Zuo-Guang. Ye Advanced Dielectric Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Materials: Synthesis, Characterisation and Applications

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Handbook of dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials960

The modulated anti-parallel ferroelectric domains with different geometric

patterns have been used to focus, switch and deflect a light beam through the

electro-optic effect. Yamada et al. (1996) and Chiu et al. (1996) prepared the

electric-field induced cylindrical lens, switching and deflection devices

composed of the inverted domain array. These micro-optical devices can

align the light beam and yield high-quality optical systems at low cost,

therefore, they are especially suitable for integrated optics fabricated in

ferroelectric substrates.

31.7 Outlook

Superlattices have opened an area to the development of new synthetic materials

that do not exist in nature. The flexibility in the choice of superlattice materials

allows superlattices to exhibit a wide range of tailorable properties that are

of interest for scientific and technological purposes. Recently, much interest

has been aroused on new applications of DSLs, such as engineerable

compression of ultrashort pulses in chirped-periodic DSL (Arbore et al.,

1997; Reid et al., 1998), amplitude squeezing (Serkland et al., 1997),

wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) (Chou et al., 1998) and cascaded

nonlinearity (Landry and Maldonado, 1997; Qin et al., 1998), Engineered

QPM patterns also hold great promise for use in soliton systems. For example,

soliton-based signal compression and shaping in QPM structures with

longitudinal chirps has been proposed. (Torner et al., 1998) Spatial switching

between different output soliton state has been predicted in QPM geometries

with dislocations, tilts and wells (Clausen et al., 1999). More recently, quadratic

spatial solitons have been observed in a DSL LN (Bourliaguet et al., 1999).

QPM also opens the search for better nonlinear media to new classes of

materials, such as poled-polymer and fused-silica films, diffusion-bonded

stacks of plates, laterally patterned semiconductors and asymmetric quantum

wells (Byer, 1997). Among them, silica and other glasses are particularly

attractive, since they are dominant materials in information technology and

in the development of fiber laser sources. These glasses offer high transparency,

low cost, a high optical damage threshold and straightforward integrability.

Moreover, rare-earth doping of glass fibers has allowed the development of

important laser devices, such as erbium-doped fiber amplifiers and high-

power CW and pulsed fiber lasers. Unfortunately, the inversion symmetry of

the glass matrix prevents the frequency conversion of coherent radiation

through second-order parametric processes. The recent discovery that poling

techniques can provide permanent and large second-order nonlinearity in

silica made it possible to implement QPM in glass and glass waveguides and

fibers. Periodically poled glass waveguides and fibers are ideal for a wide

range of QPM processes, such as frequency conversion of fiber lasers,

difference-frequency generation as a means for frequency conversion of

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Novel physical effects in dielectric superlattices 961

telecommunication wavelengths, generation of correlated photon pairs by

parametric processes for quantum cryptography, and cascading of second-

order nonlinearities to produce equivalent third-order effects (self- and cross-

phase modulation) for all-optical switching (Pruneri et al., 1999; Bonfrate et

al., 1999). Recently, greater than 20% efficient frequency doubling of 1532

nm nanosecond pulses has been realized in QPM germanosilicate optical

fibers (Pruneri et al., 1999).

The DSL can also be applied to beam control, beam focusing and beam

steering (Chiu et al., 1996; Yamada et al., 1996). The ability to

photolithographically pattern the DSL structure allows the consideration of

prism and lens arrays for these applications. Beam deflection with prism

arrays and focal length control, optical switching has been demonstrated

successfully. These results show that the possibilities for extending the use

of DSL to control optical beams are open for further exploration and

development.

31.8 Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the State Key Program for Basic Research of

China (Grant Nos. 2004CB619003 and 2006CB921804), by the National

Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10523001, 10504013,

10674065 and BK2005076).

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