Анненков Ю.М., Ивашутенко А.С. Перспективные материалы и технологии в электроизоляционной и кабельной технике
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ɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɚɥɤɢɥɫɭɥɶɮɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɭɤɜɚ ɋ.
ɉɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɛɭɬɚɞɢɟɧ-ɧɢɬɪɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɚ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɚ ɢɡ–ɡɚ ɜɵ-
ɫɨɤɨɣ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɦɟɠɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨ-
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɯ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɧɢɬɪɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ
ɤɚɭɱɭɤɨɜ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɧɚ
ɜɚɥɶɰɚɯ.
Ʉɚɭɱɭɤɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɚɦɢ «ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ»
ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɦɚɫɟɥ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜ-
ɧɵɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɭɬɚɞɢɟɧ-ɧɢɬɪɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɢ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɥɨɛɟɧɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ–ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɨɤ, ɪɭɤɚɜɨɜ, ɤɨɥɟɰ, ɦɚɧɠɟɬ, ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ ɆȻɋ,
ɛɟɧɡɨɬɚɪɵ ɢ ɞɪ. Ʉɚɭɱɭɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡ-
ɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɪɟɡɢɧ, ɤɚɛɥɭɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɲɜ
ɨɛɭɜɢ, ɤɥɟɟɜ ɢ ɷɛɨɧɢɬɨɜ, ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ, ɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɜ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞɚɯ.
ɗɫɤɚɩɨɧɨɜɚɹ ɫɦɨɥɚ
ɉɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɷɫɤɚɩɨɧɚ ɫ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɟɪɟɤɢ-
ɫɶɸ ɛɟɧɡɨɢɥɚ (ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɲɢɜɤɭ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ).
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ 13,4 ɝ
ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɷɫɤɚɩɨɧɚ ɫɨ 180 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɢ ɛɟɧɡɨɢɥɚ ɜ ɯɥɨɪɨ-
ɮɨɪɦɟ. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɚɹ ɫɦɨɥɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɗ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ
18 %. Ɉɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ.
ɗɫɤɚɩɨɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɚɤɢ
ɗɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɫɤɚɩɨɧ–ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ
ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɋɄ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɨɦ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɷɫɤɚɩɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɚɤɨɜ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɫɤɚɩɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɚɤɨɜ:
x ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɋɄ ɜ ɛɟɧɡɨɥɟ, ɤɟɪɨɫɢɧɟ, ɫɤɢɩɢɞɚɪɟ;
x ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ: ɷɫɤɚɩɨɧɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɭɧɞ, ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɦɚɫɥɨ, ɛɢɬɭɦ, ɤɚɧɢɮɨɥɶ;
x ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ-ɧɟɨɡɨɧ;
x ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɬɨɪɨɜ-ɪɟɡɢɧɚɬɵ.
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɤɚ Ʌɗ–17:
x ɋɄ–1004, ɗɄȻ–60, ɫɢɤɚɬɢɜ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ–10,
x Ɇɚɫɥɨ ɥɶɧɹɧɨɟ–10, ɪɟɡɢɧɚɬ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ–6,
152
x ɍɚɣɬ–ɫɩɢɪɬ–500.
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɥɚɤɚ Ʌɗ–19:
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɷɫɤɚɩɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɚɤɨɬɤɚɧɟɣ:
ɋɄȻ–100, ɗɄȻ–100, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ–30, ɪɟɡɢɧɚ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ–6, ɧɟɨɡɨɧ–6,
ɤɟɪɨɫɢɧ–400.
ɗɫɤɚɩɨɧɨɜɵɣ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɮɨɥɢɣ
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɛɦɨɬɨɤ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛ-
ɥɹɸɬ ɦɢɤɚɮɨɥɢɣ, ɥɚɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɛɭɦɚɝɭ. ɗɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ
ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɥɢɮɬɚɥɢɟɜɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɦɨɥɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɨɥɹ-
ɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ.
ɇɨɜɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ–ɷɫɤɚɩɨɧɨɜɵɣ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɮɢɥɢɣ (ɗɋɆ–1).
ɇɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɫɤɚɩɨɧɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɬɤɚɧɶ (Ʌɋɗ) ɫɥɨɹ ɝɥɢɮɬɚɥɢɟɜɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ
ɛɚɤɟɥɢɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɚɤɚ.
Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɷɫɤɚɩɨɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟ
-
ɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 2.9). Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵ, ɧɟ-
ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɞɢɷɥɟɤ-
ɬɪɢɤɚɦɢ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɷɫɤɚɩɨɧɨɜ–ɩɥɨɯɚɹ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɹ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɵ. ȼ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɷɫɤɚɩɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ-
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜ. ɂɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦ, ɨɧɢ ɤɨɪɨɡɢɣɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɢ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɷɫɤɚɩɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɤ
ɭ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ, ɧɨ ɦɟ-
ɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ. ɗɫɤɚɩɨɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 400 °ɋ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.9
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɷɫɤɚɩɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
ɋɨɫɬɨɹ-
ɧɢɟ
ı
Ɋ
,
Ɇɉɚ
Ɍ
ɊȺȻ
,
ºɋ
ȇ
V
,
Ɉɦ·ɫɦ
tgį İ
ȿ
ɉɊ
,
Ɇȼ/ɦ
Ɍɜ. ɷɫɤɩɨɧ
ɗɄȻ
Ʌɚɤ Ʌɗ–17
ɋɬɟɤɥɨ
Ʌɚɤɨɬɤɚɧɶ
Ʌɋɗ–19
Ʌɢɩɤɚɹ ɥɟɧ-
ɬɚ
ɋɬɟɤɥɨ
Ɏɨɥɢɣ
ɗɋɆ–1
Ɍɜɟɪɞ.
Ɍɜɟɪɞ.
ɉɥɟɧɤɚ
ɉɥɟɧɤɚ
0,17ɦɦ
ɥɟɧɬɚ
ɥɟɧɬɚ
60
20–80
080
150
80–90
150
160
130
130
10
16
10
14
310
15
410
15
10
14
1.10
15
610
–
4
110
–3
310
–3
110
–3
210
–3
410
–3
7,0
3
3
35
25
78
80
50
25
153
Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.7, ɷɫɤɚɩɨɧɵ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɥɭɱɲɢɯ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɧɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɳɟɣ 160 °ɋ, ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɵɦɢ ɞɢ-
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ, ɷɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧ-
ɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɪɨɥɭ, ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɵɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɦ
ɪɵɧɤɚɯ.
2.6. ɉɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɵ
2.6.1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ
ɉɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɥɚɫɬɨɦɟɪɚɦ ɢ ɧɚɲɥɢ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨ-
ɧɭ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɪɟɡɢɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ, ɜ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɡɧɚɤɨɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ. Ⱦɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ
ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɬ –60 ɞɨ +80 °ɋ.
ɉɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɵ, ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟ-
ɤɭɥɵ ɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɟ
ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɢ –NH–CO–O–; ɨɛɳɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ
ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ : [¾A¾OCOHN¾A'–NHCOO¾]
n
. Ɂɞɟɫɶ Ⱥ – ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ-
ɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ, Ⱥ' – ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɞɢɢɡɨɰɢɚɧɚɬɚ.
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ (ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɰɟɩɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɦɢ
ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚɦɢ, ɨɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ – ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɚɹ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ
ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ). ɗɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬ-
ɜɢɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ, ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ, ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ;
ɩɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɵ. Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɩɨ-
ɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ (ɧɚɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɪ, ɞɢɦɟɬɢɥɮɨɪɦɚɦɢɞɟ).
ɉɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɟɧ, ɤɚɭɱɭɤɨɜ, ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ,
ɥɚ-
ɤɨɜ, ɤɥɟɟɜ ɢ ɞɪ. ɂɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɮɚɡ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɨɧɨɦɟɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ (ɮɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ).
2.6.2. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɢɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɟɣ ɞɢ- ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɢɡɨ-
ɰɢɚɧɚɬɨɜ (ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ Ⱥ' – ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɞɢɢɡɨɰɢɚɧɚɬɚ) ɫ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɞɜɭɯ- ɢ ɬɪɺɯɚɬɨɦɧɵɦɢ
ɫɩɢɪɬɚɦɢ (Ⱥ – ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ). ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ ɱɚ-
ɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ 1,6-ɝɟɤɫɚɦɟɬɢɥɟɧɞɢɢɡɨɰɢɚɧɚɬ, 2,4- ɢ 2,6-
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1
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0
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2
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5
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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,
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-
155
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɩɢ ɢ ɫɲɢɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɜɭɫɬɚɞɢɣɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ
ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɢɡɨɰɢɚɧɚɬɧɵɣ ɮɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɟ ɢɡɨ-
ɰɢɚɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ (ɦɨɥ. ɦ. 1000–5000; ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɢɡɨɰɢɚɧɚɬ-
ɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ – ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2). ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɟ-
ɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ ɫ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɨɣ ɩɪɢ 80–110 °ɋ ɜ ɩɪɢ-
ɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɜɟɞɭɬ ɩɨ ɭɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɨɰɢɚɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɤɨɥ-ɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ
ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ.
ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɮɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɫ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ-
ɦɢ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ 20–100 °ɋ. ɉɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɷɤɜɢɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɢɡɨɰɢɚ-
ɧɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɮɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɇ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ
ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ
ɢɡ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ (ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɬɟɪɦɨ-
ɷɥɚɫɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɢ) ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɜɚɥɶɰɟɜɚɧɢɸ (ɤɚɭɱɭɤɢ). ɉɪɢ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ
ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞ. ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ (ɤɥɟɢ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɥɨ-
ɤɨɧ).
ɉɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɩɪɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɟ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɟ
ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨ-, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɜɭɫɬɚɞɢɣɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ
ɠɢɞɤɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧ-
ɬɨɜ ɜ ɥɢɬɶɟɜɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɋɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɮ-
ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ ɞɨ 30 ɬɵɫ. ɜ
1 ɦɢɧ; ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ
5–10 ɫ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɝɞɟ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ «ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɟ», ɬ. ɟ. ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ (ɩɟ-
ɧɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɷɥɚɫɬɨɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ.).
2.6.3. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɲɢɪɨ-
ɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɰɟɩɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɪɟ-
ɬɚɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɰɟɩɟɣ (ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɚɹ), ɦɨɥɟɤɭ-
ɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɜɹɡɤɢɦɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɢ-
ɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɂɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱ
-
ɧɵɯ ɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɪɟɡɢɧ (ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɒɨɪɭ ɨɬ 15
ɩɨ ɲɤɚɥɟ Ⱥ) ɞɨ ɠɺɫɬɤɢɯ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜ (ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɒɨɪɭ 97 ɩɨ ɲɤɚɥɟ D).
156
ɉɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ (ɄɆ), ɦɟ-
ɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɚ ɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜ
ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɦ. Ʉ
ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɟɪɶɟɡ-
ɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɚɝɪɟɫ-
ɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɵ – ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɭɸ-
ɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ; ɦɨɥ. ɦɚɫɫɚ
(10–50)10
3
; ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫ-
ɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ (ȾɆɎȺ, ȾɆɋɈ, ɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ) ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɯ (ɞɢɨɤɫɚɧ, ɌȽɎ) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ. ɋɟɬɱɚɬɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟ-
ɬɚɧɵ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɸɬ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ; ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɝɭɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɩɪɨ-
ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ (ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ). ɍɪɟɬɚɧɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɨɥɢɝɨɦɟɪɵ – ɜɹɡɤɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɬɵɫɹɱ
ɩɭɚɡ);
ɦɨɥ. ɦɚɫɫɚ 1000–5000; ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫ-
ɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ.
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ (ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ) ɢ
ɧɟɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (ɞɢɩɨɥɶ-ɞɢɩɨɥɶɧɵɯ, ɜɚɧ-ɞɟɪ-ɜɚɚɥɶɫɨɜɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɨ-
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɮɨɪ-
ɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɞɨɧɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɜ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ
ɚɬɨɦɵ
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧ-ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧ ɢ ɩɨ-
ɥɢɚɦɢɞɨɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ – ɚɬɨɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. ɍɪɟɬɚɧɨ-
ɜɵɟ, ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚ-
ɧɨɜ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɞɢɩɨɥɶ-ɞɢɩɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ-
ɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɥ ɦɟɠɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ
ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɵ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ, ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɩɟɣ ɩɨ-
ɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫ-
ɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɚɡɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɥɨɟɧɢɟ (ɦɢɤɪɨɫɟɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ) ɧɚ
ɧɚɞɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɮɚɡɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɚɦɢ,
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ «ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɦ». ȼ ɱɚ-
ɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɬɢɦ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟ-
ɬɚɧɨɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬ-
ɜɚɦɢ (ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ
, ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɢɪɭ), ɛɟɡ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ
ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɣ, ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ
ɮɨɪɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ, ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ, ɥɚ-
157
ɤɨɤɪɚɫɨɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɤɥɟɟɜ, ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɤɨɜ, ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ
(ɜɚɥɨɜ, ɪɨɥɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɭɠɢɧ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.), ɢɡɨɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢɦɩɥɚɧɬɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɢɡ-
ɞɟɥɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨ
ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɭɡɤɢɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ (í60...+80 °ɋ).
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɷɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɩɟɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ,
ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɪɹɞ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɚɡɚ. ɋɢɥɶɧɵɟ
ɦɟɠɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɹɸɬ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɚ: ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɨɛɪɚ-
ɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ (ɬɟɪɦɨɷɥɚɫɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ,
ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ, ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ), ɨɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɜɚɡɢɫɟɬɱɚɬɵɯ ɦɚɬɟ-
ɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɞɪ.). Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɭ ɧɟɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦ-
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ
ɫɟɬɤɚ ɢɡ ɮɢɡɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɰɟɩɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɥ ɦɟɠɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.10
Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɚ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɨ-
ɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɚ
ɇɂɐ
ɉɍ–
5
ɋɄɍ–
ɉɎɅ–
100
ɌɋɄɍ–
Ɏɗ–4
ɋɄɍ
–
ɉɎɅ
–74
ɍɪ–
70 ȼ
ɉɌȽ
Ɏ–
1000
ɋɍɊɗ
Ʌ–20Ɏ
ɋɄɍ–
ɉɎɅ–
100Ɇ
Ⱦɢɚ-
ɮɨɪ–
ɌȾɂ
ɅɍɊ
–ɋɌ
ɌɌ
129/19
4
Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ
ɒɨɪɭ ɭɫɥ.ɟɞ.
88÷
93
95÷
98
40÷
90
88÷
92
70÷
80
95÷
98
93÷
97
95÷
100
86÷
88
75÷
85
80÷
100
ɉɪɟɞɟɥ ɩɪɨɱɧ. ɧɚ
ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ,
ɤɝɫ/ɫɦ
2
320÷
450
350÷
400
250÷
350
400–
450
230–
390
350÷
420
390÷
500
450÷
500
380÷
460
400÷
470
380÷
52
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɡɪɵɜɟ,%
450÷
580
310÷
350
400÷
550
400÷
470
670–
800
310÷
370
330÷
390
350÷
370
500÷
600
600÷
7000
320÷
850
ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɪɚɡɞɢɪɭ, ɤɝɫ/ɫɦ
75÷
100
90÷
110
20–
30
70–
80
30–
45
90–
110
90–
110
85–
95
55–
65
20–
30
90–
110
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɞ-
ɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ, %
ɇɟ
ɛɨ-
ɥɟɟ1
0
ɇɟ ɛɨ-
ɥɟɟ10
ɇɟ ɛɨ-
ɥɟɟ10
ɇɟ
ɛɨ-
ɥɟɟ 8
ɇɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ
15
ɇɟ
ɛɨ-
ɥɟɟ
10
ɇɟ ɛɨ-
ɥɟɟ 8
ɇɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ
10
ɇɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ
10
ɇɟ
ɛɨ-
ɥɟɟ
10
ɇɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ
10
Ɋɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-
ɬɭɪɚ, °ɋ
50 70 80 70 80 80 80 80 80 50 50
158
Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɩɟɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ:
1) ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ: ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɧɟɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɦɚɫɥɨ- ɢ ɛɟɧɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɚɞɝɟ-
ɡɢɟɣ ɤ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ, ɧɚɤɨ-
ɧɟɰ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ, ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɵ, ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟ-
ɪɨɜ.
2) ȼɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɢɡɦɟ-
ɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ
ɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ – ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜ, ɷɥɚɫɬɨɦɟɪɨɜ, ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɩɟɧɨɩɥɚ-
ɫɬɨɜ. Ɍɟɦɢ ɠɟ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ: ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɟɧɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ
ɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɨɦɟɪɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɥɢɬɶɹ; ɥɢɬɶɟ
ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ (ɬɟɪɦɨɷɥɚɫɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ,
ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ); ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲ-
ɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜɚɥɶɰɭɟɦɵɟ ɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɚɫɬɨɦɟɪɵ).
3) Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɫɩɟɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɮɨɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɚ ɜ ɪɟ-
ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɡɨɰɢɚɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɤɚɪɛɨɤ-
ɫɢɥɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɷɮɢɪɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫ-
ɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɟɧɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɫ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ʉ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱ-
ɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ, ɪɟɡɤɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɡɢ-
ɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɣ, ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ, ɥɚɤɨɤɪɚ-
ɫɨɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɤɥɟɟɜ, ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɤɨɜ, ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɢɡɨɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɚ-
ɛɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɦɩɥɚɧɬɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ
ɜɫɩɟɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɪɹɞ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚ-
ɧɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɚɡɚ (ɫɦ
. ɩɟɧɨɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧ).
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɩɨɥɢ-
ɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɬɟɪɦɨɷɥɚɫɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɠ, ɤɥɟɟɜ, ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. ɋɟɬɱɚɬɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɵ,.
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɥɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ. ɉɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɨɧɨɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɢɦɟ-
ɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɬɟɤɫɨɜ ɜ ɥɚɤɨɤɪɚɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɟɜ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɜ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ.
159
ɍɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ – ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɤɚɭɱɭɤɨɜ, ɭɞɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɟɜ, ɥɚɤɨɜ, ɜɢɛɪɨ- ɢ
ɲɭɦɨɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɍɪɟɬɚɧɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɥɢɝɨɦɟɪɵ – ɡɚ-
ɥɢɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɭɧɞɵ; ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨ-
ɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɟɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɤɨɤɪɚɫɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ. «Ȼɟɡɢɡɨɰɢɚɧɚɬ-
ɧɵɟ» ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ.
Ʉɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ: ɋɒȺ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ (ɞɨ 37 %
ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ
), Ɂɚɩ. ȿɜɪɨɩɚ (ɞɨ 42 %), əɩɨɧɢɹ (12 %), ɨɫɬɚɥɶ-
ɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ (10 %). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɵ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɜ 1937 Ɉ. Ȼɚɣɟɪɨɦ ɫ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ.
2.7. Ɏɬɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ
2.7.1. ɉɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧ
ɉɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧ–ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɮɬɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ–
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ: ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨ-
ɫɬɶɸ, ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ,
ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɟɩɨɞ-
ɜɟɪɠɟɧ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɧ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɛɢɨɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɫ ɠɢɜɵ-
ɦɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɦɢ. ɇɚɛɨɪ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨ-
ɪɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɧɚɭɤɢ, ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ
, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɦɟ-
ɞɢɰɢɧɟ ɢ ɛɵɬɭ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2.15. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɦ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɢ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɢ
160
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ–ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢ-
ɨɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ, ɨɬ –269 ɞɨ
+260 °ɋ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪɟɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ.
ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬ-
ɤɨɜ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ. ɋɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɥɚɞɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦ-
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ), ɜ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨ-
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ, ɜ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɢ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ,
ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ. ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ
ɜɵɡɜɚɧɵ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮ-
ɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɭɧɢɱ-
ɬɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɬ-
ɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧ ɫɬɚɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɟ-
ɧɢɬɶ ɜɨ
ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɚɦ,
ɝɞɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ.
Ɋɵɧɨɤ ɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɮɬɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ
Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɮɬɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɧɟ ɜɟɥɢɤ, ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɫɬɚ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɬɨɧɧ,
ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,1 % ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɨɞ-
ɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɮɬɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɡɧɚɱɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ – ɛɨɥɟɟ 2,5 ɦɥɪɞ ɞɨɥɥ. ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɭɸ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɮɬɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɬ-
ɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧ (60–80 %). ɋɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɮɬɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ
ɩɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɨɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɡɚ ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ ɬɢɩɚ «Nafion» ɰɟɧɚ ɜɵ-
ɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɞɨ 50 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɮɬɨɪɩɨ-
ɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɦ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨ-
ɞɭɤɬɨɜ.
ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɮɬɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ
ɬɚɤɨɜɚ: ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ – ɈɈɈ «Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ
Ʉɢɪɨɜɨ-ɑɟɩɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɚ ɢɦ. Ȼ.
ɉ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜɚ»
(ɝ. Ʉɢɪɨɜɨ-ɑɟɩɟɰɤ) ɢ ɈȺɈ «Ƚɚɥɨɝɟɧ» (ɝ. ɉɟɪɦɶ), ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɯɨɥ-
ɞɢɧɝ. ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɮɬɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɟ-
ɫɹɬɤɢ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɝɨɞ; ɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ