Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

5-6 Industrial Communication Systems

•. Net.real.energy.(TotWh)

.cont

ent

.of.thes

.data.is.den

.by.comm

.data.clas

ses.

.As.an.exam

ple

.of.the.TotW

h-data,

the.comm

.data.clas

.“bin

ary

.coun

ter

.read

ing”

.is.assig

ned.

.It.spec

ies

.that.TotW

.must.incl

ude

the.fol

lowing

.man

datory

.dat

.att

ributes:

•

. Actu

.val

.of.the.net.rea

.ene

rgy

.(na

me:

.act

Val,

.typ

.INT

128)

•

. Qual

ity

.of.the.act

Val

.(na

me:

.q,.typ

.Qua

lity)

•

. Time.sta

.for.the.act

Val(name:

.t,.typ

.Tim

eStamp)

 erewith

.the.ve.prop

erties

.desc

ribed

.in.the.begi

nning

.of.this.chapt

.are.ful

lled

.in.the.IEC.6185

as.fol

lows:

. 1.. For.a.clie

nt-server

.comm

unication

.the.Ethe

rnet,

.Inte

rnet

.Prot

ocol

.(IP)

.Tran

smission

.Contr

.Prot

ocol

(TCP

.and.manu

facturing

.mess

age

.spec

ication

.(MMS

)

.are.spec

ied

.as.laye

.1–7.prot

ocols

.[7,8

. 2.. In.the.MMS,.seve

ral

.comm

unication

.serv

ices

.are.stan

dardized.

.With.the.GetN

ameList-service

.a.

serv

.can.retr

ieve

.the.name

.of.all.inte

rface

.vari

ables

.from.a.clie

nt.

.Aer

wards,

.it.can.retr

ieve

.the.

data.type

.for.thes

.vari

ables

.by.using.the.GetV

arAccessAttributes

.serv

ice.

.With.the.read.and.the.

writ

.ser

vices,

.it.can.acc

ess

.the.val

ues

.of.the.int

erface

.var

iables.

. 3.. e.data.type

.and. the.reso

lution

.of.the.inte

rface

.vari

ables

.are.den

.by.stan

dardized

.data.

attr

ibutes.

. 4.. e.sem

antics

.of.the.app

lications

.are.sta

ndardized

.by.the.log

ical

.nod

es.

. 5..IEC.61850.does.not.consider.the.dynamic.behavior.of.communication.

 erefore,

.we.can.say.tha

.the.IEC.618

.sta

ndard

.ena

bles

.an.“in

teroperability”

.of.dev

ices.

5.3 achieving Interoperability

Looking.at.the.examples.in.the.previous.sections,.we.see.that.the.key.to.successful.interoperability.is.

a.prop

.stan

dardization

.of.all.leve

.of.func

tionality.

.By.ensu

ring

.that.comp

onents

.can.coop

erate

.on.

physi

cal

.and.logi

cal

.leve

ls,

.a.lot.can.be.achi

eved.

.For.simpl

.appl

ications

.like.swit

ching

.ligh

.in.an.

oce

.the.proc

ess

.of.thor

oughly

.desc

ribing

.the.appl

ication

.in.writ

ten

.form.will.suc

.For.more.com-

lex

.appl

ications,

.it.will.most.like

.not.be.possi

ble

.to.desc

ribe

.ever

.singl

.deta

il.

.It.may.happ

.that.

a.writ

ten

.stan

dard

.cont

ains

.ambig

uities

.that.resu

.in.inco

mpatibilities

.of.comp

onents

.that.have.been.

buil

.by.die

rent

.manu

facturers.

. e.next.step.has.to.be.to.run.test

.for.all.comp

onents

.and.test.the.

achi

eved

.leve

.of.inte

roperability.

.Only.by.exam

ining

.the.comp

onents

.duri

.thei

.oper

ation,

.it.is.pos-

ble

.to.ens

ure

.tha

.ful

.int

eroperability

.is.giv

en.

Soware

.inte

roperability

.for.comp

lex

.syst

ems

.such.as.dist

ributed

.autom

ation

.syst

ems

.is.achi

eved

.by.

foll

owing

.ve.app

roaches

.tha

.dep

end

.on.eac

.oth

er:

. 1..Prod

uct

.tes

ting

. .Give

.dece

.clar

ity

.of.the.writ

ten

.stan

dard,

.prod

ucts

.can.be.prod

uced

.to.meet.this.stan

dard

or.a.subp

role

.of.it..Syst

.test

ing

.and.unit.test

ing

.can.reve

.inco

mpatibilities,

.but.do.not.suf-



ce.

.Conf

ormance-based

.prod

uct

.test

ing

.ensu

res

.only.conf

ormance

.to.a.stan

dard,

.but.does.not.

alwa

.crea

.inte

roperability

.with.othe

.prod

ucts

.that.have.also.been.test

.for.conf

ormance.

Die

rences

.in.prod

uct

.impl

ementations

.can.only.be.dete

cted

.in.a.prod

uction

.scen

ario;

.such.a.test.

in.a.rea

listic

.env

ironment

.can.ens

ure

.int

eroperability.

. 2.. Prod

uct

.eng

ineering

. .Prod

uct

.engi

neering

.has.the.task.to.crea

.impl

ementations

.that.meet.a.comm

.stan

dard

.(or.a.

subp

role

.of.the.stan

dard).

.It.has.to.achi

eve

.inte

roperability

.with.othe

.sow

are

.impl

ementations

that.als

.fol

low

.the.sam

.sta

ndard

.(or.a.sub

prole

.of.the.sta

ndard).

. 3..Indu

stry/community

.par

tnership

. .Indu

stry/community

.part

nerships

.are. the. driv

ing

. forc

. towar

.stan

dardization.

. ey. can. be.

orga

nized

.nati

onally

.or.inte

rnationally

.and.crea

.stan

dardization

.work

groups.

.Such.a.work

group

Proles and Interoperability 5-7

denes.a.standard.(i.e.,.creates.a.written.description).based.upon.the.discussions.and.negotiations.

in.the.wor

kgroup.

. is.sta

ndard

.is.the

.use

.to.bui

.so

ware

.sys

tems,

.whi

.mee

.the.sta

dard

.and.are.thu

.abl

.to.com

municate

.wit

.oth

.so

ware

.sys

tems

.fol

lowing

.the.sam

.sta

ndard.

Stan

dardization

.org

anizations

.coo

perate

.by.ado

pting

.exi

sting

.sta

ndards

.fro

.oth

.org

aniza-

tions;

.thi

.red

uces

.the.wor

kload,

.mak

.nat

ional

.sta

ndards

.int

ernationally

.ava

ilable,

.and.red

uces

the.numb

.of.ava

ilable

.opti

ons

.whe

.sel

ecting

.a.sta

ndard.

. is.aga

.red

uces

.cos

.for.ach

ieving

int

eroperability.

. 4.. Com

mon

.te

chnology

.an

.In

tellectual

.Pr

operty

. .Som

etimes,

.it.is.bet

ter

.to.use.exi

sting

.tec

hnology

.ins

tead

.of.cre

ating

.a.new.sys

tem

.fro

.scr

atch.

Add

itionally,

.the.numb

.of.opti

ons

.can.be.red

uced

.by.usin

.com

mon

.tec

hnology

.or.int

ellec-

tual

.pro

perty.

. er

efore,

.it.is.som

etimes

.fea

sible

.to.use.thi

.par

.tec

hnology

.ins

tead

.of.own.

dev

elopments.

. 5..Stan

dard

.im

plementation

. .A.com

mon

.agr

eement

.to.imp

lement

.a.sta

ndard,

.may.it.be.nat

ional

.or.int

ernational,

.whi

.ope

fre

ely

.or.is.on

.ac

cessible

.by.pa

ying

.a.fe

Each

.of.the

.has.an.imp

ortant

.rol

.in.red

ucing

.var

iability

.in.int

ercommunication

.so

ware

.and.

enh

ancing

.a.co

mmon

.un

derstanding

.of.th

.en

.go

.to.be.ac

hieved.

.sha

.na

lly

.tak

.a.loo

.at.the.imp

ortant

.fac

tors

.cha

racterizing

.int

eroperability

.tes

ting.

.Two.

components.set.the.boundaries.and.are.the.core.components.for.testing:.the.Equipment.Under.Test.

(EU

.and.the.Qua

lied

.Equ

ipment

.(QE

.Ide

ally,

.bot

.the.EUT.and.QE.are.man

ufactured

.by.dif

ferent

.sup

pliers;

.if.thi

.is.not.pos

sible

.the

.sha

.be.man

ufactured

.in.di

erent

.pro

duct

.lin

es.

.If.thi

is.not.the.cas

.the

.is.a.cha

nce

.tha

.dev

ices

.fro

.the.sam

.sup

plier

.int

eroperate

.wit

.eac

.oth

er,

but.not.wit

.dev

ices

.fro

.oth

.sup

pliers.

. e.tes

.for.int

eroperability

.hav

.to.be.don

.fro

.a.use

per

spective:

.the

.are.don

.onl

.at.int

erfaces

.tha

.are.use

.for.nor

mal

.use

.con

trol

.and.obs

ervation;

fur

thermore,

.the.int

eroperability

.tes

.can.onl

.be.bas

.on.fun

ctionality

.tha

.is.acc

essible

.by.a.use

and.onl

.as.exp

erienced

.by.a.use

.(i.

e.,

.the

.are.not.spe

cied

.at.the.pro

tocol

.lev

el).

.Note.tha

.in.thi

con

text

.a.use

.nee

.not.be.hum

an,

.it.can.als

.be.a.so

ware

.app

lication.

. is.is.bec

ause

.the.int

eroper-

ability

.tes

.are.per

formed

.and.eva

luated

.at.fun

ctional

.int

erfaces

.suc

.as.Man

-Machine

.Int

erfaces,

App

lication

.Pro

gramming

.Int

erfaces

.and.pro

tocol

.ser

vice

.int

erfaces.

. e.fac

.tha

.int

eroperability

tes

.are.per

formed

.at.the.end.poi

nts

.and.at.fun

ctional

.int

erfaces

.mea

.tha

.int

eroperability

.tes

cas

.can.onl

.spe

cify

.fun

ctional

.beh

avior.

. ey.can

not

.exp

licitly

.cre

ate

.pro

tocol

.err

.beh

avior

.or.

tes

.thi

.err

.beh

avior.

references

. 1.. D.. Dietrich,. D.. Loy,. and. H.J.. Schweinzer,. editors.. Open Control Networks LonWorks/EIA-709

Technology.

.Kl

uwer

.Ac

ademic

.Pub

lishers,

.No

rwell,

.MA,.2001.

. 2.. LON.Nut

zer

.Org

anisation

.e.V

.Lon

Works Installation Handbook.

.VDE

-Verlag,

.Ber

lin,

.Ger

many,

.200

. 3.. LonM

ark

.Int

ernational.

.LonM

ark

.app

lication-layer

.inter

operability

.guidelines.Versio

.3.4,.2005..

Avai

lable

.at.ht

tp://www.lonmark.org/technical_resources/guidelines/developer

. 4.. IEC. 618

50.

. Com

munication

. net

works

. and. sys

tems

. in. sub

stations,

. IEC. Sta

ndard,

. 14. par

ts,

Beu

th-Verlag,

.Ber

lin,

.Wien,.Zur

ich,

.2002–2004.

. 5.. IEC.61850..Pa

.7-420.DER.logic

.no

des.

.Beu

th-Verlag,

.Ber

lin,

.Wien,.Zur

ich,

.2008.

. 6.. K.H..Sch

warz.

.An i

ntroduction to IEC 61850. Basics and User-Oriented Project-Examples for the IEC

61850 Series for Substation Automation.

.Vog

.Ver

lag,

.Würzb

urg,

.Ger

many,

.2005.

. 7.. ISO. 950

. Ind

ustrial

. aut

omation

. sys

tems—Manufacturing

. mes

sage

. spe

cification,

. 2. Par

ts,

Beu

th-Verlag,

.Ber

lin,

.Wie

.Zur

ich,

.200

. 8.. J.T..Sor

enson

.and.M.G..Jaat

un.

.An A

nalysis of the Manufacturing Message Specication Protocol.

Springer,.Berlin,.Germany,.2008.

6-1

Given.the.increasing.age.of.many.industrial.systems.and.the.dynamic.industrial.manufacturing.mar-

ket,

.ind

ustrial

.mon

itoring

.and.con

trol

.sys

tems

.are.cri

tical

.to.mai

ntain

.saf

ety,

.rel

iability,

.ec

iency,

.and.

upti

me.

.Ind

ustrial

.wir

eless

.sen

sor

.net

works

.(IW

SNs),

.wit

.the

.uni

que

.cha

racteristics

.suc

.as.ex

ibil-

ity,

.sel

f-organization,

.low.cos

.and.rap

.dep

loyment,

.hav

.bec

ome

.a.pro

mising

.tec

hnology

.for.int

el-

ligent

.and.low

-cost

.ind

ustrial

.auto

mation

.sys

tems

.[3,

9,47–49].

.In.the

.sys

tems,

.wir

eless

.tin

.sen

sor

nod

.are.ins

talled

.on.ind

ustrial

.equ

ipment

.and.mon

itor

.the.par

ameters

.cri

tical

.to.eac

.equ

ipment’s

ec

iency

.bas

.on.a.comb

ination

.of.mea

surements

.suc

.as.vib

ration,

.tem

perature,

.pre

ssure,

.and.pow

qua

lity.

. es

.dat

.are.the

.wir

elessly

.tra

nsmitted

.to.a.sink.nod

.tha

.ana

lyzes

.the.dat

.fro

.eac

.sen

sor.

.Any.pot

ential

.pro

blems

.are.not

ied

.to.the.pla

.per

sonnel

.as.an.adv

anced

.war

ning

.sys

tem.

. is.

ena

bles

.pla

.per

sonnel

.to.rep

air

.or.rep

lace

.equ

ipment,

.bef

ore

.the

.ec

iency

.dro

.or.the

.fai

.ent

irely

[9,

29].

.In.thi

.way

.cat

astrophic

.equ

ipment

.fai

lures

.and.the.ass

ociated

.rep

air

.and.rep

lacement

.cos

.can.

be.pr

evented

.wh

ile

.co

mplying

.wi

.st

rict

.en

vironmental

.re

gulations.

.col

laborative

.nat

ure

.of.IWS

.bri

ngs

.sev

eral

.adv

antages

.ove

.tra

ditional

.wir

.ind

ustrial

.mon

toring

. and. con

trol

. sys

tems,

. inc

luding

. sel

f-organization,

. rap

. dep

loyment,

. ex

ibility,

. and. inh

erent

int

elligent

.pro

cessing

.cap

ability.

.In.thi

.reg

ard,

.IWS

.pla

.a.vit

.rol

.in.cre

ating

.a.hig

hly

.rel

iable

and.sel

f-healing

.ind

ustrial

.sys

tem

.tha

.rap

idly

.res

ponds

.to.rea

l-time

.eve

nts

.wit

.app

ropriate

.act

ions.

How

ever,

.to.rea

lize

.the.env

isioned

.ind

ustrial

.app

lications

.and.hen

.tak

.the.adv

antages

.of.the.pot

ential

gai

.of.IWS

.ee

ctive

.com

munication

.pro

tocols,

.whi

.can.add

ress

.the.uni

que

.cha

llenges

.pos

.by.

suc

.sy

stems,

.ar

.re

quired.

Recently,

.man

.res

earchers

.hav

.bee

.eng

aged

.in.dev

eloping

.sch

emes

.tha

.add

ress

.the.uni

que

.cha

lenges

.of.IWS

Ns.

.In.thi

.cha

pter,

.rs

.a.sho

.rev

iew

.abo

.the.eme

rging

.and.alr

eady

.emp

loyed

.IWS

app

lications

.and.tec

hnologies

.is.pre

sented.

.In.add

ition,

.IWS

.sta

ndards

.are.pre

sented

.for.the.sys

tem

Industrial Wireless

Sensor Networks

6.1. Applications........................................................................................6-2

Factory.Automation. •. Building.Automation. •. Industrial.

Process.Automation. •. Inventory.Management. •. Utility.

Automation. •. Automatic.Meter.Reading

6.2. Standardization.Activities................................................................6-3

ZigBee. •. Wireless.Hart. •. IETF.6loWPAN. •. Bluetooth.

andBluetooth.Low.Energy. •. Ultra-Wideband

6.3. Technical.Challenges........................................................................6-5

6.4

. Desi

.Go

als.......................................................................................6-6

6.5

. Desi

.Pr

inciples

.an

.Te

chnical

.Ap

proaches...............................6-7

Hardware.Development. •. Soware.Development. •. System.

Architecture.and.Protocol.Design

6.6. Conclusions.and.Future.Work.......................................................6-12

References

.....................................................................................................6-13

Vehbi Cagri Gungor

Bahcesehir University

Gerhard P. Hancke

University of Pretoria

6-2 Industrial Communication Systems

owners,.who.plan.to.utilize.new.IWSN.technologies.for.industrial.automation.applications..Aer.a.short.

revi

.of.IWSN.appl

ications

.and.stan

dardization

.acti

vities,

.tech

nical

.chal

lenges

.and.desig

.prin

ciples

are.intr

oduced

.in.term

.of.hard

ware

.deve

lopment,

.syst

.arch

itectures

.and.proto

cols,

.and.sow

are

deve

lopment.

.Speci

cally,

.radi

.tech

nologies,

.ener

gy-harvesting

.tech

niques,

.and.cros

s-layer

.desig

.for.

IWSN

.are.disc

ussed.

.Here

.our.aim.is.to.prov

ide

.a.cont

emporary

.look.at.the.curr

ent

.stat

.of.the.art.in.

IWSN

.and.disc

uss

.the.stil

l-open

.rese

arch

.issu

.in.this.eld

.and.henc

.to.make.the.deci

sion-making

proc

ess

.mor

.ee

ctive

.and.dir

ect.

.Not

.tha

.som

.par

.of.thi

.cha

pter

.hav

.als

.bee

.pre

sented

.in.[9]

.rema

inder

.of.the.chapt

.is.orga

nized

.as.foll

ows.

.Sect

ion

.6.1.pres

ents

.the.IWSN.appl

ications.

.In.

Sect

ion

.6.2,.the.IWSN.stan

dardization

.acti

vities

.are.revi

ewed.

.Sect

ions

.6.3.and.6.4.revi

.the.tech

nical

chal

lenges

.and.corr

esponding

.desig

.dire

ctions,

.resp

ectively.

.In.Sect

ion

.6.5,.desig

.prin

ciples

.of.IWSN

are.dis

cussed.

.Fin

ally,

.the.cha

pter

.is.con

cluded

.in.Sec

tion

.6.6

6.1 applications

IWSNs.can.be.used.for.various.applications.in.which.deployment.environment.and.technical.challenges.

can.grea

tly

.die

.and.thus

.the.desi

.of.IWSN

.is.appl

ication

.orie

nted.

.In.addi

tion,

.they.can.be.depl

oyed

to.hars

.indu

strial

.envi

ronments,

.in.whic

.inst

allation

.and.main

tenance

.of.conv

entional

.wire

.sens

syst

ems

.may.not.be.cost

-eective.

.Some.of.the.key.IWSN.appl

ications

.are.brie

y

.desc

ribed

.belo

6.1.1 Factory automation

Modern.factory.facilities.are.characterized.by.highly.exible.manufacturing.plants.and.highly.dynamic.

proc

esses,

.wher

.clus

ters

.of.xed.or.movi

.sens

ors

.and.actu

ators

.have.to.be.cont

rolled

.in.a.limi

ted

spac

.unde

.stri

ngent

.real

-time

.and.reli

ability

.cons

traints

.[8,1

1,25,35].

.In.such.dema

nding

.indu

strial

envi

ronments,

.wire

less

.sens

.netw

orks

.can.also.be.bene

cial

.by.impr

oving

.exi

bility,

.cutt

ing

.cabl

es,

and.enab

ling

.solu

tions,

.whic

.are.cumbe

rsome

.or.even.not.possi

ble

.to.real

ize

.with.wire

line

.syst

ems,

espe

cially

.in.cont

rolling

.movi

.or.rota

ting

.part

. e.wire

less

.way.of.comm

unicating

.make

.plan

setu

.and.mod

ication

.easi

er,

.che

aper,

.and.mor

.ex

ible.

6.1.2 Building automation

 e.primary.focus.of.building.automation.is.the.reduction.of.energy.consumption.in.building.installa-

tions

.thro

ugh

.autom

ated

.mech

anisms

.to.lowe

.total.ener

.cost

.and.comp

.with.gove

rnmental

.regu

la-

tions

.whil

.maxi

mizing

.the.comf

ort

.[10]

.Buil

ding

.autom

ation

.comp

rises

.a.set.of.die

rent

.func

tionalities

incl

uding

.ener

.cons

ervation,

.envi

ronment

.cont

rol,

.safe

ty,

.and.secu

rity.

. e.inte

rest

.in.using.wire

less

sens

.netw

orking

.in.buil

ding

.autom

ation

.appl

ications

.is.base

.on.the.need.to.lowe

.inst

allation

.cost

whic

.com

.in.the.for

.of.cab

ling,

.lab

or,

.mat

erials,

.tes

ting,

.and.ver

ication.

6.1.3 Industrial Process automation

Wireless.sensor.networks.can.be.used.to.enable.condition-based.maintenance.and.remote.management.

of.indu

strial

.equi

pment

.and.proc

esses

.by.cont

inuously

.moni

toring

.time

-critical

.proc

ess

.info

rmation,

such.as.temp

erature,

.pres

sure,

.humi

dity,

.vibr

ation,

.and.ener

.usag

.In.addi

tion,

.the.prev

entive

.main

tenance

.info

rmation

.can.be.coll

ected

.by.IWSN

.to.supp

ort

.a.manu

facturing

.proc

ess

.such.as.thos

.used.

in.oil.tank

ers

.[27]

.conv

eyor

.belt

.[14]

.autom

obiles

.[14]

.elec

tric

.motor

.[29,

46]

.and.pump

.[1],.and.food.

or.pha

rmaceutical

.pro

ducts.

6.1.4 Inventory Management

Inventory.management.systems.based.on.manual.processes.can.cause.out-of-stocks,.expedited.ship-

ments

.or.bill

ing

.dela

ys.

.With.IWSN.tech

nology,

.the.inve

ntory

.and.asse

.coul

.be.moni

tored

.in.real.

Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks 6-3

time,.and.time-critical.information.such.as.the.arrival.of.raw.materials.can.be.communicated.to.the.

remo

.cont

rol

.cent

er.

.For.exam

ple,

.Gene

ral

.Motor

.has.impl

emented

.a.real

-time

.trac

king

.syst

.[14]

in.whic

.the.trac

king

.proc

ess

.star

.from.the.comp

onent

.supp

liers

.to.the.asse

mbled

.cars.in.the.facto

ry,

and.to.the.car.buye

rs.

. is.syst

.impr

oves

.the.visib

ility

.of.mate

rials,

.its.loca

tion,

.and.asse

.util

ization,

lead

ing

.to.imp

roved

.sup

ply-chain

.ec

iency.

6.1.5 Utility automation

Due.to.several.reasons.such.as.equipment.failure,.lightning.strikes,.accidents,.and.natural.catastrophes,.

powe

.dist

urbances

.and.outa

ges

.in.elec

tric

.syst

ems

.occu

.and.oen.resu

.in.long.serv

ice

.inte

rrup-

tions

.[13]

. us,.elec

tric

.syst

ems

.need.to.be.prop

erly

.cont

rolled

.and.moni

tored

.to.take.the.nece

ssary

prec

autions

.accu

rately

.and.time

ly.

.In.this.resp

ect,

.IWSN

.prov

ide

.cost

-eective,

.real

-time,

.and.reli

able

moni

toring

.syst

.for.the.elec

tric

.util

ities.

.Eci

ent

.moni

toring

.syst

ems

.cons

tructed

.by.smar

.sens

node

.redu

.the.time.for.dete

ction

.of.faul

.and.resu

mption

.of.elec

tric

.supp

.serv

ice

.in.dist

ribution

and.tra

nsmission

.net

works.

6.1.6 automatic Meter reading

IWSNs.can.be.used.in.remote.reading.of.utility.meters,.such.as.water,.gas,.or.electricity,.and.then.transmit.

the.read

ings

.thro

ugh

.wire

less

.conn

ections

.[13]

.Wire

less

.coll

ection

.of.elect

ric

.util

ity

.mete

.data.is.a.very.

cost

-ecient

.way.of.gath

ering

.ener

.cons

umption

.data.to.the.bill

ing

.syst

em,

.and.it.adds.value.in.terms.

of.new.servi

ces

.such.as.remo

.deac

tivation

.of.a.cust

omer’s

.servi

ce,

.real

-time

.pric

.sign

als,

.and.cont

rol

.of.

cust

omers’

.appl

ications

.and.dema

.resp

onse

.appl

ications.

. e.prese

.dema

.for.more.data.in.orde

to.make.cost

-eective

.decis

ions

.and.to.prov

ide

.impr

oved

.cust

omer

.servi

.has.play

.a.majo

.role.in.the.

move.towa

.wire

less

.auto

matic

.mete

.read

ing

.(WAM

.syst

ems.

6.2 Standardization activities

Several.standards.for.IWSNs.are.currently.either.ratied.or.under.development..In.this.section,.major.

stan

dardization

.eor

.rela

ted

.to.IWSN

.such.as.ZigB

ee,

.Wirel

ess

.Hart

.IETF.6low

PAN,

.Blue

tooth,

Blue

tooth

.low.ene

rgy,

.and.ult

ra-wideband

.(UW

B),

.are.bri

ey

.des

cribed.

6.2.1 ZigBee

ZigBee.is.a.mesh-networking.standard.based.on.IEEE.802.15.4.radio.technology.targeted.at.industrial.

cont

rol

.and.moni

toring,

.buil

ding

.and.home.autom

ation,

.embed

ded

.sensi

ng,

.and.ener

.syst

.auto-

ation.

.Zigb

.is.prom

oted

.by.a.larg

.cons

ortium

.of.indu

stry

.play

ers.

. e.adva

ntages

.of.ZigB

.are.

extr

emely

.low.ener

.cons

umption

.and.supp

ort

.for.seve

ral

.die

rent

.topol

ogies,

.whic

.make

.it.a.good.

cand

idate

.for.seve

ral

.sens

.netw

ork

.appl

ications

.[1]..Howe

ver,

.in.[7],.it.is.repo

rted

.that.ZigB

.cann

meet.all.the.requ

irements

.for.at.leas

.some.indu

strial

.appl

ications.

.For.exam

ple,

.it.cann

.serv

.the.high.

numbe

.of.node

.with

.the.spec

ied

.cycl

.time

.Note.that.in.2007

.the.ZigB

.Alli

ance

.has.appr

oved

the.ZigB

.PRO.pro

.stac

.whic

.adds.adva

nced

.feat

ures

.and.grea

ter

.exi

bility

.to.the.orig

inal

.spec

cation,

.par

ticularly

.rel

ated

.to.eas

e-of-use

.and.sup

port

.for.lar

ger

.net

works

.[54

6.2.2 Wireless Hart

Wireless.HART.is.an.extension.of.the.HART.Protocol.and.is.specically.designed.for.process.monitor-

ing

.and.cont

rol.

.Wirel

ess

.HART.was.adde

.to.the.over

all

.HART.proto

col

.suit

.as.part.of.the.HART.7.

spec

ication,

.whi

.was.app

roved

.by.the.HAR

.Com

munication

.Fou

ndation

.in.Jun

.200

.[20

6-4 Industrial Communication Systems

 e.technology.employs.IEEE.802.15.4-based.radio,.frequency.hopping,.redundant.data.paths,.and.

ret

.mec

hanisms.

.Dev

ices

.tha

.com

ply

.wit

.the.wir

eless

.HAR

.spe

cication

.are.int

eroperable

.and.

sup

port

.tool

.tha

.wor

.wit

.bot

.wir

.and.wir

eless

.HAR

.equ

ipment.

.Wire

less

.HAR

.net

works

.uti

lize

.mes

h-networking,

.in.whi

.eac

.dev

ice

.is.abl

.to.tra

nsmit

.its.own.dat

.as.wel

.as.rel

.inf

ormation

fro

.oth

.dev

ices

.in.the.net

work.

.Eac

.el

.dev

ice

.has.two.rou

tes

.to.sen

.dat

.to.the.net

work

.gat

eway;

the.alt

ernative

.rou

.is.use

.whe

.the.pri

mary

.rou

.is.blo

cked

.eit

her

.phy

sically

.or.by.int

erference.

Add

itionally,

.a.ne

.ro

ute

.is.es

tablished

.if.a.ro

ute

.is.se

.pe

rmanently

.bl

ocked

.[2

0].

.sta

ndard

.use

.tim

.div

ision

.mul

tiple

.acc

ess

.(TD

MA)

.to.sch

edule

.tra

nsmissions

.ove

.the.net

work.

In.TDM

.a.ser

ies

.of.tim

.slo

.(10.ms.for.Wire

less

.HAR

.are.use

.to.coo

rdinate

.tra

nsmissions.

. e.

med

.acc

ess

.con

trol

.hea

der

.is.desi

gned

.to.sup

port

.the.coe

xistence

.of.oth

.net

works,

.suc

.as.Zig

Bee.

Wire

less

.HAR

.is.aim

.for.new.app

lications

.(e.

g.,

.ass

.mon

itoring)

.rat

her

.tha

.rep

lacing

.the.wir

sol

utions.

6.2.3 IEtF 6loWPaN

6loWPAN. aims. for. standard. Internet. Protocol. (IP).communication. over. low-power,. wireless. IEEE.

802

.15.4

.net

works

.uti

lizing

.Int

ernet

.Pro

tocol

.ver

sion

.6.(IP

v6)

.[32

. e.adv

antages

.of.6lo

WPAN

.fro

the.ind

ustrial

.poi

.of.vie

.are.its.abi

lity

.to.com

municate

.dir

ectly

.wit

.oth

.IP.dev

ices

.loc

ally

.or.via.

an.IP.net

work

.(e.

g.,

.Int

ernet,

.Ethe

rnet),

.exi

sting

.arc

hitecture

.and.sec

urity,

.est

ablished

.app

lication

.lev

dat

.mod

.and.ser

vices

.(e.

g.,

.HTT

.HTM

.XML

.est

ablished

.net

work

.man

agement

.tool

.tra

nsport

pro

tocols,

.an

.ex

isting

.su

pport

.fo

.an.IP.opt

ion

.in.mo

.in

dustrial

.wi

reless

.st

andards.

6.2.4 Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy

Bluetooth.operates.at.the.2.4.GHz.ISM.band.and.employs.a.frequency.hopping.spread.spectrum.(FHSS).

mod

ulation

.tec

hnique.

.Blu

etooth

.has.bee

.con

sidered

.as.one.pos

sible

.alt

ernative

.for.WSN.imp

lementa-

tion.

.How

ever,

.due.to.its.hig

.com

plexity

.and.ina

dequate

.pow

.cha

racteristics

.for.sen

sors,

.the.int

erest

towa

.Blu

etooth-based

.WSN.app

lications

.has.dec

reased

.[1]

.Add

itionally,

.Blu

etooth

.is.desi

gned

.for.

hig

h-throughput

.app

lications

.bet

ween

.sma

.numb

ers

.of.ter

minals

.[7]

. e.IEE

.802

.15.1

.spe

cication

cov

ers

.ph

ysical

.an

.li

.la

yers

.fr

.Bl

uetooth

.te

chnology.

.Blu

etooth

.low.ene

rgy

.spe

cication

.is.par

.of.the.Blu

etooth

.aim

.at.add

ressing

.dev

ices

.wit

.ver

low

.bat

tery

.cap

acity.

. is.ext

ension

.to.Blu

etooth

.all

ows

.for.dat

.rat

.of.up.to.1.Mbi

t/s

.ove

.dis

tances

.of.

5–1

.m.in.the.2.4

.GHz.ban

. ou

.Blu

etooth

.low.ene

rgy

.is.simi

lar

.to.Blu

etooth

.and.can.emp

loy

.the.

sam

.chi

.and.ant

ennas,

.it.has.som

.imp

ortant

.di

erences.

.Blu

etooth

.low.ene

rgy

.has.a.var

iable-length

pac

ket

.str

ucture,

.com

pared

.to.Blu

etooth’s

.xe

.len

gth.

.It.als

.emp

loys

.a.di

erent

.mod

ulation

.sch

eme.

Add

itionally,

.the.imp

lementation

.of.the.sec

urity

.alg

orithm

.Adv

anced

.Enc

ryption

.Stan

dard

.(AE

.has.

bee

.tak

.into.acc

ount

.fro

.the.sta

rt.

.In.[30

.it.has.bee

.poi

nted

.out.tha

.Blu

etooth

.low.ene

rgy

.als

may.not.be.app

licable

.to.ind

ustrial

.env

ironments

.due.to.sho

.ran

.(<1

.m),.lac

.of.mes

h-networking

cap

abilities,

.an

.li

mited

.nu

mber

.of.ra

dios

.in.th

.ne

twork.

6.2.5 Ultra-Wideband

UWB.is.a.short-range.wireless.communication.technology.based.on.the.transmission.of.very.short.

imp

ulses

.emi

tted

.in.per

iodic

.seq

uences

.[16

,53].

. e.ini

tial

.app

lications

.of.UWB.inc

lude

.mul

timedia

and.per

sonal

.are

.net

working

.[37

.Rec

ently,

.UWB

-based

.ind

ustrial

.app

lications

.hav

.gai

ned

.att

ention

[16

,22,53].

.In.[22

.it.has.bee

.dem

onstrated

.tha

.UWB.tec

hnology

.is.app

licable

.for.auto

mated

.reg

istra-

tion

.and.loc

alization

.of.ind

ustrial

.equ

ipment

.and.peo

ple,

.rem

ote

.con

trol,

.the.rap

.com

missioning

.of.

the.pro

cess

.con

trol

.equ

ipment,

.ind

ustrial

.pla

.wid

.com

munications

.not.rel

ated

.to.pro

cess

.con

trol,

and.sec

ondary

.sen

sor

.and.con

trol

.net

works

.lik

.gau

ging

.in.tan

ks.

.On.the.oth

.han

.UWB.is.not.a.

via

ble

.app

roach

.for.com

munication

.ove

.lon

ger

.dis

tances

.or.mea

suring

.dat

.fro

.uns

afe

.zon

.bec

ause

of.th

.hi

gh-peak

.en

ergy

.of.pu

lses.

Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks 6-5

 e.advantages.of.UWB.are.good.localization.capabilities.[53],.possibility.to.share.previously.allo-

cated

.radi

.freq

uency

.band

.by.hidi

.signa

.unde

.the.nois

.oor

.abil

ity

.to.tran

smit

.high.data.rate

with.low.powe

.good.secu

rity

.char

acteristics

.due.to.the.uniqu

.mode.of.oper

ation,

.and.abil

ity

.to.

cope.with.mult

ipath

.envi

ronments.

. e.exis

ting

.chal

lenges

.lie,.e.g.

.in.hard

ware

.deve

lopment,

.deal

ing

.with.medi

.acce

.cont

rol

.(MAC

)

.and.mult

ipath

.inte

rference,

.and.unde

rstanding

.prop

agation

char

acteristics

.[16

6.3 technical Challenges

 e.design.of.IWSNs.is.inuenced.by.several.technical.challenges,.which.are.outlined.as.follows:

•

. Reso

urce constraints:

. e.desig

.and.imp

lementation

.of.IWSN

.are.cons

trained

.by.thre

.type

.of.

reso

urces:

.(i).ener

gy,

.(ii).memo

ry,

.and.(iii

)

.proc

essing.

.Cons

trained

.by.the.limi

ted

.physi

cal

.size.

and.low-

cost

.natu

re,

.sens

.node

.have.limi

ted

.batt

ery

.ener

.supp

.[13]

.At.the.same.time

.thei

memo

ries

.are.lim

ited

.and.hav

.res

tricted

.com

putational

.cap

abilities.

•

. Dyna

mic topologies and harsh environmental conditions:

. In. indu

strial

. envi

ronments,

. the.

topo

logy

. and. conn

ectivity

. of. the. netw

ork

. may. vary. due. to. link. and. sens

. node. fail

ures.

Furt

hermore,

.sens

ors

.may.also.be.subj

ect

.to.RF.inte

rference,

.high

.caus

tic

.or.corr

osive

.envi

ronments,

.high.humi

dity

.leve

ls,

.vibr

ations,

.dirt.and.dust

.or.othe

.cond

itions

.that.chal

lenge

performance. [47].. ese.harsh. environmental. conditions. and. dynamic. network. topologies.

may.caus

.a.port

ion

.of.indu

strial

.sens

.node

.to.malf

unction

.or.rend

.the.info

rmation

.they.

gath

.obso

lete

.[12,

9].

•

. Qual

ity of service requirements:

. e.wide.vari

ety

.of.appl

ications

.envi

saged

.on.IWSN

.will.have.

die

rent

.qual

ity

.of.serv

ice

.(QoS

)

.requ

irements

.and.spec

ications.

.In.IWSN

.the.sens

.data.rep-

esent

.the.physi

cal

.cond

ition

.of.indu

strial

.equi

pment,

.whic

.is.vali

.only.for.a.limi

ted

.time.dura

tion.

.Henc

.the.sens

.data.shou

.be.tran

sported

.to.the.cont

rol

.cent

.with

.a.cert

ain

.dela

boun

.whic

.depe

nds

.on.the.crit

icality

.of.the.sens

.data

.For.exam

ple,

.the.temp

erature

.info

mation

.of.equi

pment

.that.is.in.the.rang

.of.norm

.oper

ating

.cond

itions

.can.be.tran

sported

.to.the.

cont

rol

.cent

.with

.a.long.dela

.boun

.On.the.othe

.hand

.the.crit

ical

.sens

.data.that.cont

ain

an.abno

rmally

.high.temp

erature

.of.the.indu

strial

.equi

pment

.shou

.be.deli

vered

.to.the.cont

rol

cent

.wit

hin

.a.sho

.del

.bou

nd,

.sinc

.it.can.be.a.sign.of.a.sys

tem

.fai

lure.

•

. Data

redundancy:

.Beca

use

.of.the.high.densi

.in.the.netw

ork

.topol

ogy,

.sens

.obse

rvations

.are.

high

.corr

elated

.in.the.spac

.doma

in.

.In.addi

tion,

.the.natu

.of.the.physi

cal

.phen

omenon

.cons

ti-

tutes

.the.tem

poral

.cor

relation

.bet

ween

.eac

.con

secutive

.obs

ervation

.of.the.sen

sor

.nod

•

. Pack

et errors and variable link capacity:

.Comp

ared

.to.wired.netw

orks,

.in.IWSN

.the.atta

inable

capa

city

.of.each.wire

less

.link.depe

nds

.on.the.inte

rference

.leve

.perc

eived

.at.the.recei

ver

.and.high

-bit

erro

.rate

.(BER.=.10

−2

.to.10

−6

).are.observed.in.communication..Also,.wireless.links.exhibit.widely.

varyi

.char

acteristics

.over.time.and.spac

.due.to.obst

ructions

.and.nois

.envi

ronment

.[51]

. us,.

capa

city

.and.dela

.atta

inable

.at.each.link.are.loca

tion

.depe

ndent

.and.vary.cont

inuously,

.maki

QoS.prov

isioning

.a.chal

lenging

.task

•

. Secu

rity:

.Secu

rity

.shou

.be.an.esse

ntial

.feat

ure

.in.the.desig

.of.IWSN

.to.make.the.comm

nication

.safe.from.exte

rnal

.deni

.of.serv

ice

.(DoS

)

.atta

cks

.and.intr

usion.

.IWSN

.have.spec

ial

char

acteristics

.that.enab

.new.ways.of.secu

rity

.atta

cks

.[15,

44].

.Passi

.atta

cks

.are.carr

ied

.out.

by.eave

sdropping

.on.tran

smissions

.incl

uding

.tra

.anal

ysis

.or.disc

losure

.of.mess

age

.cont

ents.

Acti

.atta

cks

.consi

.of.modi

cation,

.fabr

ication,

.and.inte

rruption,

.whic

.in.IWSN.case

.may.

incl

ude

.nod

.capt

uring,

.rou

ting

.att

acks,

.or.oo

ding.

•

. Larg

e-scale deployment and ad hoc architecture:

.Most.IWSN

.cont

ain

.a.larg

.numbe

.of.sens

node

.(hun

dreds

.to.thou

sands

.or.even.more

.whic

.migh

.be.spre

.rand

omly

.over.the.depl

oy-

ment

.eld

.More

over,

.the.lack.of.pred

etermined

.netw

ork

.infr

astructure

.nece

ssitates

.the.IWSN

.to.

establish.connections.and.maintain.network.connectivity.autonomously.

6-6 Industrial Communication Systems

•. Integration with Internet and other wireless networks:.It.is.of.fundamental.importance. for.

the.comm

ercial

.deve

lopment

.of.IWSN

.to.prov

ide

.serv

ices

.that.allo

.quer

ying

.the.netw

ork

to.retr

ieve

.usef

.info

rmation

.from.anyw

here

.and.at.any.time

.For.this.reas

on,

.the.IWSN

shou

.be.remo

tely

.acce

ssible

.from.the.Inte

rnet

.and.henc

.need.to.be. inte

grated

.with.the.

IP.arch

itecture.

. e.curr

ent

.sens

.netw

ork

.plat

forms

.use.gate

ways

.for.inte

gration

.betw

een

IWSN

.and.the.Inte

rnet

.[2,4

3].

.Note.that.alth

ough

.toda

y’s

.sens

.netw

orks

.use.gate

ways

.for.

inte

gration

.betw

een

.IWSN

.and.the.Inte

rnet,

.the.sens

.node

.may.have.IP.conn

ectivity

.in.

the.futu

.[32]

6.4 Design Goals

 e.IWSNs.have.the.potential.to.improve.productivity.of.industrial.systems.by.providing.greater.aware-

ness,

.cont

rol,

.and.inte

gration

.of.busin

ess

.proc

esses.

.To.deal.with.the.tech

nical

.chal

lenges

.and.meet.the.

dive

rse

.IWS

.app

lication

.req

uirements,

.the.fol

lowing

.desi

.goa

.nee

.to.be.fol

lowed:

•

. Low-

cost and small sensor nodes:

.Comp

act

.and.low-

cost

.sens

.devi

ces

.are.esse

ntial

.to.acco

mplish

larg

e-scale

.depl

oyments

.of.IWSN

.In.addi

tion,

.the.smal

ler

.the.sens

.is,.the.easie

.the.indu

strial

depl

oyment

.woul

.be..Note.that.the.syst

.owne

.shou

.consi

der

.the.cost.of.owne

rship

.(pac

aging

.requ

irements,

.modi

cations,

.main

tainability,

.etc.

.impl

ementation

.cost

.repl

acement

.and.

logi

stics

.cos

ts,

.and.tra

ining

.and.ser

vicing

.cos

.as.wel

.as.the.per.uni

.cos

.all.toge

ther

.[18

•

. Scal

able architectures and ecient protocols:

. e.IWSN

.supp

ort

.hete

rogeneous

.indu

strial

.appl

cations

.with.dierent.requirements..It.is.necessary.to.develop.exible.and.scalable.architectures.

that.can.acco

mmodate

.the.requ

irements

.of.all.thes

.appl

ications

.in.the.same.infr

astructure.

A.modu

lar

.and.hier

archical

.syst

ems

.enha

nce

.the.syst

.exi

bility,

.robu

stness,

.and.reli

ability

[39]

.Also

.inte

roperability

.with.exis

ting

.lega

.solu

tions,

.such.as.eld

bus

.and.Ether

net-based

syst

ems,

.is.requ

ired.

. is.can.be.achi

eved

.by.using.stan

dard-based

.comm

unication

.proto

cols

.and.

open.net

work

.arc

hitectures.

•

. Data

fusion and localized processing:

.Inst

ead

.of.send

ing

.the.raw.data.to.the.sink.node.dire

ctly,

sens

.node

.can.loca

lly

.lte

.the.sens

.data.base

.on.the.appl

ication

.requ

irements

.and.tran

smit

only.the.proc

essed

.data

.i.e.,.in-n

etwork

.proc

essing.

. us,.only.nece

ssary

.info

rmation

.is.tran

ported

.to.the.end

-user

.and.com

munication

.ove

rheads

.can.be.sign

icantly

.red

uced.

•

. Reso

urce ecient design:

.In.IWSN

.ener

.eci

ency

.is.impo

rtant

.to.maxi

mize

.the.netw

ork

life

time

.whil

.prov

iding

.the.QoS.requ

ired

.by.the.appl

ication.

.Ener

.savi

.can.be.acco

plished

.in.ever

.comp

onent

.of.the.netw

ork

.by.integ

rating

.netw

ork

.func

tionalities

.with.ener

eci

ent

.prot

ocols,

.e.g.

.ener

gy-aware

.rout

ing

.on.netw

ork

.laye

.ener

gy-saving

.mode.on.MAC.

laye

.etc.

•

. Self-

conguration and organization:

.In.IWSN

.the.dyna

mic

.topol

ogies

.caus

.by.node.fail

ure,

mobi

lity,

.temp

orary

.powe

r-down,

.and.larg

e-scale

.node.depl

oyments

.nece

ssitate

.self

-organizing

arch

itectures

.and.proto

cols.

.Note.that.with.the.use.of.self

-congurable

.IWSN

.new.sens

.node

can.be.adde

.to.repl

ace

.fail

.sens

.node

.in.the.depl

oyment

.eld.and.exis

ting

.node

.can.also.be.

removed.from.the.system.without.aecting.the.general.objective.of.the.application.

•

. Adap

tive network operation:

. e.adapt

ability

.of.IWSN

.is.extr

emely

.cruc

ial,

.since.it.enab

les

.end-

sers

. to. cope. with. dyna

mic/varying

. wire

less

. chan

nel

. cond

itions

. in. indu

strial

. envi

ronments

and.new.conn

ectivity

.requ

irements

.driv

.by.new.indu

strial

.proc

esses.

.To.bala

nce

.the.trad

os

.amo

.res

ources,

.acc

uracy,

.lat

ency,

.and.tim

e-synchronization

.req

uirements,

.ada

ptive

.sign

proc

essing

.alg

orithms

.and.com

munication

.pro

tocols

.are.req

uired.

•

. Time

synchronization:

.In.IWSN

.larg

.numbe

.of.sens

.node

.need.to.coll

aborate

.to.perf

orm

the.sensi

.task.and.the.coll

ected

.data.are.usua

lly

.dela

.sensi

tive

.[2,1

8].

. us,.time.sync

hroniza-

tion

.is.one.of.the.key.desig

.goal

.for.comm

unication

.proto

col

.desig

.to.meet.the.dead

lines

.of.the.

appl

ication.

.Howe

ver,

.due.to.reso

urce

.and.size.limi

tations

.and.lack.of.a.xed.infr

astructure,

.as.

Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks 6-7

well.as.the.dynamic.topologies.in.IWSNs,.existing.time-synchronization.strategies.designed.for.

othe

.trad

itional

.wire

.and.wire

less

.netw

orks

.may.not.be.appr

opriate

.for.IWSN

.Adapt

ive

.and.

scal

able

.tim

e-synchronization

.pro

tocols

.are.req

uired

.for.IWS

Ns.

•

. Faul

t tolerance and reliability:

.In.IWSN

.base

.on.the.appl

ication

.requ

irements,

.the.sens

.data.

shou

.be.reli

ably

.tran

sferred

.to.the.sink.node.[11]

.Simi

larly,

.the.prog

ramming/retasking

.data.for.

sens

.oper

ation,

.comm

and,

.and.quer

ies

.shou

.be.reli

ably

.deli

vered

.to.the.targ

.sens

.node

.to.

assu

.prop

.func

tioning

.of.the.IWSN

.Howe

ver,

.for.many.IWSN.appl

ications,

.the.sens

.data.

are.exch

anged

.over.a.time

-varying

.and.erro

r-prone

.wire

less

.medi

um.

. us,.data.veri

cation

.and.

corr

ection

.on.each.comm

unication

.laye

.and.self

-recovery

.proc

edures

.are.extr

emely

.crit

ical

.to.

prov

ide

.acc

urate

.res

ults

.to.the.end

-user.

•

. Appl

ication-specic design:

.In.IWSN

.ther

.exis

.no.one-

size-ts-all

.solu

tion;

.inst

ead,

.the.alte

native

.desig

.and.tech

niques

.shou

.be.deve

loped

.base

.on.the.appl

ication-specic

.QoS.requ

ire-

ments

.and.con

straints.

•

. Secu

re design:

.When.desig

ning

.the.secu

rity

.mech

anisms

.for.IWSN

.both.low-

level

.(key.esta

blish-

ment

.and.trus

.cont

rol,

.secr

ecy

.and.auth

entication,

.priv

acy,

.robu

stness

.to.comm

unication

.DoS,.

secu

.rout

ing,

.resil

ience

.to.node.captu

re)

.and.high

-level

.(sec

ure

.grou

.mana

gement,

.intr

usion

dete

ction,

.secu

.data.aggr

egation)

.secu

rity

.prim

itives

.shou

.be.addr

essed

.[34]

.Also

.beca

use

of.reso

urce

.limi

tations

.in.IWSN

.the.over

head

.asso

ciated

.with.secu

rity

.proto

cols

.shou

.be.bal-

nced

.aga

inst

.oth

.QoS.per

formance

.req

uirements.

.is.very.chal

lenging

.to.meet.all.the.abov

e-mentioned

.desig

.goal

.simul

taneously.

.Fort

unately,

.most.

IWSN.desig

.have.die

rent

.requ

irements

.and.prio

rities

.on.desig

.objec

tives.

. ere

fore,

.the.netw

ork

desig

ners

.and.appl

ication

.deve

lopers

.shou

.bala

nce

.the.trad

e-os

.amon

.the.die

rent

.para

meters

when.desig

ning

.proto

cols

.and.arch

itectures

.for.IWSN

.Tabl

.6.1.summ

arizes

.the.tech

nical

.chal

lenges

and.cor

responding

.desi

.goa

.for.IWS

Ns.

6.5 Design Principles and technical approaches

In.this.section,.the.design.principles.and.technical.approaches.in.IWSNs.are.broadly.classied.into.

thre

.cate

gories:

.(1).hard

ware

.deve

lopment;

.(2).sow

are

.deve

lopment;

.and.(3).syst

.arch

itecture

.and.

proto

col

.desi

gn.

6.5.1 Hardware Development

6.5.1.1 Low-Power and Low-Cost Sensor Node Development

. IWSN. node. inte

grates

. sens

ing,

. data. coll

ection

. and. proc

essing,

. and. wire

less

. comm

unica-

tions

.alon

.with.an.atta

ched

.powe

.supp

.on.a.sing

.chip

. e.hard

ware

.arch

itecture

.of.a.typi

cal

TABLE 6.1 Challenges.vs..Design.Goals.in.IWSNs

Challenges Design.Goals

Resource

.cons

traints Resource

.ecient.design

namic

.top

ologies

.and.har

.envir

onmental

.condi

tions Adaptive

.netw

ork

.opera

tion

Quality

.of.serv

ice

.req

uirements Application-specic

.design.and.time.synchr

onization

Data

.red

undancy Data

.fusio

.and.loca

lized

.pro

cessing

Packet

.erro

.and.vari

able

.link.cap

acity Fault

.tolera

nce

.and.reli

ability

Security Secure

.design

rge-scale

.deploy

ment

.and.ad.hoc.arc

hitecture Low-cost

.sens

.nodes.and.self-o

rganization

Integration

.wit

.Int

ernet

.and.oth

.wire

less

.netw

orks Scalable

.arc

hitectures

.and.ecient.pro

tocols