Анненков Ю.М., Ивашутенко А.С. Перспективные материалы и технологии в электроизоляционной и кабельной технике
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
21
ɤɨɤɫɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ.
ȼɫɟ ɲɢɪɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲ-
ɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɢɤɪɨ-
ɫɯɟɦ ɢ ɦɟɠɫɥɨɣɧɨɣ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɧɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɚɯ.
ɋɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɩɟɪɥɢɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɚ) ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧ-
ɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɜɨɥɶɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɲɬɵɪɟɜɵɯ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɨɥɹɬɨɪɵ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɯɚ-
ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ.
ɋɬɟɤɥɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ. Ʌɢɬɢɟɜɨ–
ɚɥɸɦɨɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɛɚɪɢɣɚɥɸɦɨɫɢɥɢɤɚɬ-
ɧɵɦ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɨɦɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɡɭɛɨɜ.
ɋɬɟɤɥɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɹɞ ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɜɚɠ-
ɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɡ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɢɫ-
ɬɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɢ ɲɥɚɤɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɟɲɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɵ-
ɪɶɹ – ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɲɥɚɤɨɜ. Ɋɨɞɢɧɨɣ ɲɥɚɤɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɋɨɜɟɬ-
ɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɸɡ, ɝɞɟ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɲɥɚɤɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɜ
ɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚ-
ɰɢɢ ɟɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ, ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɜɟɬ-
ɥɨɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɲɥɚɤɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɚ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɥɟɠɚɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɂ.ɂ. Ʉɢɬɚɣɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜɜɟɞ-
ɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɨɛɢɯɨɞ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ «ɫɢɬɚɥɥ» ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɲɥɚ-
ɤɢ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɲɥɚɤɨɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ ɲɥɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ
ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɟɪɵɯ, ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɯ, ɡɟɥɟɧɨɜɚɬɨ–ɛɭɪɵɯ ɬɨɧɨɜ. ɂɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɥɢɬɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɚ ɩɨɥɨɜ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɯɚɯ, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ). ɇɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟ-
ɪɢɚɥɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɭɸ ɝɚɦɦɭ. ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɥɸ-
ɛɵɟ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ. Ⱥ ɛɟɥɵɣ ɲɥɚɤɨɫɢɬɚɥɥ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ.
Ʌɢɲɶ ɜ 1970 ɝ. ɛɵɥ ɧɚɥɚɠɟɧ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɛɟɥɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɥɚɤɨɫɢɬɚɥ-
ɥɨɜ. ɉɚɧɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɥɢɬɵ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɢ
ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɤɟ ɮɚɫɚɞɨɜ.
22
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɋɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɚɤ-
ɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɩɪɢɦɟ-
ɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ
ɡɭɛɨɜ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɭɛɨɜ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɜ ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɚɹ, ɦɟɥɤɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɚɹ. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ 0,1–1,0 ɦɤɦ, ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɨ-
ɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ.
Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɠɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɡɟɪɺɧ 50–200 ɦɤɦ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ
ɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ
ɬɜɟɪɞɨɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɵ ɢɡ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɰɟɧɧɵɦ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟ-
ɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɧɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ
ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡ.
ɋɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɆȽɆɋɍ ɢ Ƚɂɋ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ 4 ɬɢɩɚ
ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜ:
x ɋɢɬɚɥɥ «ɋɂɄɈɊ» ɞɥɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɨɧɨɤ;
x ɋɢɬɚɥɥ «ɋɂɆȿɌ» ɞɥɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɟɡɨɜ;
x «Ȼɢɨɫɢɬɚɥɥ» ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ;
x ɋɢɬɚɥɥ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɡɨɜ.
ɋɢɬɚɥɥ «ɋɢɤɨɪ» ɞɥɹ ɡɭɛɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɨɧɨɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɚɥɶɛɢɬ–ɞɢɨɩɫɢɞ. ȼ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɮɚɪɮɨ-
ɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɭɛɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɨɧɨɤ «ɋɢɤɨɪ» ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ: ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ, ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢ-
ɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɦ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɠɢɝɚ; ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ, ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɦ ɪɚ-
ɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
ɋɢɬɚɥɥɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ «ɋɢɦɟɬ» ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɤɢ ɤɚɪ-
ɤɚɫɨɜ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɥɢɬɵɯ ɡɭɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɟɡɨɜ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ (13í15)10
–6
K
–1
ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ-
ɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɰɜɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦ-
ɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɱɢ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɢɡ
ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɥɟɣɰɢɬ-ɚɥɶɛɢɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ.
ɋɢɬɚɥɥɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɟɣ ɤ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚɦ ɡɭɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɟɡɨɜ, ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ (ɞɨ 800 °C)
ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɟɩɥɨ-
23
ɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɜɟɬɨɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɚ
«ɋɢɦɟɬ». ɂɡ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ «ɋɢɦɟɬ» ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭ-
ɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɚɥɥɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɠɚɤɟɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ɉɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ «ɋɢ-
ɦɟɬ» ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɤ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɠɢɞ-
ɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɬɤɚ-
ɧɹɦɢ
ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ
ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ, ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɚɥɥɟɪɝɢɸ.
1.2. Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
1.2.1. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ
Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ (ɞɪ.–ɝɪɟɱ. țȑȡĮȝȠȢ – ɝɥɢɧɚ) – ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ,
ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɥɢɧɵ) ɢ ɢɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɫ ɦɢɧɟ-
ɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ.
ȼ ɭɡɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɝɥɢɧɭ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɭɸ ɨɛ-
ɠɢɝ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ
ɜɫɟɯ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚ-
ɥɨɜ. Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ
ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ. ɋɚɦɚɹ ɪɚɧɧɹɹ ɤɟ-
ɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɭɞɚ ɢɡ ɝɥɢɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɟɺ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢ-
ɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ (ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ,
ɤɚɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ, ɧɚɭɤɟ. ȼ XX ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɢ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨ-
ɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ.
ɉɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɫɟɝɧɟɬɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɩɶɟ-
ɡɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ, ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɹ-
ɳɚɹ, ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ (ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜɚɹ).
ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.7 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
ɢ ɨɛ-
ɥɚɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ.
Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ – ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɣ ɢɡ ɨɬɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɠɢɝɚ. ȼ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɠɢɝɚ (1200–2500 °ɋ) ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
(ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ), ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ–ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
Ɉ
ɛ
ɛ
ɥ
ɚ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɬ
ɢ ɩ
ɪ
ɪ
ɢ
ɦ
ɦ
ɟ
ɧ
ɧ
ɟ
ɧ
2
ɧ
ɢ
ɣ
2
4
ɣ
ɤ
ɟ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɚ
ɦ
ɢ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɟ
ɫ
ɤ
ɤ
ɢɯ ɦ
ɚ
ɚ
ɬ
ɟ
ɟ
ɪ
ɢ
ɢ
ɚ
ɥ
ɥ
ɨ
ɜ
Ɍ
ɜ
Ɍ
ɚɛ
ɥ
ɥ
ɢɰɚ 1.
7
7
ɤ
ɨ
ɫ
ɧ
ɤ
ɥ
ɫ
ɫ
ɥ
ɬ
ɫ
ɬ
ɜ
ɦ
ɩ
ɫ
ɩ
ɩ
ɤ
ɟ
ɪ
ɨ
ɧ
ɫ
ɨ
ɞ
ɧ
ɨ
ɤ
ɢ
ɥ
ɹ
ɟ
ɫ
ɬ
ɚ
ɫ
ɤ
ɢ
ɥ
ɹ
ɟ
ɬ
ɟ
ɪ
ɫ
ɜ
ɹ
1–
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɜ
ɟ
ɳ
ɦɢ
ɩ
ɨ
ɪ
ɫ
ɧ
ɢ
ɩ
ɥ
ɩ
ɨ
ɥ
1.
7
ɪ
ɚ
ɦ
ɚ
ɞ
ɟ
ɪ
ɜ
ɧ
ɫɥ
ɨ
ɟ
ɬ
ɫ
ɚ
ɥ
ɥ
ɢ
ɟ
ɟ
ɬ
ɪ
ɦ
ɹ
ɡ
ɵ
10
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
ɳɟ
ɢ
ɤ
ɢ
ɪ
ɢɠ
ɨɬ
ɧ
ɥɭ
7
ɩ
Ɍ
ɟ
ɦɢ
ɨ
ɛ
ɪɠ
ɧ
ɵ
ɦ
ɨ
ɪ
ɫ
ɹ
ɥ
ɢ
ɱ
Ʉ
ɪ
ɫ
ɨ
ɨ
ɫ
ɨɫ
ɬ
ɋ
ɬ
ɵ
ɜ
ɚ
%
ɨ
ɜ
ɵ
ɟ
ɫɬ
ɜ
Ƚ
ɚ
ɢ
;
ɩ
ɢ
ɠ
ɚ
ɟ
Ȼ
ɨ
ɧɨ
ɭ
ɱɟ
ɩ
ɪɟ
ɟ
ɯ
ɧ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɛ
ɥ
ɚ
ɠ
ɢ
ɬ
ɦ
ɢ
ɨ
ɞ
ɦ
ɧ
ɱ
ɟ
ɫ
ɪ
ɢ
ɫ
ɨ
ɟ
ɞ
ɫ
ɧ
ɨ
ɬ
ɨ
ɣ
ɬ
ɟ
ɤ
ɚɸ
ɫ
ɬ
ɵ
ɟ
ɜ
ɚ
)
ɚ
ɡɨ
ɩ
ɨ
ɩ
ɨ
ɟ
ɬ
ɫ
ɨ
ɥ
ɶ
ɨ
ɣ
ɫ
ɧ
ɢ
ɞɫ
ɧ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɫ
ɤ
ɚ
ɞ
ɚ
ɬ
ɦ
ɤ
ɨ
ɞ
ɧ
ɵ
ɧ
ɨ
ɝ
ɫ
ɤ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɚ
ɞ
ɢ
ɧ
ɨ
ɜ
ɭ
ɣɤ
ɤ
ɥ
ɨ
ɸ
ɳ
ɢ
ɬ
ɟ
ɤ
ɩ
ɨ
)
ɨ
ɛ
ɜɚ
ɹ
ɷ
ɬ
ɨ
ɪ
ɢ
ɫ
ɹ
ɦ
ɶ
ɲ
ɢ
ɫ
ɩ
ɢ
ɹ
ɩ
ɬɚ
ɜ
ɱ
ɟ
ɫ
ɤ
ɢ
ɟ
ɚ
ɟɬ
ɦ
ɢ
ɧ
ɨ
ɦ
ɵ
ɟ
ɝ
ɨ
ɮ
ɚ
ɹ,
ɚ
ɥ
ɥ
ɧ
ɟ
ɧ
ɭ
ɤ
ɤ
ɨɫ
ɨ
ɜ
ɢ
ɢ
ɯ
ɤ
ɥ
ɨ
ɨ
ɤ
ɚ
ɛ
ɥ
ɟ
ɹ
ɮ
ɬ
ɨ
ɣ
ɢ
ɫ
ɬ
ɦ
ɟ
ɯ
ɢɧ
ɟɤ
ɲ
ɩ
ɪ
ɢ
ɜ
ɥ
ɟ
ɫ
ɤ
ɚ
ɟ
ɦ
ɫ
ɩ
ɧ
ɢ
ɦ
ɩ
ɨ
ɫ
ɨ
ɮɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɥ
ɢ
ɱ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɤ
ɟ
ɪ
ɬ
ɢ
ɢ
ɞ
ɧ
ɤ
ɨ
ɮ
ɚ
ɡ
ɚ
ɟ
ɝ
ɱ
ɮ
ɚ
ɡ
ɣ
ɮ
ɬ
ɭ
ɸ
ɯ
ɚ
ɧ
ɧ
ɫɬ
ɜ
ɲɟ
ɢɦ
ɟ
ɧ
ɚ
ɚ
ɹ
ɦ
ɚ
ɬ
ɩ
ɟ
ɰ
ɦ
ɚ
ɥ
ɨ
ɧ
ɟ
ɨ
ɟ
ɞ
ɚ
ɡɧ
ɬ
ɟ
ɤ
ɱ
ɟ
ɫ
ɹ
ɢ
ɪ
ɚ
ɦ
ɢ
ɢ
ɧ
ɚ
ɹ
ɤ
ɪ
ɢ
ɚɡ
ɵ
ɚ
ɬɟ
ɥ
ɱ
ɚ
ɸ
ɡ
ɚ
ɮ
ɚ
ɡ
ɸ
.
ɧ
ɢ
ɜ
ɨ
ɟ
ɣ
ɫ
ɦ
ɟ
ɧ
ɚ
ɦ
ɤ
ɟ
ɬ
ɟ
ɪ
ɰɢ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɟ
ɧ
ɬ
ɞ
ɢ
ɧ
ɨ
ɣ
ɤ
ɥ
ɨ
ɫ
ɤ
ɚ
ɢ
ɥ
ɢ
ɦ
ɢ
ɤ
–
ɞ
ɹ
ɮ
ɢ
ɫ
ɬ
ɵ
,
ɥɢ
ɸ
ɬ
ɩ
ɪ
ɡ
ɟ
ɇ
ɚ
ɱɟ
ɜ
ɢ
ɫ
ɹ
ɧ
ɹ
ɸ
ɦ
ɢ
ɤ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɪ
ɢ
ɚ
ɢ
ɮ
ɢ
ɧ
ɨ
ɬ
ɚ
ɦ
ɧ
ɟ
ɧ
ɣ
ɫ
ɨ
ɜ
ɢ
ɚ
ɹ
ɢ
ɬ
ɤ
ɢ
ɞ
ɪ
ɭ
ɮ
ɚ
ɡ
ɬ
ɚ
ɥ
ɤɨ
ɬ
ɢ
.
Ɉ
ɬɟ
ɯ
ɪ
ɟ
ɞ
ɤ
ɟ
ɚ
ɥ
ɢ
ɫɤ
ɢɞ
ɫɬ
ɪ
ɸ
ɬ
ɤ
ɪ
ɨ
ɚ
ɦ
ɢ
ɚ
ɥ
ɵ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɟ
ɤ
ɦ
ɢ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɢɫ
ɢ
ɞ
ɧ
ɮ
ɚ
ɬ
ɜ
ɟ
ɢ
ɭ
ɝ
ɢ
ɡ
ɚ
ɥ
ɥ
ɢ
ɬ
ɨ
ɪ
Ɉ
ɞ
ɧ
ɯɧ
ɞ
ɫ
ɬ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɢ
ɱ
ɚɹ
ɞ
ɨ
ɜ
ɪɭ
ɫ
ɩ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɤ
ɵ
ɪ
ɟ
ɫ
ɤ
ɤ
ɨ
ɥ
ɬɟ
ɹ
ɦ
ɬɟ
ɦ
ɧ
ɚ
ɹ
ɚ
ɡ
ɚ
ɟ
ɪ
ɞ
ɨ
ɩ
ɢ
ɯ
ɧ
ɚ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɹ
ɧ
ɚ
ɤ
ɧ
ɨ
ɥ
ɬ
ɚ
ɜ
ɚ
ɦ
ɢ
ɢɟ
ɩ
ɪ
ɜ
ɫ
ɭ
ɤɬ
ɭ
ɩ
ɟ
ɰ
ɬ
ɪ
ɭ
ɚ
ɪ
ɚ
ɡ
ɤ
ɢ
ɦ
ɥ
ɢ
ɱ
ɯ
ɧ
ɦ
ɟ
ɬ
ɦɨ
ɹ
ɢ
ɚ
ɩ
ɞ
ɵ
ɟ
ɩ
ɪ
ɟ
ɟ
ɟ
ɚ
ɯ
ɨ
ɟ
ɫ
ɤ
ɹ
ɫ
ɤ
ɨ
ɥ
ɨɝ
ɢ
ɜ
ɥ
ɹ
ɢ
ɤ
ɭ
ɞ
ɪ
ɨ
ɱ
ɩɟ
ɭ
ɪ
ɰ
ɢ
ɮ
ɭ
ɤ
ɬ
ɜ
ɤ
ɡ
ɥ
ɢ
ɦ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɫ
ɧ
ɢ
ɱ
ɬ
ɚ
ɥ
ɨ
ɣ.
ɢ
ɝ
ɚ
ɩ
ɪ
ɟ
ɟ
ɪ
ɟ
ɞ
ɟ
ɟ
ɨ
ɫ
ɨ
ɞ
ɢ
ɤ
ɭ
ɸ
ɧ
ɢ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢɸ
ɹ
ɟ
ɬ
ɭ
ɩ
ɞ
ɚ
ɠ
ɱ
ɧ
ɨ
ɰ
ɢ
ɨ
ɣ
ɮɢ
ɬ
ɭ
ɪ
ɤ
ɥ
ɸ
ɢ
ɱ
ɧ
ɤ
ɫ
ɬ
ɜ
ɱ
ɟ
ɫ
ɥ
ɥ
ɨ
ȼ
ɚ
ɡ
ɨ
ɟ
ɞ
ɫ
ɪ
ɚ
ɫ
ɟ
ɥ
ɹ
ɫ
ɧ
ɨ
ɢ
ɬ
ɫ
ɸ
ɢ
ɠ
ɚ
ɬ
ɟ
ɤ
ɸ
ɢ
ɡ
ɬ
ɫ
ɨ
ɩ
ɨ
ɞ
ɠ
ɟ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɚ
ɥ
ɣ
ɩ
ɢ
ɱɟ
ɪ
ɚ
2
ɸ
ɱ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɝ
ɤ
ɨ
ɦ
ɜ
ɨ
ɫ
ɤ
ɨ
ɨ
ɜ.
ȼ
ɤ
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬɜ
ɹ
ɟ
ɬ
ɨ
ɜ
ɧ
ɫ
ɹ
ɮ
ɚ
ɟ
ɬ
ɤ
ɥ
ɨ
ɡ
ɝ
ɨ
ɨ
ɛ
ɞ
ɪ
ɚ
ɡ
ɚ
ɬ
ɶ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɨ
ɥ
ɫɤ
ɤ
ɟ
2
5
ɚ
ɟ
ɬ
ɝ
ɨ
ɦ
ɩ
ɥ
ɢ
ɥ
ɨ
ɣ
Ʌ
ɤ
ɟɪ
ɚ
ɹ
ɮ
ɚ
ɜ
ɥ
ɨ
ɪ
ɬ
ɡ
ɧ
ɧɵ
ɜ
ɤ
ɮ
ɚ
ɡ
ɬ
ɦ
ɨ
ɨ
ɛ
ɨ
ɬ
ɨ
ɨ
ɣ
ɚ
ɡ
ɞ
ɚ
ɤ
ɪ
ɦ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɣ
ɥ
ɢ
ɤ
ɢɟ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
ɢ
ɯ
ɢ
ɥ
ɟ
ɤ
ɥ
ɢ
ɤɟ
ɪ
Ʌ
ɸ
ɛ
ɚ
ɦ
ɮɚ
ɥ
ɹɟ
ɪ
ɵ
ɧ
ɚ
ɱ
ɵ
ɯ
ɤ
ɟ
ɪ
ɡ
ɭ.
ɟɯ
ɚ
ɛ
ɪ
ɚ
ɨ
ɜ
ɥ
ɣ
ɝ
ɚ
ɞ
ɟ
ɥ
ɪ
ɵ
ɬ
ɚ
ɬ
ɟ
ɣ
ɬ
ɤ
ɪ
ɢ
ɬ
ɟ
ɚ
ɦ
ɢ
ɢ
ɫ
ɢ
ɦ
ɢ
ɤ
ɫ
ɚ
ɫ
ɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɛ
ɨ
ɦ
ɢ
ɤ
ɚ
ɡ
ɵ
ɬ
ɫ
(ɫ
ɦ
ɱ
ɟ
ɧ
ɫɜ
ɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɦ
Ɉ
ɚ
ɧ
ɢ
ɚ
ɡɭ
ɸ
ɥ
ɟ
ɧ
ɚ
ɡ
ɵ
ɥ
ɹ
ɸ
ɬ
ɵ
ɯ
ɟ
ɪ
ɢ
ɬ
ɟ
ɯ
ɢ
ɫ
ɬ
ɟ
ɯ
ɧ
ɢ
ɤ
ɢ
ɤ
ɭ
ɢ
ɱ
ɚ
ɦ
ɢ
ɨ
ɜ
ɫ
ɦɢ
ɣ
ɤ
ɤ
ɟ
ɵ
.
ɫ
ɨ
ɛ
ɦ
.
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɨɣ
ɦɢ
Ɉ
ɛ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɸɳ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɵ
,
ɸ
ɬ
ɯ
ɩ
ɢ
ɚ
ɥ
ɯ
ɧ
ɢ
ɬ
ɚ
ɥ
ɧ
ɨ
ɥ
ɢ
.
ɭ
ɫɫ
ɬ
ɟɫ
ɤ
ɢ
ɫ
ɫ
ɟ
ɦ
ɢ
ɤ
ɢ
ɤ
ɟ
ɪ
ɦ
ɨ
ɛ
ɨ
ɣ
ɬ
ɚ
ɹ
ɦ
ɣ
ɫɬ
ɜ
ɢ
ɤɟ
ɛ
ɵ
ɱ
ɟ
ɫ
ɤ
ɳɢ
ɹ
ɢ
ɡ
ɧ
ɚ
ɧ
ɚ
ɩɨ
ɥ
ɚ;
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɥ
ɥ
ɢ
ɥ
ɨ
ɝ
ɬ
ɜ
ɟ
ɤ
ɨ
ɝ
ɫ
ɜ
ɨ
ɦ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɪ
ɚ
ɦ
ɨ
ɝ
ɭ
ɣ
ɚ
ɛ
ɥ
ɦ
ɟ
ɯ
ɜ
(
ɜ
ɱ
ɧ
ɨ
ɤ
ɭ
ɸ
ɢ
ɟ
ɤ
ɡ
ɞ
ɟ
ɚ
ɯ
ɨ
ɚ
ɩ
ɨ
ɪ
ɟ
ɫ
ɤ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɝ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɧ
ɧ
ɝ
ɨ
ɨ
ɣ
ɧ
ɟ
ɫ
ɹ
ɜ
ɥ
ɦɢ
ɭ
ɬ
ɨ
ɩ
ɥ
.
1
ɯ
ɚ
ɧ
(
ɫ
ɦ
ɜ
ɢ
ɨ
ɸ
ɩ
ɤ
ɨ
ɦ
ɟ
ɥ
ɢ
ɨ
ɞ
ɹ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
ɧ
ɟ
ɤ
ɨ
ɣ
ɟ
ɫ
ɤ
ɱ
ɟ
ɫ
ɧ
ɨ
ɢ
ɫɬ
ɜ
ɫ
ɨ
ɞ
ɥ
ɹ
ɸ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɩ
ɪ
ɩ
ɪ
ɟ
1
.8
ɧɢ
ɦ
.
ɬ
ɢ
ɞ
ɟ
ɤ
ɟ
ɩ
ɪ
ɨ
ɦɩ
ɢ
ɣ.
ɹ
ɳ
ɢ
ɨ
ɬ
ɧ
ɟ
ɠ
ɟ
ɣ
ɤ
ɤ
ɨ
ɝ
ɫ
ɤ
ɢ
ɫ
ɮ
ɜ
.
ɞ
ɟ
ɪ
ɸ
ɬ
ɫ
ɟ
ɫ
ɤ
ɪ
ɢ
ɫ
ɟ
ɞ
ɟ
).
ɗ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɬ
ɚ
ɛ
ɟ
ɩ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɨ
ɱ
ɧ
ɩ
ɨ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
ɫ
ɧ
ɭ
ɸ
ɟ
ɥ
ɚ
ɤ
ɟ
ɪ
ɝ
ɨ
ɫ
ɢ
ɟ
ɫ
ɢ
ɧ
ɚɡ
ɨ
Ɍ
ɚ
ɪɠ
ɫ
ɹ
ɤ
ɢ
ɣ
ɫ
ɭ
ɬ
ɟ
ɥɟ
ɗɬ
ɟ
ɫ
ɤ
ɛ
ɥ.
ɩ
ɪ
ɨ
ɚ
ɦ
ɢ
ɧ
ɨ
ɫ
ɧ
ɟ
ɧ
ɫ
ɹ
ɸ
,
ɚ
ɬ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɦ
ɫ
ɬ
ɪ
ɩ
ɪ
ɧ
ɬ
ɟ
ɨ
ɜ
ɨ
ɚ
ɤ
ɚ
ɠ
ɢ
ɬ
ɨ
ɤ
ɣ
ɦ
ɬ
ɫ
ɬ
ɧ
ɧ
ɬ
ɚ
ɮ
ɤ
ɨ
ɣ
1.
ɨ
ɫ
ɥ
ɢ
ɤ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɶ
ɧ
ɬ
ɵ
ɜ
ɛ
ɟ
ɟ
ɥ
ɶ
ɦ
ɢ
ɤ
ɪ
ɨ
ɟ
ɪ
ɢ
ɟ
ɟ
ɡ
ɢ
ɨ
ɝ
ɨ
ɚ
ɹ
ɬ
ɝ
ɥ
ɤ
ɫ
ɢ
ɦ
ɚ
ɬ
ɬ
ɜ
ɨ
ɧ
ɵ
ɟ
ɮ
ɚ
ɣ
ɩ
9
–
ɥ
ɨ
ɟ
ɚ
ɶ
ɢ
ɵ
(
ɝ
ɩ
ɨ
ɟ
ɡ
ɶ
ɧ
ɨ
ɤ
ɢ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
ɦ
ɵ
ɢ
ɪ
ɨ
ɨ
ɫ
ɤ
ɟ
ɥ
ɢ
ɧ
ɢ
ɞ
ɵ
ɬ
ɟ
ɪ
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɟ
ɯ
ɡɚ
ɪ
ɨ
–
1.
1
ɟ
ɤ
ɫ
ɨ
ɢ
ɭ
ɯ
ɝ
ɥ
ɢ
ɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɨɬ
ɨ
,
ɬ
ɨ
ɢ
ɹ
ɵ
.
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɫ
ɨ
ɫ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɧɵ
ɵ
ɢ
ɪ
ɢ
ɚ
ɚ
ɬɶ
ɯ
ɢ
ɦ
ɫ
ɨ
ɨ
ɱ
ɧ
1
0
)
ɫ
ɬ
ɨ
ɞ
ɟ
ɯ
ɭ
ɞ
ɢ
ɧ
ɢ
ɚ
ɯ
ɤɪ
ɬ
ɚ
ɤ
ɛɥ
,
ɞ
ɇ
ɚ
ɚ
ɧ
ɧ
ɫ
ɬ
ɚ
ɚ
ɦ
ɢ
ɵ
.
Ɉ
ɢ
ɛ
ɚ
ɥ
ɤ
ɪ
ɦɢ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɧ
ɨ
ɫ
)
.
ɬ
ɟ
ɤ
ɟ
ɪ
ɠ
ɞɲ
ɢ
ɫ
ɬ
ɤ
ɟ
ɵ
ɬ
ɤ
ɤ
ɚɞ
ɞ
ɥ
ɹ
ɚ
ɪ
ɧ
ɵ
ɟ
ɚ
ɜ
ɚ
ɢ
ɤ
ɚ
Ɉ
ɫ
ɛ
ɟ
ɫ
ɹ
ɜ
ɪ
ɢ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɬɚ
ɜ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɤ
ɥ
ɚ
ɠ
ɢ
ɬ
ɲ
ɚɟ
ɬ
ɬ
ɵ
ɟ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
ɵ
ɯ
ɤ
ɚ
ɤ
ɚɟ
ɬ
ɹ
ɟ
ɟ
ɪ
ɢ
ɫ
ɟ
ɚ
;
ɚ
ɫ
-
ɫ
-
ɜ
-
ɢ
-
ɟ
-
ɜ
-
ɢ
,
ɚ
,
ɬ
ɬ
ɟ
ɚ
-
ɯ
ɤ
ɬ
ɟ
ɫ
.
26
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.8
ȼɢɞɵ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ
Ɍɢɩ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥ. ɮɚɡɚ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ BaO–Al
2
O
3
–SiO
2
Ʉɜɚɪɰɟɜɚɹ
Ʉɨɪɭɧɞɨɜɚɹ
Ɇɭɥɥɢɬɨɜɚɹ
ɐɟɥɶɡɢɚɧɨɜɚɹ
SiO
2
–ɤɜɚɪɰ
Al
2
O
3
–ɤɨɪɭɧɞ
3Al
2
O
3
2SiO
2
–ɦɭɥɥɢɬ
BaO–Al
2
O
3
–SiO
2
–
ɰɟɥɶɡɢɚɧ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɆgO–Al
2
O
3
–SiO
2
Ʉɥɢɧɨɷɧɫɬɚɬɢɬɨɜɚɹ
Ɏɨɪɫɬɟɪɢɬɨɜɚɹ
ɒɩɢɧɟɥɟɜɚɹ
ɉɟɪɢɤɥɚɡɨɜɚɹ
ɆgOSiO
2
2ɆgOSiO
ɆgOAl
2
O
3
ɆgO
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.9
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ
Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ
Al
2
O
3
ɆgO BaO ZrO
2
Ɍɢɩ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ
Ʉɨɪɭɧɞ ɉɟɪɢɤɥɚɡ Ȼɪɚɦɟɥɥɢɬ Ȼɚɞɟɥɢɢɬ
Ƚɟɤɫ. Ʉɭɛɢɱ. Ƚɟɤɫ. Ʉɭɛɢɱ.
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, (ɤɝ/ɦ
3
)
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪ. ɩɥɚɜ., (Ûɋ)
ȡ, (Ɉɦ ɦ)
İ
Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ Ɇɨɨɫɭ
3970
2047
3
.
10
6
(800 °ɋ)
10,6
9
3650
2600
9
.
10
10
(990 °ɋ)
8,0
5,5
3030
2570
4
.
10
6
(600 °ɋ)
7,0
9,0
6270
2690
36
(1200 °ɋ)
9,0
6,5
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.10
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ
Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ
Al
2
O
3
ɆgO BaO ZrO
2
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ,ɤɝ/ɦ
3
Ɍɟɦɩ. ɫɩɟɤ., °ɋ
ȡ, Ɉɦ ɦ (400 °ɋ)
İ, 1 ɆȽɰ
ı
ɂɁ
, Ɇɉɚ
3770
1700
10
12
10
400
3600
1900
10
14
10
120
3000
1800
10
12
7,3
160
5900
1800
10
8
–
250
ɥ
ɩ
ɦ
ɷ
ɩ
ɩ
ɧ
ɢ
ɥ
ɭ
ɧ
ɯ
ɪ
ɫ
ɪ
ɧ
ɥ
ɭ
ɱ
ɩ
ɪ
ɦɟ
ɷ
ɤ
ɫ
ɩ
ɨ
ɥ
ɩ
ɪ
ɧɢ
ɢ
ɞ
ɥ
ɭ
ɱ
ɭ
ɩ
ɥ
ɧɢ
ɯ
ɚ
ɪ
ɪ
ɚ
ɫ
ɫ
ɜ
ɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɡ
ɧɵ
ɱ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɬ
ɟ
ɥɶ
ɫ
ɬ
ɪ
ɥɭ
ɨ
ɰ
ɢ
ɹ
ɧ
ɞ
ɨ
ɫ
ɱ
ɚ
ɟ
ɥ
ɨ
ɢ
ɸ
ɪ
ɚ
ɤ
ɫ
ɬ
ɚ
ɨ
ɛ
ɨ
ɡ
ɪ
ɭ
ɵ
ɦ
ɢ
ɋ
ɬ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
–
ɦ
–
ɨ
–
ɦ
Ɉ
ɫ
1)
2)
ɬ
ɟ
ɦ
3)
ɧ
ɢ
4)
ɪ
ɭ
ɡ
5)
ɉ
ɪ
ɭ
ɱɟ
ɰ
ɟɫ
ɧ
ɟ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɟɦ
ɬ
ɧ
ɩ
ɨ
ɂ
ɞ
ɤ
ɬ
ɟ
ɚ
ɟ
ɬ
ɨ
ɞ
ɧ
ɭɲ
ɢ
ɦ
ɬ
ɪ
ɭ
ɹ
ɤ
ɦ
ɟ
ɥ
ɨ
ɬ
ɫ
ɦ
ɢ
ɫ
ɧ
ɨ
ɩ
ɨ
ɩ
ɪ
ɦ
ɩ
ɟ
ɞ
ɪ
ɢ
ɰ
ɵ
ɮ
ɡ
ɢ
ɹ
ɫ
ɩ
ɪ
ɟ
ɫ
ɧ
ɢ
ɫɚ
ɨ
ɛ
ɯ
ɢ
ɝ
ɚ
ɦ
ɵ
ɟ
ɧ
ɟ
ɧ
ɨ
ɪ
ɨ
ɞ
ɟ
ɚ
ɟ
ɪ
ɧ
ɬ
ɧ
ɧɨ
ɲ
ɟ
ɧ
ɦ
ɚ
ɤ
ɭ
ɤ
ɬ
ɤ
ɚ
ɱ
ɥ
ɤ
ɚ
ɫ
ɭ
ɬ
ɧ
ɢ
ɨ
ɜ
ɧ
ɨ
ɞ
ɝ
ɪ
ɟ
ɞ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɪ
ɨ
ɛ
ɵ
);
ɮ
ɨ
ɪ
ɹ
,
ɩ
ɩ
ɟ
ɤ
1
ɫ
ɫ
ɨ
ɢ
ɹ
ɢ
ɩ
ɪ
ɯ
ɨ
ɞ
ɚ
ɟ
ɦ
ɟ
ɜ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɨ
ɲ
ɚ
ɥ
ɢ
ɧɵ
ɧ
ɚ
ɨ
,
ɡ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
ɤ
ɫ
ɢ
ɬ
ɭ
ɪ
ɱ
ɟɫ
ɚ
ɹ
ɬ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɦ
ɚ
ɧɵ
ɝ
ɨ
ɬ
ɞ
ɜ
ɚ
ɚ
ɬ
ɭ
ɛ
ɥ
ɪ
ɦ
ɨ
ɩ
ɪ
ɟ
ɤ
ɚ
ɧ
1
.
2
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɢ
ɡ
ɞ
ɪ
ɟ
ɫ
ɞ
ɢ
ɦ
ɨ
ɣ
ɜ
ɪ
ɹ
.
Ⱦ
ɤɨ
ɢ
ɡ
ɢ
ɵ
ɯ
ɭ
ɩ
ɟ
ɡ
ɚ
ɧ
ɟ
ɚ
ɢ
ɦ
ɚ
ɪ
ɚ
ɤ
ɬɜ
ɟ
ɤ
ɪ
ɬ
ɜ
ɢ
ɚ
ɥ
ɶ
ɵ
ɟ
ɷ
ɬ
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɪ
ɢ
ɭ
ɪ
ɟ
ɟ
ɧ
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɟ
ɫ
ɫ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
2
.2
.
ɚ
ɧ
ɢ
ɞ
ɟ
ɥ
ɫ
ɫ
ɨ
ɦ
ɨ
ɣ
ɩ
ɪ
ɟɡ
ɭ
Ⱦ
ɥ
ɹ
ɜ
ɜ
ɢ
ɪ
ɨ
ɭɱ
ɟ
ɪ
ɜ
ɧ
ɢ
ɦ
ɚ
ɪ
ɨ
ɚ
ɥ
ɶ
ɤ
ɟ
ɪ
ɟ
ɧ
ɧ
ɪ
ɢ
ɫ
ɢ
ɟ
ɩ
ɶ
ɧ
ɨ
ɷ
ɬ
ɚ
ɜ
ɤ
ɚ
ɢ
ɬ
ɟ
ɟ
8
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
ɚ
ɧ
ɢ
ɫ
ɨ
ɜ
ɟ
.
.
Ɇ
ɢ
ɟ
ɥ
ɢ
ɣ
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɨ
ɨ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
ɭɥ
ɹ
ɢ
ɜ
ɰ
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɚɫ
ɬ
ɜ
ɨ
ɣ
ɦ
ɚ
ɹ
ɨ
ɤ.
ɶ
ɧ
ɪ
ɚ
ɦ
ɧ
ɨ
ɣ
ɫ
ɬ
ɚ
ɩ
ɨ
ɪ
ɨ
ɟ
ɚ
ɩ
ɵ
ɚ
ɲ
ɟ
ɥ
ɶ
8
0
0
ɟ
ɫ
ɢ
ɟ
ɜ
ɚ
ɧ
Ɇ
ɟ
ɬ
ɹ
ɜ
ɣ
ɢ
ɚ
ɧ
ɢ
ɩ
ɪ
ɨ
ɬ
ɧ
ɥ
ɶɬ
ɚ
ɢ
ɯ
ɰ
ɢ
ɥ
ɚ
ɧ
ɧ
ɬ
ɤ
ɚ
ɣ
ɫ
ɹ
Ʉ
ɨ
ɩ
Ɋ
ɦ
ɢ
ɤ
ɣ
ɤ
ɚ
ɥ
ɥ
ɪ
;
ɫɨ
ɵ
ɬ
ɲ
ɢ
ɯ
ɶ
ɧ
ɵ
0
–
1
ɩɟ
ɢ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
ɬɨ
ɜ
ɥ
ɹ
ɢ
ɡ
ɢ
ɹ
,
ɪ
ɟ
ɞ
ɧ
ɨ
ɫ
ɚ
ɬ
ɟ
ɨ
ɩ
ɥ
ɢ
ɧ
ɧ
ɚ
ɹ
ɚ
.
ɫ
ɬɚ
ɞ
ɛ
ɥ
Ʉ
ɤ
ɨ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
Ɋ
ɢ
ɫ
ɤ
ɢ
ɤ
ɟ
ɪ
ɥ
ɢ
ɱ
ɞɟ
ɬ
ɪ
ɚ
ɯ
ɬ
ɵ
ɵɣ
1
0
0
ɟ
ɤɚ
ɢ
ɡ
ɞ
ɟ
);
ɨ
ɞ
ɵ
ɹ
ɟ
ɬ
ɩ
ɨ
,
ɤ
ɞ
ɟ
ɥ
ɫ
ɬ
ɶ
ɟ
ɬ
ɩ
ɪ
ɟ
ɧ
ɞ
ɪ
ɹ
ɤ
ɇ
ɚ
ɞɢ
ɥ
ɢɡ
ɥ
ɨɧ
ɨ
ɬ
ɧ
ɫ
.
1
ɨ
ɩ
ɪ
ɚ
ɦ
ɱ
ɟ
ɫ
ɪ
ɠ
ɚ
ɞ
ɢ
ɵ
;
ɣ
ɨ
0
0
(
ɲ
ɞ
ɟɥ
ɵ
ɢ
ɬ
ɫ
ɹ
ɨ
ɪ
ɨ
ɨ
ɧ
ɥ
ɢ
ɬ
ɶɸ
ɬ
ɚ
ɤ
ɟ
ɞ
ɟ
ɪ
ɢ
ɱ
ɤ
ɪ
ɢ
ɚ
ɢ
ɛ
ɢ
ɢ,
ɥ
ɟ
ɠ
ɧ
ɰ
ɭ
ɧ
ɨ
,
1
.7.
ɩ
ɪ
ɟ
ɦ
ɢ
ɤ
ɫ
ɤ
ɚ
ɠ
ɚ
ɧ
ɢ
ɰ
ɢ
ɨ
ɛ
ɠ
°
ɋ
ɲɚ
ɢ
ɣ
ɢ
ɫ
ɪ
ɹ
ɨ
ɨ
ɲ
ɤ
ɧ
ɫɬ
ɪ
ɬ
ɶ
ɡ
ɸ
ɢ
ɫ
ɤ
ɢ
ɯ
ɟ
ɥ
ɟ
ɱ
ɟ
ɫ
ɢ
ɜ
ɚ
ɛ
ɨ
ɥ
ɤ
ɨ
ɠɚ
ɭ
ɷ
,
ɢ
Ɇ
ɟ
ɞ
ɟ
ɤ
ɢ
ɚ
ɹ
ɫ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
ɢ
ɨ
ɧ
ɠɢ
ɋ
;
ɚ
ɪ
ɨ
ɣ
ɫ
ɪ
ɟ
ɞ
ɨ
ɞ
ɧ
ɤ
ɨ
ɜ
ɪɭ
ɡ
ɚ
ɜ
ɫ
ɩ
ɯ
ɢ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɫ
ɤ
ɨ
ɚ
ɹ
ɩ
ɥ
ɟ
ɟ
ɨ
ɝ
ɞ
ɚ
ɳ
ɢ
ɬɨ
ɣ
ɩ
ɨ
Ɇ
ɢ
ɤɪ
ɟ
ɥ
ɹ
ɧ
ɟ
ɫ
ɬ
ɪ
ɟ
ɚ
ɧ
ɧ
ɵ
ɢ
ɝ
ɞ
ɨ
ɜ
ɵ
ɫ
ɩ
ɞ
ɫ
ɬ
ɧ
ɨ
ɣ
ɜ
.
Ⱦ
ɢ
ɪ
ɜ
ɢ
ɫ
ɨɥ
ɢ
ɫ
ɩ
ɢ
ɹ
ɨ
ɣ
ɩ
ɪ
ɟ
ɛ
ɞ
ɚ
ɢ
ɟ
ɣ
ɫ
ɨ
ɹ
ɜ
2
ɤɪɨ
ɹ
ɟ
ɬ
ɟ
ɨ
ɛ
ɪ
ɭ
ɤ
ɚ
ɦ
ɨ
ɵɯ
ɞ
ɥ
ɹ
ɵ
ɟ
,
ɩ
ɥ
ɚ
ɬɜ
ɣ
ɢ
Ⱦ
ɥ
ɪ
ɨ
ɜ
ɫ
ɢ
ɦ
ɶɡ
ɭ
ɩ
ɵ
ɬ
ɩ
ɪ
ɦ
ɚ
ɨ
ɰ
ɛ
ɵ
ɫ
ɱ
ɚ
,
ɩ
ɫɬ
ɚ
ɜ
ɥ
ɹ
2
7
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɬ
ɫ
ɜ
ɛ
ɯ
ɨ
ɤ
ɬ
ɭ
ɨ
ɪ
ɮ
ɯ
ɤ
ɟ
ɹ
ɪ
,
ɜ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɜ
ɚ
ɢ
ɡ
ɥ
ɹ
ɩ
ɜ
ɚ
ɧ
ɦ
ɨ
ɭ
ɟ
ɦ
ɬ
ɚ
ɧ
ɪ
ɨ
ɚ
ɬ
ɪ
ɰ
ɟ
ɫ
ɫ
ɬ
ɪ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɩ
ɭ
ɫ
ɚ
ɞ
ɢ
ɹ
ɟ
ɬ
ɬ
ɪ
ɭ
ɜ
ɨ
ɣ
ɨ
ɞ
ɢ
ɭ
ɪ
ɚ
ɮ
ɧ
ɨ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɪ
ɚ
ɡ
ɜ
ɢ
ɛ
ɬ
ɢ
ɮ
ɮ
ɨ
ɤ
ɥ
ɩɪ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɫɬ
ɶ
ɦɨ
ɧɢ
ɜɨ
ɪ
ɢ
ɰ
ɫ
ɫɚ
ɪ
ɨ
ɬ
ɢ
ɰ
ɫ
ɬ
ɨ
ɢ
ɢ
ɬ
ɫ
ɹ
ɭ
ɤ
ɬ
ɣ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɦ
ɨ
ɚ
;
ɨɣ
ɚɦ
ɡ
ɥ
ɨ
ɛ
ɪ
ɚ
ɮɢ
ɨ
ɪ
ɦ
ɥɸ
ɪ
ɨ
ɟ
ɹ
ɨ
ɶ
ɦ
ɨ
ɝɨ
ɢ
ɣ
ɞɹ
ɰ
ɟ
.
ɭ
ɩ
ɩ
ɥ
ɰ
ɵ
ɨ
ɬ
ɵ
ɱ
ɚ
ɹ
ɝ
ɨ
ɬ
ɭ
ɪ
ɬ
ɜ
ɚ
ɨ
ɜ
ɣ
ɮ
ɦ
ɢ
ɱ
ɨɠ
ɚ
ɰ
ɢ
ɢ
ɤ
ɚ
ɦ
ɨ
ɸ
ɱ
ɟ
ɟ
ɤɬ
ɨ
ɫ
ɧ
ɦ
ɟ
ɠ
ɩ
ɨ
ɤ
ɪ
ɬ
ɷ
.
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
ɥ
ɨ
ɬ
ɩ
ɟ
ɵ
;
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɨ
ɪ
ɢ
ɪ
ɚ
ɤ
ɚ
ɦ
ɜ
ɵ
ɩ
ɚɡ
ɵ
ɱ
ɟ
ɫ
ɠ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɨ
ɧ
ɚ
ɬɨ
ɪ
ɜɚ
ɧ
ɟ
ɜ
ɵ
ɢ
ɪ
ɧ
ɚɫ
ɬ
ɠ
ɞ
ɨ
ɪ
ɨ
ɪ
ɢ
ɜ
ɷ
ɤ
ɫ
ɨ
ɬ
ɧ
ɬ
ɧ
ɨ
ɟ
ɪ
ɟ
ɨ
ɞ
ɬ
ɢ
ɰ
ɢ
ɡ
ɨ
ɤ
ɟ
ɪ
ɦ
ɚɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɨ
ɥ
ɵ
.
ɫ
ɤ
ɢ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɧ
ɧ
ɵ
ɪ
ɚ
ɦ
ɧɢ
ɵ
ɯ
ɪ
ɨ
ɜ
ɬ
ɤ
ɢ
ɞ
ɭ
ɞ
ɨɲ
ɜ
ɵ
ɟ
ɫ
ɩ
ɟ
ɧ
ɟ
ɧ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɟ
ɦ
ɞ
ɧ
ɨ
ɰɵ
ɨ
ɧ
ɬ
ɪ
ɚ
ɦ
ɟ
ɪ
ɢ
ɥ
ɧ
ɢ
ɢ
ɯ
ɬ
ɹ
ɫ
ɵɟ
ɦɢ
ɢ
ɹ
ɩ
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɧ
ɢ
ɢ
ɞ
ɚ
ɜ
ɲ
ɤ
ɨ
ɟ
ɧ
ɟ
ɪ
ɢ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɬ
ɶ
ɟ
ɳ
ɨ
ɜ
ɪ
ɵ
ɨ
ɬ
ɚ
ɥ
ɦ
ɢ
ɤ
ɢ
ɚ
ɥ
ɢ
ɬ
ɶ
ɬ
ɟ
ɯ
ɫ
ɥ
ɨ
ɟ
,
ɩ
ɢ
(
ɩɨɪ
ɨ
ɩ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɢ
ɜ
ɜ
ɥ
ɟ
ɨ
ɜ
ɨ
ɧ
ɚ
ɡ
ɢɦ
ɹ
ɩ
ɭ
ɩ
ɳ
ɚ
ɸ
ɪ
ɟ
ɦ
ɨ
ɤ
ɚ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɤ
ɢ
ɥ
ɚ
,
ɶ
ɪ
ɯ
ɧ
ɨ
ɨ
ɠ
ɧ
ɩ
ɥ
ɚ
(
ɲ
ɥ
ɨɪɨ
ɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɹ
ɬ
ɟ
ɜ
ɵ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɨ
ɝ
ɨ
ɡ
ɵ
ɜ
ɦ
ɟ
ɧ
ɩ
ɨ
ɪ
ɩ
ɚ
ɤ
ɸ
ɬ
ɫ
ɦ
ɟ
ɚ
ɡ
ɵ
ɧɵ
,
ɩ
ɨ
ɪ
ɹ
ɞ
ɨ
ɥ
ɨ
ɧɵ
ɚ
ɧ
ɟ
ɥɢ
ɨ
ɲ
ɤ
ɚ
ɰ
ɢ
ɟ
ɯ
ɧ
ɛ
ɨ
ɢ
ɟ
ɦ
ɨ
ɦ
ɜ
ɚ
ɸ
ɧ
ɬ
ɵ
ɪ
ɨ
ɲ
ɤ
ɨ
ɜ
ɫ
ɹ
ɧ
ɧ
ɵ
ɜ
ɚ
ɵ
ɣ
ɭ
ɨ
ɷ
ɬ
ɞ
ɬ
ɪ
ɨ
ɝ
ɢ
ɵ
ɯ
ɟ
ɬ
ɚ
ɤɟ
ɪ
ɤ
ɨ
ɢ
ɣ
ɧ
ɨ
ɥ
ɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɦ
ɩ
ɦ
ɚ
ɬ
ɸɬ
ɵ
ɩ
ɲɤ
ɜ
ɤ
ɢ
ɨ
ɬ
ɧ
ɨ
ɚ
ɸ
ɬ
ɭ
ɱ
ɚ
ɬ
ɨ
ɦ
ɪ
ɟ
ɛ
ɢ
ɣ
ɫ
ɨ
ɚ
ɪ
ɧ
ɪɧ
ɜ
ɬ
ɟ
ɥ
ɨ
ɝ
ɚ
ɨ
ɛ
ɩ
ɪ
ɟ
ɬ
ɟ
ɪ
ɬ
ɫɹ
ɩ
ɨ
ɤ
ɚ
ɢ
ɢ
ɱ
ɬ
ɧ
ɨ
ɩ
ɪ
ɬ
ɫ
ɹ
ɚ
ɫ
ɬ
ɦ
ɭ
ɛ
ɨ
ɜ
:
ɨ
ɟ
ɞ
ɧɵ
ɧ
ɨ
ɟ
ɟ
ɯ
ɧ
ɝ
ɢ
ɱ
ɛ
ɨ
ɪ
ɟ
ɫ
ɫ
ɪ
ɢ
ɚ
ɤ
ɪ
ɩ
ɪ
ɢɦ
ɱ
ɚ
ɫ
ɨ
ɫ
ɢ
ɪ
ɨ
ɢ
ɹ
ɭ
ɬ
ɨ
ɤ
ɞ
ɥ
ɜ
ɚ
ɧ
ɞ
ɢ
ɧ
ɵ
ɟ
ɟ
ɥ
ɧ
ɨ
ɥ
ɱ
ɟ
ɫ
ɪɭ
ɫ
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɥ
ɚ
ɪ
ɢ
ɪ
ɟ
ɫ
ɦ
ɟ
ɟ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɢ
ɬ
ɟ
ɢ
ɫ
ɯ
ɭ
ɥ
ɨ
ɤ
.
ɥ
ɹ
ɧ
ɢ
ɣ
ɧ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɥ
ɢ
ɬ
ɥ
ɨ
ɝ
ɫ
ɤ
ɨ
ɭ
ɞ
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɧ
ɚ
.
ɉ
ɜ
ɵ
ɫ
ɫ
ɨ
ɟ
ɬ
ɬ
ɢ
ɰ
ɟ
ɥ
ɶ
ɯ
ɨ
ɞ
ɨɠ
ɩ
ɨ
ɣ
:
ɧ
ɢ
ɣ
ɞ
ɪ
ɬ
ɶ
ɟ
ɝ
ɢ
ɢ
ɨ
ɝ
ɨ
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɉ
ɨ
ɵ
ɦ
ɢ
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɬ
ɪ
ɢ
ɧ
ɚ
ɶ
ɧ
ɨ
ɞ
ɢ
ɬ
ɠ
ɟ
ɧ
ɨ
-
ɣ
ɪ
.
ɟ
,
ɢ
ɨ
ɚ
-
ɹ
ɨ
-
ɢ
ɚ
-
ɢ
ɚ
-
ɨ
ɬ
ɧ
-
28
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫɠɚɬɢɸ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ, ɢ ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫ-
ɬɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɵ-
ɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɭɸ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟ-
ɜɵɫɢɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɸ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ (ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ). ɑɟɦ
ɩɥɚ-
ɫɬɢɱɧɟɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, ɬɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. Ⱦɥɹ ɯɪɭɩɤɢɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɧɚɫɬɭɩ-
ɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɢ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ,
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸ-
ɳɢɣ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ. ɂɞɟɚɥɢɡɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ
ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɤɚɯ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɸ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɥ
ɬɪɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ. ȼɟ-
ɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɢɥ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɫɫɨ-
ɜɨɤ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ.
ȼ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɪɢ-
ɜɵɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟ-
ɬɨɜ.
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɫɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ
ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ Ʌ.Ⱥ. ɒɨɮɦɚɧɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɦ ɞɥɹ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚ-
ɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ.
ɋɭɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ (ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɤɢ ɤ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ), ɞɥɹ ɨɛ-
ɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɦ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ
29
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ. ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɨɛɴɺɦɭ ɨɩ-
ɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɨ-
ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɞɟɮɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨ-
ɪɨɲɤɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-
ɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɫɫ–ɮɨɪɦɚɯ.
ȼ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲ-
ɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ: ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɫ-
ɫɚɯ ɜ ɩɪɟɫɫ–ɮɨɪɦɚɯ; ɢɡɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɝɚɡɨɜɨɟ, ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɧɨɟ);
ɝɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɥɢɬɶɺ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɲɥɢɤɟɪɨɜ; ɦɭɧɞ-
ɲɬɭɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɬɪɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ; ɝɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ;
ɜɡɪɵɜɧɨɟ (ɞɟɬɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ) ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɟ [8]; ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ
[9]; ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɹɦɢ [10, 11].
ɉɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɡ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫ-
ɧɵɯ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ
ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶɸ. ɉɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɨɜ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟ-
ɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢ-
ɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ.
Ʉ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ [12]:
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɥɟɬɭɱɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸ-
ɳɢɯ, ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɧɨɫɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚ-
ɥɨɜ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧɨɜ, ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɦɚɡɤɢ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɩɭɚɧɫɨɧɨɜ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɟ
-
ɪɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɫɚ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ (ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ) ɜ
ɜɨɞɟ (ɩɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɫɩɢɪɬ–ɉȼɋ, ɦɟɬɢɥɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ–Ɇɐ), ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ (ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɨɜ ɜ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɟ, ɩɨɥɢɦɟɬɢɥɦɟɬɚɤɪɢ-
ɥɚɬɚ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ). Ɇɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧɵ, ɝɥɢ-
ɰɟɪɢɧ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ
ɛɟɪɭɬ ɝɪɚɮɢɬ, ɧɢɬɪɢɞ ɛɨɪɚ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬ-
ɜɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨ-
ɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɚɤɢɯ–ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ-
ɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ
. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ-
30
ɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɡ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɨ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɮɚɡ. ɗɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚɦ ɢɬɬɪɢɣ-ɛɚɪɢɟɜɵɯ
ɤɭɩɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ, ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ
ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭ-
ɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɧɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ, ɯɚ-
ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɟɫ-
ɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɨɬ 70 ɞɨ 90 % ɨɬ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɫɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ [11]. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɤɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 30 %. ɗɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ (ɲɥɢɤɟɪɧɨɟ ɥɢɬɶɟ,
ɷɤɫɬɪɭɡɢɹ, ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ).
Ɉɛɡɨɪ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɤ
ɜɵɜɨɞɭ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤ-
ɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ [10, 11].
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɢɞɭɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ. Ʉ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɟ ɦɟ-
ɬɨɞɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ.
ɍɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɋɭɬɶ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
(ɍɁȼ) ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɍɁ-ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɨɣ, ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɣ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢɥɢ ɚɝ-
ɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɨɜ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ
ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɢɪɭɟɬ
ɜ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɤɟ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɍɁ-ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɤɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɢɡ–ɡɚ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɫɬɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɚɹ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬ-
ɜɟɧɧɨ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɤɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ
ɧɚ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ, ɮɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɢ-
ɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ
ɢ ɫɭɛɡɟɪɟɧ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ɍɨɦɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ.