Weir A. Henry VIII: The King and His Court
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7. Ibid.; Edward Hall.
8. Four Years.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. L&P.
12. CSP: Venetian.
13. George Cavendish.
14. Ibid.
15. Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
16. L&P.
17. Until 1520, the French version of the title was used.
18. Edward Hall.
19. Four Years.
20. Beddington Park is now known as Carew Manor. Although much of the house was remodelled in
the eighteenth century, the great hall remains. The building is now a special school and is owned by the
London Borough of Sutton.
21. L&P.
22. Edward Hall.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. They were probably related to William Norris, who was Master of the King’s hawks in 1509.
28. Four Years.
29. Cited by Halliday.
30. This was the play on which Shakespeare based A Comedy of Errors .
31. At a chapter of the Order of the Garter held at Greenwich in 1517, Henry had declared that it was
his intention to be buried at Windsor. He probably chose St. George’s Chapel rather than the Henry VII
Chapel in Westminster Abbey because of its associations with the Order of the Garter, and also because
there was not the room for his tomb in the chapel dominated by his father’s monument at Westminster.
32. Nicholas Bourbon.
33. State Papers; L&P.
34. Four Years.
35. Cited by Lacey.
36. CSP: Venetian.
37. Four Years.
38. Cited by Bowle.
39. The priory church survives today as the parish church of St. Laurence. Nearby is a brick Georgian
house built upon the Tudor foundations of a Tudor house that may have been Jericho. The moat still
survives, but the encircling walls have been rebuilt. A long, low Tudor building, now an inn, is reputed
to have been Henry VIII’s stable block.
40. Cited by Benton Fletcher.
41. Cited by Morton Bradley.
42. Cited by Childe-Pemberton.
43. L&P.
44. Elizabeth I created him Earl of Lincoln in 1572.
45. L&P. Some sources give the date incorrectly as 1521. Ives, Starkey, and Warnicke all agree that the
marriage took place in 1520.
46. The picture of Mary Boleyn is a companion to a portrait said to represent her sister, Anne Boleyn,
which derives from Holbein’s portrait sketch of an unknown lady at Weston Park, which was not called
“Anne Boleyn” until 1649. No source is known for the “Mary Boleyn” portrait.
47. It was later sold by their son, Henry Carey, to Lord Rich, who greatly enlarged it. The house has
been considerably altered since then.
48. L&P.
49. Brantôme, Oeuvres complètes.
50. Cited by Ashdown.
51. L&P.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
26 “The Eighth Wonder of the World”
1. CSP: Venetian.
2. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
3. Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
4. Edward Hall.
5. L&P.
6. Edward Hall.
7. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Augustus.
8. Letter from the Earl of Worcester to Henry VIII in L&P.
9. L&P.
10. Ibid.
11. Charles was the son of her elder sister, Juana the Mad, former Queen of Castile, by Philip the
Handsome, Duke of Burgundy. Philip was the son of the Emperor Maximilian and was the brother of
Margaret of Austria.
12. Chronicle of Calais; Rutland Papers.
13. Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
14. The Old Palace where Henry stayed was rebuilt in 1896, using some materials from the earlier
building.
15. Edward Hall.
16. Ibid.
17. CSP: Venetian.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
21. John Fisher.
22. CSP: Venetian.
23. Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
24. For the meeting, see principally L&P, CSP: Venetian, and Edward Hall. A stone relief in the Hôtel
de Bourgtheroulde in Rouen, carved soon after 1520, commemorates the event.
25. Edward Hall.
26. Les Mémoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay.
27. Polydore Vergil.
28. Fleuranges. Robert de la Marck, Seigneur de Fleuranges (1491–1537) took part in the jousts at the
Field of Cloth of Gold.
29. CSP: Venetian.
30. Polydore Vergil.
31. John Fisher.
32. Polydore Vergil.
33. CSP: Venetian.
34. Ibid.
35. Polydore Vergil.
36. CSP: Venetian.
37. Ibid.
38. Anglo, Hampton Court Painting.
39. L&P.
40. CSP: Venetian.
41. It was probably hastily made to comply with the new rules governing the design of armour laid
down by Francis I in March 1520. This suit incorporates the requisite skirt, or tonlet, and a great helmet
called a basinet. It is etched with Tudor roses, the Garter collar and the figures of St. George and the
Virgin and Child.
42. Fleuranges.
43. Ibid. No English source mentions this incident.
44. Fleuranges.
45. CSP: Venetian.
46. Edward Hall.
47. Some sources refer to it as a dragon, but it is more likely to have been a salamander in Francis’s
honour.
48. The pax was a crystal box containing the consecrated Host.
49. L&P.
50. CSP: Venetian.
51. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
52. The date is indicated by the mid-sixteenth-century uniforms of the Yeomen of the Guard, other
costume details, and the portrayal of the King, which derives from Holbein’s portraits. The white
greyhounds shown in the painting were probably those given to Henry by Suffolk in 1536.
53. Both are still in the Royal Collection.
54. Commissioned in 1518, she had panelled staterooms for the King and Queen, and was a forerunner
of the royal yachts.
55. A few of the people in the procession have been identified: Wolsey rides beside the King, Suffolk
and Essex ride behind. Henry is preceded by Dorset, carrying the Sword of State, and Sir Thomas
Wriothesley, Garter King of Arms. Neither Katherine nor Mary Tudor can be seen in the procession but
may be among the female figures in the banqueting tent, in litters or on horseback. Queen Katherine
and Queen Claude may be seen watching the jousting from the stands in the distant tiltyard.
56. Edward Hall.
57. Stow, Annals; Anglo.
27 “One Man’s Disobedience”
1. Edward Hall.
2. Polydore Vergil; John Palsgrave.
3. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
4. CSP: Venetian.
5. L&P.
6. Original Letters, ed. Ellis.
7. CSP: Venetian.
8. L&P.
9. CSP: Venetian.
10. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
11. L&P.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. It reverted to the Crown on his death in 1525.
16. Henry VIII, Assertio.
17. Henry VIII, Letters.
18. William Roper.
19. L&P.
20. William Roper.
21. CSP: Venetian.
22. L&P.
23. The title is still used by the Queen today, even though the faith she defends is that of the Protestant
Church of England, not the Catholic Church of Rome. Eleven presentation copies of Henry’s book
survive. One is in the Vatican, another, autographed, is in the Royal Library at Windsor.
24. Edward Hall.
25. Cited by Funck-Brentano.
26. Henry VIII, Letters.
27. Doernberg; John Scarisbrick.
28. The house has long since disappeared, and its exact location is not known, although it was probably
near Chelsea Old Church.
29. William Roper.
30. Edward Hall.
28 “A Proud Horse Tamed and Bridled”
1. L&P.
2. Ibid.; Edward Hall.
3. Ibid.
4. Anglo, Spectacle; Ives.
5. Evidence that Anne was the younger sister is outlined by Gairdner in English Historical Review.
6. For the evidence for Anne’s birth date, see Paget, “Youth of Anne Boleyn.”
7. L&P.
8. State Papers.
9. L&P.
10. Cited by Michell.
11. Cited by Bowle.
12. Cited by Benton Fletcher.
13. Edward Hall.
14. Rutland Papers.
15. Ibid.
16. Edward Hall.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. The Round Table now hangs in the thirteenth-century great hall, which is all that remains of the
royal castle. In Henry’s time, it was believed that the table was the genuine article, although it is now
known to be a mediaeval fabrication.
20. See Anglo, Spectacle, and Henry VIII: A European Court in England, in which the picture is
reproduced. It was never recorded in the Royal Collection.
21. Later that year, Torrigiano moved to Spain, where, learning that the Inquisition suspected him of
heresy, he committed suicide.
22. Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Most Excellent Architects, Painters, and Sculptors (Florence, 1550).
23. L&P.
24. Edward Hall.
25. History of the King’s Works.
26. Ampthill Castle was partially demolished in 1567 and was ruinous by 1605. Its remains were
completely dismantled in 1649, and at the end of the seventeenth century Ampthill Park was laid out on
the site. A stone cross marks the place where the castle once stood.
29 “All the Enemies of England Are Gone”
1. Edward Hall.
2. L&P.
3. Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
4. Juan Luis Vives.
5. CSP: Venetian.
6. This portrait, which dates from around 1540, is now in the Royal Collection.
7. Cited by Bowle.
8. L&P.
9. Only one brick range with some original windows survives; it is now a farmhouse.
10. L&P.
11. Anthony Wood.
12. George Cavendish, Metrical Visions.
13. Original Letters, ed. Ellis.
14. L&P.
15. Edward Hall.
16. These are now lost. The miniature of the Dauphin Francis by Jean Clouet in the Royal Collection
was acquired in the nineteenth century.
17. The first identifiable English work by one of them, Lucas Horenbout, is the King’s portrait in an
initial letter on a patent dated 28 April 1524 (sold at Sotheby’s in 1983 and now in a private collection),
which is certainly by the same hand as Lucas’s miniature of Henry VIII in the Fitzwilliam Museum,
Cambridge.
18. B.L. Additional MSS.
19. A brass dated 1529 marks her tomb in Fulham Parish Church.
20. B.L. Egerton MSS.
21. This was probably the miniature discovered in France in 1994 and auctioned in Paris in November
that year. It is now in the Louvre.
22. L&P.
23. Two are in the Royal Collection, the others are in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge; the
Buccleuch Collection; the Louvre; and a private collection. They probably date from 1526–1527. The
King is shown clean-shaven or bearded, with bobbed hair, and looks as if he is putting on weight.
24. They are in the National Portrait Gallery, the E. Grosvenor Paine Collection, and the Buccleuch
Collection; in the last the Queen is shown with a pet monkey.
25. They are in the Buccleuch Collection and the Royal Ontario Museum.
26. Now in the collection of Louis de Wet Esq.
27. On loan to the National Portrait Gallery from a private collection.
28. Now in the Victoria and Albert Museum.
29. Still in the Royal Collection.
30. Now at Sudeley Castle.
31. Now in the Buccleuch Collection.
32. See Strong, English Renaissance Miniature.
33. Now in the National Portrait Gallery.
34. Ives.
35. Cited by Benton Fletcher.
30 “Next in Rank to His Majesty”
1. Edward Hall.
2. Clifford, who had begun his career as a Page of the Chamber, later distinguished himself in
defending the northern border against the Scots. He later married the King’s niece Eleanor Brandon,
younger daughter of the Duke of Suffolk by Mary Tudor.
3. He was the grandson of Anne Plantagenet, sister of Edward IV, and had been a favourite of Henry
VIII since the French campaign of 1513. His country residence was Belvoir Castle.
4. L&P. The patent of creation stipulated that he was to take precedence over all dukes except those
legitimately born to the King or to his heirs male.
5. CSP: Venetian.
6. Ibid.
7. L&P; Collection of Ordinances.
8. CSP: Spanish; John Stow; Annals.
9. George Cavendish; Edward Hall.
10. The first chapel on this site was built by Henry III and later added to by Edward III. Rebuilt by
Henry VII, it was extensively altered in the nineteenth century, when it was used as a temporary
mausoleum for the Prince Consort, and is known today as the Albert Memorial Chapel.
11. L&P.
12. Ibid.
13. The ruins of the castle survive today on private farmland. The massive ditch of the double moat
may still be seen.
14. L&P.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Cited by Fraser.
18. CSP: Venetian.
19. Ibid.
20. Letter in the Public Record Office.
21. L&P.
22. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
23. L&P.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. The house survives today in a much altered state, although its Georgian façade conceals substantial
Tudor remains.
27. Cited by Erickson, Great Harry.
28. L&P.
29. Hunsdon House was granted by Elizabeth I to her cousin, Henry Carey, later Lord Hunsdon, in
1559. It was largely rebuilt in the nineteenth century, leaving only one of the original turrets, and is
now a private residence. The house has recently been the subject of an archaelogical excavation.
31 “The Establishment of Good Order”
1. Edward Hall.
2. Ibid.
3. Collection of Ordinances. The original vellum MS. is in the Bodleian Library.
4. L&P.
5. Collection of Ordinances.
6. L&P.
7. Cited in Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII.
8. Collection of Ordinances.
9. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
10. Collection of Ordinances.
11. Edward Hall.
12. Loades; Tudor Court.
32 “A Fresh Young Damsel”
1. Edward Hall.
2. Ibid.
3. L&P.
4. CSP: Venetian.
5. Lancelot de Carles.
6. Ibid.
7. George Wyatt of Boxley Abbey, Kent (1554–1624), was the son of the rebel and traitor Sir Thomas
Wyatt the Younger, and the grandson of the poet Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder. George’s life’s work, the
memoir of Anne Boleyn, was written in response to the Jesuit Nicholas Sander’s attack on her in his
treatise of 1585.
8. L&P.
9. B.L. Sloane MSS.
10. Brantôme. Even William Forrest, a partisan of Katherine of Aragon, states that Anne had a pretty
singing voice. See also Lancelot de Carles and B.L. Sloane MSS.
11. Brantôme; Nicholas Sander.
12. L&P.
13. Lancelot de Carles; Nicholas Sander; B.L. Sloane MSS.
14. Brantôme.
15. Ibid.
16. B.L. Royal MSS.
17. Cited by Muir.
18. L&P.
19. In 1554, Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger was executed for leading a major rebellion against Mary I.
20. A rondeau was a French poem, ten or thirteen lines long, with just two rhymes repeated throughout
and the first words used twice as a refrain.
21. William Latimer. Latimer was Anne Boleyn’s chaplain, and wrote a highly sympathetic biography
of her after her death.
22. Lancelot de Carles.
23. Brantôme.
24. Nicholas Sander.
25. L&P.
26. CSP: Spanish.
27. L&P.
33 “Master Hans”
1. Edward Hall.
2. PPE.
3. Cited by Bowle.
4. Only fragmentary remains of one of the service courts survive today; these are situated to the south
of the present manor house.
5. L&P.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
10. Holbein’s portrait of Archbishop Warham is in the Louvre. A version is at Lambeth Palace.
11. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
12. George Cavendish.
13. Letters of King Henry VIII.
14. Edward Hall. These houses survived for at least eighty years, but although they have long vanished,
there are detailed descriptions of them, and their contents, in PRO, L&P, and B.L. Egerton MSS.
15. The portrait of Nicolaus Kratzer, which shows him surrounded by mathematical instruments, is in
the Louvre; a copy is in the National Portrait Gallery. Copies of Holbein’s portrait of Sir Henry Wyatt
are in the Louvre and the National Galleries of Scotland. The portrait of Sir Henry Guildford is in the
Royal Collection, and shows him wearing his Garter collar (he had been admitted to the Order in 1526)
and holding his white wand of office as Comptroller of the Household. Attached to his hat is a badge
decorated with mathematical instruments.
16. Edward Hall.
17. CSP: Venetian. The tapestries may be identified with the ten-piece set now in the Musée de la
Renaissance at the Château d’Écouen in France.
18. Edward Hall.
19. L&P.
20. Edward Hall.
21. Ibid.
22. CSP: Venetian.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Edward Hall.
26. PRO; B.L. Egerton MSS.
27. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
34 “Noli Me Tangere, for Caesar’s I Am”
1. CSP: Spanish.
2. William Tyndale, Works.
3. L&P.
4. Ibid.
5. CSP: Spanish.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. George Wyatt.
10. B.L. Additional MSS. The manuscript was once at Chatsworth.
11. CSP: Spanish.
12. Chronica del rey Enrico.
13. George Wyatt; Papers.
14. L&P.
15. George Cavendish.
16. George Wyatt.
17. CSP: Spanish.
18. An illuminated copy of the Statutes of the Order of St. Michael is now in the Public Record Office;
the copy of the Garter Statutes sent to Francis I is among B.L. Additional MSS.; it features a miniature
of the Princess Mary dressed as Concord.
19. Edward Hall. For the exchange of these Orders, see Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
20. Edward Hall. A portrait of Sir Anthony, which probably dates from this time, since he is wearing
French costume, is in the National Portrait Gallery.
21. The Order of St. Michael was abolished in 1578 because the admission of too many knights had
debased it. Henry III of France founded in its place the Order of the Holy Spirit.
22. George Cavendish.
23. L&P; Erickson; Great Harry.
24. PPE.
25. Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
26. L&P.
27. PPE.
28. Brantôme.
29. PPE.
30. Ibid.
31. L&P; Ambassades . . . de Jean du Bellay.
35 “A Thousand Cases of Sweat”
1. This theory was first propounded in 1888 by A. S. Currie in “Notes on the Obstetric Histories of
Katherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn,” and was given widespread circulation by means of an
anonymous article, “Some Royal Deathbeds,” which appeared in the British Medical Journal in 1910.
It was refuted by Frederick Chamberlin in The Private Character of Henry VIII (1932), J.F.D.
Shrewsbury in “Henry VIII: A Medical Study” (1952), and B. Deer in “Carnivore King: The Main
Course of History” (1989).
2. L&P.
3. Ibid.; Brewer; CSP: Spanish.
4. L&P; State Papers.
5. This was the last, and worst, major outbreak of the sweating sickness. It returned for one final time
in 1551, then disappeared.
6. L&P.
7. Edward Hall.
8. Letters of King Henry VIII.
9. L&P.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Letters of King Henry VIII.
14. Ibid.
15. Edward Hall.
16. Ibid.
17. CSP: Venetian; State Papers; L&P.
18. L&P.
19. State Papers.
20. L&P.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.; State Papers.
25. CSP: Spanish.
26. PPE.
27. L&P.
28. Original Letters, ed. Ellis.
29. Excerpta Historica.
30. Ambassades . . . de Jean du Bellay; L&P.
36 “Back to Your Wife!”
1. George Cavendish; CSP: Spanish; Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII.
2. Shortly afterwards Vives found a new patron, John III, King of Portugal. He died in 1540.
3. L&P.
4. CSP: Spanish.
5. L&P; Letters of King Henry VIII.
6. L&P.
7. CSP: Spanish.
8. Ibid.
9. L&P.
10. CSP: Spanish.
11. Edward Hall.
12. L&P.
13. CSP: Venetian. After this, Venice sent no ambassadors to England for sixty years.
14. L&P.
15. Edward Hall.
16. Ibid.
17. Wilson; Hans Holbein.
18. The sixteen-page MS. on vellum is now in the Bodleian Library.
19. Wilson; Hans Holbein.
20. George Cavendish.
21. L&P.
22. George Cavendish; Edward Hall.
37 “Above Everyone, Mademoiselle Anne”
1. George Cavendish.
2. Original Letters, ed. Ellis; CSP: Spanish.
3. George Cavendish.
4. CSP: Spanish.
5. Ibid.
6. George Cavendish.
7. Ibid.
8. CSP: Spanish; L&P.
9. PRO.
10. The Bayne Tower was partially refaced in the nineteenth century, and its windows were replaced
with Tudor-style replicas, but it survives otherwise intact. Considering the fact that none of Henry
VIII’s private apartments survive anywhere else, it is surprising that the Bayne Tower, which is of
enormous historical interest and significance, is not open to the public but is used as accommodation
for palace staff.
11. Sturgis.
12. The great arched conduits he built, fourteen feet high and ten feet wide, which carried kitchen waste