Анненков Ю.М., Ивашутенко А.С. Перспективные материалы и технологии в электроизоляционной и кабельной технике

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ɉɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɵɲɟ Ɍ

ɋɀ

(80 °ɋ) Ɍɗɉ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɜɹɡɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɟ

ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.

Ⱦɢɟɧ-ɫɬɢɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ Ɍɗɉ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɣ:

ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ 60 °ɋ, ɛɟɧɡɢɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɦɚɫɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ.

ɇɨɜɵɟ Ɍɗɉ ɥɢɲɟɧɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɤ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɨɥɟɮɢɧɨ-

ɜɵɟ Ɍɗɉ, ɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɟ Ɍɗɉ, ɷɮɢɪɧɵɟ Ɍɗɉ.

2.8.2. ɉɨɥɢɨɥɟɮɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɷɥɚɫɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ

ɉɨɥɢɨɥɟɮɢɧɨɜɵɟ Ɍɗɉ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ:

1. Ȼɥɨɤɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚ-

ɰɢɟɣ ɦɨɧɨɦɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɐɢɝɥɟɪɚ–ɇɚɬɬɚ; Ɇɚɤɪɨɦɨ-

ɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ Ⱥ–ȼ–Ⱥ, Ⱥ – ɝɨɦɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ (ɷɬɢ-

ɥɟɧ, ɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧ), ɠɟɫɬɤɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ; ȼ – ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ (ɷɬɢɥɟɧ-ɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧ), ɷɥɚ-

ɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ.

2. Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɚ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɨɥɟɮɢɧɚɦɢ:

ɢɡɨɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧɨɦ, ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɨɦ

, ɢɯ ɫɦɟɫɹɦɢ ɢ ɛɥɨɤɫɨ-

ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ. əɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ (ɷɥɚɫɬɨɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ

ɤɚɭɱɭɤɚ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟ) ɫ

ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɦɟɠɮɚɡɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ Ɍɗɉ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵ-

ɦɢ ɪɟɡɢɧɚɦɢ (ɌɉɊ), ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɚɫɬɨɦɟɪɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨ-

ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ. ȼɵ-

ɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɌɉɊ ɫ ɧɟɫɲɢɬɨɣ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ

ɷɥɚɫɬɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɨɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ «ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɨɣ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ», ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɚɫɬɨɦɟɪɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨ-

ɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ-

ɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɛɪɨɦɮɟɧɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɦɨɥɵ, ɫɟɪɭ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢ-

ɡɚɰɢɢ.

ɉɨɥɢɨɥɟɮɢɧɨɜɵɟ Ɍɗɉ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ

(0,85…0,93 ɝ/ɫɦ

), ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ (ɨɬ –50

ɞɨ +125 °ɋ). ɉɨ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ–ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɤ ɪɟɡɢɧɚɦ ɢɡ

ɷɬɢɥɟɧɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɨɜ: ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɨ– ɢ ɢɡɧɨ-

ɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɝɢɛɭ, ɢɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɢɪɭ,

ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜ, ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɨ-

ɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ.

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧɨɜɵɯ (ɨɥɟɮɢɧɨɜɵɟ) Ɍɗɉ

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.24 ɢ 2.25 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɞɟɥɶ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ tgį ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɨɥɟɮɢɧɨɜɵɯ Ɍɗɉ.

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɢɫ 2.24 ɢ 2.25 ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɷɥɟɤ-

ɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ Ɍɗɉ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɚɦɟ-

ɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ «ɫɚɧɬɨɩɪɟɧ».

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Ɋɢɫ. 2.24. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ:

1 – Ɍɗɉ–305Ʉ – ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ; 2 – Ɍɗɉ ɫɚɧɬɨɩɪɟɧ–ɋɒȺ;3 – ɉɨɥɢɩɪɨɩɢɥɟ

Ɋɢɫ. 2.25. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ tgį ɞɥɹ:

1 – Ɍɗɉ–305Ʉ – ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ; 2 – Ɍɗɉ ɫɚɧɬɨɩɪɟɧ–ɋɒȺ;3 – ɉɨɥɢɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧ

2.8.3. ɉɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɷɥɚɫɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ

ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ Ɍɗɉ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɛɥɨɤɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɫ

ɱɟɪɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɛɥɨɤɚɦɢ ɬɢɩɚ (Ⱥ–ȼ)

: Ⱥ – ɠɟɫɬɤɚɤɣ ɛɥɨɤ –ɞɢɢɡɨɰɢɨɧɚɬɵ;

Ȼ – ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ – ɞɢɟɧɵ (ɛɭɬɚɞɢɟɧ). ɀɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɝ-

ɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ. ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɧɟɝɢɱ-

ɧɵɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɢɥɵ ȼɚɧ ɞɟɪ ȼɚɚɥɶɫɚ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɠɟɫɬ-

ɤɢɯ ɛɥɨɤɚɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɨɷɥɚɫɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ

ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ Ɍɗɉ.

ɉɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɟ Ɍɗɉ

ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɡ

ɚɥɢɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ (ɩɨɥɢɨɤɫɢɚɥɤɢɥɟɧɝɥɢɤɨɥɢ) ɩɨɥɢ-

ɷɮɢɪɨɜ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɦɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ, ɞɢɢɡɨɰɢɚɧɚɬɨɜ (4,4'-

ɞɢɮɟɧɢɥ-ɦɟɬɚɧɞɢɢɡɨɰɢɚɧɚɬ) ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɞɢɨɥɨɜ (1,2-

ɛɭɬɚɧɞɢɨɥ, ɷɬɢɥɟɧɝɥɢɤɨɥɶ). ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ

ɩɨɥɢɨɥɵ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɰɟɩɧɵɟ ɞɢɨɥɵ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɞɢɢɡɨɰɢɚɧɚɬɚɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ

ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ Ɍɗɉ-ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɨɬ –40 ɞɨ +80 °ɋ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ-

ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨ 120 °ɋ, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣ-

ɤɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɦɚɫɥɚɯ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ,

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ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ. ɍɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɟ

Ɍɗɉ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɜɵɫɨ-

ɤɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɢɪɭ, ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣ-

ɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɟ Ɍɗɉ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ

ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ – 200 °ɋ, ɷɬɢ

ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵ ɤ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɢ

ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ

ɩɨ-

ɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ, ɜɵɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɍɎ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ,

ɩɥɨɯɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵ-

ɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ.

2.8.4. ɉɨɥɢɷɮɢɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɷɥɚɫɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ

ɉɨɥɢɷɮɢɪɧɵɟ Ɍɗɉ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɛɥɨɤ–ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ ɬɢɩɚ

(Ⱥ–ȼ)

. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɟ ɞɢɦɟɬɢɥɬɟɪɟɮ-

ɬɚɥɚɬɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɟɬɢɥɝɥɢɤɨɥɹ ɩɪɢ 240–260 °ɋ. ȼ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ

ɞɢɦɟɬɢɥɬɟɪɟɮɬɚɥɚɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɣ ɛɥɨɤ (Ⱥ), ɬɟɬɪɚɦɟɬɢɥɝɥɢɤɨɥɶ

ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ (ȼ). ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɷɮɢɪɧɵɯ Ɍɗɉ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ

ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ. Ɍɗɉ ɪɚ-

ɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɬ –50 ɞɨ +150 °ɋ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɵ-

ɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ ɢ

ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɢɡɝɢɛɭ, ɜɥɚɝɨ- ɢ

ɝɚɡɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɬɨɩ-

ɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɢ ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜ, ɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɤɨɧ-

ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɦɟ-

ɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ı

ɊȺɁ

> 40Ɇɉɚ; ¨l

ɊȺɁ

= (500–800) %.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.14

ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ Ɍɗɉ

ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ

Ɍɟɪɦɨɷɥɚɫɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ

Ⱦɢɟɧɜɢɧɢɥ–

ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ

ɍɪɟɬɚɧɨ-

ɜɵɟ

ɉɨɥɢ-

ɷɮɢɪɧɵɟ

ɉɨɥɢɨɥɟ-

ɮɢɧɨɜɵɟ

, Ɇɉɚ

ɩɪɢ 20 °ɋ

ɩɪɢ 70 °ɋ

ɩɪɢ 100 °ɋ

24–35

2–3

–

25–55

8–10

1–4

16 –45

10–23

8 –15

9 –27

7–17

4–12

Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ

ɪɚɡɪɵɜɟ

, %

750–1000 3580–550 500–800 300–600

ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɢɪɭ, ɤɇ/ɦ 25–50 75–130 50–120 60–100

Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ

ɩɨ ɒɨɪɭ Ⱥ

ɩɨ ɒɨɪɭ Ⱦ

65–90

–

75–95

40–60

80–95

40 –70

65–90

50–60

Ɋɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, °ɋ ɋɂɋ–(40–50) °ɋ,

ɋȻɋ–(70–80) °ɋ

–40

ɞɨ +80 °ɋ

–50

ɞɨ +150 °ɋ

–50

ɞɨ +125 °ɋ

184



ɂɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 2.14 ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ

ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-

ɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɷɮɢɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɪɷɥɚɫɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ. ɗɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɟ-

ɤɨɪɞɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ +150 °ɋ.

Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ Ɍɗɉ

ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ Ɍɗɉ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚ-

ɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɤ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɥɢɬɶɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɷɤɫɬɪɭɡɢɹ, ɤɚɥɚɧɞɪɨ-

ɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɨɟ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɲɩɪɟɞɢɧɝɨɜɚɧɢɟ.

ɉɪɢ ɤɚɥɚɧɞɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɚɥɤɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ: ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɚ-

ɥɨɤ – 105–110 °ɋ, ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɚɥɨɤ – 95–100 °ɋ, ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɜɚɥɨɤ – 55–60 °ɋ.

Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɲɩɪɟɞɢɧɝɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ: ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ

ɬɤɚɧɢ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɣ ɢɡ Ɍɗɉ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ

ɩɪɢ ɪɟɠɢ-

ɦɚɯ: ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ – 140–170 °ɋ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – 7–10 Ɇɉɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ-

ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɬɶɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ: ɩɪɢ Ɍ = 160 °ɋ, ɥɢɬɶɟ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɲɧɟɤɨɜɵɦ

ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ Ɍɗɉ

Ɉɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɷɥɚɫɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ

ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡ-

ɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɪɦɚɦɢ ɤɚɛɟɥɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢ-

ɟɦ ɬɟɪɦɨɷɥɚɫɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ-

ɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɭɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɭɩɥɨɬ-

ɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɥɟɟɜ, ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ.

2.9. ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɵ

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɵ – ɤɥɚɫɫ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ. ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɨ-

ɜɚɧ ɜ 1955 ɝ. Ɋɨɛɢɧɫɨɧɨɦ.

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞ – ɧɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ

ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɥɢ-

ɢɦɢɞɧɚɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɩɪɢ 473 Ʉ (200 °ɋ) ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶ-

ɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ, ɩɪɢ 573 Ʉ–1000 ɱ, ɩɪɢ 673 Ʉ – ɞɨ 6 ɱ. Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɚ

ɧɟ

ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɟ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢ-

ɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ

ɞɚɠɟ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤ ɩɥɟɧɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɮɨɥɶɝɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɵɦ

ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɦ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬ-

ɫɹ ɡɚ 5 ɫ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ), ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɨɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ-

ɥɹɟɬ 788 Ʉ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɚ – 1088

Ʉ.

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɸ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɳɟɥɨɱɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɤɜɨɡɧɵɟ

185



ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɥɟɧɤɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ

ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞ-

ɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɟ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɵ-

ɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɧɤɨɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ Cr–ɋɢ), ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-

ɞɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ – ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɟ-

ɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ, ɩɨ ɫɭ-

ɳɟɫɬɜɭ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɭɸ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ

ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɫ ɨɛ-

ɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ. Ⱦɨɫɬɢɝɚ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 250 ɝ/ɥ)

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NaOH ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɩɪɢ 353 Ʉ (80 °ɋ). ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ

ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɬɥɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ ɜ ɚɬɦɨ-

ɫɮɟɪɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ

ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ

ɟɫɥɢ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ

ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɦ. ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɟɧ ɩɪɢ

ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɢ ɝɢɛɤɢɯ ɬɨɧ-

ɤɨɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬ (ɪɟɡɢɫɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ

ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɚɯ ɧɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ). ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞ

ɩɪɢɝɨɞɟɧ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɝɨ-

ɬɨɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ

ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 70–100 ɦɤɦ.

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ,

ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɟɝɨ tg = 0,003. ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɥɚɝɨɩɨɝɥɨ-

ɳɟɧɢɟɦ, ɢ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ

ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ: ɬɚɤ, ɩɪɢ 493 Ʉ ɟɝɨ tg = 0,0006. ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞ

ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ:

– ɉɥɟɧɤɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 8–100 ɦɤɦ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɮɨɥɶɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ, ɩɪɟɞ-

ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɢɛɤɢɯ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬ, ɲɥɟɣɮɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɟɤ ɬɨɧɤɨɩɥɟ

ɧɨɱɧɵɯ Ƚɂɋ.

– Ʌɚɤ ɉȺɄ, ɫɬɨɣɤɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɫɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ 470–520 Ʉ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨ

ɩɪɢ 573 Ʉ, ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ 670 Ʉ.

– ɉɪɟɫɫ-ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ

ɩɪɢ 590 Ʉ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ 100 Ɇɉɚ.

– ɉɟɧɨɩɥɚɫɬ (ɩɟɧɨɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞ) ɫ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ 0,8–2,5 ɝ/ɫɦ

, ɩɪɢɦɟ-

ɧɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɟɩɥɨ- ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ 90–520 Ʉ.

– ɋɬɟɤɥɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɤ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɚ, ɫɬɨɣɤɢɣ ɞɨ 670 Ʉ, ɢ ɭɝɥɟ-

ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤ, ɧɟ ɬɟɪɹɸɳɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ 550 Ʉ.

– ɂɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɥɟɧɬɚ, ɫɬɨɣɤɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɨ 500 Ʉ.

ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɚ – ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɚɝɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ (1–3 % ɡɚ

30 ɫɭɬ.), ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɭɲɤɟ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ

ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ

ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ) ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ.

186



ɉɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɚɦɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 100 ɥɟɬ ɧɚɡɚɞ, ɛɵɥɢ

ɮɟɧɨɥɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɞɟɝɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɦɨɥɵ (ɎɎɋ). Ʉɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɦɨɥ ɹɜɥɹ-

ɸɬɫɹ ɮɟɧɨɥ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɞɟɝɢɞ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɫ-

ɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɞɨ 450–470 Ʉ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɎɎɋ – ɪɟɡɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ

ɧɨɜɨɥɚɱɧɵɟ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɵɪɶɟɦ

ɞɥɹ ɎɎɋ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɞɟɲɟɜɢɡɧɭ ɢ ɩɨ

ɫɬɨɹɥɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɧɨ-

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɟ ɎɎɋ ɲɢɪɨ-

ɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɤɪɚ-

ɫɨɤ (ɥɚɤ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɎɎɋ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɤɟɥɢɬɨɜɵɦ), ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨ-

ɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.

ɍɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɎɎɋ – 10

–10

Ɉɦ·ɫɦ,

tg = 0,015 ɩɪɢ f = 10

Ƚɰ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ 10–18 Ɇȼ/ɦ,

10–11 (50 Ƚɰ) ɢ 6 (10

Ƚɰ). Ⱦɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ 210–470 Ʉ.

Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɎɎɋ ɢ ɪɭɛɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ (ɭɝɥɟ-

ɩɪɟɫɫɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɬ) ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ – ɤɪɚɬɤɨ-

ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɨ 800 Ʉ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɟ ɝɟɬɢɧɚɤɫ

ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɥɢɬ–ɫɥɨɢɫɬɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɎɎɋ ɫ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɦ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟ-

ɜɵɦ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɎɎɋ – ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɚ ɨɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ.

2.9.1. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ

ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ (ɉɂ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ:

(2.7)

Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢ R – ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɢ: Q –

ɚɧɝɢɞɪɢɞɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚ; R – ɞɢɚɦɢɧɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚ.

ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ Q ɢ R ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ

ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ.

Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɦɢɞɧɵɦɢ

ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɶɰɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ Q ɢ R:

187



(2.8)

Ɍɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ; ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ

ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ; ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢ-

ɬɟɥɹ.

ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ:

ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ Q ɢ R ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɞɢɚɧ-

ɝɢɞɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɢɚɦɢɧɧɨɝɨ). ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɩɨɥɢ-

ɢɦɢɞɨɜ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɟɦ-

ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɦɨɫɬɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ

ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜ Q ɢ R ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ. ɗɬɢ

ɦɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ

ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɚɦɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ

ɧɚ 4 ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:

Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ Ⱥ

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɢ ɢɦɢɞɧɵɯ

ɰɢɤɥɨɜ.

(2.9)

ɀɟɫɬɤɢɟ, ɯɪɭɩɤɢɟ, ɧɟ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ.

Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ Ȼ

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɵ ɜ ɞɢɚɧɝɢɞɪɢɞɧɨɦ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɟ.

(2.10)

ɏɪɭɩɤɢɟ, ɧɟ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ, ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ.

Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ȼ

ɉɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɵɟ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜ

ɞɢɚɦɢɧɨɦ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɟ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ.

(2.11)

188



ɗɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ-

ɫɬɶɸ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ.

Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ Ƚ

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɵ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ Q

ɢ R. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɢɦɟɸɬ

ɱɟɬɤɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɤ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.15

ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ

ɉɨɥɢɦɟɪ Q R T

ɊȺɁ

,Ʉ

ɉȻ–1

ɉɆ

ɉɎȽ

ȾɎɈ–

ɆɎ

ȾɎɈ

ȾɎɈ–Ɋ

Ɋ–Ɋ

Ɍɨɠɟ

ɧɟɬ

578

548

488

468

2.9.2. ɋɢɧɬɟɡ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ

ɉɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɢɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɧɝɢɞɪɢɞɨɜ

ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɬɪɚɤɚɪɛɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ (Q) ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɞɢɚɦɢɧɨɜ (R):

Ⱥɪɨɦ. ɞɢɚɧɝɢɞɪ. ɌɄɄ + ɚɪɨɦ. ɚɦɢɧɵ ĺ ɉɂ

ɋɢɧɬɟɡ ɉɂ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ:

1. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɚɦɢɞɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (ɉȺɄ)

(2.12)

2. Ⱦɟɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɹ (ɢɦɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ) ɉȺɄ

189



(2.13)

Ⱦɟɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ

Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɦɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɉȺɄ

ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ:

– ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɉȺɄ;

– ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ;

– ɫɭɲɤɚ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɢ 300–400 Ʉ;

– ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɞɨ 570–670 Ʉ, ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɚ 15–60 ɦɢɧ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ

ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ:

(2.14)

Ɉ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɦɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɦ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟ-

ɧɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ:

1780 ɫɦ

–1

– ɩɨɥɨɫɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɋ=Ɉ,

1380 ɫɦ

–1

– ɩɨɥɨɫɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɋ=N.

ɉɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ–

ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣ-

ɫɬɜɚɯ.

ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɦɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɉȺɄ

ɉɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ,

ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ

ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɦɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɹɝɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ.

ɉɥɟɧɤɚ ɉȺɄ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ (290–340) Ʉ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ: ɛɟɧɡɨɥ, ɭɤ-

ɫɭɫɧɵɣ ɚɧɝɢɞɪɢɞ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ – ɧɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɩɨɥɢ-

ɢɦɢɞɚ.

190

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2.9.3. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ

ɇɟɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ – ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ

ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ. ɇɢɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɵ

ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɟɪɢɨɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ

ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 873 ɞɨ 573 Ʉ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ – ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ

ɞɢɚɦɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ (R):

873 Ʉ

850 Ʉ

840 Ʉ

820 Ʉ

780 Ʉ

6. 750 Ʉ

570 Ʉ.

Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ–ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɨɬ ɠɟɫɬ-

ɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɜ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɟ R ɤ ɝɢɛɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ. ɇɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚ-

ɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɵ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ R ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬ-

ɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɋɇ

. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ Q ɦɚɥɨ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ

ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ.

Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɨɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɨɜ

ɉɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ: ɪɚɡɪɵɜ

ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ; ɫɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ; ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ; ɞɨɢɦɢɞɢɡɚ-

ɰɢɹ; ɝɚɡɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɋɢɫ. 2.26. ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɪɚɡɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ

ɩɥɟɧɨɤ ɉɆ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɯ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ 723 Ʉ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɫ-

ɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭ-

ɥɚɯ ɩɨɥɢɢɦɢɞɚ.

Ɋɢɫ. 2.26. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ ɉɆ (ɩɨɥɢɩɢɪɨɦɟɥɥɢɬɢɦɢɞ):

1 – ɞɨ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ; 2 – ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ 723 Ʉ