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ

ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɧɢɢ. ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɪɢ-

ɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɚɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ.

ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ (ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɚɹ

ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚ) ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɚɹ

ɮɚɡɚ. ɉɪɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ (ɞɥɢɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚ) ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ,

ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ,

ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ

ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɪɢɫ. 1.1 ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɥɟɠɢɬ, ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ

ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ.

Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɢɠɧɢɦ ɢ

ɞɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ. Ⱥɦɨɪɮɧɨɦɭ ɬɟɥɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɳ



ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɥɢɠɧɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ. ɋɢɬɚɥɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ

ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ – ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ.

ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ

ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ

ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ

ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɯ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ

ɩɨɥɢɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɵ. ȼ ɧɢɯ

ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɹɡɤɚɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ. ɍɫɚɞɤɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ

ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢɯ

ɦɚɥɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚɦ.

Ɋɢɫ. 1.1. Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ:

1 – ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ – ɤɨɪɨɬɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚ;

2 – ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ – ɞɥɢɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚ

Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ: Li

O–Al

–SiO

;

MO–Al

–SiO

; Li

O–ɆɈ–Ⱥ1

–SiO

; MgO–Al

–SiO

–K

O ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɨ

ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ: ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ;

ɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɤ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ (ɪɚɞɢɨɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɟ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ-, ɬɟɪɦɨ-,

ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ); ɮɨɬɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ; ɫɥɸɞɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ; ɛɢɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ; ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɰɟɦɟɧ-

ɬɵ; ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɷɦɚɥɢ; ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ.

Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ [3].

ȼɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ,

ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ MgO–Al

–SiO

(ɤɨɪɞɢɟɪɢ-

ɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɵ) ɢ Na

O–Al

–SiO

(ɧɟɮɟɥɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɵ). Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ

ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɌiO

. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ

(ı

ɢɡɝ

) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 240–350 Ɇɉɚ. ɋɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɧɟɮɟɥɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ

ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɹɯ ɤɚɥɢɹ

ɢɦɟɸɬ ı

ɢɡɝ

= 1370 Ɇɉɚ. ɗɬɨ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ

ɞɥɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ. Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ

ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɪɚɤɟɬɨ- ɢ ɚɜɢɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ (ɨɛɬɟɤɚɬɟɥɢ ɚɧɬɟɧɧ), ɪɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢ-

ɤɚ, ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ.



ɉɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɟ, ɬɟɪɦɨ-, ɢɡɧɨɫ-, ɯɢɦɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɬɢɩ ɫɢ-

ɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Li

O–Al

–SiO

(ɫɩɨɞɭɦɟ-

ɧɨ-ɷɜɤɪɢɩɬɢɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɵ); ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɨɪ (ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ) ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ –

TiO

. ȼ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɚɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚ-

ɟɬ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɩɨɥɭɜɨɥɧɵ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɬɚ. ɋɢɬɚɥɥɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ

ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɡ ɷɜɤɪɢɩɬɢɬ (Li

Ɉ·Ⱥ1

·2SiO

) ɢɥɢ ɫɩɨ-

ɞɭɦɟɧ (Li

Ɉ·Ⱥ1

·4SiO

), ɢɦɟɸɬ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢ-

ɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɤ ɧɭɥɸ, ɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ. Ɉɛ-

ɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ–ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ, ɚɫɬɪɨɨɩɬɢɤɚ. ȼɜɟ-

ɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɥɸɦɢɧɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶ-

ɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɹɯ [4].

Ɏɨɬɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ. Ɉɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ

ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Li

O–Al

–SiO

ɫɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ

ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ (ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ Ⱥu, Ag, ɋu), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ

ɍɎ-ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ

ɟɝɨ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨ-

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɟ, ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ, ɨɩɬɢɤɟ, ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɤɚɤ

ɫɜɟɬɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ).

Ȼɢɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɨ-

ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɬɤɚɧɹɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ

ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɭɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɟɡɨɜ. Ȼɢɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɚ

ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɋɚɈ–MgO–SiO

–Ɋ

(ɚɩɚɬɢɬɨ–ɜɨɥɥɚɫɬɨɧɢɬɨɜɵɟ

ɫɨɫɬɚɜɵ).

ɋɢɬɚɥɥɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɵ. ɋɢɬɚɥɥɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ PbO–ZnO–B

–SiO. Ɉɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ

ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ (4í10)10

–6

–1

. ɋɢɬɚɥɥɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢ-

ɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɩɚɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɤɢɧɟɫɤɨɩɨɜ ɢ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɥɭɱɟɜɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɤ, ɩɪɢ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ

ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ

ɢ ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɟ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɟɤ-

ɥɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ (ɫɬɟɤɥɨɷɦɚɥɟɣ), ɧɚɧɨɫɢɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (W, Mo, Mb, Ɍɚ, ɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢ-

ɞɨɜ

ɫɬɚɥɢ) ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢɯ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ, ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ

ɢɡɧɨɫɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɚɯ. Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɨ- ɢ ɠɚɪɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ

ɤ ɢɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɢ-

ɬɚɥɥɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɞɢ-

ɡɟɥɟɣ, ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ-

ɛɨɪɨɜ

, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.