Зорин А.Н. Основы этнографии

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gZibkZeljm^ih^gZa\Zgb_f©Ijhbkoh`^_gb_\k_odmevlh\ª<g_fhgklZjZeky^hdZaZlvqlh[h]b\k_oj_eb

]bc—\k_]hebrvhebp_l\hj_gbyKhegpZb^jm]bog_[_kguok\_lbeWlZb^_y[ueZ\aylZnhevdehjbklZfbgZ

\hhjm`_gb_ b jZa\blZ ^Zevr_

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 bklhqgbdhf rdheu klZeb^Zggu_kjZ\gbl_evgh]h bg^h_\jhi_ckdh]h

yaudhagZgby>ZlqZgbgJZkfmkDjbklbZgJZkdg_f_pNjZgp;hiib^jm]b_ebg]\bkluk^_eZeb\u\h^hkms_

kl\h\Zgbbbg^h_\jhi_ckdhck_fvbyaudh\<;9,,, \[uebi_j_\_^_gubhim[ebdh\Zgu\_^bq_kdb_]bfguBg

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]j_q_kdbcMjZghkkZgkdjblkdbc>vymk]j_q_kdbcA_\kbl ^koh^kl\hfbnheh]bq_kdbokx`_lh\

Nbehkhnkdhc[Zahcfbnheh]bq_kdhcrdheuklZejhfZglbafNjb^jboZ<bev]_evfZR_eebg]Z-b

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dZd©_kl_kl\_ggmx j_eb]bxª g_h[oh^bfh_ mkeh\b_bi_j\bqgucfZl_jbZe\kydh]hbkdmkkl\Z y^jh bp_glj ih

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bYdh[Z=jbff-©G_f_pdZyfbnheh]byª

D ijb\_j`_gpZf rdheu hlghkbebkv \ =_jfZgbb : Dmg < R\Zjp < FZgoZj^l \ :g]ebb F Fxee_j

>` Dhdk\BlZebb: >_ =m[_jgZlbk\hNjZgpbbF ;j_Zev\R\_cpZjbb: Ibdl_\Jhkkbb: G :nZgZkv_\

N B ;mkeZ_\: : Ihl_[gyH N Fbee_jB : Om^ydh\: : Dhleyj_\kdbc

Hkgh\gu_b^_brdheu

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g_dh]^Z kms_kl\h\Ze _^bguc bg^h_\jhi_ckdbc ijZgZjh^ ]h\hjb\rbc gZ©ijZyaud_ª b jZa^_ey\rbc

_^bgmxkbkl_fmj_eb]bhaguoij_^klZ\e_gbc

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jZkk_e_gb_bg^h_\jhi_cp_\ijb\_ehdjZkiZ^mboyaudh\h-dmevlmjgh]h_^bgkl\Zdhlhjh_h^gZdhfh`

ghj_dhgkljmbjh\Zlv

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j_eb]bhagu_ij_^klZ\e_gby hljZ`Zebkv\ fbnZobafbnZ \ijhp_kk_ _]hw\hexpbb^_]jZ^Zpbb\ha

gbdebkdZadZwibq_kdZyi_kgye_]_g^Zb^jm]b_`Zgju

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klZ\e_ggucbba^Zgguchlbf_gbk\h_]h^_kylbe_lg_]hkugZibkZl_e_fbbklhjbdhfebl_jZlmjuRZje_fI_jjhKdZadb[u

ebebl_jZlmjghi_j_jZ[hlZgu<-1717 ]]\IZjb`_[uebba^ZguZjZ[kdb_kdZadb©ghqvª\i_j_\h^_:glmZgZ=ZeeZ

gZ< ]r\_cpZjkdbcdjblbdbihwlBh]ZggYdh[;h^f_jba^ZeqZklv©I_kgbhGb[_emg]ZoªWlbim[ebdZpbbkem`bebh[

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y\eyekylhevdhkihjZ^bq_kdb=_j^_j bkoh^yba k\h_cl_hjbb©gZpbhgZevgh]h ^moZª \ujZ`ZedjZcgxx haZ[hq_gghklv qlh

gZjh^gZyihwabywklhgp_\eZlur_c\_g^h\iheydh\jmkkdbonjbah\ijmkkh\hklZ\ZeZkvkh\_jr_gghg_bamq_gghc

Iha`_—©H[s_kl\h^j_\ghkl_cNjZgpbbª

Hkh[_gghHkdZjDhev[_j]-gZqZ\rbc\ ]im[ebdh\Zlvk\hcljm^\lhfZo©GZjh^ª

=_gjbJhcKdmedjZnl-h^bgbahkgh\hiheh`gbdh\Zf_jbdZgkdhcwlgheh]bbbnhevdehjbklbdbk817 ]iml_r_kl

\h\Ze\dZq_kl\_ijZ\bl_evkl\_ggh]h]_heh]ZZk ]`bekj_^bZf_jbdZgkdbobg^_cp_\dZdki_pbZevguc]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc

Z]_gl b ^_yl_evgh aZibku\Ze Ze]hgdbgkdb_ b bjhd_akdb_ fbnu b e_]_g^u K  ] ih ihjmq_gbx ijZ\bl_evkl\Z kh[bjZe

k\_^_gbyh[bg^_cpZodhlhju_ba^Ze\lhfZof_`^mb ]]

Ahjbg:e_dkZg^jGbdheZ_\bq

©Hkgh\uwlgh]jZnbbªMq_[gh_ihkh[b_—DZaZgvkbaf_g_gbyfb

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bagZqZevgh\fbn_h[h`_kl\eyebkvZlfhkn_jgu_y\e_gbybg_[_kgu_k\_lbeZkhegp_emgZ]jhaZg_

[h\_l_jbl ^

−

nhevdehj kh\j_f_gguo;,; \ gZjh^h\ ?\jhiu — hklZldb ^j_\g_]h ZkljZevgh-fZ]bq_kdh]h fbjh\ha

aj_gbygZijbf_j kdZahqgu_ B\ZgbFZjvy— khegp_ bemgZmfguc kug m ]emih]hhlpZ—wlh ^_gvb

ghqvbebe_lhbabfZ^hqvk_fbe_ldZ—mlj_ggyyaZjyk_jucdhgv—jZkk\_lq_jgucdhgv—ghqvbl^

−

nhevdehj— [_kkhagZl_evgh_b[_aebqgh_ l\hjq_kl\h©gZjh^ghc^mrbª^_ckl\bl_evgh gZpbhgZevgh_

bkdmkkl\h\hafh`ghlhevdhijbmkeh\bbh[jZs_gbyom^h`gbdh\dfbnheh]bb

Djhf_h[s_ijbagZgguobklhqgbdh\fbnheh]bq_kdhcrdheumdZ`_f_s_h^bgKh[bjZgb_fbbamq_gb_f

nhevdehjZ \ dhgp_ ;9,,,–gZqZe_;,; \ aZgbfZebkv nbehkhnu ihwlu ibkZl_eb b ebl_jZlmjh\_^u —

^be_

lZglu\h[eZklbagZgbchdmevlmjZo

NZglZa_jukZfbhgbgbq_]hg_kmf_ebihgylv\kh[bjZ_fhffZl_jbZ

e_bhlghkbebkvdg_fmg_dZddbklhjbq_kdhfmbklhqgbdmZdZddieh^mgZjh^ghcnZglZabb

KqblZymklgh_

gZjh^gh_l\hjq_kl\h\hevgufbihwlbq_kdbfbjZafure_gbyfbgZZkljZevgh-f_l_hjheh]bq_kdb_l_fufbnh

eh]b-kh[bjZl_ebnhevdehjZg_\b^_ebgbq_]hiehoh]h\i_j_dhfihgh\d_bebl_jZlmjghci_j_jZ[hld_bklhqgb

dh\K;9,,, \ihy\eyebkvbijyfu_nZevkbnbdZpbb—ijhba\_^_gbyh^_j`bfuogZpbhgZevguf^mohfebl_

jZlhjh\him[ebdh\Zggu_[_amdZaZgbyZ\lhjkl\Zb\u^Z\Z_fu_aZgZjh^gu_ijhba\_^_gby

Ljm^ghkdZaZlvq_]hhlfbnheh]bq_kdhcrdheu[ueh[hevr_\j_^ZbebihevauKh[jZgguc©fbnheh]Z

fbªnhevdehjgucfZl_jbZeh[rbj_ggh\agZqbl_evghck\h_cqZklb^ey^_ckl\bl_evghgZmqghcjZajZ[hldb

g_ijb]h^_gF_lh^heh]bybl_hj_lbq_kdb_\u\h^urdheu\[hevrbgkl\_hdZaZebkvhrb[hqgufbIj_^eh`_g

gu_bklhedh\ZgbykdZahqguoh[jZah\kbf\heu^h`^_\uolmqbijhq[m^mqbih^klZ\e_gu\ex[hcdhgdj_l

gucl_dklij_\jZsZxlih\_kl\h\Zgb_\]ZebfZlvx

>eywlgh]jZnbb fbnheh]bq_kdZyrdheZbf_eZkZfh_fZeh_ agZq_gb_gbq_fg_h[h]Zlb\__ l_hj_lbq_

kdbcbf_lh^bq_kdbcZjk_gZeWlh[ueZ^Ze_dhg_ihke_^gyyba

g_hijZ\^Z\rbok_[ydhgp_ipbc

agZlvdhlh

ju_g_h[oh^bfhohly[u^eylh]hqlh[ug_ih\lhjylvhrb[hdij_^r_kl\_ggbdh\

* * *

IZjZee_evghjZa\blbxfbnheh]bq_kdhcrdheubg_aZ\bkbfhhlg_]h\i_j\hciheh\bg_;,; \hij_^_eb

ehkvf_klh wlgheh]bb\ kbkl_f_gZmdHgZ klZeZjZkkfZljb\ZlvkybjZkkfZljb\Z_lky^hgug_dZdqZklvZg

ljhiheh]bb—gZmdbbeb^Z`_dhfie_dkZgZmdhq_eh\_d__]h[bheh]bq_kdbobkhpbhdmevlmjguok\hckl\Zo

AgZdhfij_\jZs_gbywlgheh]bbbajZkieu\qZlh]hbg_hij_^_e_ggh]h©gZjh^hhibkZgbyª\ ^bkpbiebgmk

dhgdj_lguf ij_^f_lhf b aZ^ZqZfb klZeh kha^Zgb_ gZmqguo wlgheh]bq_kdbo h[s_kl\ — IZjb`kdh]h 

:f_jbdZgkdh]h:g]ebckdh]h ]

§ 5.

X]ifyqcihcbg

<k_j_^bg_ XIX \ihy\beZkvi_j\Zykh[kl\_gghwlgheh]bq_kdZyl_hjby—w\hexpbhgbaf

KlZj_crbf ij_^klZ\bl_e_f w\hexpbhgghc rdheu kqblZ_lky = De_ff him[ebdh\Z\rbc \ –1847 ]]

iylblhfgmx©H[smxbklhjbxdmevlmjuq_eh\_q_kl\Zª<ke_^aZgbfZ\kljbckdbcwlgheh]BMbg]_j\ ]

\uimklbeljm^©;jZd \_]h\k_fbjgh-bklhjbq_kdhfjZa\blbbª< ]ihy\beZkv©:gljhiheh]by _kl_kl\_g

guogZjh^h\ªg_f_pdh]hbkke_^h\Zl_eyL_h^hjZ<ZcpZ\ ]—©Q_eh\_d\bklhjbbª:^hevnZ;ZklbZgZ

\ ]—jZ[hlZ©FZl_jbgkdh_ijZ\hªr\_cpZjpZBh]ZggZ;Zohn_gZ

Nhjfbjh\Zgb_ w\hexpbhgghc dhgp_ipbb aZ\_jrbeb Zg]ebckdb_ wlgheh]b >`hg-N_j]xkkhg FZd-E_ggZg

©I_j\h[ulguc[jZdª— 1865 ]

>`hgEZ[[hdEz[[hd©>hbklhjbq_kdb_\j_f_gZª— 1865 ]©GZqZehpb

\bebaZpbbª— 1870 ]

W^mZj^LZcehjLwcehj©Bkke_^h\Zgby\h[eZklb^j_\g_cbklhjbbq_eh\_q_kl\Zª



IhdZaZl_evghgZa\Zgb_jZ[hlu: G :nZgZkv_\Z—©Ihwlbq_kdb_\haaj_gbykeZ\yggZijbjh^mª

?szjZah[jZlbf\gbfZgb_qlhg_ke_^m_limlZlvwlmZgljhiheh]bxkhl_q_kl\_ggufihgbfZgb_fZgljhiheh]bbdZdgZmdbh

nbabq_kdhfkljh_gbbq_eh\_dZ

FZd-E_ggZg\\zel_jfbgu©wg^h]Zfbyª©wdah]Zfbyªbij_^klZ\e_gb_hijbhjbl_l_`_gkdh]hkqzlZjh^kl\ZAZ 4]h^Z^hg_

]hklZdbf`_l_abkhf\uklmiber\_cpZjkdbcmqzguc;Zohn_gghhgh[hkgh\Ze_]hebrvgZfZl_jbZe_Zglbqghcebl_jZlmju

bfbnheh]bbDgb]Z;Zohn_gZhklZeZkvfZehba\_klghcdlhfm`_ibkZehgljm^ghbklhjbq_kdb_fukebk\yau\Zekfbklbdh-

j_eb]bhagufb ij_^klZ\e_gbyfb FZd-E_ggZg h[ wlhc dgb]_ g_ agZe >ey rbjhdbo gZmqguo djm]h\ hg Z g_ ;Zohn_g hldjue

©fZl_jbgkdh_ ijZ\hª <:g]ebbFZd-E_ggZg k^_eZeky hq_gvihimeyj_gb kqblZeky hkgh\Zl_e_f b]eZ\hc Zg]ebckdhc rdheu

i_j\h[ulghcbklhjbbIhlhf_]hjZ[hlu\urebbafh^u

>`hgEZ[[hd-iha`_©kwjªbehj^W\[_jbhq_gvba\_klgucZjo_heh]\qZklghklbbf_gghhgij_^eh`be\u^_eylv

iZe_h

ebl

b

g_hebl

bwlgh]jZnWlgh]jZnbxbZjo_heh]bxEZ[[hdjZkkfZljb\ZedZdkj_^kl\hihkljh_gbybklhjbbq_eh\_q_kdhcdmevlmju\

_zjZggboklZ^byo^eyq_]hkqblZe\hafh`gufijbf_gblvf_lh^_kl_kl\_gguogZmdhkh[_ggh]_heh]bb :jo_heh]by—wlh]jZgvf_`^m

]_heh]b_cbbklhjb_c>eyijhykg_gbyb^hiheg_gby^ZgguoZjo_heh]bbEz[[hdijb\e_dZekjZ\gbl_evgucwlgh]jZnbq_kdbcfZl_jbZe

?]hdgb]Z©>hbklhjbq_kdb_\j_f_gZª (1865) ihk\ys_gZZjo_heh]bb ghihke_^gb_ 3]eZ\udZkZxlkyki_pbZevgh©kh\j_f_gguo^bdZ

j_cªDgb]Z©GZqZehpb\bebaZpbbª (1868 ],ba^ZgZ\ 1870 ]) — gZibkZgZp_ebdhfgZwlgh]jZnbq_kdhffZl_jbZe_>`hgEZ[[hdj_adh

\hajZ`ZedZd\ihke_^kl\bbLZcehjijhlb\de_jbdZevgh-[h]hkeh\kdhcdhgp_ipbbqlh©^bdZjbª — «\ujh^b\rb_kyhklZldbij_`gbopb

\bebah\ZgguogZjh^h\ª.<ke_^aZ;Zohn_ghf FZd-E_ggZghfb^jm]bfbEZ[[hdml\_j`^Ze qlhjZgvr_]hkih^kl\h\Zebbgu_nhjfu

JZa^_e J:A<BLB? WLGHEH=BQ?KDBO AG:GBC





— 1865 ]©I_j\h[ulgZydmevlmjZª— 1871 ]©:gljhiheh]byª— 1881 ]

Klhjhggbdhfw\hexpbhggh]hmq_

gby [ue Zg]ebckdbc nbehkhn-ihablb\bkl ikboheh] b khpbheh] =_j[_jl Ki_gk_j –1903),

 h^gh \j_fy

hq_gvihimeyjguc\kj_^_jhkkbckdhcbgl_eeb]_gpbb

Djhf_gZa\ZgguoZ\lhjh\dw\hexpbhgghcrdhe_hlghkylky\=_jfZgbb=_hj]=_jeZg^HkdZjI_r_evbf

gZibkZgljm^©GZjh^h\_^_gb_ª— 1874 ]=_gjboRmjp\:\kljbbQ_obbXebmkEbii_jl\hNjZgpbbRZjev

E_lmjgh

\:g]ebb>`_cfk>`hj^`Njwa_j©AhehlZy\_l\vª— 1890 ]

GZqZehjmkkdhfmw\hexpbhgbafmih

eh`be D > DZ\_ebg >jm]b_ \b^gu_ ij_^klZ\bl_eb w\hexpbhggh]h mq_gby \ jmkkdhc gZmd_ F < >h\gZj-

AZihevkdbc G B Ab[_j F F Dh\Ze_\kdbc F B Dmebr_j G G Fbdemoh-FZdeZc W X I_ljb B G Kfbjgh\

G N Kmfph\< GbG G OZjmabguK K RZrdh\E Y Rl_jg[_j]

Hkgh\gu_b^_bw\hexpbhgbafZ

−

_^bgkl\hq_eh\_q_kdh]hjh^Z_^bgkl\hq_eh\_q_kdhcikbobdbijb\h^yld_^bghh[jZabxjZa\blbydmev

lmju\ex[hcqZklbk\_lZ

−

dmevlmjZjZa\b\Z_lkyhlgbar_]hd\ukr_fmhlijhklh]hdkeh`ghfm

−

jZa\blb_dmevlmjuijhbkoh^blihklmi_gyfbgZdZ`^hcklmi_gb\jZaguodmevlmjZoh[gZjm`b\Zxlky\

hkgh\ghfh^bgZdh\u_ijhy\e_gby

−

jZaebqby\[ulmbdmevlmj_gZjh^h\h[tykgyxlkyg_h^bgZdh\hklvx^hklb]gmluoklmi_g_c

−

\k_ dmevlmju q_eh\_q_kl\Zih we_f_glZf fh`gh ihklZ\blv \ h^bg g_ij_ju\guc jy^ dZd ihke_^h\Z

l_evgu_klZ^bbjZa\blby

Ihy\e_gb_ w\hexpbhgbafZ [ueh ih^]hlh\e_gh \k_f ij_^r_kl\mxsbf

jZa\blb_f ]mfZgblZjgh]h agZ

gby

 B^_x ijh]j_kkZ b^_x _^bguo aZdhghf_jghkl_c \ jZa\blbb gZjh^h\ fu \b^_eb b \ Zglbqghklb b \

_\jhi_ckdhcgZmd_;9,,, \

<mijhq_gbbw\hexpbhggh]hihgbfZgbydmevlmjgh]hjZa\blbyg_fZemxjhevku]jZeZ

ih[_^Zb^_bw\hexpbb \

_kl_kl\hagZgbb

 \Zkljhghfbb—l_hjbyijhbkoh`^_gbykheg_qghckbkl_fuDZglZ  ] bEZieZkZ  ]\

]_heh]bb—mq_gb_QZjevaZEZc_eeZh[h[jZah\Zgbba_fghcih\_joghklb–1833 ]]\[bheh]bb—l_hjbyijhbk

oh`^_gby\b^h\@ZgZ;ZlbklZEZfZjdZ1809 ]QZjevaZ>Zj\bgZ ]LhfZkZ=_dkebOZdkebb^jG_dhlhju_

wlgh]jZnu-w\hexpbhgbklu\k\hbokhqbg_gbyoih^q_jdb\Zebqlh\^hogh\eyxlkymki_oZfb_kl_kl\hagZgby GZijb

f_jLZcehj\ihe_fbd_khklhjhggbdZfb©l_hjbb^_]jZ^ZpbbªkkueZekygZlhqlhb^_yw\hexpbbohjhrhihdZaZeZ

k_[y\Zkljhghfbbb]_heh]bbZagZqblb\bklhjbbdmevlmjuijh]j_kkhkgh\gh_bi_j\bqgh_y\e_gb_

[jZdZdhlhju_gZau\Ze©dhffmgZevgufbª]^_\k_fm`qbgub\k_`_gsbgug_[hevrhc]jmiiukqblZebkvkhklhysbfb\kmijm`_kl\_

Q_j_aihobs_gb_`_gsbg[jZdwlhlkf_gbekybg^b\b^mZevgufZhlkx^ZjZa\bekybh[uqZcwdah]ZfbbJ_eb]bbihfg_gbxEZ[[hdZgZ

aZj_bklhjbbg_ [ueh ^Ze__ ihke_^h\ZeZ klZ^by©n_lbrbafZª dh]^Z q_eh\_d\_jbe qlhfh`_l ijbgm^blv[h`_kl\h ^Ze__©lhl_

fbafª bebihdehg_gb_ijbjh^_ aZl_f©rZfZgbafª [h`_kl\Zfh]ms_kl\_gg__ q_eh\_dZ gh^hklmiguebrv rZfZgZf b©b^hehih

dehgkl\hªbebZgljhihfhjnbaf\_jZ\[h]h\-l\hjph\fbjZkh_^bg_gb_j_eb]bbkgjZ\kl\_gghklvx

W^mZj^LZcehj (1832-1917) bf__lgZb[he__rbjhdmxba\_klghklvkj_^bw\hexpbhgbklh\Hgijhbkoh^bebaaZ`blhqghck_fvb]hlh

\bekydlhj]h\h-ijhfure_gghc^_yl_evghklbb^Z`_g_ihemqbe\ukr_]hh[jZah\Zgby<h\j_fyih_a^db\:f_jbdm\ 1855 ]^eyih

ijZ\dba^hjh\vyaZbgl_j_kh\Zeky^j_\ghklvxb[ulhfgZjh^h\wlhckljZgu<_jgm\rbkvgZjh^bgmgZqZekbkl_fZlbq_kdbbamqZlvwl

gh]jZnbq_kdmxebl_jZlmjmb\ 1865 ]ba^Zek\hci_j\uck_jvzagucljm^©Bkke_^h\Zgby\h[eZklb^j_\g_cbklhjbbq_eh\_q_kl\Zª

>jm]Zy_]hdgb]Z©I_j\h[ulgZydmevlmjZª ba^ZggZy\ ]ijbg_keZZ\lhjmfbjh\mxba\_klghklvHgZkh^_j`bl]jhfZ^gmxfZkkm

fZl_jbZeZih^moh\ghcdmevlmj_gZjh^h\fbjZ\hkgh\ghfih\_jh\Zgbyf<ljm^_©:gljhiheh]byª (1881)LZcehjhfih^\h^ylkyblh]b

ij_^r_kl\mxsbojZ[hlbaZljZ]b\Zxlky\hijhkujZa\blbyl_ogbdbfZl_jbZevghcdmevlmju

=_j[_jlKi_gk_jihgbfZejZa\blb_h[s_kl\ZdZd©gZ^hj]Zgbq_kdh_jZa\blb_ª\hlebqb_hl©g_hj]Zgbq_kdh]hª—g_`b\hc

ijbjh^ub©hj]Zgbq_kdh]hª—`b\hcAZqZlhqgu_nhjfu©gZ^hj]Zgbq_kdh]hªjZa\blbyKi_gk_jgZoh^bem`_m\ukrboiha\h

ghqguo`b\msboklZ^ZfbIh_]hfg_gbx©gZ^hhj]Zgbq_kdh_ªb©hj]Zgbq_kdh_ªjZa\blb_bf_xlg_dhlhju_ZgZeh]bbbh[

s_kl\hfh`_l[ulvmih^h[e_gh`b\hfmhj]Zgbafm imlbkhh[s_gby—khkm^Zflh\Zjgh_h[jZs_gb_—^\b`_gbxiblZl_ev

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