Анненков Ю.М., Ивашутенко А.С. Перспективные материалы и технологии в электроизоляционной и кабельной технике
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ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɡ-
ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɮɬɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɏɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬ-4, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɢ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ,
ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɭ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɬɟ-
ɤɭɱɟɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ-
ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɪɨɲ-
ɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ ɩɪɟɫɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦ-
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 375 °ɋ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɭ.
Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɭɸ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɭ ɢɡ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ.
ɋɚɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ ɫ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ–ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɷɬɢɥɟɧ (–ɋɇ
2
–ɋɇ
2
–)
ɩ
. ȿɫɥɢ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɮɬɨɪ, ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭ-
ɱɚɬɫɹ ɮɬɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ (ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ): ɩɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɮɬɨɪɢɞ (–ɋɇ
2
–ɋɇF–)
ɩ
,
ɩɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɢɞɟɧɮɬɨɪɢɞ (ɉȼȾɎ) (–ɋɇF–ɋɇF–)
ɩ
, ɩɨɥɢɬɪɢɮɬɨɪɯɥɨɪɷɬɢ-
ɥɟɧ (–ɋF
2
–ɋɈF–)
ɩ
ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧ (–ɋF
2
–CF
2
)
n
. ɉɨɥɧɚɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ
ɜɫɟɯ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɮɬɨɪ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ.
PTFE ɩɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟғɧ, –[–CF
2
–CF
2
–]
n
–, ɩɚɬɟɧɬ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ
DuPont ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ Teflon
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ
ɉɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟғɧ, ɬɟɮɥɨғɧ ɢɥɢ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚғɫɬ
–4 (–C
2
F
4
–)
n
– ɩɨɥɢ-
ɦɟɪ ɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ (ɉɌɎɗ), ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɟɞɤɢɦɢ ɮɢɡɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ
ɢ
ɜ ɛɵɬɭ
. ɉɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ ɜ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ 1938 ɝɨɞɚ 27-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ
ɭɱɺɧɵɦ-ɯɢɦɢɤɨɦ Ɋɨɟɦ ɉɥɚɧɤɟɬɬɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥ, ɱɬɨ
ɡɚɤɚɱɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɦ ɜ ɛɚɥɥɨɧɵ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧ
ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɛɟɥɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ.
Ɍɟɮɥɨɧ – ɛɟɥɨɟ, ɜ ɬɨɧɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɧɚɩɨ-
ɦɢɧɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ. ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 10007–80 ɨɬ
2,18 ɞɨ 2,21 ɝ/ɫɦ
3
. Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨ- ɢ ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɨɫɬɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɛɤɢɦ ɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɨɬ –70 ɞɨ +270 °C, ɩɪɟ-
ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ. Ɍɟɮɥɨɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɩɨ-
ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɟɣ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɧɢ ɠɢ-
ɪɚɦɢ, ɧɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɉɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟ-
162
ɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ
ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ. ɇɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ
ɞɚɠɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. Ɋɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚɦɢ ɳɟɥɨɱ-
ɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɮɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɬɪɢɮɬɨɪɢɞɨɦ ɯɥɨɪɚ.
Ɍɟɮɥɨɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ, ɜ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ.
Ɍɟɮɥɨɧ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ, ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɩɪɨ-
ɩɢɥɟɧɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ. ɗɬɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ
ɟɝɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɚɷɪɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ.
Ɍɟɮɥɨɧ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɨɤ; ɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɜ
ɬɟɮɥɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɟɜɨɡ-
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɥɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɚɹɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɬɟɮɥɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɜɨ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɨ-
ɜɨɣ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɟ-
ɝɨ ɧɨɠɤɭ ɦɟɛɟɥɢ), ɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɝɨɥɢɬɶɫɹ.
Ɏɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬ (ɬɟɮɥɨɧ) – ɜɟɥɢɤɨɥɟɩɧɵɣ ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ,
ɫ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɢɡ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɫ-
ɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɞɚɠɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɥɶɞɚ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɦɹɝɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɨɧ ɧɟɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɹɠɟɥɨ
ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɟ-
ɧɢɢ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɫɦɚɡɤɢ ɫ ɜɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɟɥɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɦ ɮɬɨ-
ɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɦ, ɢɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ, ɨɫɟɞɚɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɥ-
ɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜ
ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚ-
ɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦ ɫ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɜɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɫɦɚɡɤɢ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ
ɫɱɺɬ ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɚ.
ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɟ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ
ɩɨɥɡɬɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɮɥɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɟ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɮɥɨɧɨɜɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɥɟɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɜɵ-
ɥɟɡɬɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɭ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ
ɚɞɝɟɡɢɢ, ɧɟɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨ-
ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɮɥɨɧ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɬɪɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɟɱɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɤɨɜɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɤɚɫɬ-
ɪɸɥɶ.
ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɲɟ 300 °ɋ ɬɟɮɥɨɧ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ
ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɚɧɰɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜ
ɩɨɫɭɞɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɟ ɞɚɸɳɢɦ
ɩɨɞɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɢɯ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɮɥɨɧ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɟɧ.
Ɍɟɮɥɨɧɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɨɧɱɚɣɲɟɣ ɩɥɺɧɤɢ ɧɚɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɚ ɥɟɡɜɢɹ
ɛɪɢɬɜ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɥɟɜɚɟɬ ɫɪɨɤ ɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɢ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɛɪɢɬɶɺ.
163
ɋɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜ ɢ ɢɧɟɪɬɟɧ ɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ-
ɹɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɜɵɲɟ 200 °C, ɩɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧ ɧɚɱɢ-
ɧɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪ-
ɮɬɨɪɨɤɬɚɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨ PFOA, ɢɥɢ C–8), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨ–
ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɬɟɮɥɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɮɥɨɧɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɪɹɞ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ, ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɮɬɨ-
ɪɢɡɨɛɭɬɢɥɟɧ (C
4
F
8
, ɨɤɬɚɮɬɨɪɢɡɨɛɭɬɟɧ) – ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɹɞɨɜɢɬɵɣ ɝɚɡ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 10 ɪɚɡ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɟɟ ɮɨɫɝɟɧɚ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ: ɝɟɤɫɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɚɧ (C
2
F
6
),
ɨɤɬɚɮɬɨɪɰɢɤɥɨɛɭɬɚɧ (C
4
F
8
), ɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧ (C
2
F
4
), ɝɟɤɫɚɮɬɨɪɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧ
(C
3
F
6
) ɢ ɪɹɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɬɨɪɨɥɟɮɢɧɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɥɮɬɨɪɢɞ (COF
2
, ɞɢ-
ɮɬɨɪɨɮɨɫɝɟɧ), ɬɪɢɮɬɨɪɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ (CF
3
COOH), ɮɬɨɪɢɫɬɵɣ ɜɨɞɨ-
ɪɨɞ (HF) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɬɟɮɥɨɧɚ
ɉɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧ, ɨɧ ɠɟ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬ–4, ɢɥɢ ɬɟɮɥɨɧ, –
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ. ɉɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɧ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɭ,
ɤɜɚɪɰ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɚɝ-
ɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦ ɜ
ɭɡɥɚɯ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɧ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-
ɬɭɪɵ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɚɞɝɟɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤ-
ɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɚɦ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɛɵɬɭ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
(ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ).
ɂ ɜɫɟ ɛɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɤɪɚɣɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɢɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɩɨɥɡɭɱɟɫɬɶɸ (ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ) ɢ ɫɨ-
ɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɫɬɨɟɤ ɤ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɩɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɨɧ ɬɨ-
ɠɟ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɫɦɟɧ. Ɍɚɤ, ɞɨɡɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɞɜɨɟ,
ɧɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɨɣ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɪɢɥɢɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɢ
ɧɚ ɞɜɚ-ɬɪɢ
ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɧ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɤɭ-
ɱɟɫɬɢ.
Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ (ɉɌɎɗ) ɛɨɪɨ-
ɥɢɫɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɟɝɨ «ɫɤɪɟɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ» ɫ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɚɜɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɉɌɎɗ ɫ ɦɟɥɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɦɢ ɞɨ-
ɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ (ɤɨɤɫɨɦ, ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɦ, ɨɤɫɢɞɚɦɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɭɝɥɟ- ɢɥɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɨɥɨɤ-
164
ɧɨɦ) – ɷɬɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɵ, ɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ. ɂ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɵ, ɢ ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɩɨɥɡɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɭɫ-
ɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɉɌɎɗ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɭ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ –
ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɉɌɎɗ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜɟɞɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɭɸ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɚɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ.
Ɍɪɭɞɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɥ ɛɵ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɉɌɎɗ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɨ-
ɯɪɚɧɢɥ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ XX ɢ
XXI ɜɜ. ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɟɱɶ ɩɨɣɞɟɬ ɧɢɠɟ.
ɉɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨ-
ɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ
ɛɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɤɚɱɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ, ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɹɱɟɟɤ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɰɟɩɟɣ (ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɰɟɩɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɧɵɟ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ) ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨ-
ɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɮɬɨɪɚ ɤ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦ ɝɚɡɚɦ ɝɟɥɢɸ ɢ ɧɟɨɧɭ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɮɬɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ.
Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɚɦɨɪɮɨɡɚɦ? ɉɟɪɜɨɟ –
ɷɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ȼɚɧ-ɞɟɪ
-ȼɚɚɥɶɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɮɬɨɪɚ
ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɦ. Ⱥɬɨɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɰɟɩɢ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɚɛɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɟ ɋɇ
2
-ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɦɨ-
ɝɭɬ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ. Ɇɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɢɝɡɚɝɚ, ɝɞɟ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɵ ɪɚɫ-
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɰɟɩɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚ-
ɬɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɣ ɢɡɨɦɟɪ (ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ), ɧɭɠɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɚɹ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ.
ɍ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ – ɚɬɨɦɵ ɮɬɨɪɚ
ɜɡɚɢ-
ɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ. ɂɦ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɜɟɧɚ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɚ-
ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɤɚɠɚɸɬ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɵ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɋ–ɋ, ɱɬɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ
ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɩɨɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ
ɫɜɹɡɶɸ «ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ–ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ», ɰɟɩɶ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶ.
ɉɨɜɨɪɨɬ ɧɚ 180°
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ 15 ɝɪɭɩɩ –CF
2
–. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ
ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɋF
2
-ɝɪɭɩɩ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ
ɥɢɲɶ ɦɚɹɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɉɌɎɗ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ, ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨ-
165
ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɮɬɨɪɚ, ɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ – ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶ ɢɡ
ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɟɩɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚ, ɬɨ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɚ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɸ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟ-
ɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɰɟɩɢ ɜ ɉɌɎɗ ɬɨɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɢ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɜɵɝɨɞɧɵ. ɇɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɚ
ɚɬɨɦɚ ɮɬɨɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ, ɬɨ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ,
ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶ ɪɚɫɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɰɟɩɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ.
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ: ɫɜɹɡɶ ɋ–ɇ ɫɥɚɛɟɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɋ–F, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ
ɩɪɨɱɧɟɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɋ–ɋ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɫɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɮɬɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɬɪɵɜɚ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɜɨɞɨ-
ɪɨɞɚ, ɚ ɭɠ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ
ɚɬɨɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ. ȼ
ɩɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧɟ ɨɬɪɵɜ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɮɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨ-
ɞɢɬ ɧɚɪɚɜɧɟ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɨɦ ɋ–ɋ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ. ɗɬɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɟɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ. Ⱦɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ ɩɨɤɚ ɜ ɡɜɟɧɟ
ɮɬɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɨɞɢɧ ɚɬɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɟɫɬɶ «ɚɯɢɥ-
ɥɟɫɨɜɚ ɩɹɬɚ».
ɂ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɧɚɞɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɚɬɨɦ ɮɬɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ
ɤ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɭ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ, ɞɟɥɚɹ CF-ɫɜɹɡɶ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬ,
ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɚ ɨɬɪɢ-
ɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɰɟɩɟɣ ɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ. Ɉɬɫɸ-
ɞɚ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ.
ɂɬɚɤ, ɡɚɦɟɧɢɜ ɜɫɟ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ
ɰɟɩɨɱɤɟ ɩɨ-
ɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɮɬɨɪ, ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɰɟ-
ɩɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟ-
ɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ.
ȼ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɯ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ «ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ» ɜ ɤɪɢ-
ɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɵ (ɷɬɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɤ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ) ɢ
ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɜ ɧɢɯ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɛɟɫɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɧɨ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ – ɧɚɞɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ. ȼ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɛɟɫɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɜ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɦɨ-
ɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ.
Ɍɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɜ
ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧɟ. ȿɝɨ
ɧɚɞɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɚɦɢ ɫ ɜɵɩɪɹɦ-
ɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɩɹɦɢ ɢ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɨɣ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɟɠɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɉɌɎɗ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɛɨɲɥɨɫɶ
ɛɟɡ ɫɸɪɩɪɢɡɚ. ȼɵɹɫɧɢɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ ɢɦɟɟɬ
166
ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ, ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ
ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɭ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ
ɦɚɫɫɢɜ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ, ɚ ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ
ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɧ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ 98 %. Ɉɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (327 °ɋ) ɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ
ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ.
ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ (10
11
ɉɭɚɡ), ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜ ɧɟ ɬɟɱɟɬ. ɉɪɢ-
ɱɢɧɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ – ɜ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɣ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɟ-
ɝɢɛɤɢɯ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ (ɞɨ 2·10
7
), ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ,
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɰɟɩɟɣ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɹ-
ɡɚɧɧɨɣ – ɨɬɫɸɞɚ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹ-
ɧɢɢ.
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɥɢɬɶɟɦ, ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɨɣ
ɢɥɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɭɡɢɟɣ. ɇɨ ɞɥɹ ɉɌɎɗ ɷɬɢ
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɧɟɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɱɚɫ-
ɬɢɰɵ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ. ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɚɹ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɟɳɟ ɜ 40-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ, ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ ɦɟ-
ɬɨɞɚɦ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ – ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ ɩɪɟɫɫɭɸɬ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɡɚɬɟɦ
ɫɩɟɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɟ-
ɥɚɬɶ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɧɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦ
ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦɭ ɬɟ-
ɥɭ? Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɧ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɟɫɶ ɮɬɨɪɨ-
ɩɥɚɫɬ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɟɪɯɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɧɨɪ-
ɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɟ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ. ȼɨɤɪɭɝ ɩɨɪ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɵɟ
ɧɚɞɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɹ-
ɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɢɬɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɵ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 5–10 ɧɦ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɢɞɧɵɟ
ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɯ ɉɌɎɗ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɧɢɬɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɵ ɢ ɩɨɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ ɞɨ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ.
ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɧɢ – ɬɨ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɧɚɞɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ
ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɦ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɢ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ.
ȿɫɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɞɜɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɪ ɜ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɬɟɬɪɚɮɬɨɪɷɬɢɥɟɧɟ: ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɥɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢ-
ɦɨɫɬɶ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧ ɡɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɜɹɡ-
ɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ «ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɢ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɯɥɨɩɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ
ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɩɟ-
ɤɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɟ ɝɚ-
ɡɵ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɠɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɵ ɧɚ-
167
ɛɥɸɞɚɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ – ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ
«ɛɟɥɵɣ ɤɥɸɱ».
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤ-
ɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɬɢ-
ɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ 12 % ɩɨɪ, ɚ ɧɟɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ – ɞɨ 5 %. ɉɨ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɫɧɨɜ-
ɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɢɬɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɪ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ 10–100
ɧɦ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɉɌɎɗ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɩɨɣɞɟɬ ɪɟɱɶ ɧɢɠɟ.
2.7.2. Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɬɨɪɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ
ɉɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɢɞɟɧɮɬɨɪɢɞ
ɉɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɢɞɟɧɮɬɨɪɢɞ ɢɥɢ ɉȼȾɎ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɰɟɥɵɦ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɨ-
ɢɧɫɬɜ. Ɉɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ
ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɫɥɨɠɢɬɟ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ
ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ, ɬɨ ɜɵ ɫɦɨɠɟɬɟ ɞɨɝɚɞɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ, ɨɫɨ-
ɛɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɵ
ɧɚɣ-
ɞɟɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜɵ
ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɟɫɶ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɨɥɢ-
ɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɉȼȾɎ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚ ɛɨɪɬɭ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ ɧɟ ɛɵ-
ɥɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ɉɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɨɣ-
ɱɢɜ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɵ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨ-
ɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ
ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɛ, ɛɭɬɵɥɨɤ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɣ, ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ. Ⱥ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɫɱɟɬ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ? ɉɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɢɞɟɧɮɬɨɪɢɞ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜ ɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡ-
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ. ɉȼȾɎ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɬɢɥɦɟɬɚɤɪɢɥɚɬɨɦ
(ɉɆɆȺ), ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ ɤ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɭɥɶɬɪɚ-
ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɬɚ. ɉɨɥɢɦɟɬɢɥɦɟɬɚɤɪɢɥɚɬ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ
ɭɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ
ɯɨɬɢɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɉɆɆȺ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ, ɧɚɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫ
ɩɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɢɞɟɧɮɬɨɪɢɞɨɦ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɟ ɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɉȼȾɎ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɹɜɥɹ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɩɶɟɡɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ. ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɫ-
ɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ, ɨɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɮɬɨɪɚ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɱɟɦ
ɚɬɨɦɵ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɬɨ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɮɬɨɪɚ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɢɬɹɝɢɜɚɬɶ ɤ ɫɟɛɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɨɬ
ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɪɭɩ-
ɩɵ –CF
2
– ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɨɬ-
ɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧ ɧɚ ɚɬɨɦɚɯ ɮɬɨɪɚ, ɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ
ɩ
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.
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169
ɫɬɚ–40 ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ 9,8 ɤɇ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ 19,6 Ɇɉɚ ɞɟ-
ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 5 %. ɉɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ Ɏ–40
ɭɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɉȼȾɎ (ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬ–2, ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬ–2Ɇ).
ɉɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬ–40 ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫ
ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɦ–4ɆȻ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɹ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɭ–4. Ɉɧ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ
ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 1000 ɱ) ɩɪɢ 200 °ɋ ɛɟɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ.
Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚ-
ɬɚɰɢɢ 250
°ɋ. ɉɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜ-
ɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɚɦ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬ–40 ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɉɌɎɗ: ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ, ɫɬɨɟɤ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦ,
ɳɟɥɨɱɚɦ, ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ 98 % ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ ɢɥɢ
40 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɟɞɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɪɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɟ, ɚ
ɧɚɛɭ-
ɯɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ 98 % ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 1,0–1,5 %. ɉɥɟɧɤɚ ɢɡ
ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɚ–40 ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɨɫɬɨɣɤɚ ɢ ɝɪɢɛɨɫɬɨɣɤɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɤɪɵɲ ɢ ɫɬɟɧ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɥɢɦɩɢɣɫɤɢɣ «ȼɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɤɭɛ» ɜ ɉɟ-
ɤɢɧɟ.
Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɚ–40 ɜ 100 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ,
ɱɟɦ ɭ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɚ–4 (ɉɌɎɗ). ɉɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɮɬɨɪɨ-
ɩɥɚɫɬ–40 ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɉɌɎɗ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.11
Ɏɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬ–40 ɩɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ-
ɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ
ɉ ɒ ɅȾ–1 ɒ–1 ɒ–2 ɅȾ–2
1. ȼɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɉɨɪɨɲɨɤ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɛɟɡ
ɜɢɞɢɦɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɜɤɥɸ-
ɱɟɧɢɣ
Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɵ ɱɟɱɟɜɢɰɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ
ɢɥɢ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ
2. Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ
ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ %
0,05 0,05 0,05 ɇɟ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ
3. Ɍɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɛɢɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ – ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɦɚɫ-
ɫɵ, % ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
1,2 1,2 1,9 2,7 2,7 3,0
4. ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɡɪɵɜɟ, Ɇɉɚ
(ɤɝɫ/ɫɦ
2
) , ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
31(320) 29(300) 24(250) 31(320) 31(320) 29(300)
5. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡ-
ɪɵɜɟ, %, ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
170 170 100 160 160 160
170
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɦ ɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɦ ɜɨɡ-
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ. ɂɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦɭ (ɞɨ +200 °ɋ) ɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɦɭ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɟ (ɞɨ 10
17
Ɉɦ·ɫɦ) ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬ–40 ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
+120–130 °ɋ. ɉɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ +150
°ɋ ɨɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 10
10
Ɉɦ·ɫɦ.
Ɏɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬ–40 ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɷɤɫ-
ɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɚ–40 ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞ-
ɤɢ, ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢ, ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɡɞɟ-
ɥɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭ-
ɪɟ ɨɬ –100 ɞɨ
+200 °ɋ.
Ɏɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬ–40 ɩɪɢɝɨɞɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɢɡɨɥɹ-
ɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ. ɇɟɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨ-
ɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɸ ɢɡ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɚ–40 ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɦ-
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɚ–40 ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ (ɝɪɚɮɢɬ ɢ ɞɪ.)
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ.
ȼɫɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ
ɢɡ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɚ–40 ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɦɨ-
ɝɭɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟ-
ɧɢɹ (Ɍɍ 301–05–17–89).
Ɏɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬ–40 ɫɬɨɟɤ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɤɢɩɹɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɟɪɧɨɣ, ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɩɥɚɜɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, 45%-ɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨ-
ɪɚ ɟɞɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɪɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ɏɬɨɪɤɚɭɱɭɤɢ
Ɏɬɨɪɤɚɭɱɭɤɢ: ɷɥɚɮɬɨɪ ɫɟɪɢɢ 2000, ɷɥɚɮɬɨɪ 2031 (ɋɄɎ–26/3), ɷɥɚɮ-
ɬɨɪ 2041(ɋɄɎ–26/4), ɷɥɚɮɬɨɪ 2051 (ɋɄɎ–26/5), ɷɥɚɮɬɨɪ 2061 (ɋɄɎ–
26/6), ɷɥɚɮɬɨɪ 2071 (ɋɄɎ–26/7), ɷɥɚɮɬɨɪ 2081 (ɋɄɎ–26/8). ɗɬɢ ɦɚɪɤɢ
ɮɬɨɪɤɚɭɱɭɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɜɢɧɢɥɢɞɟɧɮɬɨɪɢɞɚ ɫ
ɝɟɤɫɚɮɬɨɪɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧɨɦ. Ɏɬɨɪɤɚɭɱɭɤɢ ɗɥɚɮɬɨɪ ɫɟɪɢɢ 2000 ɢɦɟɸɬ ɲɢɪɨ-
ɤɢɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ Ɇɭɧɢ. Ɋɟɡɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɪɚɡ-
ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɥɚɯ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɯ. Ɏɬɨɪɤɚɭɱɭɤɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɷɤɫɬɪɭɡɢɢ ɢ ɲɩɪɢɰɟɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɧɢɡɤɨɜɹɡɤɢɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɟɦ. Ʉɚɭɱɭɤɢ ɗɥɚɮɬɨɪ ɫɟɪɢɢ 2000 ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɩ-
ɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɣ, ɦɚɧɠɟɬ, ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɜ, ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦ, ɲɥɚɧɝɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ.