Weir A. Henry VIII: The King and His Court
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93. Thurley.
94. Steane; Thurley.
95. Sturgis.
96. Andrew Boorde.
97. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
98. Ibid.
99. Tudor Royal Proclamations.
7 “The Worship and Welfare of the Whole Household”
1. Collection of Ordinances; Myers; Loades, Tudor Court; Thurley, Royal Palaces. Much of the
material for this chapter is drawn from A Collection of Ordinances and Regulations for the Government
of the Royal Household; among the many other sources consulted, David Loades’s The Tudor Court
proved an indispensable mine of information.
2. Collection of Ordinances.
3. Cited in Loades, Tudor Court.
4. Collection of Ordinances.
5. Ibid.
6. Cited in Loades, Tudor Court.
7. Collection of Ordinances. Prior to Henry VIII’s reign, the monarch’s washing had been done by the
Yeomen of the Laundry.
8. Collection of Ordinances.
9. James Howell, Londinopolis (London, 1657).
10. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
11. PPE.
12. Collection of Ordinances.
13. Ibid.
14. Cited by Bowle.
15. B.L. Arundel MSS.
16. State Papers; B.L. Harleian MSS.
17. Sim.
18. L&P.
19. Now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; a similar miniature is in the Kunsthistorisches
Museum, Vienna.
20. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
21. Collection of Ordinances; B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
22. Collection of Ordinances.
23. Ibid.
24. L&P.
25. Ibid.
26. Collection of Ordinances.
27. Ibid.
28. The Board of the Greencloth survives today as a department of the Royal Household; it meets at
Buckingham Palace, and its members still sit at a table covered with a green cloth.
29. Collection of Ordinances.
30. B.L. Additional MSS.; PRO.
31. Loades.
32. L&P; Collection of Ordinances.
33. Brears.
34. Cited by Mackie.
35. Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII; CSP: Venetian.
36. Jacobus Francisca.
37. Collection of Ordinances; B.L. Royal MSS.
38. Public Record Office.
39. Marino Sanuto.
40. Cited by Norris.
41. Norris.
42. L&P.
43. John Stow, Annals.
44. State Papers.
45. B.L. Additional MSS.
46. PRO.
47. Bodleian Library MSS.
48. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
49. Ibid.
50. Charles Wriothesley.
51. L&P.
52. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; PRO.
53. PPE.
54. L&P; Brears; Thurley.
8 “Such Plenty of Costly Provision”
1. Seymour Papers.
2. Collection of Ordinances.
3. Rivals in Power.
4. Cardinal Wolsey built the original kitchens at Hampton Court, but much of what remains today is
Henry VIII’s work. His kitchens were partitioned in the seventeenth century, and last used in the
eighteenth. They were altered in the nineteenth century, and imaginatively restored between 1978 and
1991. They are now the best surviving example of sixteenth-century service quarters. Only a small part
of the complex, centred on Fish Court, is open to the public. The rest is used as offices, apartments and
self-catering accommodation. The Boiling House is the only one of Henry’s subsidiary kitchens to
survive at Hampton Court.
5. CSP: Spanish.
6. For this chapter and the next, I have relied heavily on the Collection of Ordinances and Regulations
for the Government of the Royal Household . I am also deeply indebted to the researches of Peter
Brears (All the King’s Cooks), Alison Sim (Food and Feast in Tudor England), Sarah Paston-Williams
(The Art of Dining), Matthew Sturgis (Hampton Court Palace), Elizabeth Burton (The Early Tudors at
Home) and Simon Thurley (Royal Palaces).
7. Brears; Thurley, Royal Palaces; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; B.L. Additional MSS.
8. Collection of Ordinances; L&P.
9. Collection of Ordinances.
10. Sim.
11. L&P; Pero Doux’s name is also given as Perot le Doulce.
12. L&P.
13. Seymour Papers.
14. L&P.
15. Collection of Ordinances.
16. These five departments had the largest staffs after the Great Kitchen.
17. Brears; L&P.
18. Andrew Boorde; Thomas Elyot.
19. L&P.
20. Thurley.
21. Bowle.
22. It was called hippocras because it was strained through a bag known as a Hippocrates Sleeve.
23. B.L. Additional MSS.
24. Collection of Ordinances.
25. Andrew Barclay.
26. Collection of Ordinances.
27. PRO; B.L. Royal MSS.
28. L&P.
29. William Harrison.
30. L&P.
31. Collection of Ordinances.
32. Thurley.
33. Brears.
34. Collection of Ordinances.
35. Brears
36. Collection of Ordinances.
37. PPE.
38. Ibid.
39. Collection of Ordinances.
40. Marzipan made with rose water.
41. Collection of Ordinances.
42. CSP: Venetian.
43. Collection of Ordinances.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.; Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court; Loades, Tudor Court.
46. Collection of Ordinances.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.; Glasheen, Secret People of the Palaces; Richardson, Mary Tudor.
49. Hibbert, Court at Windsor.
50. Collection of Ordinances.
51. Andrew Boorde.
52. Pewter plates were first recorded in 1553, but are almost certainly depicted in the anonymous
painting of the Field of Cloth of Gold, which dates from the 1540s and is now in the Royal Collection
(Paston-Williams).
53. Inventory.
54. Paston-Williams; Brears.
55. Inventory.
56. Collection of Ordinances; Brears.
57. Collection of Ordinances.
58. The Babees’ Book.
59. Collection of Ordinances.
9 “Elegant Manners, Extreme Decorum, and Very Great Politeness”
1. Skelton’s Speculum Principis.
2. The coronations were those of Henry himself (1509) and Anne Boleyn (1533); the summit meeting
was the Field of Cloth of Gold (1520); the state visits were that of the Emperor Charles V to England
(1522) and that of Henry VIII to France (1532); Anne of Cleves’s reception was in 1540.
3. Thurley; Norris.
4. John Leland, Collectanea.
5. Collection of Ordinances.
6. Hibbert, Court at Windsor.
7. Sturgis.
8. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
9. George Cavendish.
10. Elias Ashmole.
11. CSP: Venetian.
12. L&P.
13. Inventory.
14. Cited by Sim.
15. Inventory.
16. Collection of Ordinances.
17. Ibid.
18. Collection of Ordinances; Antiquarian Repertory.
19. Collection of Ordinances.
20. Ibid.; PPE.
21. Collection of Ordinances.
22. Ibid.; Antiquarian Repertory.
23. Inventory; “a tassel of hair to make clean combs” is also listed.
24. Collection of Ordinances.
25. L&P.
26. B.L. Additional MSS.; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; B.L. Harleian MSS.; Thurley, Royal
Palaces.
27. Thomas Platter; Thurley.
28. Inventory; Thurley.
29. Ibid.
30. Thurley; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; Inventory.
31. L&P.
32. Inventory of Mary Tudor’s trousseau, cited by Norris.
33. Inventory.
34. Bodleian Library MSS.; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; Thurley.
35. Cited by Sturgis.
36. L&P.
37. Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
38. Thurley.
39. Collection of Ordinances.
40. Sturgis.
41. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
42. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
43. Starkey, Henry VIII; Collection of Ordinances.
44. Norris.
45. Collection of Ordinances.
46. Inventory.
47. Ibid.; Brears.
48. Collection of Ordinances.
49. PPE.
50. Letter of Henry Huttoft, Surveyor of Customs at Southampton, to Thomas Cromwell, 1539.
51. This drawing was once attributed to Holbein, but more recent historians have suggested that it dates
from the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century. There is, however, internal evidence that it may be
contemporary. For a fuller discussion of this, see Thurley, Royal Palaces, and Henry VIII: A European
Court in England.
52. Collection of Ordinances; Inventory; Brears.
53. Inventory; Sotheby’s Concise Encyclopaedia of Glass; Sim. Henry’s Inventory lists six hundred
items of glass.
54. Collection of Ordinances.
55. Letter of Bryan Tuke to Cardinal Wolsey, L&P.
56. Letters of Henry VIII; CSP: Spanish.
57. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
58. Inventory.
59. Collection of Ordinances; Bowle; Neville Williams, Royal Residences.
60. Ralph Sadler to Thomas Cromwell, L&P.
61. PRO.
62. Hibbert, Court at Windsor; Chapman, Sisters of Henry VIII; Prescott, Mary Tudor; Early English
Meals and Manners .
63. L&P; CSP: Spanish.
10 “Innocent and Honest Pastimes”
1. CSP: Spanish.
2. Ibid.
3. Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
4. CSP: Spanish.
5. Ibid.; L&P.
6. Cited in Scarisbrick, Henry VIII.
7. CSP: Milanese.
8. Stow, Annals.
9. Starkey, Henry VIII; Loades, Tudor Court.
10. CSP: Venetian.
11. CSP: Spanish.
12. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
13. Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII (cited hereafter as Four Years).
14. Much of our information on Wolsey comes from the biography by his Gentleman Usher, George
Cavendish, published in 1557.
15. Cited by Mackie.
16. L&P; Edward Hall.
17. L&P.
18. PPE.
19. William Roper.
20. Nicholas Udall, Ralph Roister Doister.
21. B.L. Additional MSS.
22. Ibid.
23. L&P.
24. CSP: Spanish.
25. Antiquarian Repertory.
26. Cited in Rowse, Windsor Castle.
27. CSP: Milanese.
28. CSP: Venetian.
29. Four Years.
30. Cited by Perry.
31. B.L. Additional MSS.; PPE.
32. Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York.
33. Four Years.
34. PPE; L&P.
35. Collection of Ordinances.
36. L&P; Statutes of the Realm.
37. Cited by Stevens.
38. PPE.
39. PRO.
40. L&P.
41. Ibid.
42. Accounts of Henry Courtenay, Earl of Devon and Marquess of Exeter, in the Public Record Office.
43. L&P.
44. PPE.
45. Ibid.
46. Cited in Loades, Tudor Court; Emmison, Tudor Food and Pastimes.
11 “New Men” and “Natural Counsellors”
1. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
2. Antiquarian Repertory.
3. Collection of Ordinances.
4. Cited in Starkey, Henry VIII.
5. Cited in Loades, Tudor Court.
6. Cited by Norris.
7. Collection of Ordinances.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
12. Edward Hall. according to a tradition dating from Elizabethan times, the “Brandon Lance” in the
Royal Armouries once belonged to Charles Brandon.
13. CSP: Venetian, for example.
14. L&P.
15. Cited in Scarisbrick, Henry VIII.
16. L&P.
17. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
18. L&P.
19. Cited in the Leeds Castle Guidebook.
20. CSP: Spanish.
21. He became guardian of the Princess Mary and, much later, Lord Chamberlain to Elizabeth I
(epitaph in Bletsoe Parish Church).
22. Cited in Loades, Tudor Court.
23. Cited by Morris.
24. Sir Thomas Smith.
25. Cited by Morris.
26. Baldassare Castiglione.
27. William Fitzwilliam, cited by Fraser.
28. His body was discovered in an excellent state of preservation when his tomb in the collegiate
church at Astley, Warwickshire, was opened in 1608.
29. The portrait is now in the Royal Collection.
30. William Camden.
12 “All Goodly Sports”
1. CSP: Spanish.
2. CSP: Venetian.
3. Cited by Bowle.
4. Baldassare Castiglione.
5. Statutes of the Realm.
6. L&P.
7. CSP: Venetian.
8. Letter from Sir William Fitzwilliam to King Francis I of France, 1521, cited by Bowle.
9. L&P.
10. State Papers.
11. L&P.
12. Collection of Ordinances.
13. Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
14. See Thurley, Royal Palaces.
15. PPE.
16. Numbers fluctuated throughout the reign; shortly before his death, the King owned only eighty
mounts.
17. CSP: Spanish.
18. CSP: Venetian.
19. Ibid.
20. L&P. The other horse was given by Henry to Sir Nicholas Carew.
21. CSP: Venetian.
22. See Erickson, Great Harry, for a very good account of the King’s horses.
23. L&P; CSP: Venetian; Erickson, Great Harry.
24. PPE; Great Tournament Roll of Westminster.
25. CSP: Milanese.
26. PPE.
27. L&P.
28. The move, meant to be temporary, became permanent. Nevertheless, the name “The Royal Mews”
was retained.
29. PRO.
30. L&P.
31. L&P; Lisle Letters. Lord Lisle was a bastard son of Edward IV, and therefore the King’s cousin; he
served as Governor of Calais.
32. L&P.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Now in the Mauritshuis, The Hague.
36. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; State Papers of Henry VIII in the Public Record Office.
37. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library
38. See Thurley, Royal Palaces. A drawing of the cockpit, dated 1606, is in Sir John Soane’s Museum,
London.
39. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; Thurley, Royal Palaces. The Queen at that time was Anne
Boleyn.
40. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; Thurley, Royal Palaces.
41. PPE.
42. Ibid.
43. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
44. Four Years.
45. Loades, Tudor Court.
46. B.L. Additional MSS.
47. Four Years.
48. PRO; Norris; Inventory.
49. Lawn tennis is first recorded in 1591, and is said to have been invented to divert Elizabeth I; see
Loades, Tudor Court.
50. Accounts of Henry Courtenay, Earl of Devon and Marquess of Exeter, in the Public Record Office.
51. The modern type of net first appeared in the seventeenth century.
52. Thurley, Royal Palaces.
53. Now in the Museum of London.
54. See Antonio Scaino; de Luze; and Thurley, Royal Palaces for a fuller discussion of the rules of
tennis.
55. L&P; Nottingham University Library MSS.; PPE; Thurley, Royal Palaces.
56. CSP: Venetian.
57. L&P.
58. A Relation . . . of the Island of England.
59. L&P.
60. Ibid.; B.L. Additional MSS.
61. PPE.
62. PPE; Loades, Tudor Court; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; Thurley, Royal Palaces. There
were three bowling alleys at Hampton Court.
63. PPE.
64. Edward Hall.
65. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library; Thurley, Royal Palaces.
66. Receipt of the Lady Katherine.
13 “Merry Disports”
1. CSP: Spanish.
2. PPE.
3. See Maurice Howard, Early Tudor Country House.
4. Collection of Ordinances; L&P; Archaeologia.
5. Collection of Ordinances.
6. Richmond Park was remodelled into its present form by Charles I and Charles II in the seventeenth
century.
7. College of Arms MS.
8. Ibid.
9. The description of Richmond Palace is drawn mainly from the Antiquarian Repertory and The
Receipt of the Lady Katherine . The only remaining parts of the palace are the gatehouse, some Tudor
brickwork in the heavily restored wardrobe building, and fragments of masonry in nearby buildings.
Much of the fabric was destroyed by the Commonwealth in 1649. What was left was granted by
Charles II to his mother, Queen Henrietta Maria, upon the Restoration in 1660, but was too ruinous to
be habitable or restored. It was broken up into tenements, but the Tudor buildings had largely
disappeared by 1690. The present Old Friars stands on the site of the convent of the Observant Friars.
10. Cited by Benton Fletcher.
11. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
12. Stow, A Survey of London.
13. Ibid.
14. Edward Hall.
15. Ibid.
16. Collection of Ordinances.
17. CSP: Venetian.
18. Edward Hall.
19. L&P.
20. Ibid.
21. CSP: Spanish.
22. L&P.
23. Four Years.
24. College of Arms MS.
25. Edward Hall.
26. CSP: Spanish.
27. Edward Hall.
28. Cited by Bowle.
29. CSP: Spanish.
30. CSP: Venetian.
31. Ibid.
32. Four Years.
33. The Procession for the Parliament of 1512 (MS. in Trinity College, Cambridge).
34. L&P.
35. CSP: Spanish.
36. Edward Hall.
37. L&P.
38. It remained light blue until the reign of George I, when the darker blue was introduced.
39. Diana Scarisbrick; Norris.
40. Stow, London.
41. Sim.
42. Edward Hall.
43. CSP: Spanish.
44. Ibid.
45. See Mathew.
46. Four Years.
47. L&P.
48. CSP: Spanish.
49. Bernard, Rise of Sir William Compton. When Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn in 1533, Mrs.
Amadas got into trouble for making malicious prophecies about them (L&P). Her prediction that Anne
would be burned at the stake within six months was perhaps born of jealousy.
50. L&P.
51. CSP: Spanish.
52. L&P.
53. B.L. Sloane MSS.
54. Sir Robert Naunton, Fragmenta Regalia (published 1653; ed. Edward Arber, London, 1870, 1896).
55. Benton Fletcher. Greenwich Castle stood on the hill now occupied by the Royal Observatory.
56. George Puttenham, The Art of English Poesie. Puttenham was the nephew of Sir Thomas Elyot,
Henry’s learned courtier and author of The Governor. Although not published until 1589, his Art of
Poesie was probably compiled twenty years earlier. The offending verse was not printed in this work,
but appeared in a Jacobean play about Henry VIII, When You See Me, You Know Me, by Samuel
Rowley (1605).
57. State Papers.
58. Flugel.
59. L&P.
14 “Rather Divine Than Human”
1. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
2. History of the King’s Works.
3. Very little remains at Windsor of the royal apartments Henry knew. They were extensively
remodelled by Charles II in the 1670s, and even more drastically altered by George IV in the 1820s.
The fire of 1992 revealed a great deal of valuable information about the mediaeval palace; see Brindle
and Kerr, Windsor Revealed.
4. Edward Hall.
5. The Bassanos founded a musical dynasty that endured at the English court until the Civil War.
6. Now in the British Library. Only the base part survives.
7. Edward Hall.
8. Four Years.
9. L&P.
10. Ibid.
11. L&P. Their numbers fluctuated. This figure relates to the latter part of the reign.
12. B.L. Lansdowne MSS.
13. L&P.
14. The post of Master of the King’s Musick was not created until the reign of Charles I.
15. A primitive form of trombone.
16. British Museum.
17. B.L. Royal MSS.
18. Scholes.
19. L&P.
20. PPE; B.L. Additional MSS.; Loades, Tudor Court; Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
21. CSP: Venetian.
22. Four Years.
23. L&P.
24. CSP: Venetian.
25. L&P.
26. Thomas Elyot.
27. John Leland, Collectanea; Stevens.
28. B.L. Royal MSS.
29. Cited by Scarisbrick.
30. CSP: Venetian.
31. Four Years. Virginals were an early form of harpsichord.
32. An ancient woodwind and brass instrument, not to be confused with the later cornet.
33. B.L. Royal MSS.
34. CSP: Venetian.
35. Ibid.
36. An ancient stringed instrument played with a plectrum. It is mentioned by Chaucer and