Zuo-Guang. Ye Advanced Dielectric Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Materials: Synthesis, Characterisation and Applications

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Handbook of dielectric, piezoelectric

and ferroelectric materials

WPNL2204

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WPNL2204

Handbook of

dielectric,

piezoelectric and

ferroelectric materials

Synthesis, properties and

applications

Edited by

Zuo-Guang Ye

Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing

on behalf of

The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining

CRC Press

Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC

OODHEAD

PUBLISHING

LIMITED

Cambridge England

iii

WPNL2204

Woodhead Publishing Limited and Maney Publishing Limited on behalf of

The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining

Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Abington

Cambridge CB21 6AH, England

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WPNL2204

Contents

Contributor contact details xix

Introduction xxvii

Part I High-strain, high-performance piezo- and

ferroelectric single crystals

1 Bridgman growth and properties of PMN-PT based

single crystals 3

P HAN, J TIAN and W YAN, H.C. Materials Corporation, USA

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Crystal growth 6

1.3 Imperfection 13

1.4 Property characterization 15

1.5 Optimization of cut directions 25

1.6 Conclusions and future trends 30

1.7 Appendix 31

1.8 References 35

2 Flux growth and characterization of PZN-PT and

PMN-PT single crystals 38

L-C LIM, National University of Singapore, and Microfine Materials

Technologies Pte Ltd, Singapore

2.1 Introduction 38

2.2 Flux growth of PZN-PT and PMN-PT single crystals 40

2.3 Effect of flux composition 42

2.4 Growth of relaxor single crystals of low PT contents:

PZN–(4–7)%PT 44

2.5 Flux growth of relaxor single crystals of high PT contents:

PMN–(28–34)%PT 47

2.6 Other commonly encountered problems 52

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2.7 Properties of flux-grown PZN–PT and PMN–PT single

crystals 57

2.8 Comparison with reported property values 60

2.9 Future trends 62

2.10 Conclusions 64

2.11 Acknowledgements 65

2.12 References and further reading 65

3 Recent developments and applications of

piezoelectric crystals 73

W S HACKENBERGER, J LUO, X JIANG, K A SNOOK and P W REHRIG

TRS Technologies, USA and S ZHANG and T R SHROUT,

Pennsylvania State University, USA

3.1 Introduction 73

3.2 Crystal growth and characterization of relaxor

piezoelectrics 74

3.3 Dynamic performance of piezoelectric crystals with

frequency and dc bias 83

3.4 Single crystal piezoelectric actuators 87

3.5 Single crystal piezoelectric transducers 92

3.6 Conclusions and future trends 97

3.7 References 98

4 Piezoelectric single crystals for medical ultrasonic

transducers 101

S M RHIM, Humanscan Co. Ltd, Korea and M C SHIN and S-G LEE,

IBULe Photonics Co. Ltd, Korea

4.1 Introduction 101

4.2 Piezoelectric single crystals 102

4.3 Single crystal transducers 107

4.4 Conclusions and future trends 125

4.5 References 127

5 High-performance, high-

piezoelectric crystals 130

S J ZHANG, Pennsylvania State University, USA, J LUO, TRS

Technologies Inc., USA and D W SNYDER and T R SHROUT,

Pennsylvania State University, USA

5.1 Introduction 130

5.2 Background on the growth of relaxor–PT single crystals 135

5.3 Modification of PMNT single crystals 135

5.4 Relaxor–PT systems with high Curie temperature 137

5.5 High T

bismuth-based perovskite single crystals 141

Contentsvi

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5.6 Non-perovskite piezoelectric single crystals 145

5.7 Summary 149

5.8 Future trends 150

5.9 Acknowledgment 151

5.10 References 151

6 Development of high-performance piezoelectric

single crystals by using solid-state single crystal

growth (SSCG) method 158

H-Y LEE, Sunmoon University and Ceracomp Co. Ltd, Korea

6.1 Introduction 158

6.2 Solid-state crystal growth (SSCG) process 159

6.3 Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of BZT, PMN–PT,

and PMN–PZT single crystals 163

6.4 Conclusions and future trends 170

6.5 References 170

7 Piezo- and ferroelectric (1–

)Pb(Sc

1/2

–

PbTiO

solid solution system 173

Y-H BING and Z-G YE, Simon Fraser University, Canada

7.1 Introduction 173

7.2 Synthesis, structure, morphotropic phase diagram, and

properties of the (1–x)Pb(Sc

1/2

–xPbTiO

solid

solution ceramics 176

7.3 Growth of relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Sc

1/2

and

(1–x)Pb(Sc

1/2

–xPbTiO

single crystals 185

7.4 Properties of Pb(Sc

1/2

and (1–x)

Pb(Sc

1/2

–x PbTiO

single crystals 191

7.5 Concluding remarks and future trends 201

7.6 Acknowledgements 202

7.7 References 202

8 High Curie temperature piezoelectric single crystals

of the Pb(In

1/2

–Pb(Mg

1/3

2/3

–PbTiO

ternary materials system 205

Y J YAMASHITA and Y. HOSONO, Toshiba R&D Center Japan

8.1 Introduction 205

8.2 PIMNT ceramics 208

8.3 PIMNT single crystals grown by the flux method 212

8.4 PIMNT and PSMNT single crystals grown by the Bridgman

method 216

Contents vii

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8.5 Future trends 227

8.6 Conclusions 228

8.7 References 229

Part II Field-induced effects and domain engineering

9 Full-set material properties and domain engineering

principles of ferroelectric single crystals 235

W CAO, Pennsylvania State University, USA

9.1 Introduction 235

9.2 Technical challenges and characterization methods 237

9.3 Complete set material properties for a few compositions

of PMN–PT and PZN–PT single crystals 248

9.4 Correlation between single domain and multi-domain

properties and the principle of property enhancement in

domain engineered ferroelectric single crystals 256

9.5 Summary 260

9.6 References 263

10 Domain wall engineering in piezoelectric crystals

with engineered domain configuration 266

S WADA, University of Yamanashi, Japan

10.1 Introduction 266

10.2 History of engineered domain configuration 267

10.3 Effect of engineered domain configuration on

piezoelectric property 268

10.4 Crystal structure and crystallographic orientation

dependence of BaTiO

crystals with various engineered

domain configurations 269

10.5 Domain size dependence of BaTiO

crystals with

engineered domain configurations 278

10.6 Role of non-180° domain wall region on piezoelectric

properties 286

10.7 New challenge of domain wall engineering using

patterning electrode 290

10.8 New challenge of domain wall engineering using uniaxial

stress field 294

10.9 What is domain wall engineering? 298

10.10 Conclusions and future trends 300

10.11 Acknowledgements 301

10.12 References 301

Contentsviii

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11 Enhancement of piezoelectric properties in

perovskite crystals by thermally, compositionally,

electric field and stress-induced instabilities 304

D DAMJANOVIC, M DAVIS and M BUDIMIR, Swiss Federal Institute of

Technology – EPFL, Switzerland

11.1 Introduction 304

11.2 Deformation of perovskite crystals under external fields 305

11.3 Anisotropy of a free energy and piezoelectric enhancement 317

11.4 Final remarks 326

11.5 References 329

12 Electric field-induced domain structures and phase

transitions in PMN–PT single crystals 333

V H SCHMIDT and R R CHIEN, Montana State University, USA and

C-S TU, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan

12.1 Introduction 333

12.2 Experimental methods 335

12.3 Polarizing microscopy as applied to perovskite-structure

crystals 336

12.4 Thermal stability of various PMN–PT compositions 341

12.5 Field-dependent domain structures of various PMN–PT

compositions 349

12.6 Field-poling effect on optical properties 357

12.7 Relation of results to Landau free energy 359

12.8 Conclusions 362

12.9 References and further reading 363

13 Energy analysis of field-induced phase transitions in

relaxor-based piezo- and ferroelectric crystals 366

T LIU and C S LYNCH, The Georgia Institute of Technology, USA

13.1 Introduction 366

13.2 Background 367

13.3 Multi-field-induced phase transitions 368

13.4 Energy analysis of phase transitions 373

13.5 Discussion 381

13.6 Concluding remarks and future trends 382

13.7 Acknowledgement 383

13.8 References 383

Contents ix

WPNL2204