Weir A. Henry VIII: The King and His Court
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45. Polydore Vergil.
46. CSP: Spanish; Edward Hall; Polydore Vergil; L&P; Lord Herbert of Cherbury; Henry Clifford.
47. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
48. Ibid. Charles Wriothesley also says Henry “had no hurt.”
49. Chiefly MacNalty.
50. CSP: Spanish.
51. Ibid. There is no contemporary evidence to support Warnicke’s elaborate theory that the foetus was
deformed. Chapuys’s sources gave him a detailed description of it, and he would not have hesitated to
make political capital of any abnormality.
52. L&P.
53. CSP: Spanish.
54. Ibid.
47 “Thunder Rolls around the Throne”
1. CSP: Spanish.
2. Ibid.
3. L&P.
4. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
5. L&P.
6. CSP: Spanish.
7. Loke, Account of Materials.
8. L&P; CSP: Spanish.
9. Statutes of the Realm.
10. L&P.
11. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. L&P; Strype; B.L. Cotton MSS.: Otho; B.L. Harleian MSS.
18. Charles Wriothesley.
19. CSP: Spanish; State Papers; L&P.
20. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
21. Thomas Wyatt: Collected Poems.
22. L&P.
23. Ibid.; Lisle Letters.
24. For the indictment, see L&P. Warnicke has suggested that the men accused with Anne Boleyn were
all known to have indulged in criminal perversions and thus were easily framed, but there is no real
evidence to support this theory.
25. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
26. L&P.
27. Cited in Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII.
28. CSP: Foreign, Elizabeth I; letter from Alexander Aless to Elizabeth I, 1 September 1559, now in the
Public Record Office.
29. L&P; Strype; B.L. Cotton MSS.: Otho; B.L. Harleian MSS.
30. L&P.
31. Ibid.
32. George Constantine. Constantine was Norris’s servant, and had known Brereton since their youth.
33. Ibid.; Chronica del Rey Enrico.
34. Reports of Sir John Spelman; L&P.
35. L&P; Strype; B.L. Cotton MSS.: Otho; B.L. Harleian MSS.
36. George Constantine.
37. Edward Hall.
38. Ibid.
39. Sander says that Henry left in a rage after Anne dropped her handkerchief to Norris as a favour.
Norris’s use of it to wipe the sweat from his face was seen by the King as evidence of intimacy. No
contemporary source mentions this incident.
40. L&P.
41. Ashmole MSS., Bodleian Library.
42. L&P; Strype; B.L. Cotton MSS.: Otho; B.L. Harleian MSS.
43. State Papers; George Constantine; L&P.
44. Lancelot de Carles; Henry Clifford; Lord Herbert of Cherbury; Gilbert Burnet.
45. Excerpta Historica.
46. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
47. L&P; Lisle Letters; PPE.
48. L&P.
49. Ibid.
50. Letters and Accounts of William Brereton.
51. George Cavendish, Metrical Visions.
52. L&P; Lisle Letters.
53. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. Now the official residence of the Governor of the Tower. The Queen’s House is not called after
Anne Boleyn, but is known as the King’s House or the Queen’s House according to the gender of the
current monarch. The rooms occupied by Anne have been preserved; a carving of her first name is to be
seen in the stonework of the fireplace in her bedchamber.
58. Chronicle of Calais; Excerpta Historica; William Thomas; Charles Wriothesley.
59. See Loades, Tudor Court.
60. CSP: Spanish.
61. Edward Hall.
62. L&P; CSP: Spanish.
63. L&P.
64. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian; Original Letters, ed. Ellis; L&P.
65. L&P; Lisle Letters.
48 “Bound to Obey and Serve”
1. Statutes of the Ream.
2. Charles Wriothesley.
3. CSP: Spanish.
4. L&P.
5. CSP: Spanish.
6. Edward Hall.
7. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
8. L&P.
9. CSP: Spanish.
10. L&P.
11. Ibid.
12. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
13. L&P.
14. This tale was recounted by the eighteenth-century antiquary and art historian George Vertue, who
had access to sources now lost to us, and is recorded by Horace Walpole in Anecdotes of Painting in
England.
15. L&P.
16. Charles Wriothesley.
17. Cited in L. B. Smith, Henry VII: The Mask of Royalty.
18. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
19. Charles Wriothesley.
20. CSP: Spanish.
21. Ibid.
22. Lisle Letters.
23. CSP: Spanish.
24. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; PRO. Some of Anne’s emblems were too inaccessible to
remove, or were overlooked: her initials, entwined with Henry’s, are still to be seen on the vaulted
ceiling above the entrance to Anne Boleyn’s gateway at Hampton Court and in the roof timbers of the
great hall, and her falcon badge survives on the rood screen in King’s College Chapel, Cambridge.
25. PRO.
26. B.L. Additional MSS.
27. Inventory.
28. Now in the Royal Collection.
29. Both sketches are in the Royal Collection.
30. Lisle Letters.
31. This cup was recorded in royal inventories until the reign of Charles I, who, in 1629, had it melted
down to raise funds. Holbein’s preliminary design is in the British Museum, and his more elaborate
finished presentation drawing is in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
32. Jane’s portrait is in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna; Henry’s is in the Thyssen Collection at
Lugano. The portraits may have formed a diptych: one of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour is recorded in
the King’s Inventory. However, they are not a matching pair, and it may be that one or the other was
part of the diptych, and that the corresponding portrait is now lost.
33. More than 250 of his designs survive in the British Museum, in the Ashmolean Museum, and at
Basel.
34. See chapter 50.
35. L&P; Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary.
36. Suffolk Place was given by Mary I to the Archbishop of York in 1556. Few traces of the house
remain today.
37. Anne of Cleves died there in 1557. In 1639, Chelsea Palace was alienated from the Crown. Nothing
remains of it today.
38. Durham House was kept in repair throughout the Tudor period, but demolished in the mid
seventeenth century.
39. Copt Hall was given by Edward VI to Mary Tudor in 1548. It was rebuilt in 1758, but later
destroyed by fire. Only ruins remain.
49 “The Suppression of the Religious Houses”
1. L&P; B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
2. L&P.
3. Cited by Muir and Mason
4. CSP: Spanish.
5. Cited in The Hamilton Papers (ed. J. Bain, Edinburgh, 1890–1892.
6. A portrait by Holbein of a lady thought to be Elizabeth Seymour that descended in the Cromwell
family and is now in Toledo, Ohio, was in the nineteenth century incorrectly identified as one of
Katherine Howard. A copy is in the National Portrait Gallery.
7. L&P; State Papers.
8. John Foxe.
9. The present house is a seventeenth-century reconstruction on a much larger scale. Audley also
converted an Augustinian friary in Aldgate into a London town house, but this has long since
disappeared.
10. Browne was also granted the Priory of St. Mary Overy in Southwark (now Southwark Cathedral),
which he converted into a town house.
11. Colvin. The gateway and ruins of the royal apartments have survived. In 1896, the Old Palace at
Canterbury was built by Archbishop Temple using building materials from Henry VIII’s palace, which
had been alienated from the Crown in 1612.
12. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library. Dartford was granted to Anne of Cleves on Henry’s death, and
to Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, in 1606. A brick gate and part of the outer court are all that survive.
13. It was sold by Mary I in 1554.
14. Letters to Cromwell. Reading remained in use as a royal residence until the reign of Charles I. It
was mostly destroyed in 1643, during the civil war, but a few ruins remain in Forbury Gardens, while
the gatehouse is used as a museum.
15. History of the King’s Works. It stood on the present Friary Street, but was ruinous by 1603 and was
demolished in 1607.
16. Edward VI granted it in 1548 to George Brooke, Lord Cobham, but it had been demolished by
1558.
17. L&P; B.L. Additional MSS.; PRO; John Stow, Annals; Charles Wriothesley.
18. L&P.
19. Ibid.
20. CSP: Spanish.
21. L&P.
22. Ibid.
23. Newcastle MSS., Nottingham University Library.
24. L&P.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Charles Wriothesley.
28. CSP: Spanish.
29. There is a later story that she was publicly received back at court on 17 December, but since it is
clear that she returned in October, this must be apocryphal (CSP: Spanish).
30. L&P.
31. Rooms were set aside for Mary at Ampthill, Enfield, Guildford, Woking, Otford, and Westenhanger.
L&P; CSP: Spanish; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
32. Cited in Neville Williams, The Court of Henry VIII.
33. Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary.
34. Henry Clifford.
35. Later versions are at Knole, Parham Park, and Castle Howard.
36. Cited in Robinson, Dukes of Norfolk.
37. CSP: Spanish.
50 “The Most Joyful News”
1. Edward Hall.
2. De Unitate Eclesiae.
3. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
4. L&P.
5. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Cleopatra.
6. L&P.
7. Ibid.
8. Kybett.
9. L&P.
10. Ibid.; Brewer.
11. L&P.
12. Ibid.
13. Charing was not used by Henry VIII or his successors. It fell into neglect and was alienated from
the Crown in 1629. The remains of the palace may be seen near the parish church.
14. Knole: Official Guidebook.
15. It is not certain whether this court and the tower were first built by Archbishop Morton, Archbishop
Warham, or Henry VIII. Under Mary I, Knole passed to the Sackville family. It was vastly extended
and remodelled by Thomas Sackville, first Earl of Dorset, in 1603–1608, and is now the largest private
house in England.
16. Knole: Official Guidebook.
17. Otford rapidly decayed after Henry’s death; by 1549, the lead had already been stripped from the
roofs of the hall, presence chamber, and privy chamber. It was sold by Elizabeth I to a local gentleman.
Parts of the north entrance range of the outer court remain, consisting chiefly of a three-storey, red-
brick, hexagonal tower that stood on the northwest corner of the palace complex and now rises stark,
roofless, and derelict in the middle of a field. Its floors have long disappeared, but the fireplaces on
each storey may be seen through the windows. Some other buildings have been incorporated into
nearby Castle Farm; part of Archbishop Warham’s cloistered gallery with its red-brick floor has been
converted into cottages. Otford has been the subject of an archaeological excavation.
18. See chapter 52.
19. PRO
20. Oatlands remained a favoured royal residence until the reign of Charles I, but was sold and largely
demolished under the Commonwealth. In 1660, the remaining buildings were given to Queen Henrietta
Maria, who converted them into a lodge, which was destroyed by fire in the eighteenth century. Some
foundations remain underground beneath the council housing estate that now occupies the site. Parts of
the red-brick wall and the gateway to the stables may be seen in Gate Road, off Weybridge High Street.
The site was excavated in the 1960s. A picture of Oatlands may be seen in the background of a portrait
of Anne of Denmark, wife of James I, by Paul van Somer (Royal Collection).
21. In the Royal Collection and at Petworth House, Sussex.
22. Known as the Chatsworth Cartoon, it is now in the National Portrait Gallery.
23. Karel van Mander.
24. L&P.
25. Ibid.; Lisle Letters.
26. L&P.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.; Lisle Letters.
29. Ibid.
30. L&P.
31. Chronica del Rey Enrico.
32. L&P.
33. PRO.
34. The ceiling remains today, the most splendid example of its kind in England, but the rest of the
chapel was refitted by Wren in the late seventeenth century. The gallery was remodelled, but the
holyday closets survive, as does a fragment of the original floor. The ceiling of the King’s holyday
closet is still in good condition. The gold stars on the chapel ceiling were added on the advice of
Augustus Pugin in the nineteenth century, when the ceiling was restored and the windows replaced in
the positions they had occupied in Henry’s day. The Tudor glass, however, was all destroyed under the
Commonwealth.
35. For the christening, see B.L. Cotton MSS.: Julius; Edward Hall; L&P; Charles Wriothesley; John
Leland, Collectanea.
36. Charles Wriothesley.
37. Holbein’s painting was probably lost in the fire which destroyed Cowdray House in 1793 (only
ruins remain). A copy is in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Holbein’s original portrait sketch is in
the Royal Collection.
38. L&P.
39. Cited by Fraser.
40. L&P.
41. Ibid.; Hall.
42. B.L. Additional MSS.; John Leland, Collectanea.
43. L&P.
44. Ibid.
45. Anne Basset transferred to the household of the Countess of Sussex.
46. Edward Hall.
47. L&P.
51 “The Very Pearl of the Realm”
1. Katherine was a connection of the Boleyns. She later married John Ashley, or Astley. Both remained
in Elizabeth’s service until their deaths.
2. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court. Lady Margaret and her husband Sir Thomas
Bryan received grants of monastic lands in Buckinghamshire in recognition of her good service to the
King’s three children.
3. Bodleian Library MSS.; Thurley, Royal Palace. The canopy was recorded during a visit to the More,
but was probably a feature of all the Prince’s cradles.
4. Literary Remains of Edward VI. Edward’s lodgings were largely rebuilt after a fire in 1886, which
destroyed forty rooms in Chapel Court.
5. Collection of Ordinances.
6. L&P.
7. B.L. Additional MSS.; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; L&P.
8. PRO. James I may have been following the precedent set by Henry VIII when he gave St. James’s
Palace to his son, Henry, Prince of Wales, as an official residence (History of the King’s Works; Strong;
Thurley, Royal Palace).
9. L&P.
10. Still in the Royal Collection.
11. CSP: Spanish.
12. Edward Hall.
13. Lisle Letters; L&P.
14. L&P.
15. Ibid. Only the west range of Hatfield Old Palace survives; it contains the great hall (now used as a
restaurant) with its original Tudor stained glass windows, a gatehouse with traces of sixteenth-century
wall paintings, and various domestic chambers. The palace was granted to Robert Cecil, Earl of
Salisbury, in 1607. He demolished most of it and used the materials to help build the present Hatfield
House, which stands opposite.
16. It burned down in 1773.
17. History of the King’s Works. It was granted to the Earl of Dunbar in 1605.
18. Hatfield MSS.
19. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
20. Cited in Maurice Howard, The Early Tudor Country House.
21. Various pictures of Nonsuch survive: a late sixteenth-century drawing by Joris Hoefnagel (British
Library) shows the elaborate south front, encompassing the inner court, while an anonymous early
seventeenth-century painting in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, shows the more conventional
entrance façade to the outer court. Nonsuch became one of Elizabeth I’s favourite residences, yet this
astonishing palace lasted for only 140 years. The Stuarts did not like it, and it was confiscated by
Oliver Cromwell. At the Restoration, Charles II gave it to his mother, Queen Henrietta Maria, who died
in 1669. Samuel Pepys visited Nonsuch in 1663 and found the gardens in ruins; when John Evelyn
dined in the palace two years later, it was still in good repair. Both diarists marvelled at the Renaissance
reliefs on the outer walls. In 1670, however, Charles II gave Nonsuch to his mistress, Barbara Villiers,
Duchess of Cleveland. Later, after he had discarded her, she had the palace demolished, divided up the
park into farms, and sold off the lot. Most of the original park has now been built over; only a small
part survives, the present Nonsuch Park at Cheam, Surrey. The Tudor banqueting houses, like the
palace, have long since vanished. The palace site was excavated in 1959–1960, when the layout of the
house was discovered. The foundations then exposed are now underground in Nonsuch Park; the site is
marked by a plaque. Some stonework and pottery uncovered during the dig are on display in the Tudor
house known as Whitehall in Cheam, which has associations with the palace, and at Bourne Hall,
Ewell. An inlaid wooden chest from the palace is also at Bourne Hall; its decoration is said to mimic
the architecture of Nonsuch.
22. History of the King’s Works.
23. William Camden.
52 “A Sort of Knaves”
1. L&P.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
4. L&P.
5. Now in the National Gallery.
6. L&P: CSP: Spanish.
7. L&P.
8. John Foxe; L&P.
9. L&P.
10. Henry Pole died in the Tower in about 1542. Edward Courtenay remained a prisoner there for
nearly fifteen years, being released only on the accession of Mary I in 1553.
11. L&P.
12. Cited in Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII.
13. A copy of the lost original, by one of Holbein’s followers, is in the possession of the Courtauld
Institute, London.
14. Thomas Fuller.
15. CSP: Spanish.
16. Michell. Beddington was granted to Thomas, Lord Darcy, in 1552 by Edward VI.
17. Examples of the Great Bible are in the British Library and the Royal Collection at Windsor.
18. L&P.
19. Now in the Victoria and Albert Museum.
20. L&P.
21. Charles Wriothesley.
22. Acts of the Privy Council.
23. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; Nottingham University Library MSS.; L&P; PRO.
24. L&P; PPE. Ashridge, which was alienated in 1575 to Thomas, Lord Ellesmere, was in ruins by the
late eighteenth century. What was left of it was cleared in 1808–1814, when a neo-Gothic mansion,
designed by James Wyatt, was built on the site. This is now a college.
25. Elsynge, which stood near to the surviving Jacobean mansion Forty Hall, has disappeared. It was
decaying by the late sixteenth century and was demolished under the Commonwealth. Trent Park is all
that remains of its grounds. The foundations of one range of the Tudor house were excavated in the
1960s.
26. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library. Edward VI demolished the manor house, which was located
opposite the church on the present High Street, and in its place built Enfield Palace, which he granted
to his sister Elizabeth in 1550. Much of Edward’s palace was pulled down in the early seventeenth
century, but parts survived until the 1920s.
27. It was extensively altered in the seventeenth century.
53 “Nourishing Love”
1. Collection of Ordinances. Mary I abolished the office of Lord Great Master and restored that of Lord
Steward. Two of the Masterships of the Household lapsed on Henry VIII’s death because they had been
allocated to the Queen’s side, and Edward VI never married.
2. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
3. Edward Hall.
4. Palmer’s portrait is in a private collection; Parr’s is in the Royal Collection.
5. PRO; B.L. Royal MSS.
6. Henry’s psalter is now in the British Library.
7. After Henry’s death, Somers remained at court, acting in masques and interludes for Edward VI,
Mary I, and Elizabeth I. After he retired, Queen Elizabeth did not employ any more fools, preferring
more sophisticated entertainment. Somers was therefore the last court jester.
8. L&P.
9. Ibid.
10. Collection of Ordinances.
11. State Papers.
12. Lisle Letters.
13. Ibid.
14. L&P.
15. Ibid.
16. Chronicle of Calais.
17. Edward Hall.
18. L&P.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington.
54 “Displeasant Airs”
1. L&P.
2. Ibid. There is no surviving contemporary evidence that Henry ever referred to Anne of Cleves as
“the Flanders mare.” This story dates from the late seventeenth century, when it was first written by
Bishop Burnet, who quotes no source for it.
3. L&P; Correspondance politique, ed. Kaulek (hereafter referred to as CP, ed. Kaulek).
4. L&P.
5. Edward Hall. Hall is the chief source for the reception of Anne of Cleves.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. L&P.
9. Edward Hall.
10. Ibid.; L&P.
11. Ibid.
12. Now in the Burrell Collection, Glasgow Museums.
13. L&P.
14. Ibid.; Strype.
15. Ibid.
16. Under Mary I, Anne was to become a Roman Catholic. She died in 1557.
17. Now in the Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, D.C.
18. Holbein’s designs for nine such jewels are in the British Museum.
19. L&P.
20. Charles Wriothesley.
21. History of the King’s Works. The Tudor ceiling survives, although the chapel was enlarged,
panelled, and redecorated in 1836–1840, when the box pews were installed and the royal closet reduced
in size. The chapel was damaged by enemy action during the Second World War, but is now fully
restored. St. James’s Palace became a favourite royal residence in the seventeenth century, when Sir
Christopher Wren enlarged it and added the great staircase. After Whitehall burned down in 1698, St.
James’s became the sovereign’s chief London residence, remaining so until it was superseded by
Buckingham Palace in the late eighteenth century; ambassadors are still accredited to the Court of St.
James’s today. Much of St. James’s Palace was destroyed by a fire in 1809. The present St. James’s
Park was designed by John Nash in 1827.
22. Lisle Letters.
23. L&P. The gabled west wall and the great rose window of the fourteenth-century Bishop’s Hall are
all that survive of this once vast mediaeval palace.
24. Narratives of the Reformation, ed. Nichols.
25. CP, ed. Kaulek; L&P.
26. The original miniature is in the Royal Collection, while Holbein’s copy is in the collection of the
Duke of Buccleuch.
27. CP, ed. Kaulek; L&P.
28. Roberts; Princely Magnificence catalogue.
29. CSP: Spanish.
30. L&P.
31. Ibid.
32. Cited in Loades, Tudor Court.
33. Lisle Letters; L&P.
34. CP, ed. Kaulek; L&P.
35. Lisle Letters.
36. Original Letters, ed. Ellis; L&P.
37. L&P.
38. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
39. L&P.
40. Ibid.
55 “I Have Been Young, and Now Am Old”
1. L&P.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.; CP, ed. Kaulek.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Now at the Tower of London and Windsor Castle. The foot armour in the Tower has decorative
borders designed by Holbein.
7. L&P.
8. Ibid.; CP, ed. Kaulek; English Historical Documents.
9. CP, ed. Kaulek; L&P.
10. L&P.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. The reformer Philip Melanchthon, quoted in L&P.
14. L&P.
15. Ibid.
16. Stephen Gardiner, Letters.
17. L&P.
18. State Papers.
19. L&P.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.; CP, ed. Kaulek.
22. Ibid.
23. Nicholas Sander.
24. Statutes of the Realm.
25. L&P.
26. B.L. Royal MSS.
27. L&P.
28. Ibid.; CP, ed. Kaulek.
29. When the book was reprinted in 1545, after Katherine Howard’s execution, the dedication to her
was omitted.
30. L&P; CP, ed. Kaulek.
31. L&P.
32. Ibid.; CP, ed. Kaulek.
33. Seymour Papers; State Papers.
34. CP, ed. Kaulek; L&P.
35. L&P.
36. State Papers.
37. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
38. L&P; PRO; Literary Remains of Edward VI; Seymour Papers; State Papers; B.L. Cotton MSS.:
Vespasian.
39. State Papers; PRO.
40. CP, ed. Kaulek; L&P.
41. L&P.