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ɪɨɜɤɚ (50–70 ɜɟɫ %), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫ-
ɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɜ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚɬɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ (ɯɥɨɪ- ɢ ɛɪɨɦɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ) ɚɧɬɢɩɢɪɟ-
ɧɵ. ɏɥɨɪɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɯɥɨɪ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ
ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ, ɱɟɦ ɛɪɨɦɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɢɯ ɝɨɪɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɟɬɭɱɢ. Ȼɪɨɦɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ
ɚɧɬɢɩɢɪɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɡɤɨɦ
ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɛɪɨɦɚ
ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɚɥɢɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ.
Ⱥɥɢɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɪɨɦɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵ, ɧɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵ
ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɟ ɛɪɨɦɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɩɢɪɟɧɵ. ɉɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɚɧɬɢɩɢɪɟɧɨɜ
ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ (ɞɢɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɭɪɚɧɨɜ).
ɏɥɨɪɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɩɢɪɟɧɵ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɯɥɨɪɚ
ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ. ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɫ
ɨɤɫɢɞɚɦɢ ɫɭɪɶɦɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɢɫɬɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɞɟɲɟɜɵ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨ-
ɤɨɣ ɫɜɟɬɨɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɠɚɪɨ-
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɧɬɢɩɢɪɟɧɚ. ȼ ɰɟ-
ɥɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɛɪɨɦɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ
3 ɬɢɩɚ ɯɥɨɪɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɚɧɬɢɩɢɪɟɧɨɜ: ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧɵ, ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɥɤɢɥɮɨɫɮɚɬɵ, ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɰɢɤ-
ɥɨɚɥɢɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ.
Ɇɨɝɭɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɫ-
ɮɨɪɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɩɢɪɟɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ. ȼ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ ɊɈ*, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ ɇ* ɢ
Ɉɇ*, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟ-
ɧɢɢ ɚɧɬɢɩɢɪɟɧɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ, ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ,
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɝɢɞɪɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɚɝɟɧɬ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɚɪ-
ɛɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. ɇɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɧɬɢɩɢɪɟɧɨɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɚ. ȿɺ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɨɜ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɬɳɟɩɥɹɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɪɚɞɢ-
ɤɚɥɵ, ɞɟɡɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬ
ɩɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɨɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ ɇ* ɢ Ɉɇ* ɢ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɢ-
ɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɩɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɲɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ. Ʉɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩ-
ɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɮɨɫɮɨɪ, ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɫ-
ɮɚɬɵ, ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɣ ɮɨɫɮɚɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɮɨɫɮɚɬɵ, ɨɪɝɚɧɨɮɨɫɮɚɬɵ
ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɧɚɬɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɨɫɮɢɧɨɤɫɢɞɵ.