Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

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4-12 Industrial Communication Systems

4.5.6 Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation

Sensor.protocols.for.information.via.negotiation.[HKB99].are.a.family.of.protocols.used.to.eciently.

distribute.information.in.a.WSN..Conventional.data.dissemination.approaches.such.as.ooding.and.

gossiping. waste. valuable. communication. and. energy. resources. by. sending. redundant. information.

throughout.the.network..SPIN.use.data.negotiation.and.resource-adaptive.algorithms..Nodes.running.

SPIN.assign.a.high-level.name.to.their.data,.called.meta-data,.and.perform.meta-data.negotiations.

before.any.data.is.transmitted;.therefore,.there.is.no.redundant.data.sent.through.the.network..SPIN.has.

access.to.the.current.energy.level.of.the.node.and.adapts.the.protocol.it.is.running.based.on.the.remain-

ing

.energy.. e.SPIN.family.protocols.use.three.types.of.messages:.when.a.SPIN.node.has.some.new.

data,.it.sends.an.advanced.(ADV).message.containing.metadata.to.its.neighbors..When.a.SPIN.node.

wishes.to.receive.the.data,.it.sends.an.REQ.message,.and.then.there.are.DATA.messages.that.are.messages.

with.a.metadata.header.

.SPIN.family.of.protocols.is.made.up.of.dierent.protocols,.SPIN-1,.and.SPIN-2;.they.incorporate.

negotiation.before.transmitting.data.in.order.to.ensure.that.only.useful.information.will.be.transferred,.

SPIN-BC.(for.broadcast.channels),.SPIN-PP.(designed.for.point-to-point.communications),.SPIN-EC.

(with.low.energy.threshold),.and.SPIN-RL.

4.5.7 Low Energy adaptive Clustering Hierarchy

LEACH.[HChB00].is.a.cluster-based.protocol,.which.includes.distributed.cluster.information.. is.pro-

tocol

.randomly.selects.a.few.sensor.nodes.as.cluster.heads.(CHs).and.rotates.this.role.to.evenly.distribute.

the.energy.load.among.the.sensors.in.the.network..Figure.4.6.shows.rstly.a.typical.network.based.on.

clusters,.and.secondly.how.a.WSN.is.applied.

LEACH

.has.two.phases,.the.setup.phase.and.the.steady.state.phase..In.the.setup.phase,.the.clusters.

are.organized.and.CHs.are.selected..In.the.steady.state.phase,.the.actual.data.transfer.to.the.base.sta-

tion

.(BS).takes.place.. e.duration.of.the.steady.state.phase.is.longer.than.the.duration.of.the.setup.

phase.in.order.to.minimize.overhead..All.elected.CHs.broadcast.an.advertisement.message.to.the.rest.

of.the.nodes.in.the.network.that.they.are.the.new.CHs,.and.the.rest.of.nodes.decide.to.which.they.

want.to.belong.to.and.inform.the.appropriate.CHs.. is.decision.is.based.on.the.signal.strength.of.

the.advertisement.

During

.the.steady.state.phase,.the.sensor.nodes.can.begin.sensing.and.transmitting.data.to.the.CHs..

 e.CH.node,.aer.receiving.all.the.data,.aggregates.it.before.sending.it.to.the.BS..Each.cluster.commu-

nicates

.using.dierent.code.division.multiple.access.(CDMA).codes.to.reduce.interference.from.nodes.

belonging.to.other.clusters.

Base station

Cluster head

Sensor node

Cluster head

Regular node

Gateway

FIGURE 4.6 Example.of.a.typical.network.based.on.clusters.and.application.in.a.sensor.network.

Routing in Wireless Networks 4-13

4.5.8 Geographic adaptive Fidelity

GAF.[XHE01].is.an.energy-aware.location-based.routing.algorithm.designed.primarily.for.mobile.ad.hoc.

networks,.but.may.be.applicable.to.sensor.networks.as.well.. e.network.area.is.rst.divided.into.xed.zones.

and.forms.a.virtual.grid,.see.Figure.4.7..Inside.each.zone,.nodes.collaborate.with.each.other.to.play.dierent.

roles..GAF.conserves.energy.by.turning.o.unnecessary.nodes.in.the.network.without.aecting.the.level.of.

routing.delity..Each.node.uses.its.GPS-indicated.location.to.associate.itself.with.a.point.in.the.virtual.grid..

Nodes.associated.with.the.same.point.on.the.grid.are.considered.equivalent.in.terms.of.the.cost.of.packet.

routing..GAF.can.substantially.increase.the.network’s.lifetime.as.the.number.of.nodes.increases.

 ere

.are.three.states.dened.in.GAF:.discovery,.for.determining.the.neighbors.in.the.grid;.active,.

reecting.participation.in.routing;.and.sleep,.when.the.radio.is.turned.o..In.order.to.handle.mobility,.

each.node.in.the.grid.estimates.its.leaving.time.and.sends.this.to.its.neighbors.. e.sleeping.neighbors.

adjust.their.sleeping.time.accordingly.in.order.to.keep.the.routing.delity..Before.the.leaving.time.of.the.

active.node.expires,.sleeping.nodes.wake.up.and.one.of.them.becomes.active..GAF.is.implemented.both.

for.nonmobility.(GAF.basic).and.mobility.(GAF-mobility.adaptation).of.nodes.

.Table.4.2,.there.is.a.comparison.of.the.three.routing.protocols.for.WSNs.presented.in.this.section..

 e.routing.algorithm.used.and.the.family.protocol.of.every.routing.protocol.is.summarized.

4.6 Conclusions

As.a.general.rule,.we.can.say.that.while.proactive.protocols.are.very.ecient.when.the.network.is.small.

with.high.trac.and.low.mobility,.the.constant.propagation.of.routing.information.generally.has.a.

negative.eect.on.the.eciency.of.these.protocols..On.the.other.hand,.reactive.protocols.create.a.greater.

latency.due.to.delays.in.route.discovery.to.the.destination..On-demand.routing.protocols.are.suitable.for.

low.trac.load.and/or.moderate.mobility..With.high.mobility,.ooding.of.data.packets.may.be.the.only.

option,.and.it.is.because.of.this.that.new.solutions.such.as.hybrid.protocols.are.being.sought.in.the.hope.

of.achieving.the.best.of.both.systems.

2 3

Base station

FIGURE 4.7 Example.of.virtual.grid.in.GAF.

TABLE 4.2 Routing.Protocols.in.Wireless.Ad.Hoc.Networks

Routing.Protocols.in.Wireless.Ad.Hoc.Networks

OLSR TBRPF DSR AODV DYMO

Routing

algorithm

Link.state Link.state Source.

routingbased

Distance.

vector

Source.

routingbased

Routing

.protocol.

family

Proactive Proactive Reactive Reactive Reactive

4-14 Industrial Communication Systems

In.conclusion,.although.there.now.exists.a.wide.variety.of.protocols.developed.for.wireless.networks,.

non

.rep

resents

.the.bes

.sol

ution

.for.all.net

work

.app

lications

.and.con

texts,

.and.it.is.for.thi

.rea

son

.tha

rou

ting

.pr

otocols

.co

ntinue

.to.be.th

.su

bject

.of.in

tense

.st

udy

.at.pr

esent.

acknowledgment

 is.work.was.supported.by.the.MCyT.(Spanish.Ministry.of.Science.and.Technology).under.the.projects.

TSI

2007-66637-C02-01/02,

.wh

ich

.ar

.pa

rtially

.fu

nded

.by.FE

DER.

abbreviations

AODV. Ad.hoc.on-demand.distance.vector

. Bas

.st

ation

. Clu

ster

.he

DSDV

. Des

tination-sequenced

.di

stance-vector

DSR

. Dyn

amic

.so

urce

.ro

uting

DYMO

. Dyn

amic

.MA

NET

.on

-demand

ETSI

. Eur

opean

.Te

lecommunications

.Sta

ndards

.In

stitute

GAF

. Geo

graphic

.ad

aptive

.d

elity

GPRS

. Gen

eral

.pa

cket

.ra

dio

.se

rvice

GSM

. Glo

bal

.sy

stem

.fo

.mo

bile

.co

mmunication

HiperLAN

. Hig

.pe

rformance

.ra

dio

.LA

IETF

. Int

ernet

.en

gineering

.ta

.fo

rce

LEACH

. Low.en

ergy

.ad

aptive

.cl

ustering

.hi

erarchy

MANET

. Mob

ile

.ad.ho

.ne

tworks

MPR

. Mul

tipoint

.re

laying

OLSR

. Opti

mized

.li

nk-state

.ro

uting

.pr

otocol

QoS

. Qua

lity

.of.se

rvice

RREP

. Rou

.re

ply

RREQ

. Rou

.re

quest

RTS/CTS

. Request.to.send/clear.to.send

SNIR

. Sig

nal

.to.no

ise

.an

.in

terference

.ra

tio

SPIN

. Sen

sor

.pr

otocols

.fo

.in

formation

.vi

.ne

gotiation

TBRPF

. Top

ology

.di

ssemination

.ba

sed

.on.re

verse

.pa

.fo

rwarding

TTL

. Tim

e-to-live

UMTS

. Uni

versal

.mo

bile

.te

lecommunications

.sy

stem

WLAN

. Wire

less

.lo

cal

.ar

.ne

tworks

WMAN

. Wire

less

.me

tropolitan

.ar

.ne

tworks

WMN

. Wire

less

.me

.ne

twork

WPAN

. Per

sonal

.ar

.ne

tworks

WSN

. Wire

less

.se

nsor

.ne

twork

WWAN

. Wire

less

.wi

.ar

.ne

tworks

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5-1

5.1 Interoperating Components

In.distributed.automation.systems,.automation.devices.like.sensors,.actuators,.and.controllers.are.

conn

ected

.thro

ugh

.an.indu

strial

.comm

unication

.syst

.(Fig

ure

.5.1)

.Auto

mation

.syst

ems

.of.the.past.

were.free

.con

gurable,

.allo

wing

.the.syst

.to. be. adap

ted

.spec

ically

.to.one.give

.inst

allation.

Alth

ough

.this.coul

.alre

ady

.be.done.in.sow

are

.(and.not.by.conn

ecting

.wire

.dire

ctly),

.it.was.stil

nece

ssary

.that.ever

.syst

.had.to.be. prog

rammed

.indi

vidually,

.whic

.resu

lted

.in.a.uniq

.and.

nonr

eusable

.inst

allation.

.Cost

.for.inte

grating

.mult

iple

.indu

stries,

.main

tenance,

.and.exte

nsions

.of.

exis

ting

.syst

ems

.were.cons

iderable

.and.requ

ired

.well

-educated

.expe

rts.

.When.auto

mation

.syst

ems

beca

.more.soph

isticated

.and.cons

isted

.of.a.cons

iderable

.amou

.of.comm

unicating

.comp

onents,

this.eor

.beca

.too.high.and.a.new.solu

tion

.had.to.be.foun

.Inst

ead

.of.prog

ramming

.each.comp

nent

.indi

vidually,

.an.exis

ting

.den

ition

.has.sinc

.been.used.as.a.temp

late

.and.repr

oduced

.for.as.many.

comp

onents

.(or.node

.as.they.are.call

.from.comm

unication

.poin

.of.view

)

.as.need

ed.

. e.abil

ities

(i.e

.the.func

tions)

.of.each.comp

onent

.are.stan

dardized,

.the.node

.do.not.need.to.be.prog

rammed,

they.mer

ely

.need.to.be.con

gured.

. ese.fun

ctions

.can.be.cou

pled,

.thus.cre

ating

.the.func

tionality

.of.

the.whol

.syst

em.

.user

.do.not.need.to.know.abou

.the.inte

rnal

.desig

.of.a.node

;

.they.only.have.to.know.abou

.the.

func

tions

.that.a.node.oer

.Well

-known

.func

tions

.are,.for.exam

ple,

.actu

ators,

.sens

ors,

.and.cont

rollers,

each.of.whic

.can.be.oer

.by.a.sepa

rate

.node.(or.all.inte

grated

.into.one.comp

lex

.node

.Inst

ead

.of.

know

ing

.the.whol

.comp

onent,

.the.user.only.has.to.know.the.inte

rface

.of.the.comp

onent,

.that.is,.the.

vari

ables

.tha

.it.oe

.and.the

.beh

avior.

When

.conguring.such.a.system,.the.user.has.to.connect.the.outputs.of.one.function.block.with.the.

inpu

.of.othe

.func

tion

.bloc

ks.

.Physi

cal

.data.tran

smission

.does.not.requ

ire

.dedi

cated

.wire

.but.can.

be.done.on.a.shar

.bus,.wher

.mess

ages

.are.tran

sported

.betw

een

.node

.using.dist

inct

.addr

esses

.for.

send

.to.rec

eiver

.in.the.mes

sage.

.goal.is.to.get.a.syst

.that.can.easil

.be.put.into.oper

ation,

.pref

erably

.with.litt

.(or.even.no).

comm

issioning.

.Whil

.the.adva

ntages

.are.obvi

ous,

.one.also.has.to.consi

der

.how.to.achi

eve

.coop

erating

comp

onents.

. is.is.an.issu

.on.mult

iple

.laye

rs.

.Whil

.befo

.it.was.suc

ient

.to.chec

.for.the.corr

ect

physi

cal

.para

meters

.like.volt

age

.befo

.conn

ecting

.two.comp

onents

.by.a.dedi

cated

.wire

.we.now.have.

Proles and

Interoperability

5.1. Interoperating.Components............................................................. 5-1

5.2

. Appl

ication

.of.Pro

les......................................................................5-4

Function.Blocks.of.IEC.61499. •. Functional.Proles.inLON. •. .

Logical.Nodes.of.the.IEC.61850

5.3. Achieving.Interoperability...............................................................5-6

References....................................................................................................... 5-7

Gerhard Zucker

Vienna University

of Tec

hnology

Heinz Frank

Reinhold-Würth-University

5-2 Industrial Communication Systems

to.consider.not.only.the.physical.connection.but.also.dierent.other.levels.. is.ability.to.cooperate.can.

be.described.by.dierent.terms.

Two

.components.need.to.have.identical.properties.to.reach.a.certain.level.of.cooperation.. ese.ve.

properties.are

. 1..Identical.communication.protocol.on.layer.1–7

. 2.. Usage.of.services.by.the.application

. 3.. Denition.of.the.interface.variables.regarding,.for.example,.data.type,.resolution,.or.measuring.unit

. 4.. Semantics.of.the.application.(algorithms,.amount,.and.meaning.of.interface.variables)

. 5..Dynamic.behavior.regarding,.for.example,.control.parameters.or.lter.constants

Depending

.on.the.number.of.properties.that.a.system.fullls,.we.can.assign.the.following.terms.(Table.5.1):

Compatible

.and.interconnectable.require.loosely.dened.communication.agreements;.the.compo-

nents

.must.not.interfere.with.each.other,.which.translate.to.requirements.on.the.physical.channel,.for.

example,.voltage.level.or.bitrates..Interworkable.systems.need.to.have.an.agreement.on.the.meaning.of.

transmitted.information.in.terms.of.data.types.(e.g.,.how.many.bytes.make.up.a.number?,.is.it.an.inte-

ger

.or.a.oating.point?).and.also.have.to.dene.error.values.in.case.a.value.cannot.be.transmitted.(e.g.,.

too.big.or.sensor.is.broken)..An.example.for.this.level.of.cooperation.can.be.found.in.local.operating.

network.(LON).[1],.where.standard.network.variable.types.(SNVTs).have.been.dened..For.example,.the.

type.snvt_temp.denes.temperature,.which.can.be.used.for.transmitting.common.temperatures.with.

the.following.properties:

•

. Data.type:.unsigned.long.integer

•

. Total.length:.two.bytes

•

. Measuring.unit.and.range:.degree.Celsius.ranging.from.−274°C.to.+6279.5°C

•

. Resolution:.0.1°C

.this.level,.the.user.of.the.system.can.be.sure.that.the.components.do.not.interfere.with.each.

other,.that.they.can.exchange.data,.and.also.have.the.same.understanding.of.the.interpretation.of.

(function i)

Function-

block (FB)

Function-

block (FB)

(function i)

Engineering

tool A

Engineering

tool B

Portability

Configurability

Automation device x Automation device y

Interoperability

Industrial

communication system

FIGURE 5.1 Distributed.automation.system.

TABLE 5.1 Term.Denitions.by.Properties.

1–5.Given.above

Incompatible None

Compatible 1

Interconnectable 1 2

Interworkable 1 2 3

Interoperable 1 2 3 4

Interchangeable 1 2 3 4 5

Proles and Interoperability 5-3

these.data..However,.this.does.not.ensure.that.the.components.can.also.cooperate.seamlessly..In.addi-

tion

.to.an.understanding.of.values,.the.components.need.to.be.designed.toward.other.requirements..

For.one,.there.is.the.direction.from.where.communication.is.triggered:.A.node.can.either.send.its.

information.regularly.to.any.component.that.is.interested.in.the.value.or.it.can.wait.until.another.

component.queries.it.for.its.value..A.controller.component.on.the.other.side.has.to.implement.error.

behavior.in.case.a.required.value.cannot.be.retrieved,.for.example,.due.to.communication.failure.or.

failure.of.a.sensor.component..In.some.cases,.it.may.be.necessary.to.calibrate.a.sensor.component..

A.controller.component.has.to.consider.the.fact.that.during.calibration,.the.component.is.unable.

to.deliver.a.reliable.measurement.. ese.issues.are.beyond.mere.communication;.they.relate.to.the.

functionality.of.a.component.

.an.interoperable.system,.the.devices.from.dierent.suppliers.have.to.be.able.to.exchange.infor-

mation

.and.to.use.the.information.that.has.been.exchanged.[1]..If.a.system.is.capable.of.communi-

cating

.and.exchanging.data,.it.is.syntactically.interoperable..When.a.device.is.able.to.process.such.

data.with.useful.results,.it.is.semantically.interoperable..To.achieve.interoperable.or.interchangeable.

components,.the.functions.of.the.components.have.to.be.standardized.. is.includes.dening.groups.

of.components,.for.example,.sensor,.actuator.or.controller.and.their.properties,.for.example,.their.

time.response..In.LON,.this.level.of.cooperation.is.achieved.by.dening.functional.proles..On.this.

level,.it.is.possible.to.achieve.true.interoperability,.which.means.that.components.(e.g.,.from.dier-

ent

.manufacturers).can.be.combined.to.one.system.to.cooperatively.provide.the.system.function-

ality.

.Components.can.be.replaced.(also.by.components.of.other.manufacturers).without.aecting.

functionality.

.function.blocks.shown.in.Figure.5.1.consist.of.programs,.data,.and.communication.services.

(Figure.5.2)..To.ensure.interoperability.between.distributed.function.blocks.for.one.control.function,.

we.have.to.standardize.the.functions,.data,.and.communication.services.of.the.function.blocks.in.a.

functional.prole.

Users

.benet.from.standardized.components.by.being.able.to.use.components,.which.can.be.manu-

factured

.by.dierent.companies..Manufacturers.on.the.other.side.can.extend.their.market.segment.

by.oering.only.parts.or.single.components.of.a.system.and.do.not.have.to.oer.all.components.

of.a.system..Generally,.standardized.distributed.systems.that.are.interoperable.have.the.following.

advantages:

•

. Automation.systems.can.be.built.up.with.autonomous.subsystems.

•

. Autonomous. subsystems. can. be. manufactured. and. tested. independently. from. the. complete.

system.

•

. Subsystems.from.dierent.manufacturers.can.be.integrated.

•

. Existing.systems.can.be.easily.extended.with.new.automation.devices.

•

. Integration.of.automation.devices.can.be.done.by.conguration.

Automation device x

Communication services

Program Data

Function block n.1

Industrial communication system

Functional profile

Automation device x

Communication services

Program

Data

Function block n.2

Specif.

func.

n.1

Specif.

func.

n.2

FIGURE 5.2 Distributed.automation.function.

5-4 Industrial Communication Systems

5.2 application of Proles

 is.section.describes.some.examples.for.functional.proles.as.they.are.covered.by.dierent.standards.

5.2.1 Function Blocks of IEC 61499

Distributed.systems.used.for.automation.have.been.standardized.in.the.IEC.61499.standard.. is.stan-

dard

.describes.an.architecture.for.communication.networks.and.processes.that.can.be.used.for.design-

ing

.system.applications..Interoperability.is.a.central.concept.that.has.to.be.achieved.. e.core.component.

in.IEC.61499.is.a.Function.Block,.which.is.a.module.that.has.a.certain.function.and.provides.the.output.

of.this.function.based.on.its.input.to.other.components.using.an.interface.. is.interface.consists.of.

both.Event.Inputs/Outputs.(I/Os).and.Data.I/Os..Internally,.the.Function.Block.executes.an.algorithm,.

which.processes.input.data.and.produces.output.data,.but.this.algorithms.is.not.visible.from.the.outside..

Output.data.can.be.transferred.to.other.Function.Blocks.and.become.input.data.for.the.other.block..

Basic.Function.Blocks.are.the.most.elementary.blocks;.Composite.Function.Blocks.can.be.composed.

of.multiple.Basic.Function.Blocks..Using.these.Function.Blocks,.it.is.possible.to.design.a.system.with.a.

high.degree.of.modularity..IEC.61499.is.intended.to.describe.a.generic.modelling.approach.for.control.

applications.that.are.distributed.over.multiple.components.and.thus.have.to.be.built.in.a.modular.way..

Another.aspect.of.modularity.is.the.fact.that.information.ow.and.control.ow.are.separated.by.means.

of.Event.I/O.and.Data.I/O.

5.2.2 Functional Proles in LON

LON.was.developed.for.building.automation..It.makes.it.possible.to.distribute.the.automation.functions.

in,.for.example,.light.control,.sunblind.control,.heating,.ventilation,.and.air.conditioning.all.over.the.

buildings.[2].

Figure

.5.3.shows.a.simple.example.for.a.light.control..It.is.possible.to.switch.a.lamp.on.and.o.from.

two.dierent.switches..Both.sensors.(i.e.,.the.switches).and.the.actuator.have.their.own.microcomputer.

(Neuron-Chip).. e.function.for.the.light.control.is.distributed.on.these.three.microcomputers.

Lamp actuator E1

Switch S1

Switch S2

µC

LON

FIGURE 5.3 Example.for.a.simple.LON.network.

Proles and Interoperability 5-5

 e.standardization.organization.for.LON.(LonMark).has.specied.“functional.proles”.for.such.a.

light.control.[3]..For.the.application.according.to.Figure.5.3,.two.functional.proles.have.to.be.considered:

•

. e.switch.prole.(standardized.as.No..3200).denes.the.function,.the.conguration.parameters,.

and.the.network.variables.(the.types.of.which.are.called.SNVTs,.see.below).that.are.required.in.

a.switch.(Figure.5.4)..If.a.user.presses.the.le.button.on.the.switch,.the.microcontroller.writes.an.

“ON”-information.into.the.network-variable.nvoSwitch;.if.the.right.button.is.pressed,.it.writes.

an.“OFF”-information.into.this.variable.. e.representation.of.these.values.in.the.variable.is.

standardized.with.so-called.SNVTs.. e.nvoSwitch-variable.is.an.output.variable.and.can.be.

connected.to.other.input.variables.at.other.nodes..So.each.time.this.variable.is.changed,.its.value.

is.transmitted.over.the.LON.network.to.one.or.more.other.automation.devices.

Figure

.5.4.shows.the.implementation.of.the.switch.prole.on.two.automation.devices,.which.

are.switch.S1.and.switch.S2..In.this.network,.the.value.from.the.nvo-Switch.values.must.be.trans-

mitted

.over.the.LON.to.the.lamp.actuator.

•

. e.lamp-actuator-prole. (standardized. as. No..3040).denes. the. function,.the. conguration.

parameters,.and.the.network.variables.that.are.required.in.a.lamp.actuator.(Figure.5.4)..A.net-

work

.variable.nviLampValue,.which.is.an.input.variable,.is.required..If.an.“ON”-information.is.

received.in.this.input.value.from.a.switch,.the.lamp.actuator.switches.the.lamp.on;.accordingly,.

the.lamp.is.switched.o,.if.an.“OFF”-information.is.received..Figure.5.4.shows.the.implementa-

tion

.of.one.lamp-actuator-prole.on.one.automation.device,.which.is.the.lamp.actuator.E1.

.LON,.the.integration.of.the.automation.devices.is.done.with.integration.tools..With.such.tools,.the.

structure.of.the.network.and.the.so-called.bindings.must.be.congured..A.binding.denes.the.connec-

tion

.of.input.variables.to.output.variables.

5.2.3 Logical Nodes of the IEC 61850

 e.IEC.61850.standard.was.developed.for.the.communication.of.devices.in.substations.of.electrical.

power.grids.and.for.distributed.energy.resources.[4–6].

For

.generic.functions.like.supervision.and.control.of.transformers,.switches,.circuit.breakers,.and.

metering.devices,.so-called.logical.node.classes.were.standardized.

For

.example,.the.logical.node.class.for.a.metering.device.(abbrivated.as.MMTR.according.to.IEC.

61850).includes.the.following.data:

•

. Health.status.of.the.metering.device.(EEHealth)

•

. Net.apparent.energy.(TotVAh)

Switch #3200

nvoSwitch

Lamp actuator #3040

nviLampValue

Lamp actuator E1

Switch S1

Switch #3200

nvoSwitch

Switch S2

LON

FIGURE 5.4 Nodes.and.functional.proles.