Zuo-Guang. Ye Advanced Dielectric Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Materials: Synthesis, Characterisation and Applications
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Shujun Zhang and Tom R Shrout
Materials Research Institute
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, PA 16802
USA
E-mail: wes@trstechnologies.com;
jun@trstechnologies.com
Chapter 4
Sung Min Rhim
Humanscan Co. Ltd
Ansan-si
Kyunggi-do 425-110
Korea
Min Chul Shin and Sang-Goo Lee*
IBULe Photonics Co. Ltd
7-39 Songdo-dong
Yeonsu-gu
Incheon 406-840
Korea
E-mail: Sanggoo7@ibule.com
Chapter 5
Shujun Zhang* and Thomas R
Shrout
Materials Research Institute
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, PA 16802
USA
Jun Luo
TRS Technologies Inc.
2820 E. College Avenue
State College, PA 16801
USA
David W Snyder
Electro-Optics Center
Pennsylvania State University
Freeport, PA 16229
USA
E-mail: tshrout@psu.edu;
soz1@psu.edu
Chapter 6
Ho-Yong Lee
Department of Materials Science
and Engineering
Sunmoon University
Asan 336-708
Korea
and
Ceracomp Co. Ltd
3F-3309
Chungnam Techno Park
Cheonan
Chungnam 330-816
Korea
E-mail: hlee@sunmoon.ac.kr;
hlee@ceracomp.com
Chapter 7
Yonghong Bing
Department of Chemistry
University of Washington
Box 351700
Seattle
Washington, 98195-1700
USA
E-mail: bingy@u.washington.edu
Contributor contact detailsxx
WPNL2204
Z-G Ye
Department of Chemistry
Simon Fraser University
Burnaby
BC, V5A 1S6
Canada
E-mail: zye@sfu.ca
Chapter 8
Yohachi (John) Yamashita* and
Yasuharu Hosono
Toshiba R&D Center
1 Komukai Toshiba-cho
Saiwaiku
Kawasaki 212-8582
Japan
E-mail:
yohachi.yamashita@nifty.ne.jp;
yohachi.yamashita@toshiba.co.jp
Chapter 9
Wenwu Cao
Materials Research Institute
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, PA 16802
USA
E-mail: cao@math.psu.edu
Chapter 10
Satoshi Wada
Materials Science and Technology
Interdisciplinary Graduate School
of Medical and Engineering
University of Yamanashi
4-4-37 Takeda
Kofu
Yamanashi 400-8510
Japan
E-mail: swada@yamanashi.ac.jp;
swada@ceram.titech.ac.jp
Chapter 11
Dragan Damjanovic,* Matthew
Davis and Marko Budimir
EPFL STI IMX LC
MXD 236
Station 12
1015 Lausanne
Switzerland
E-mail: dragan.damjanovic@epfl.ch
Chapter 12
V Hugo Schmidt* and R R Chien
Department of Physics
Montana State University
Bozeman, MT 59717
USA
Contributor contact details xxi
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Chi-Shun Tu
Department of Physics
Fu Jen Catholic University
Taipei 242
Taiwan
E-mail:
schmidt@physics.montana.edu;
039611@mail.fju.edu.tw;
chien@physics.montana.edu
Chapter 13
T Liu and C S Lynch*
The George W. Woodruff School of
Mechanical Engineering
The Georgia Institute of
Technology
Atlanta, GA 30332-0405
USA
E-mail:
christopher.lynch@me.gatech.edu
tl79@mail.gatech.edu;
lynch.admin@me.gatech.edu
Chapter 14
Jean-Michel Kiat* and Brahim
Dkhil
Laboratoire Structures Propriétés et
Modélisation des Solides
Ecole Centrale Paris
CNRS-UMR8580
Grande Voie des Vignes
92295 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex
France
Jean-Michel Kiat*
Laboratoire Léon Brillouin
CE Saclay CNRS-UMR12
91991 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex
France
E-mail: kiat@spms.ecp.fr
Chapter 15
Miguel Algueró,* Jesús Ricote,
Pablo Ramos and Ricardo Jiménez
Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales
de Madrid (CSIC)
Cantoblanco
28049 Madrid
Spain
E-mail: malguero@icmm.csic.es
Julie Carreaud, Jean-Michel Kiat
and Brahim Dkhil
Laboratoire Structures Proprieté et
Modélisation des Solides
Ecole Centrale Paris
92295 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex
France
Jean Michel-Kiat
Laboratoire Léon Brillouin
CE Saclay
91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex
France
Janez Holc and Marija Kosec
Institute Jozef Stefan
Jamova 39
1000 Ljubjlana
Slovenia
Contributor contact detailsxxii
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Chapter 16
K Uchino,* J H Zheng, Y Gao, S
Ural, S-H Park, N Bhattacharya
International Center for Actuators
and Transducers
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, PA 16802
USA
K Uchino
Micromechatronics Inc.
Pennsylvania State College
PA 16803
USA
S Hirose
Faculty of Engineering
Yamagata University
Yonezawa
Japan
E-mail: kenjiuchino@psu.edu
Chapter 17
Hong Wang* and Xi Yao
Electronic Materials Research
Laboratory
Xi’an Jiaotong University
Xi’an 710049
China
E-mail: hwang@mail.xjtu.edu.cn
Chapter 18
J F Scott
Centre for Ferroics
Earth Sciences Department
Cambridge University
Cambridge CB2 3EQ
UK
E-mail: jsco99@esc.cam.ac.uk
Chapter 19
Igor A Kornev
*
, B-K Lai, I
Naumov, I Ponomareva, Huaxiang
Fu and L Bellaiche
Physics Department
University of Arkansas
Fayetteville, AR 72701
USA
Igor A Kornev
Mads Clausen Institute
University of Southern Denmark
Denmark
E-mail: ikornev@uark.edu
laurent@uark.edu
Chapter 20
Izabela Szafraniak-Wiza*
Poznan University of Technology
Institute of Materials Science and
Engineering
M. Sklodowska-Curie Sq. 5
60-965 Poznan
Poland
E-mail: izaszaf@sol.put.poznan.pl
Marin Alexe and Dietrich Hesse
Max Planck Institute of
Microstructure Physics
Weinberg 2
06120 Halle (Saale)
Germany
E-mail: hesse@mpi-halle.de
malexe@mpi-halle.de
Contributor contact details xxiii
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Chapter 21
Vladimir Ya. Shur
Ferroelectric Laboratory
Ural State University
Lenin Ave, 51
Ekaterinburg 620083
Russia
E-mail: Vladimir.shur@usu.ru
Chapter 22
C Elissalde* and M Maglione
ICMCB-CNRS
University of Bordeaux 1
87 Av Dr Schweitzer
33608 Pessac cedex
France
E-mail: elissald@icmcb-
bordeaux.cnrs.fr
Chapter 23
I Vrejoiu,* D Hesse and M Alexe
Max Planck Institute of
Microstructure Physics
Weinberg 2
06120 Halle (Saale)
Germany
E-mail: malexe@mpi-halle.mpg.de;
vrejoiu@mpi-halle.mpg.de
Chapter 24
Weiguang Zhu*
School of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering
BLK S2, B2a-03
Nanyang Technological University
50 Nanyang Avenue
Singapore 639798
Zhihong Wang
Micromachines Centre
School of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
Nanyang Technological University
50 Nanyang Avenue
Singapore 639798
E-mail: ewzhu@ntu.edu.sg;
EZHWang@ntu.edu.sg
Jianmin Miao
Micromachines Centre
School of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
Nanyang Technological University
50 Nanyang Avenue
Singapore 639798
Chapter 25
B Noheda
*
Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials
University of Groningen
Nijenborgh 4
9747AG Groningen
The Netherlands
Contributor contact detailsxxiv
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G Catalan
Department of Earth Sciences
University of Cambridge
Cambridge CB2 3EQ
UK
E-mail: b.noheda@rug.nl;
gcat05@esc.cam.ac.uk
Chapter 26
T Kimura
Department of Applied Chemistry
Faculty of Science and Technology
Keio University
3-14-1 Hiyoshi
Kohoku-ku
Yokohama 223-8522
Japan
E-mail: kimura@applc.keio.ac.jp
Chapter 27
Tadashi Takenaka
Faculty of Science and Technology
Tokyo University of Science
Yamazaki 2641
Nada, 278-8510
Japan
E-mail: tadashi@ee.noda.tus.ac.jp
Chapter 28
Keshwaree Babooram
Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry
Laurentian University
Sudbury
Ontario, P3E 2C6
Canada
E-mail: kbabooram@laurentian.ca
Zuo-Guang Ye*
Department of Chemistry
Simon Fraser University
888 University Drive
Burnaby
BC, V5A 156
Canada
E-mail: zye@sfu.ca
Chapter 29
Kenji Toda* and Mineo Sato
Graduate School of Science and
Technology
Center for Transdisciplinary
Research
Niigata University
8050 Ikarashi 2-nocho
Niigata 950-2181
Japan
E-mail: ktoda@eng.niigata-u.ac.jp;
inorg@gs.niigata-u.ac.jp
Contributor contact details xxv
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Chapter 30
Annie Simon* and Jean Ravez
Institut de Chimie de la Matière
Condensée de Bordeaux ICMCB-
CNRS
University Bordeaux 1
87 Avenue du Dr Schweitzer
33608 Pessac Cedex
France
E-mail: simon@icmcb-
bordeaux.cnrs.fr
Chapter 31
Y N Qin and S Q Zhu*
National Laboratory of Solid
State Microstructures
Department of Physics
Nanjing University
Nanjing 210093
China
E-mail: zhusn@nju.edu.cn;
yqqin@nju.edu.cn;
zhusn_hk@yahoo.com.cn
Chapter 32
Takaaki Tsurumi* and Takakiyo
Harigai
Graduate School of Science and
Engineering
Tokyo Institute of Technology
2-12-1 Ookayama
Meguro
Tokyo 152-8552
Japan.
E-mail: ttsurumi@ceram.titech.ac.jp;
satomi.ii@ceram.titech.ac.jp
Chapter 33
Yuji Noguchi* and Masaru
Miyayama
Research Center for Advanced
Science and Technology
The University of Tokyo
4-6-1 Komaba
Meguro-ku
Tokyo 153-8904
Japan
Yuji Noguchi
SORST, Japan Science and
Technology Corporation (JST)
4-1-8 Honcho
Kawaguchi-shi
Saitama 332-0012
Japan
E-mail: ynoguchi@crm.rcast.u-
tokyo.ac.jp
Contributor contact detailsxxvi
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Introduction
Research and development in dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials
has advanced at an unimaginable rate in the past decade, driven mainly by
three factors:
1. new forms of materials have been prepared in a multitude of sizes (e.g.
buck single crystals and ceramics, nano-structured films, tubes, wires
and particles) by a variety of techniques (e.g. melt growth, physical
deposition and to soft chemical synthesis),
2. novel and intricate structural and physical properties have been discovered
in these materials (e.g. morphotropic phase boundary and related
phenomena, domain engineering under fields, effects of nanostructures
and superlattices), and
3. the extraordinary potential offered by these materials to be used in the
fabrication of a wide range of high-performance devices (such as sensors,
actuators, medical ultrasonic transducers, micro electromechanical systems
(MEMS), microwave tuners, ferroelectric non-volatile random access
memories (FeRAM), electro-optical modulators, etc.).
It was based on these three themes that this book has been conceived, in
order to provide an up to date account of the state-of-the-art in this rapidly
growing field.
The book is organized under eight main topics. Part I covers high strain,
high performance piezo- and ferroelectric single crystals. This area has thrived
with the (re)discovery of the extremely large piezoelectric strains and very
high electromechanical coupling factors in the single crystals of the solid
solutions between a lead magnesium (zinc) niobate relaxor and lead titanate
ferroelectric. The outstanding performance of these crystals makes them the
primary candidates for the next generation of electromechanical transducers
for a broad range of applications, e.g. powerful undersea sonar systems,
high-resolution ultrasonic imaging. Materials synthesis and property
specification are discussed, along with their implications to devices. New
materials systems with high Curie temperature and high piezoelectric
performance are presented as a beacon for future development. On the other
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hand, the development of piezocrystals has generated many perplexing issues,
whose resolution is important to our fundamental understanding and for the
technological applications of the materials. Of particular interest are the
mechanism of high piezoelectric response and the enhancement of materials
performance by domain engineering, and the morphotropic phase boundary
and related phenomena. Together, they naturally constitute the topics of the
following two sections.
Field-induced effects and domain engineering are described in Part II. A
full set of materials properties and the domain engineering principles are
presented for ferroelectric single crystals. Excellent piezoelectric properties
are realized in conventional materials, such as barium titanate crystals, by
appropriate domain-wall engineering. The enhancement of piezoelectric
performance in perovskite crystals is demonstrated to arise from the various
kinds of instabilities induced thermally, chemically, electrically and
mechanically. Since the mechanism of high-piezoelectric response is associated
with the rotation of the polarization directions by an appropriate electric
field, the examination of complex domain structures and the phase energies
of the relaxor ferroelectric single crystals provides a better understanding of
the complex phenomenon.
Part III deals with the morphotropic phase boundary and its related
phenomena, in which the complex structural features of relaxors and the
related MPB systems are presented and analyzed in greater detail. Furthermore,
the size effects on the macroscopic properties are also discussed.
Part IV is dedicated to high power piezoelectrics and microwave dielectrics
and their applications. Current and future applications often require
piezoelectrics to be driven to highest amplitude. Therefore, understanding of
the loss mechanisms and heat generation is crucial for designing low-loss
and high-power piezoelectric materials. As excellent microwave dielectrics,
bismuth-based pyrochlore ceramics appear to be promising for tunable devices
with low loss.
Part V explores nanoscale piezo- and ferroelectric materials. Great potential
for device applications has emerged recently, mostly because of the capability
to make nanostructured ferroelectrics. These materials have in turn ushered
in new challenges both in the understanding of fundamental issues such as
domains and domain engineering, and in the fabrication of materials in the
forms of nanocrystals or 3D nano-composites.
Equally important is Part VI, which follows up along the lines of low-
dimensional materials with piezo- and ferroelectric films. The ability to
produce near-perfect, single-crystalline thin films and high-quality thick films
has paved the road to device applications such as FeRAM and MEMS. The
domain structure and polarizations specific to ferroelectric thin films are
treated under symmetry engineering.
Introductionxxviii
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Non-conventional processing techniques and new materials are presented
in Part VII. The preparation of textured or grain orientation-controlled materials
has vastly improved the piezo- and ferroelectric properties of perovskite-
based materials, making them more suitable for applications in electronic
devices. New soft chemical routes have led to the formation of ferroelectrics
and relaxors in the forms of nanoparticles, thin films and ceramics at low
temperature (even room temperature), with enhanced properties.
Lastly, in Part VIII, we focus on some novel physical properties of dielectric
and ferroelectric superlattices and their applications, as well as the complex
structure-property relations of bismuth layer-structured single crystals.
This book is aimed to serve as a comprehensive reference to a broad
spectrum of graduate students, academic researchers, development scientists,
materials producers, device designers and applications engineers who are
working in, or are interested in moving into, the fascinating field of advanced
dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials research and development.
The publication of this book would not have been possible without the
help and support from many people. I thank all the authors for their
knowledgeable contributions which I am sure will be highly valued by the
readers. Their enthusiasm, dedication, hard work and cooperation in the
making of this book were invaluable. I thank several anonymous referees for
helping me review some of the chapters. I thank Wallace Smith and Carl Wu
of the US Office of Naval Research for their constant support. Many of my
colleagues here at Simon Fraser have lent me their encouragement that is
much appreciated. I also thank the members of my research group and my
family for their understanding and support.
It has also been a great pleasure to work with the competent and patient
editorial staff at Woodhead Publishing Limited in Cambridge. In particular,
I thank Rob Sitton, the Commissioning Editor, who initiated the project and
brought it to fruition, and Ian Borthwick, the Publications Co-ordinator,
who, as the main contact person throughout the project, effectively ensured
the communication among the authors, the publisher and the editor, to allow
the timely completion of all the chapters. Special thanks also go to Laura
Bunney, the Project Editor, Melanie Cotterell, the Product Delivery Manager,
and Francis Dodds, the Editorial Director.
Zuo-Guang Ye
Department of Chemistry and
4D LABS
Simon Fraser University
Burnaby, British Columbia
Canada
Introduction xxix
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