Weir A. Henry VIII: The King and His Court
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Notes and References
1 “A Most Accomplished Prince”
1. Letters and Papers . . . of the Reign of Henry VIII (hereafter cited as L&P).
2. George Cavendish.
3. Erasmus, Epistles.
4. B.L. Cotton MSS.: Titus.
5. Calendar of State Papers: Spanish (hereafter cited as CSP: Spanish).
6. Polydore Vergil.
7. Calendar of State Papers: Venetian (hereafter cited as CSP: Venetian).
8. Calendar of State Papers: Milanese (hereafter cited as CSP: Milanese).
9. L&P.
10. CSP: Venetian.
11. CSP: Milanese.
12. State Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII (hereafter cited as State Papers).
13. L&P.
14. George Cavendish.
15. Thomas Stapleton.
16. Cited by Froude.
17. Original Letters, ed. Ellis.
18. See John Leland, Collectanea.
19. Erasmus: Epistles.
20. CSP: Venetian.
21. Ibid.
22. Cited in Bruce, The Making of Henry VIII.
23. Erasmus, Epistles.
24. CSP: Milanese.
25. William Thomas.
26. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
27. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
28. CSP: Venetian.
29. Ibid.
30. Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
31. William Thomas.
32. An inventory of the goods of Henry VIII was drawn up after his death in 1547. The first part,
entitled “The first part of the inventory of the jewels, plate, stuff, ordnance, munitions and other goods
belonging to our late sovereign lord King Henry the Eight” comprises MS. 129 of the Society of
Antiquaries of London. The second part is in B.L. Harleian MS. 1419, vols. A and B (hereafter referred
to as Inventory).
33. L&P.
34. Now in the National Maritime Museum.
35. Inventory.
36. Ibid.
37. B.L. Cotton MSS: Augustus.
38. B.L. Royal MSS.
39. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
40. CSP: Spanish.
41. Huizinga, Erasmus.
42. CSP: Spanish.
43. Ibid.
44. L&P.
45. CSP: Spanish.
46. Ibid.
2 “The Triumphal Coronation”
1. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
2. Ibid.
3. CSP: Venetian.
4. Edward Hall.
5. CSP: Spanish.
6. Ibid.
7. Edward Hall.
8. CSP: Spanish.
9. CSP: Venetian.
10. Ibid.
11. Henry Clifford, Life of Jane Dormer.
12. Original Documents relating to Queen Katherine of Aragon.
13. CSP: Spanish.
14. L&P.
15. Henry Clifford, Life of Jane Dormer.
16. Excerpta Historica; B.L. Additional MSS.
17. History of the King’s Works.
18. William Lambarde.
19. John Leland, Itinerary.
20. See Thurley, Royal Palaces.
21. History of the King’s Works.
22. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
23. John Leland, Itinerary. Greenwich remained a favourite royal residence until the reign of Charles I
(1625–1649). Under the Commonwealth, the state apartments were turned into stables and the palace
was allowed to fall into decay. In 1662, Charles II demolished most of the remains and began building
a new palace on the site, which later became the Royal Naval College. Charles II also landscaped
Greenwich Park. The Tudor great hall survived until 1866, and the chapel, which had been used as a
store, until the late nineteenth century. Apart from an undercroft built by James I in 1606 and one of
Henry VIII’s reservoir buildings of 1515 (now part of the Chantry in Park Vista), nothing survives of
Greenwich Palace today.
24. Cited by Aslet.
25. History of the King’s Works; Newcastle MSS., Nottingham University Library.
26. John Leland, Collectanea.
27. L&P; Receipt of the Lady Katherine.
28. Songs, Ballads of Henry VIII.
29. Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
30. CSP: Spanish.
31. Cited by Erickson, Great Harry.
32. CSP: Spanish.
33. George Cavendish.
34. Edward Hall.
35. Cited by Bayley.
36. See Thurley: Royal Palaces.
37. B. L. Cotton MSS.: Tiberius.
38. Edward Hall.
39. For the coronation, see Edward Hall and The Great Chronicle of London.
40. Edward Hall.
41. B. L. Cotton MSS.: Titus.
42. This crown was melted down with most of the royal regalia in the seventeenth century under the
Commonwealth. The present St. Edward’s Crown was made in 1661 for Charles II.
43. Anthony Wood, seventeenth-century antiquarian.
44. L&P; this crown was also melted down under the Commonwealth.
45. Great Chronicle of London.
46. Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
47. Edward Hall.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. Cited in Plowden, House of Tudor.
51. Edward Hall.
52. L&P.
3 “A Prince of Splendour and Generosity”
1. CSP: Venetian.
2. Cited by Kelso.
3. Stephen Gardiner, De Vera Obedientia.
4. Cited by Scarisbrick.
5. Stephen Gardiner, De Vera Obedientia.
6. William Tyndale, Obedience of a Christian Man.
7. Acts of the Privy Council.
8. Ibid.
9. Letters of King Henry VIII.
10. L&P.
11. Sir Thomas Smith, De Republica Anglorum (ed. L. Alston, Cambridge, 1906).
12. Elton.
13. Gabriel Tetzel, Travels of Leo of Rozmital (tr. and ed. M. Letts, Hakluyt Society, 108, 1965).
14. The last Valois Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, had been defeated and killed in 1477 at the
Battle of Nancy, when the region that is today known as Burgundy was annexed by France. When
Charles’s sole heiress, Mary of Burgundy, married the Emperor Maximilian, the more important county
of Burgundy, which was part of the Low Countries, was absorbed into the Holy Roman Empire.
15. Cited in M. L. Bruce, The Making of Henry VIII.
16. Cited by Morris.
17. CSP: Milanese.
18. L&P.
19. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince (ed. W. K. Marriott, London, 1940).
20. CSP: Venetian.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. CSP: Milanese.
24. L&P; Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII, cited herafter as PPE.
25. Ibid.
4 “This Magnificent, Excellent and Triumphant Court”
1. Sir John Fortescue, The Governance of England (ed. C. Plummer, Oxford, 1885).
2. Louis le Brun, Ung Petit Traicte de Francoys (B.L. Royal MSS.).
3. L&P.
4. Collection of Ordinances.
5. Tudor Royal Proclamations.
6. L&P.
7. Loades, Tudor Court.
8. Letters of Henry VIII.
9. English Historical Documents.
10. Sir Thomas Wyatt’s satire “How to use the Court and Himself therein,” dedicated to Sir Francis
Bryan; cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
11. Cited in Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII.
12. Correspondance, ed. Kaulek.
13. L&P; Lisle Letters.
14. L&P.
15. CSP: Spanish.
16. Ibid.
17. CSP: Venetian.
18. L&P.
19. Ibid.
20. CSP: Spanish.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. George Cavendish.
24. Collection of Ordinances.
25. Rutland Papers.
26. George Cavendish.
27. Collection of Ordinances.
28. L&P.
29. Rutland Papers.
30. Thurley, Royal Palaces.
31. L&P; Nottingham University Library MSS.
32. History of the King’s Works.
33. Cited in Loades, Tudor Court.
34. Collection of Ordinances.
35. Ibid.
36. L&P.
37. John Skelton, Complete Poems.
38. Cited by MacDonagh.
39. Incontri, Il Piccolo Levriero Italiano; Jesse, History of the British Dog.
40. Cited by MacDonagh.
41. Inventory. One of Henry’s dog collars was exhibited in the seventeenth century in the Tradescant
Museum at Oxford, but has since been lost (Tradescant’s Rareties).
42. L&P.
43. CSP: Venetian.
44. Collection of Ordinances.
45. CSP: Spanish.
46. L&P.
47. Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
48. William Forrest.
5 “A Perfect Builder of Pleasant Palaces”
1. Among the many sources used for this chapter, and the next, I am especially indebted to the
researches of Simon Thurley (The Royal Palaces of Tudor England), David Loades (The Tudor Court),
Maurice Howard (The Early Tudor Country House) and Peter Brears (All the King’s Cooks).
2. In 1550, Langley Manor was granted to John Dudley, Earl of Warwick; in the seventeenth century it
decayed, and was largely rebuilt in the nineteenth as a farmhouse. The north walls are part of the
original manor house, and feature carvings of a Tudor rose and the initials of Henry VII and Elizabeth
of York.
3. In 1603, Minster Lovell Hall was sold to Sir Edward Coke. It is now a ruin.
4. By 1660, Wimbledon had been alienated from the Crown.
5. By the reign of Elizabeth, Windsor Manor was no longer a royal residence, but was used as a
keeper’s lodge.
6. Easthampstead Park was alienated from the Crown in 1628. It was rebuilt in the 19th century and is
now a college.
7. Wanstead was granted to Lord Rich in 1549. During Elizabeth’s reign it was a favoured residence of
Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. It was rebuilt in the seventeenth century.
8. Elizabeth I leased the ruins of Berkhamsted Castle to Sir Edward Carey, who used its stones to build
a new house nearby. Very little remains of the castle today.
9. Hertford Castle was ruinous by 1609. The walls and towers that survive today have been
incorporated into a building housing the local council offices.
10. Externally, Warwick Castle remains very much as it was in Henry’s day, but the interior was
restored in 1871 after a fire.
11. Cited by Steane.
12. Kenilworth Castle was alienated from the Crown in 1553 and was later the chief residence of
Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, who lavishly entertained Elizabeth I here in 1575. Although the castle
was wrecked and dismantled during the Civil War, extensive ruins remain today.
13. The ruins of Sheriff Hutton Castle survive today in private farmland.
14. Pontefract Castle was dismantled during the Civil War and is now a ruin.
15. Only ruins remain from Henry’s time. Much of Sudeley Castle was reconstructed in 1858 by Sir
Gilbert Scott.
16. William Thomas.
17. William Harrison.
18. Ibid.
19. Cited by Sturgis.
20. History of the King’s Works; Accounts of the Chamber and the Great Wardrobe, cited herafter as
PRO.
21. Inventory.
22. Ibid.; B.L. Additional MSS.
23. PRO.
24. Ibid.
25. Henry VII had spent only £29,000 (£7,800,000) on his greater houses. A number of Henry VIII’s
houses and estates are still in the hands of the Crown, although many were alienated after his death by
his heirs and, later, the Commonwealth. By 1649, only twenty-three of his houses remained, and by the
eighteenth century many of those had been either demolished or largely remodelled to conform to
Georgian tastes.
26. L&P.
27. Collection of Ordinances; L&P.
28. Collection of Ordinances.
29. I.e., a picture.
30. A type of musical instrument.
31. I.e., a backgammon board.
32. Inventory.
33. Under succeeding monarchs, the largely unchanging pattern of court life, as it had been established
by Henry VIII, ensured that the design and layout of his houses remained a blueprint for English royal
palaces until the nineteenth century.
34. PRO.
35. Inventory.
36. Inventory; B.L. Egerton MSS.
37. L&P.
38. Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation (1589;
12 vols., ed. W. Raleigh, Glasgow, 1903–1905).
39. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
40. Inventory.
41. Antiquarian Repertory.
42. See Rivals in Power, ed. Starkey.
6 “The King’s House”
1. L&P.
2. History of the King’s Works.
3. Maurice Howard, The Early Tudor Country House.
4. See Thurley, Royal Palaces, for a fuller discussion of the development of grotesque decoration.
5. Thurley.
6. See the Whitehall family group painting, and Hans Holbein’s miniature Solomon and the Queen of
Sheba, which almost certainly portrays Henry VIII enthroned in a typical presence chamber.
7. Thurley.
8. Inventory.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. This set was sold off by the Commonwealth, and is now in Spain.
12. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
13. Ibid.
14. Nottingham University Library MSS.
15. Inventory.
16. PRO.
17. B. L. Royal MSS.
18. Cited in Bruce, The Making of Henry VIII.
19. CSP: Venetian.
20. L&P.
21. Ibid.; Collection of Ordinances.
22. Thurley.
23. Inventory.
24. Ibid.
25. PRO.
26. Inventory.
27. Collection of Ordinances.
28. Ibid.
29. PPE.
30. Ibid.
31. B.L. Additional MSS.
32. Mary I’s X-frame chair, made for her marriage to Philip of Spain in 1554, is still to be seen in
Winchester Cathedral.
33. Inventory.
34. Ibid.
35. B.L. Additional MSS.
36. Both seals are in the Public Record Office.
37. Collection of Ordinances.
38. History of the King’s Works.
39. Inventory.
40. PRO.
41. This bed was sold off by the Commonwealth and is last recorded in 1674 (Longleat MSS., Bath;
Historical Manuscripts Commission).
42. PRO.
43. Inventory.
44. Ibid.
45. It was sold in 1649 by the Commonwealth, and is now in the possession of the Worshipful
Company of Goldsmiths, London.
46. It was given away by James I in 1604, and is now in the British Museum.
47. Now in the Schatzkammer of the Residenz, Munich.
48. Cited in Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
49. L&P.
50. Now in the Church of St. John the Baptist, Cirencester.
51. L&P.
52. Inventory.
53. Nottingham University Library MSS.
54. PRO.
55. Now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
56. PRO.
57. Inventory.
58. PPE.
59. Inventory.
60. Letter from Henry Huttoft, Surveyor of Customs at Southampton, to Thomas Cromwell, cited by
Glasheen.
61. Inventory.
62. Collection of Ordinances.
63. B.L. Harleian MSS.
64. Bodleian Library MSS.
65. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
66. Now in the British Library.
67. French inventory of Mary Tudor’s trousseau, cited by Norris, Tudor Costume and Fashion
(hereafter cited as Norris).
68. Bodleian Library MSS.
69. Thomas Platter, Travels of England (London, 1599); PRO.
70. Accounts of Henry Courtenay, Earl of Devon and Marquess of Exeter, in the Public Record Office.
71. Cited by Thurley.
72. Original Letters, ed. Ellis.
73. Collection of Ordinances.
74. Cited in L. B. Smith, Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty.
75. Collection of Ordinances.
76. Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
77. Ibid.
78. Bodleian Library MSS.
79. Collection of Ordinances.
80. Ibid.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid.
85. L&P; Longleat MSS., Bath, Historical Manuscripts Commission.
86. PRO.
87. Ibid.; B.L. Additional MSS.; Thurley.
88. Andrew Boorde; Bodleian Library MSS.
89. Collection of Ordinances; Early English Meals and Manners.
90. Collection of Ordinances; Thurley.
91. Erickson, Great Harry.
92. Ibid.; The Babees’ Book.