Зорин А.Н. Основы этнографии

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<lhjZydZfqZlkdZy

ªwdki_^bpby

–1743

]]b

Nbabq_kdZy

ªbeb©

:dZ^_fbq_kdZy

ªwdki_^bpby

–1774

]<khklZ\©kmohimlgh]hhljy^Zª<_ebdhck_\_j

ghc wdki_^bpbb \oh^beb bklhjbd =_jZj^ Njb^jbo Fbee_j 

–

 gZlmjZebklu Bh]Zgg =_hj] =f_ebg

(1709-

 b =_hj] <bev]_evf Rl_ee_jKl_ee_j 

 Z lZd`_ Kl_iZg I_ljh\bq DjZr_gbggbdh\

(1711–

 Bh]Zgg Nbr_j Ydh[ Ebg^_gZm >ey wlgh]jZnbb gZb[hevr__ agZq_gb_ bf_e him[ebdh\Zgguc \

1755

]ljm^K

I

DjZr_gbggbdh\Z©HibkZgb_a_febDZfqZldbª

Nbabq_kdZywdki_^bpby\dexqbeZ\k_[yg_kdhevdhih_a^hd\uiheg_gguoih_^bghfmieZgm<qbke___mqZ

klgbdh\[uebI_ljKbfhgIZeeZk

–

B\ZgB\Zgh\bqE_i_obg

–

Bh]Zgg=hleb[=_hj]b

–

b^jm]b_B

=

=_hj]b[ueZ\lhjhfi_j\hck\h^ghcwlgh]jZnbq_kdhcjZ[hlu©HibkZgb_\k_o\Jhkkbckdhf

]hkm^Zjkl\_h[blZxsbogZjh^h\ªHgZm\b^_eZk\_l\

–1780

]]

< k\yab k ijbgylb_f jmkkdh]h ih^^Zgkl\Z©FeZ^r_c hj^hcª dZaZoh\ b \Z`ghklvx lhj]h\uo k\ya_c kh

Kj_^g_c:ab_cihijh_dlmh[_j

k_dj_lZjyk_gZlZBBDbjbeh\Zbih^_]hgZqZehf[ueZhj]Zgbah\ZgZ©Ba

\_klgZywdki_^bpbyªiha`_i_j_bf_gh\ZggZy\©

Hj_g[mj]kdmx

wdki_^bpbxª

–1737

]]Ih^^jm]bfbgZ

a\Zgbyfbbih^^jm]bfjmdh\h^kl\hfwdki_^bpbyijh^he`ZeZjZ[hlZlvb\

]]<jZ[hlmHj_g[mj]kdhc

wdki_^bpbbhkh[uc\deZ^\g_kI_ljB\Zgh\bqJuqdh\

–

Z\lhj©Lhih]jZnbbHj_g[mj]kdhcª

;hevrbgkl\him[ebdZpbc ;9,,,

\ij_^klZ\eyebdhfie_dkgu_ hibkZgbyhl^_evguoj_]bhgh\

—

 ijbjh^u

gZk_e_gbywdhghfbdbbklhjbbdmevlmjub[ulZ

;hevrh_agZq_gb_^eyjZa\blbywlgheh]bbbf_eZkhklZ\e_ggZy<Zkbeb_fGbdblbq_fLZlbs_\uf

–

1750) —

\u^Zxsbfky]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf^_yl_e_f^biehfZlhfbbklhjbdhf

—

ijh]jZffZk[hjZk\_^_gbc

142

h[hl^_evguoh[eZklyoJhkkbb

<dhgp_;9,,,

–

gZqZe_;,;

\ihy\bebkvi_j\u_im[ebdZpbbihjmkkdhfmnhevdehjmj_eb]bbkeZ\yg

—

Fb

oZbe >fbljb_\bq Qmedh\ >beb

43]–

 F

<

Ihih\

=jb]hjbc

=ebgdZ :g^j_c K_j]__\bq DZckZjh\

(1782–

IhoZjZdl_jmhgb[uebkdhj__ex[bl_evkdbfbq_fgZmqgufbLhevdhjZ[hlZIZ\eZFboZceh\bqZ

Kljh_\Z

–

©DjZldh_h[haj_gb_fbnheh]bbkeZ\ygjhkkbckdboª

]\u^_ey_lkybawlh]hjy^Z

Mkbebyfb BeeZjbhgZ DZebgh\bqZ JhkkhobgZ  beb

 b :e_dk_y E_hglv_\bqZ E_hglv_\Z

(1716-

aZjh`^Z_lkyjmkkdh_dblZ_\_^_gb_H[Zhgb\jZagh_\j_fy^hklZlhqgh^he]h`beb\DblZ_Zih

\ha\jZs_gbb\JhkkbxaZgbfZebkvi_j_\h^ZfbdblZckdbokhqbg_gbcgZjmkkdbcyaudijb:dZ^_fbbgZmd

<dhgp_;9,,,

\[uebkh\_jr_guieZ\Zgby\:f_jbdm

—

ijZ\bl_evkl\_ggZywdki_^bpbyBhkbnZ;beebg]kZ

b=Z\jbeuKZjuq_\Zbwdki_^bpbydmipZ=jb]hjbyR_e_oh\Zihihegb\rb_k\_^_gbyhgZjh^Zo

H[rbjgucwlgh]jZnbq_kdbcfZl_jbZe[uekh[jZgjmkkdbfbdjm]hk\_lgufbwdki_^bpbyfbdhlhjuo\k_]h

[uehI_j\h_djm]hk\_lgh_ieZ\Zgb_jmkkdb_dhjZ[ebkh\_jrbebih^dhfZg^h\Zgb_fB\ZgZ Nz^hjh\bqZ

Djma_grl_jgZ

bXjbyNz^hjh\bqZEbkygkdh]h

\

]Ke_^mxsbfbih\j_f_gb[u

ebieZ\Zgby<ZkbebyFboZceh\bqZ=heh\bgZHllh?\klZnv_\bqZDhp_[m

Bahkh[hagZf_gbluob

ieh^hl\hjguogZah\zfieZ\Zgb_\:glZjdlbdm

–1821

]]ih^dhfZg^h\Zgb_fNZ^_yNZ^__\bqZ;_eebgk

]Zma_gZ

-18

b FboZbeZ I_ljh\bqZEZaZj_\Z

Z lZd`_ ieZ\Zgb_ Nz^hjZI_ljh\bqZ

Ebld_

(1797–1882).

KgZqZeZ;,;

\:e_dkZg^j,ihkh\_lmk\h_]hmqbl_eyr\_cpZjkdh]hmq_gh]hbh[s_kl\_ggh]h^_yl_eyNj_

^_jbdZK_aZjZ^_EZ]ZjiZ

gZqZehldju\Zlv\Jhkkbbmgb\_jkbl_luHgbfukebebkvkj_^kl\hfdkha

^Zgbxh[jZah\Zggh]hkehy h[s_kl\Z bgl_ee_dlmZevghcweblu

—

 ij_^iheZ]Z_fhckhpbZevghc hihju[m^msbo

jZ^bdZevguoj_nhjfiheblbq_kdhckbkl_fubfi_jbb < 

][ue hkgh\ZgDZaZgkdbc mgb\_jkbl_l

143

mq_gu_

dhlhjh]h\g_keb[hevrhc\deZ^\bamq_gb_ih\he`kdbob^jm]bogZjh^h\

144

<qbke_mqZklgbdh\wdki_^bpbb;_e



142

HgZkms_kl\h\ZeZ\^\moj_^Zdpbyoi_j\Zy

]\dexqZeZ\hijhkZ\lhjZy

]

— 198.

143

>jm]b_mgb\_jkbl_luhldjulu_\wlhli_jbh^

—

jmkkdb_OZjvdh\kdbcbI_l_j[mj]kdbc]eZ\guci_^Z]h]bq_kdbcbgklblml

iha`_ij_h[jZah\Zgguc\mgb\_jkbl_lZlZd`_ihevkdbc<be_gkdbcmgb\_jkbl_lbg_f_pdbc>_jilkdbcFhkdh\kdbcmgb\_j

kbl_lkms_kl\h\Zek

]DZaZgkdbcmgb\_jkbl_l

—

_^bgkl\_ggucbahldjuluo\gZqZe_

XIX

\ijh\bgpbZevguomgb\_jkbl_

lh\dhlhjucgZoh^blkygZl_jjblhjbbkh\j_f_gghcJhkkbckdhcN_^_jZpbb

144

H^ghcbaaZ^ZqihklZ\e_gguoi_j_^\gh\vkha^Zggufmgb\_jkbl_lhf[ueh]_h]jZnbq_kdh_bwlgh]jZnbq_kdh_bamq_gb_

JZa^_e J:A<BLB? WLGHEH=BQ?KDBO AG:GBC





ebgk]Zma_gZ

EZaZj_\Z[ueijhn_kkhj

ZkljhghfbaDZaZgbB\ZgFboZceh\bq

Kbfhgh\bamqZ\rbc\h\j_fywlh]h

ieZ\Zgbydmevlmjmb[ulgZjh^h\Lboh]hhd_ZgZHkh[h]hmihfbgZgbyaZkem`b\Z_ldgb]Zijhn_kkhjZ_kl_kl\_g

ghc bklhjbb b f_^bpbgu DZjeZ NmdkZ©DZaZgkdb_ lZlZju \ klZlbklbq_kdhf b wlgh]jZnbq_kdhf hlghr_gbyoª

klZ\rZyi_j\uffhgh]jZnbq_kdbfhibkZgb_fdZaZgkdbolZlZj

]:dZ^_fbdHkbiXa_nFboZceh\bqDh

\Ze_\kdbc

–

[u\rbcijhn_kkhjhfDZaZgkdh]hmgb\_jkbl_lZ\

–1860

]]hklZ\bejy^ljm^h\ih

fhg]heh\_^_gbxb[m^^bafmkha^Zekh[kl\_ggmxgZmqgmxrdhemBak\hboiml_r_kl\bcihKb[bjbAZ[ZcdZevx

DblZx H

F

Dh\Ze_\kdbc ijb\za agZqbl_evgmx dhee_dpbx [ulh\uo \_s_c dhlhjZy lZd`_ dZd b dhee_dpby

B

F

Kbfhgh\ZihklmibeZaZl_f\wlgh]jZnbq_kdbcfma_cDZaZgkdh]hmgb\_jkbl_lZ

Ba^jm]bo\hklhdh\_^h\i_j\hciheh\bgu;,;

\hkh[_gghke_^m_lgZa\ZlvGbdblmYdh\e_\bqZ\fhgZr_kl\_

—

BZdbgn;bqmjbgZ

–

G

Y

;bqmjbgijh`bee_l\DblZ_\khklZ\_ijZ\hkeZ\ghcfbkkbbijba\Zg

ghch[kem`b\Zlvie_gguojmkkdbodZaZdh\aZo\Zq_gguodblZcpZfbihke_iZ^_gby\

]dj_ihklb:e[ZabggZ

:fmj_I_l_j[mj]kdh_gZqZevkl\hhklZehkvg_^h\hevghbkiheg_gb_f;bqmjbgufk\hboijyfuoh[yaZgghkl_cIh

\ha\jZs_gbbgZjh^bgmhg[uekljh]hgZdZaZgAZlh\f_kl_kkh[hc;bqmjbgijb\_aim^h\dblZckdbodgb]b

\kxihke_^mxsmx`bagvaZgbfZekybobamq_gb_fbi_j_\h^hfK

]h^ghaZ^jm]bf\uoh^beb\k\_l_]hkh

qbg_gbyhDblZ_bkhk_^gbokgbfkljZgZokgbkdZ\rb_Z\lhjmkeZ\mdeZkkbdZfbjh\hckbgheh]bb

145

F_`^mb

]][uehkh\_jr_ghfgh]hih_a^hd\Kj_^gxx:abxRehp_e_gZijZ\e_ggh_bamq_gb_

Jmkkdhc:f_jbdb<>"@

–1829

]]=_hj]

=_gjbo

EZg]k^hjn\ha]eZ\bewdki_^bpbx\;jZabebx

M\e_q_gb_ iZljbZjoZevghc klZjbghc jmkkdh]h gZjh^Z nhevdehjhf ih\_jvyfb ijZa^gbdZfb gZ[bjZeh

kbem k 

]] b gZreh\ujZ`_gb_\ ^_yl_evghklb lZdbo ba\_klguo kh[bjZl_e_c ©jhfZglbdh\

gZjh^hex

[h\ªdZdB\ZgFboZceh\bqKg_]bj_\B\ZgI_ljh\bqKZoZjh\<Z^bf<Zkbev_\bqIZkk_d:e_dkZg^j<Zkbev

_\bqL_j_s_gdhHim[ebdh\Zggu_bfbfZl_jbZeuy\eyxlkyp_ggufbklhqgbdhfihbklhjbbgZjh^gh]h[ulZ

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Kj_ag_\kdbc

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GZ^_`^bg<

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b>

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—

>fbljbcDhgklZglbgh\bqA_e_gbg

-1954).

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Ih\he`vyKwlhcp_evx\mgb\_jkbl_l_hldjuekynZdmevl_ljZajy^\hk

lhqghckeh\_kghklbi_j_\_^_gguc\

1856

]\I_l_j[mj]kdbcmgb\_jkbl_l

<i_j\hciheh\bg_

XIX

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]jZnbb b klZlbklbdb <

1888

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]bg

?

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G

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145

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ba^-\h—k

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



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] h[jZah\Zehkv H[s_kl\h ex[bl_e_c _kl_kl\hagZgby Zgljhiheh]bb b wlgh]jZnbbHE?:W ijb

Fhkdh\kdhfmgb\_jkbl_l_\

]

—

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l_l_H:BW

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— 1877

]dZaZgkdbcijhn_kkhj

B\Zg GbdheZ_\bq Kfbjgh\ bamqZ\rbc nbgkdb_ gZjh^u Ih\he`vy oZjvdh\kdbc ijhn_kkhj G

N

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—

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:

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—

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K

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—

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X

I_ljb gZibkZ\rbc ^\molhfgbd©:gljhiheh]byª

(1890–1897

]]FZdkbfFZdkbfh\bqDh\Ze_\kdbc

–

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GbdheZ_\bq<_jZGbdheZ_\gZ

—

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>fbljbcGbdheZ_

\bq:gmqbg

b^jm]b_G

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–

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hkgh\_kh[jZgby]jZnZGbdheZyI_ljh\bqZJmfygp_\Z

-1826),

146

b\dexqZe>Zrdh\kdh_wlgh]jZnbq_kdh_

hl^_e_gb_bHl^_e_gb_bghkljZgghcwlgh]jZnbb

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rbjhdmx kh[bjZl_evkdmx jZ[hlm ih^ jmdh\h^kl\hf djmigh]h wlgh]jZnZ [u\r_]h iheblbq_kdh]h kkuevgh]h

>fbljby:e_dkZg^jh\bqZDe_f_gpZ

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XIX

\:

B

Dbjibqgbdh\ufB

B

Kj_ag_\kdbfI

K

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K

NZfbgpugufBaihke_^gbojZ[hlwlh]hjy

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:gbqdh\Z©Yauq_kl

\hb>j_\gyyJmkvªjZ[hluG

F

=Zevdh\kdh]h©;hjv[ZojbklbZgkl\ZkhklZldZfbyauq_kl\Z\^j_\g_cJmkbªb

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— 1916

]

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–

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–

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\bq=jmf

=j`bfZceh

–

=jb]hjbcGbdheZ_\bqIhlZgbg

–

I_ljDmavfbqDhaeh\

–1935),

<eZ^bfbjDeZ\^b_\bq:jk_gv_\

–

=hg[hq`Z[Pw[_dh\bqPu[bdh\

–

=

P

Pu[bdh\ihijh

bkoh`^_gbx

—

[mjyl

—

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–1902

]]ihihjmq_gbxJ=H

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fhgZr_kl\_

—

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–

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eh\_^Z:e_dk_yFZl\__\bqZIha^g__\Z 

–

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–

 b

K_j]_yFboZceh\bqZ=_hj]b_\kdh]h

–

hkgh\Zl_eyhl_q_kl\_gghcbg^heh]bbB\ZgZIZ\eh\bqZFbgZ_

\Z

–

<Zkbebc<Zkbev_\bqXgd_j

–

\

_

— 1880-

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pbb\:njbdmGbdheZcGbdheZ_\bqFbdemoh

FZdeZc

–1888)—

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<dhgp_;,;

—

gZqZe_;;

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–

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–

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gbfu

—

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:

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–

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a_fe_\he_p<ZkbebcNbebiih\bq LjhsZgkdbchim[ebdh\Ze\DZaZgb\

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ydmlh\baX`ghcKb[bjb

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

146

Ihke_kf_jlbG

I

Jmfygp_\Z\

]kh[jZgb_[uehi_j_^Zgh]hkm^Zjkl\m<

]_]hhldjueb^eyh[haj_gby\I_

l_j[mj]_Z\

1861

]

—

i_j_\_aeb\Fhkd\m

JZa^_e J:A<BLB? WLGHEH=BQ?KDBO AG:GBC





1889

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lu_

—

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gbybihimeyjgu_k_jbb©Jmkkdb_gZjh^uGZ[jhkdbi_jhfbdZjZg^Zrhfª

]q_luj_olhfgbd©GZjh^u

a_febª 

–1911

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] ©<_ebdZy Jhkkbyª 

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–1914

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F_`^mb

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pbhggh]h\j_f_gb\hah[gh\bebk\hxjZ[hlmGZqZehkvkha^Zgb_gh\uoD

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eZklguobg_dhlhjuom_a^guo]hjh^Zo[uehhldjulh[he__ihemlhjZlukyqdjZ_\_^q_kdbofma__\bh[s_kl\BojZ

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;ueZjZa\_jgmlZih^]hlh\dZwlgh]jZnbq_kdbodZ^jh\<

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=

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Y

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kbl_l_nZdmevl_lh[s_kl\_gguogZmd[ueij_h[jZah\Zg\wlgheh]bq_kdbcnZdmevl_l

<

]gZqZe\uoh^blv`mjgZe©Wlgh]jZnbyªk

]

—

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]

—

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GZf_lb\rb_kyijhp_kku[uebij_j\ZgugZjm[_`_

o

— 1930-

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gZjh^h\_^_gbyhj]Zgbah\Zgghf\

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1932

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ª=mfZgb

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147

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e_gbgbaf

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148

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149

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dmklh\hc

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fZjrjmlgh-

dmklh\hc

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kbfZevghc__iheghl_

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bklhjbq_kdbf

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ihy\b\r_cky\kh\_lkdh_\j_fy

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